Assignment in EE 2

Monteron, Federico Jr. Date: November 26, 2018

BSME-3

1.
a. Semiconductor - it is a type of material that has an electrical resistance which is
between the resistance typical of metals and the resistance typical of insulators, so it kind of, or
"semi"-conducts electricity.
b. Diode - is a two-terminal electronic component that conducts current primarily in one
direction (asymmetric conductance); it has low (ideally zero) resistance in one direction, and
high (ideally infinite) resistance in the other. A diode vacuum tube or thermionic diode is a
vacuum tube with two electrodes, a heated cathode and a plate, in which electrons can flow in
only one direction, from cathode to plate.
c. Solid-state Devices - refers to electronic components, devices, and systems based
entirely on the semiconductor. The expression was especially prevalent in the late 1950s and
early 1960s, during the transition from vacuum tube technology to the semiconductor diode
and transistor. More recently, the integrated circuit (IC), the light-emitting diode (LED), and the
liquid-crystal display (LCD) have evolved as further examples of solid-state devices.
d. Valence Electrons – is an outer shell electron that is associated with an atom, and that
can participate in the formation of a chemical bond if the outer shell is not closed; in a single
covalent bond, both atoms in the bond contribute one valence electron in order to form a
shared pair.
e. Valence - is a measure of its combining power with other atoms when it forms
chemical compounds or molecules.
f. Tetravalent Electro - is the state of an atom with four valence electrons available for
covalent chemical bonding in its outermost electron shell, giving the atom a chemical valence of
four.
g. Covalent Bonding - also called a molecular bond, is a chemical bond that involves the
sharing of electron pairs between atoms.
h. Extrinsic Material - Material that is not included in the statute itself, but can help to
clarify the meaning intended by Parliament (e.g. explanatory memoranda and parliamentary
speeches, or law reform commission reports that informed the legislative change).
 i. Relative Mobility - measures the ability of free carriers (electrons or holes) to move in
the material as it is subjected to an external electric field. The magnitude of the mobility
directly impacts on the device performance since it determines the operation speed through
the transit time across the device, the circuit operating frequency, or the sensitivity in magnetic
sensors.
j. Intrinsic – also called an undoped semiconductor or i-type semiconductor, is a pure
semiconductor without any significant dopant species present. The number of charge carriers is
therefore determined by the properties of the material itself instead of the amount of
impurities. In intrinsic semiconductors the number of excited electrons and the number of
holes is equal: n = p.
k. Doping – is a term used in the manufacturing of semiconductors that means
introducing impurities to silicon. Elements used as impurities include: boron, gallium, arsenic,
and phosphorus, though there may be others.
l. Positive Temperature Coefficient – it is when the resistance of a component rises with
temperature.

m. Insulator - is a material that does not conduct electrical current.

n. Electron Volt - a unit of energy equal to the energy gained by an electron in passing
from a point of low potential to a point one volt higher in potential.
o. Depletion Region - or depletion layer is a region in a P-N junction diode where no
mobile charge carriers are present.
p. Conductor - is a substance in which electrical charge carriers, usually electrons, move
easily from atom to atom with the application of voltage.
r. Free Carrier - occurs when a material absorbs a photon, and a carrier (electron or
hole) is excited from an already-excited state to another, unoccupied state in the same band
(but possibly a different sub band).

2.
a. In a p-type semiconductor, the V group element of the periodic table is added as a
doping element, whereas in n-type the III group element is the doping element. In a p-type
semiconductor, the majority carriers are holes, and minority carriers are electrons. In the n-type
semiconductor, electrons are majority carriers, and holes are minority carriers. In a p-type
semiconductor, the donor energy level is close to the conduction band and away from the
valence band. In the n-type semiconductor, the acceptor energy level is close to the valence band
and away from the conduction band.
b. The main difference between electron flow and hole flow is that the flow of electron is
the current that means electrons only conduct electricity and hole does not conduct electricity.
c. The difference between majority and minority carriers for the doped Semiconductors
is the mobility of its electrons. Majority carriers are mobile electrons. Minority carriers, on the
other hand, are fewer mobile electrons.
d. The difference between donor and acceptor atoms is that the elements in group V of
the periodic table typically act as donor impurities whereas elements in group III typically act as
acceptor impurities.

3.
a-b. Modern technology is based mainly in electricity. This list comprises materials used
in electronic applications such as semiconductors, capacitors, circuits, electrolytes, and
transistors.
Arsenic - The advantages of Arsenic are its uses in many industries. It is used in the making
of pesticides and wood preservative. It is also used in gold mining. Arsenic is poisonous and can
kill a person, this is one of the main disadvantages of it.
Copper – advantages of a copper is a good conductor, malleable and ductile so make it
good for bending copper pipes into shapes. It has an attractive look and very durable. The only
real disadvantage of copper is it is expensive to buy.
Gold – gold is a vital material which ensures the reliability of many products that’s one of
its advantages. But gold is very expensive that’s one of its disadvantages also.
Platinum - Platinum is extremely durable and strong making it ideal for many products,
but scarcity and exclusivity come at a price. Expect to pay 25-30% more than for the same setting
in gold.
Silver - it is the best thermal and electrical conductor of all the metals, silver is ideal for
electrical applications. It's expensive because it is quite scarce, it tarnishes, and it melts earlier
and is less strong than some other metals.