Académique Documents
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DE MAYOLO
A Martin, Margarita y
persona .
SUMARIO
INTRODUCCIÓN
1. CONCEPTO
2. ELEMENTOS
2.1 NARRADOR
2.2 PERSONAJES
2.2.1 PRINCIPALES
2.2.2 SECUNDARIOS
b) SEGÚN SU TRANSFORMACIÓN
3 IDEAS
3.2IDEAS SECUNDARIAS
4 ACCION NARRATIVA
5 ORDEN DE ACONTECIMIENTOS
6 TIEMPO
7ESPACIO
8.1,1 CARACTERÍSTICAS
8.2 FABULA
8.2.1CARACTERÍSTICAS
8.2.2 PROPIEDADES
8.3 CUENTOS
8..3.2 CARACTERÍSTICAS
8.4 LEYENDA
8.4.1 CARACTERÍSTICAS
8.5 NOVELA
8.5.1 CARACTERÍSTICAS
8.6BIOGRAFÍA
8.6.1 CARACTERÍSTICAS
1. MITOS
a) MITO EN INGLES
b) MITO EN ESPAÑOL
2. FABULAS
a) FABULA EN INGLES
b) FABULA EN ESPAÑOL
3. CUENTOS
a) CUENTO EN INGLES
b) CUENTO EN ESPAÑOL
4. LEYENDAS
a) LEYENDA EN INGLES
b) LEYENDA EN INGLES
5. NOVELAS
a) NOVELA EN INGLES
b) NOVELA EN ESPAÑOL
6. BIOGRAFÍA
a) BIOGRAFÍA EN INGLES
b) BIOGRAFÍA EN ESPAÑOL
INTRODUCCÍON
atribuidos a los escritos a partir de los trabajos elaborados por la Lingüística del texto.
parte de la dicotomía planteada por Saussure entre lengua y habla. Hasta ese momento,
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No obstante, en la segunda mitad del siglo XX, crece el interés por elaborar
una lingüística del habla. Para ello, resulta necesario previamente superar los
los complejos; esto es, a finales de la década de los sesenta del siglo XX nace la
comunicativa.
una serie de rasgos que son propios del texto: se trata de la unidad lingüística
vocación social, está motivado por una intención y se estructura según unas reglas.
A partir de esta propuesta, podemos establecer que el texto como unidad básica
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cohesión, que permite a la coherencia global manifestarse en lo escrito y que sea
reconocida.
los escritos dependiendo de sus estructuras. En este sentido, una de las aportaciones
más importantes llega de la mano de T. Van Dijk, autor que distinguirá entre
A principios de los años 90, este será el punto de partida de Adam, quien
hablante para interiorizar unos esquemas formales para cada tipo de texto –
y elaborarlos según la intención que persiga) y, sobre todo, secuencia textual. Con
este último concepto, Adam reconoce el hecho de que en cualquier texto pueden
facilita el estudio de los rasgos propios de una secuencia, al tiempo que propone el
término de ‘secuencia dominante’ para la adscripción del texto a uno de los tipos
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secuencias dominantes son de esta tipología, aunque contenga otras como, por
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CAPITULO I TEXTOS NARRATIVOS
transformación desde una situación de partida a un estado final nuevo. Desde un punto
2. ELEMENTOS DE LA NARRACION
Los hechos que forman de una narración, suceden en un espacio determinado y son
realizados por alguien. (Mario Amoros Terrnes, Elvis Flores Mostacero, 2012)
2.1 EL NARRADOR
El narrador constituye sin duda alguna el elemento central del relato. Todos los demás
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explícita por la inmensa mayoría de las corrientes teóricas interesadas en el relato,
(DOMINGUEZ, 1996)
la historia.
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2.1,1 EL NARRADOR: FUENTE DE INFORMACIÓN
presente en los planteamientos más recientes y ya aludida por la propia etimología del
narrador conoce a la perfección todos los entresijos de la historia que relata, aunque –
como se verá– su saber real depende en cada caso del ángulo de visión adoptado.
(DOMINGUEZ, 1996)
del narrador con la historia; se trata, en realidad, de la función principal del narrador.
La función de control, por su parte, toma en consideración los vínculos del narrador
Jakobson y atiende a la relación del narrador con el narratoria. Tan importante como
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mayor o menor nitidez de sus recuerdos o en la intensidad de la reacción sentimental
hace de la acción. Según Genette, esta función presenta una configuración realmente
novela por el ensayo, del relato por su propio discurso. (DOMINGUEZ, 1996)
Los personajes son los elementos de la narración que llevan a cabo las acciones
Según su función:
Colectivo: es un conjunto de seres que han perdido sus atributos individuales para
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b. Antagonista: el antagonista es aquel personaje que intenta impedir que el
generarán los conflictos necesarios para que la historia avance con interés. (apitiké,
2013)
2.2.2 Secundarios: son aquéllos que, sin tener un rol demasiado importante en el
educativo , 2017)
2.2.3 Incidentales o Episódicos: Tal como lo dice su nombre, son personajes que no
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existencia. Su función es generar un grado de simpatía en el lector, sin
III. Personajes Tipo: Los personajes tipo representan algo, alguna característica de
IV. Personajes Caricaturescos: Son utilizados para hacer una crítica a algún
II. Personajes dinámicos (o evolutivos): Estos son los personajes que, a través de
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comportamiento, llegando incluso a ser totalmente distintos. (portal educativo
, 2017)
3 LAS IDEAS
3.1 La idea principal: Un texto está formado por oraciones que tratan acerca de un
mismo tema; cada oración expresa una idea. En los textos bien redactados, se distingue
claramente una idea que es tratada en todo el texto. Esta idea es la más importante, la
que nos dice todo de manera sintética. Por eso se le denomina idea principal;sin su
(creacionliteraria.ne, s.f.)
3.2 Las ideas secundarias expresan detalles o aspectos derivados del tema
principal. A menudo, estas ideas sirven para ampliar, demostrar o ejemplificar una idea
4 LA ACCIÓN NARRATIVA
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mismos. Muchas veces los hechos se presentan ordenados, pero otras veces no es así.
Desde ahí se narran todas las acciones, de forma cronológica, hasta llegar a ese
situación inicial.
6 EL TIEMPO
puede presentar los hechos que se cuentan reflejando con fidelidad el orden en que
remotos y al final los más recientes. En este caso decimos que la narración presenta
un desarrollo lineal. Los cuentos tradicionales, por ejemplo, suelen presentar esta
organización.
indicadores de tiempo:
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Los tiempos verbales. Puesto que la narración tiene por objeto contar hechos reales
o ficticios, en los textos narrativos desempeñan un papel fundamental las palabras que
expresan acciones, es decir, los verbos. Y puesto que generalmente se cuentan hechos
sucesión de las acciones se marca también con adverbios (mientras, entonces, antes,
después) y otras expresiones que tienen un marcado carácter temporal (por fin, al cabo
“Al poco rato, vio que alguien se acercaba.” (la narracion , s.f.)
7 EL ESPACIO
físicos en los que transcurre la acción, sino que, también, la atmósfera espiritual que
donde ocurren los hechos. Puede ser un espacio abierto: natural, urbano, rural,
marítimo, etc., o por el contrario, un espacio cerrado: el interior de una casa, un cine,
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un bar, una escuela, etc. Este tipo de escenario se presenta mediante pasajes
la acción, según los conflictos que se planteen: amor, violencia, odio, venganza,
acontecer. La observación del espacio sicológico o atmósfera que presenta una obra
palabra literaria.
8.1 EL MITO
Es una narración que explica el origen del mundo, de los seres que lo habitan y de
PERSONAJES: Sus personajes suelen ser dioses con gran poder y autoridad.
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FORMAS DE TRANSMISIÓN: Se transmiten de una generación a otra, pues
PROPÓSITO: Los mitos son propios de una sociedad que desea explicar
sus orígenes o algunos fenómenos naturales. (La narración y sus clases, s.f.)
8.2 LA FÁBULA
Las fábulas son composiciones breves literarias en las que los personajes casi siempre
movimiento, etc. Estas historias concluyen con una enseñanza o moraleja de carácter
Algunos ejemplos de fábulas son: "La cigarra y la hormiga", "La tortuga y la liebre"...
8.2.1 CARACTERÍSTICAS:
La fábula clásica reposa sobre una doble estructura; desde el título mismo se encuentra
una oposición entre dos personajes de posiciones subjetivas encontradas. Pero estos
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Presencia de los elementos esenciales de la narración: Acostumbra a haber un
narrador que cuenta lo que les sucede (acción) a unos personajes en un lugar
de una situación inicial, tras la cual se plantea un problema, que unas veces
humanizados.
Temas: Los vicios son los temas tratados en las fábulas (la envidia, la
Intención: Detrás de cada fábula hay una crítica hacia ciertos comportamientos
conducta. La moraleja puede ser una frase o una estrofa. La más corriente es el
pareado, una estrofa de dos versos que riman entre sí. (Grupo 2. Los J & G.,
s.f.)
8.2.2 PROPIEDADES:
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Esencialmente ofrece un contenido moralizante o didáctico.
Siempre contiene una moraleja. En las más antiguas se encuentra escrita al final
del texto.
Es inverosímil.
8.3 EL CUENTO
múltiples versión del mismo que coincide en su idea central pero cambia en los
detalles.
generalmente se conoce quien es el autor, generalmente el texto escrito tiene una sola
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8.3.2 CARACTERÍSTICAS DEL CUENTO:
Estas son las características que diferencian al cuento de otros géneros literarios.
Narrativo: Una narración es el relato de unos hechos reales o imaginarios que les
suceden a unos personajes en un lugar. Cuando contamos algo que nos ha sucedido o
que hemos soñado o cuando contamos un cuento, estamos haciendo una narración.
Ficción: aunque en algunos casos puede basarse en hechos reales o ser una ficción de
Un sólo personaje principal: aunque puede haber otros personajes, la historia hablará
Unidad de efecto: comparte esta característica con la poesía: está escrito para ser
leído de corrido de principio a fin. Si uno corta la lectura, es muy probable que se
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pierda el efecto narrativo. La estructura de la novela permite leerla por partes.
Brevedad: por y para cumplir con todas las demás características, el cuento debe ser
breve.
Prosa: el cuento debe estar escrito en prosa, o sea con párrafos, sangrías y punto y
8.4 LA LEYENDA:
PERSONAJES: Los personajes suelen ser personas del común que vive en un
lugares reconocidos.
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8.5 LA NOVELA
(definicion.de, s.f.)
dentro de la obra.
Interpretación o imagen de la vida: Debe reflejar la vida sin que pretenda ser una
pero parecido al real. La imagen o retrato que hace el novelista es más coherente,
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Verosimilitud: Verdad que se pueda creer, el lector se tiene que identificar con ella.
Esa verdad puede ser obtenida de la realidad misma o puede ser producto de su
imaginación.
del espíritu: __Despertar en el lector gusto y placer por la lectura. __Su prosa por
marco cerrado. La novela deja múltiples impresiones, el cuento sólo deja una.
Técnicas narrativas: Punto de vista narrativo Se relaciona con la mente o los ojos
espirituales que ven la acción narrada, que puede ser la del propio autor, la de un
persona narrativa.
actividades , s.f.)
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8.6 LA BIOGRAFÍA
Es el relato de la vida de una persona, contada por alguien que la conoce, y conoce
una persona. Narra los hechos de una persona en orden cronológico desde su
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CAPITULO II: EJEMPLOS DE TIPOS DE TEXTOS NARRATIVOS
1. MITO EN INGLES
The origins of the Inca Empire have many similar stories and the one of the Ayar
Long, long, very long time ago over the Pacaritambo Mountain, four young men and
for young women emerged from the land. Ayar Manco and his wife Mama Ocllo, Ayar
Cachi and his wife Mama Cora, Ayar Uchu and his wife Mama Rahua and finally Ayar
Auca and his wife Mama Huaco. They were the Wiracocha god sons and daughters
Ayar Cachi was the strongest of all, he was so strong that every time he threw rocks
with his slingshot, this rocks knocked down mountains or reached the highest part of
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The other three brothers where very jealous of his power and decided to leave Ayar
Cachi out of the “Let’s build the Inca Empire” equation so they tricked him and his
wife into going in to a cave to search for food and locked him up for good with a giant
stone. Legend says that his brother’s betrayal made Ayar Cachi so mad that his
The other brothers continued their quest, eventually arriving to the Huanacaure
Mountain where they found a stone idol. Ayar Uchu decided to destroy it but as soon
The remaining brothers knew they had an important mission so they couldn’t stop to
grieve. Ayar Auca miraculously grew wings and flew away hoping to find the place
they were so desperately looking for in order to found the Inca Empire. He flew over
a place called “Pampa del Sol” and decide to explore it. As soon as he landed he also
There was only one brother left, Ayar Manco and as we mentioned in our Manco
Capac & Mama Ocllo Legend, he is the one that received the honor and responsibility
He arrived to the city of Cusco, sunk his golden stick and started to build the new Inca
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MITO EN ESPAÑOL
Hace mucho, mucho, mucho tiempo sobre la montaña Pacaritambo, cuatro hombres
Ocllo, Ayar Cachi y su esposa Mama Cora, Ayar Uchu y su esposa Mama rahua y
finalmente Ayar Auca y su esposa Mama Huaco. Eran los hijos e hijas del Dios del
Ayar Cachi era la más fuerte de todas, era tan fuerte que cada vez que lanzaba piedras
con su tirachinas, estas rocas derribaban montañas o llegaban a la parte más alta del
Los otros tres hermanos, donde muy celoso de su poder y decidió dejar Ayar Cachi
su esposa para ir a una cueva para buscar comida y lo encerró para siempre con una
piedra gigante. La leyenda dice que la traición de su hermano hizo que Ayar Cachi
estuviera tan enojada que sus gritos hacían temblar la tierra y temblaban los cielos.
Huanacaure donde encontraron un ídolo de piedra. Ayar Uchu decidió destruirlo, pero
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Los hermanos restantes sabían que tenían una misión importante para que no pudieran
dejar de llorar. Ayar Auca milagrosamente creció alas y voló lejos con la esperanza de
Imperio Inca. Voló sobre un lugar llamado "Pampa del sol" y decidió explorarlo. Tan
llegó a la ciudad del Cusco, hundió su bastón dorado y comenzó a construir la nueva
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2. FABULA EN INGLES
One day a shepherd discovered a fat Pig in the meadow where his Sheep were pastured.
He very quickly captured the porker, which squealed at the top of its voice the moment
the Shepherd laid his hands on it. You would have thought, to hear the loud squealing,
that the Pig was being cruelly hurt. But in spite of its squeals and struggles to escape,
the Shepherd tucked his prize under his arm and started off to the butcher’s in the
marketplace.
The Sheep in the pasture were much astonished and amused at the Pig’s behavior and
“What makes you squeal like that?” asked one of the Sheep. “The Shepherd often
catches and carries off one of us. But we should feel very much ashamed to make such
“That is all very well,” replied the Pig, with a squeal and a frantic kick. “When he
catches you he is only after your wool. But he wants my bacon! gree-ee-ee!”
Moral: It is easy to be brave when there is no danger. Don’t compare two different
situations without understanding them.
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FABULA EN ESPAÑOL
Un día un pastor descubrió un cerdo gordo en el Prado donde sus ovejas fueron
voz en el momento en que el pastor puso sus manos sobre ella. Usted habría pensado,
para escuchar el chillido fuerte, que el cerdo estaba siendo cruelmente herido. Pero a
pesar de sus chillidos y luchas para escapar, el pastor metió su premio bajo su brazo y
"¿Qué te hace chillar así?", preguntó una de las ovejas. "el pastor a menudo atrapa y
"eso está muy bien", respondió el cerdo, con un chillido y una patada frenética.
"cuando te atrapa, sólo está tras tu lana. ¡ pero quiere mi tocino! ¡ Qué-EE-EE! "
moraleja: es fácil ser valiente cuando no hay peligro. No compare dos situaciones
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3 CUENTO
MANZANO
had once, in a very distant country, one spring afternoon a pilot called John. Juan was
very hardworking but also very selfish. One day they proposed to transport from one
continent to another the baggage of a wealthy family, John thought it much, but finally
decided to accept and took off. They spent many hours, so many that he fell asleep and
landed on an island. He woke up on the island and went out to fetch food and as he
– My name is Eric, I live in a village with very poor and hungry people want to come
and help?
Juan left and took refuge. In a few days, John was beginning to be hungry and thirsty,
and when he had no other choice he went to Eric's town and asked for help. They
attended him and gave him some of the little food they had left, John Confusedly
asked:
– Why do you treat me so well and give me your food? If I didn't want to help you!
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– Trees and fruits
John began digging and searching. Months went by and I hadn't gotten anything. He
No, there's nothing on this island, I'll be gone, now that my plane is fixed.
John prepared to take off and when he checked underneath his seat he saw Eric's
food, Eric knew John would leave so he left all his food under John's seat. At that
moment, in his spirit was born something more than selfishness, confused went out
to think, and sat under an apple tree, and inadvertently was sitting under an apple
tree!
went quickly to Eric's village and taught him the apple tree.
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EL CUENTO EN ESPAÑOL
Había una vez, en un país muy lejano, una tarde de primavera un piloto llamado Juan.
Juan era muy trabajador pero también muy egoísta. Un día le propusieron transportar
de un continente a otro el equipaje de una familia rica, Juan lo pensó mucho, pero
finalmente decidió aceptar y despegó. Pasaron muchas horas, tantas que se quedó
dormido y cayó en una isla. Despertó ya en la isla y salió a buscar comida y mientras
– ¿Quién eres?
– Me llamo Eric, vivo en un pueblo con gente muy pobre y hambrienta ¿Quieres venir
a ayudar?
Juan se fue y se refugió. Dentro de unos días, Juan comenzaba a tener hambre y sed, y
cuando no tenía otra opción acudió al pueblo de Eric y les pidió ayuda. Ellos le
atendieron y le dieron un poco de la poca comida que les quedaba, Juan confundido
preguntó:
– ¿Por qué me tratan tan bien y me dan de su comida? ¡Si yo no quise ayudarlos!
– Árboles y frutos
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– Yo les ayudaré a plantar árboles si ustedes arreglan mi avión.
Juan comenzó a cavar y buscar. Pasaron meses y no había conseguido nada. Acudió a
– No, en esta Isla no hay nada me iré, ahora que mi avión está arreglado.
Juan se preparó para despegar y cuando revisó por debajo de su asiento vio la comida
de Eric , Eric sabía que Juan se iría por eso dejó toda su comida debajo del asiento de
Juan. En ese momento, en su espíritu nació algo más que el egoísmo, confundido salió
a pensar, y se sentó debajo de un manzano, y sin darse cuenta ¡estaba sentado debajo
de un manzano!
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4 LEYENDA
LEYENDA EN INGLES
The narration that I am going to tell today, more than a story is a real fact accompanied
by a certain fantasy and that happened, not many years ago, in a Spanish province
called Zamora, in a village already very close to the border with Portugal, called the
Campillo. It was named because of the seven villages that comprised the town hall of
San Pedro de la Nave was the village that contained the smallest territory. Someone
It was only a few years ago that the village headed by the town hall had been anegada
by the waters of the reservoir. In other words, the village of San Pedro de la Nave.
Together with him, in addition to many others, a annex of the same called the Pueblica
was buried; Another two, Villanueva of the corks and Villaflor of Alba were on the
other bank and thus, the Council disappeared. On the left bank of the river is left,
But most important of this narrative is that in quoted San Pedro de la Nave there was
a Visigoth church of the VII or IX centuries of high historical value for the few vestiges
of that culture that remain in the Iberian Peninsula. Well, being esteemed this jewel of
Visigoth architecture worthy of being saved from the waters, was moved, stone by
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It happened that a brother-in-law of Attila, who is the protagonist of this narration, was
the last cure of the aforementioned Visigoth Church of San Pedro de la Nave before
being reinstated in the Campillo. This priest was called Don Jose Fernandez and,
following the imminent floodplain of the church by the Swamp, was such the grief and
sadness that took hold of him that few years later died because of the melancholy that
With the minimal fortune that man left, and that it was the product of the gifts of the
parishioners and the meagre crops that gave him a small orchard that he himself, a hoe,
cultivated, left his relatives the penalty of leaving and some command to be told
In the celebration of one of these masses, in which the whole family used to gather
scattered by the towns of the contour, was Attila the priest's sister-in-law where she
had moved from the molars of the bread with a borrica and some saddlebags owned
by her husband Juan , brother of Joseph the curate. In the saddlebags he transported
Having celebrated the mass and a subsequent family snack, because that was like a
pilgrimage, Attila, and something late at night, took the donkey with the saddlebags
of John and his former wife and whose Names respond to Pepita and Luisito. He put
each one in each of the saddlebags and went to his village where John, safely, was
already waiting for her impatiently. To do this, and since the snack had lasted a little
longer than desired, he decided to take the shortcut of the mountain, despite and
ignoring the advice of his other relatives to go down the path of the plain, but it took
something more.
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Barely left the village, and road of molars of the bread, by that path Mulero, and
already in the valley of Tirocanto where the stream of El Alcornocal runs, the night
became bushy and evil would have passed it attilaa to distinguish the path if it were
not for the moon , which was semifilled, loomed by the angle where the land of wine
is located. Though he came from a mass by the soul of his brother-in-law, and given
that Attila was of cheerful character, Well that was to kill the fear that caused the dark,
or because the snack had been sumptuous and well watered with the broths of the
vineyards of the family, she began to sing songs of the peasants while the children and
dozing in the saddlebags Q The EU was carrying the donkey. It must be said that Attila
was on foot not to fatigue the pollina and also to avoid stumbling.
When they were climbing the slope of Rejasvueltas, he observed Attila a certain
restlessness in the donkey and seemed to see to his right a row of candles of those
that are seen in the Zamora processions of the holy burial. He stopped singing and
set himself a little better. A deep shiver swept her in all her small stature, because
Attila, who was very garrida, was of little stature. He ceased his hum and, as if to
weigh the situation, looked to his left side and the countenance was put even more
glowering. He soon realized that about fourteen wolves accompanied her in their
songs. Attila, who knew from experience that these animals are by nature cowards
and attack only when they take to win, as if it did not give importance to the matter,
began to sing the song of the mill, while with the star lashing to the edges of the
Already arrived by the payment of Rietaquemada the wolves had disappeared from
their perception, though she well knew that she was still accompanied by the sides of
the path hidden between the Holm oaks and the jarales. Without undaunted, and always
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using the same as the cadence of his songs, passed Valgrande without anything
happeningShe was aware that if the wolves attacked her the first thing they would do
was cutting the children, who, innocent of danger, were still sleeping in the saddlebags
on the donkey. Attila began to feel a certain joy because the forest of Holm oaks, Jaras,
Oaks and Cork Oaks was at an end. He had already passed the road leading to the
Marra of the Cueto, The highest vertex of the entire contour, and only three or four
hundred meters from there returned the open fields of the plowed lands. Some of the
fading lights of the town were already spotted. This would definitely be one of the
When the blood had regained its natural warmth and the goose skin had disappeared,
hete here that in the middle of the road there were four wolves seated waiting for it
He didn't know how to read Attila and thought he would never learn. For a few
moments she felt terrified and helpless. How to get out of the situation? In those
moments he remembered that he wore a box of matches in his avantal. When a few
steps were missing, where the wolves were waiting, he lit a match. The wolves on both
sides withdrew as something frightened, but those in the middle of the road remained
there motionless as if they knew that the victory was theirs. Attila, since the light of
the moon had become more potent, it could apercibir that where it passed at that time
there was a thicket of jaras in whose bed there was litter and dry tinder. Without losing
his composure with a match he lit and a great blaze came out. The wolves vanished
from his sight, but she well knew they would not have gone far. He decided to spend
the night next to that makeshift bonfire until dawn. She was feeding her with
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neighboring scrubs without straying much from the children and having tied the
The children took them out of the saddlebags and accommodated them by the
bonfire. When they woke up they felt like crying when they saw the night, the
Moon and the fire, but she gave them nuts and almonds taken from her avantal and
told them they were going to sleep there until dawn at which time her parents would
come to cut firewood in the bush. The children asked why the whole time was
trallazos to the ground and made the bonfire bigger. He replied that the fire made
her big so as not to be cold by the relentless night and that gave trallazos to scare
It is evident that the children did not sleep and found the adventure of that night
delightful.
At dawn a group of people from the village approached the path of the corner hole
in search of Attila and the children. Among them was Juan, the husband of Attila
and the grandfather of the children, their parents, a couple of the Guardia Civil and
When they asked Attila what had happened, she had difficulty answering. A sobs of
joy was the momentary answer. Already back in town and out of danger was telling
42
Days later an authorized whipping was organized in that area of the mountain by
all the towns of the contour and they managed to abate fourteen wolves that were
This narration was much commented on for a long time because Attila was always
counting it when she was in the Solana with other women. I was one of the children
who was in the saddlebags of the donkey I was never aware of the danger lived, but I
can say that all that was told by Attilaa does not deviate from the truth and that you
43
LEYENDA EN ESPAÑOL
La narración que hoy voy a relatar, más que un cuento es un hecho real acompañado
de una cierta fantasía y que sucedió, no hace muchos años, en una provincia española
llamado El Campillo. Se llamaba así porque de las siete aldeas que componían el
ayuntamiento de San Pedro de la Nave era la aldea que contenía el territorio más
Hacía muy pocos años que la aldea cabeza del ayuntamiento había sido anegada por
las aguas del embalse del Esla; es decir, el pueblecito de San Pedro de la Nave. Junto
con él, amén de otros muchos, quedó sepultado un anejo de mismo llamado La
otra orilla y así, de esta forma, el concejo desapareció. Por la margen izquierda del
Campillo. Pero lo más importante de esta narración es que en citado San Pedro de la
Nave había una iglesia visigótica de los siglos VII o IX de alto valor histórico por los
pocos vestigios de esa cultura que quedan en la península Ibérica. Pues bien, al ser
estimada esta joya de la arquitectura visigótica digna de ser salvada de las aguas, fue
44
Sucedió que un cuñado de Atilana, que es la protagonista de esta narración, fue el
último cura de la citada iglesia visigótica de San Pedro de la Nave antes de ser
inminente anegación de la iglesia por el pantano, fue tal la pesadumbre y tristeza que
Con la poquísima fortuna que el hombre dejó, y que era el producto de las dádivas de
los parroquianos y de las exiguas cosechas que le daba una pequeña huerta que él
mismo, azadón en ristre, cultivada, dejó a sus familiares la pena de irse y alguna
manda para que le dijeran misas durante algunos años en la reconstruida iglesia de El
Campillo.
En la celebración de una de estas misas, en las que solía reunirse toda la familia
esparcida por los pueblos del contorno, estaba Atilana cuñada del cura a donde se
había desplazado desde Muelas del Pan con una borrica y unas alforjas propiedad de
su marido Juan, hermano de José el cura. En las alforjas trasportó a dos de sus nietos
políticos.
Habiéndose celebrado la misa y una posterior merienda familiar, porque aquello era
como una romería, Atilana, ya algo entrada la noche, tomó la burra con las alforjas y
los dos nietos políticos, eran nietos políticos por ser nietos de Juan y de su anterior
esposa y cuyos nombres responden a Pepita y Luisito. Metió a cada uno en cada una
45
de las alforjas y se dirigió a su pueblo donde Juan, con seguridad, ya la estaba
esperando con impaciencia. Para ello, y puesto que la merienda se había prolongado
algo más de lo deseado, decidió tomar el atajo del monte, a pesar y desoyendo los
consejos los consejos de sus otros familiares de que fuese por el camino del llano,
Apenas abandonado el pueblo, ya camino de Muelas del Pan, por aquel sendero
la noche se hizo tupida y mal lo hubiera pasado Atilana para distinguir el sendero si
no fuera por la luna, que semillena, asomaba por el ángulo donde está situada la
Tierra del Vino. A pesar de venía de una misa por el alma de su cuñado, y dado que
Atilana era de carácter alegre, bien que fuera para matar el miedo que le producía la
obscuridad, o bien porque la merienda había sido opípara y bien regada con los
caldos propios de las viñas de la familia, ella se puso a cantar canciones propias de
labradores mientras los niños ya dormitaban en las alforjas que portaba la burra. Hay
que decir que Atilana iba a pié para no fatigar a la pollina y, también, para evitar que
tropezara.
inquietud en la burra y parecióle ver a su derecha una hilera de cirios de esos que se
ven en las procesiones zamoranas del Santo Entierro. Dejó de cantar y se fijó un
Atilana, que muy garrida, era de pequeña estatura. Cesó su canturreo y, como para
46
ceñudo. Vio hasta siete siluetas en forma de perro. Pronto se percató de que,
por experiencia que estos animales son por naturaleza cobardes y atacan solamente
cantar la canción de La Molinera, al tiempo que con la tralla daba latigazos a los
acompañamiento.
percepción, aunque ella bien sabía que la seguían acompañando por los lados del
sendero escondidos entre las encinas y los jarales. Sin amilanarse, y siempre
utilizando la tralla como cadencia de sus cantares, pasó Valgrande sin que nada
sucediera,
Ella era consciente de que si los lobos la atacaban lo primero que harían era
descuartizar a los niños, que, inocentes del peligro, seguían durmiendo en las alforjas
sobre la burra. Atilana comenzaba a sentir una cierta alegría porque el bosque de
camino que conduce a la Marra del Cueto, el vértice más alto de todo el contorno, y a
sólo trescientos o cuatrocientos metros de allí volvían los campos abiertos de las
Decididamente ésta sería una de las muchas aventuras que podría contar.
47
gallina, hete aquí que en la mitad del camino había cuatro lobos sentados esperándola
No sabía leer Atilana y pensó que ya nunca aprendería. Por unos momentos se sintió
recordó que llevaba en su avantal una caja de cerillas. Cuando faltaban pocos pasos a
donde los lobos esperaban encendió una cerilla. Los lobos de ambos lados se
retiraron como algo atemorizados, pero los de en medio del camino seguían allí
inmóviles como sabiendo que la victoria era suya. Atilana, puesto que la luz de la
luna se había hecho más potente, pudo apercibir que por donde pasaba en esos
momentos había un matorral de jaras en cuyo lecho había hojarasca y yesca seca. Sin
perder la compostura con una cerilla encendió y salió una gran llamarada. Los lobos
desaparecieron de su vista, pero ella bien sabía que no habrían ido lejos. Decidió
alimentando con matorrales vecinos sin alejarse mucho de los niños y habiendo atado
A los niños los sacó de las alforjas y los acomodó junto a la hoguera. Al despertarse
sintieron ganas de llorar al ver la noche, la luna y la lumbre, pero ella les dio nueces
y almendra sacadas de su avantal y les dijo que iban a dormir allí hasta el amanecer
en cuyo momento sus padres vendrían a cortar leña en el monte. Los niños le
preguntaron porqué todo el tiempo daba trallazos al suelo y hacía más grande la
hoguera. Les contestó que la lumbre la hacía grande para no pasar frío por el relente
de la noche y que daba trallazos para espantar a las posibles alimañas que pudieran
48
querer acercarse para calentarse.
aquella noche.
Al amanecer un grupo de gentes del pueblo se acercaba por el camino del Hoyo de la
Esquina en busca de Atilana y los niños. Entre ellas estaba Juan, el marido de Atilana
y abuelo de los niños, los padres de éstos, una pareja de la Guardia Civil y otras
Días después se organizó una batida autorizada en esa zona del monte por todos los
pueblos del contorno y consiguieron abatir catorce lobos que fueron expuestos en la
Esta narración fue muy comentada durante largo tiempo porque Atilana siempre la
contaba cuando estaba en la solana con otras mujeres. Yo que era uno de los niños
que estaba en las alforjas de la burra nunca fui consciente del peligro vivido, pero
puedo afirmar que todo cuanto contó Atilana no se aparta un ápice de la verdad y que
49
5.-NOVELA
LA NOVELA EN INGLES
Chapter 1
MANY YEARS LATER as he faced the firing squad, Colonel Aureliano Buendía was
to remember that distant afternoon when his father took him to discover ice. At that
time Macondo was a village of twenty adobe houses, built on the bank of a river of
clear water that ran along a bed of polished stones, which were white and enormous,
like prehistoric eggs. The world was so recent that many things lacked names, and in
order to indicate them it was necessary to point. Every year during the month of March
a family of ragged gypsies would set up their tents near the village, and with a great
uproar of pipes and kettledrums they would display new inventions. First they brought
the magnet. A heavy gypsy with an untamed beard and sparrow hands, who introduced
the eighth wonder of the learned alchemists of Macedonia. He went from house to
house dragging two metal ingots and everybody was amazed to see pots, pans, tongs,
and braziers tumble down from their places and beams creak from the desperation of
nails and screws trying to emerge, and even objects that had been lost for a long time
appeared from where they had been searched for most and went dragging along in
turbulent confusion behind Melquíades’ magical irons. “Things have a life of their
50
own,” the gypsy proclaimed with a harsh accent. “It’s simply a matter of waking up
their souls.” José Arcadio Buendía, whose unbridled imagination always went beyond
the genius of nature and even beyond miracles and magic, thought that it would be
possible to make use of that useless invention to extract gold from the bowels of the
earth. Melquíades, who was an honest man, warned him: “It won’t work for that.” But
José Arcadio Buendía at that time did not believe in the honesty of gypsies, so he
traded his mule and a pair of goats for the two magnetized ingots. Úrsula Iguarán, his
wife, who relied on those animals to increase their poor domestic holdings, was unable
to dissuade him. “Very soon well have gold enough and more to pave the floors of the
house,” her husband replied. For several months he worked hard to demonstrate the
truth of his idea. He explored every inch of the region, even the riverbed, dragging the
two iron ingots along and reciting Melquíades’ incantation aloud. The only thing he
succeeded in doing was to unearth a suit of fifteenth-century armor which had all of
its pieces soldered together with rust and inside of which there was the hollow
resonance of an enormous stone-filled gourd. When José Arcadio Buendía and the four
men of his expedition managed to take the armor apart, they found inside a calcified
skeleton with a copper locket containing a woman’s hair around its neck. In March the
gypsies returned. This time they brought a telescope and a magnifying glass the size
of a drum, which they exhibited as the latest discovery of the Jews of Amsterdam.
They placed a gypsy woman at one end of the village and set up the telescope at the
entrance to the tent. For the price of five reales, people could look into the telescope
and see the gypsy woman an arm’s length away. “Science has eliminated distance,”
Melquíades proclaimed. “In a short time, man will be able to see what is happening in
any place in the world without leaving his own house.” A burning noonday sun brought
51
out a startling demonstration with the gigantic magnifying glass: they put a pile of dry
hay in the middle of the street and set it on fire by concentrating the sun’s rays. José
Arcadio Buendía, who had still not been consoled for the failure of big magnets,
conceived the idea of using that invention as a weapon of war. Again Melquíades tried
to dissuade him, but he finally accepted the two magnetized ingots and three colonial
coins in exchange for the magnifying glass. Úrsula wept in consternation. That money
was from a chest of gold coins that her father had put together ova an entire life of
privation and that she had buried underneath her bed in hopes of a proper occasion to
make use of it. José Arcadio Buendía made no at. tempt to console her, completely
absorbed in his tactical experiments with the abnegation of a scientist and even at the
risk of his own life. In an attempt to show the effects of the glass on enemy troops, he
exposed himself to the concentration of the sun’s rays and suffered burns which turned
into sores that took a long time to heal. Over the protests of his wife, who was alarmed
at such a dangerous invention, at one point he was ready to set the house on fire. He
would spend hours on end in his room, calculating the strategic possibilities of his
measureless swamps, forded stormy rivers, and was on the point of perishing under
the lash of despair, plague, and wild beasts until he found a route that joined the one
used by the mules that carried the mail. In spite of the fact that a trip to the capital was
little less than impossible at that time, José Arcadio Buendía promised to undertake it
as soon as the government ordered him to so that he could put on some practical
52
demonstrations of his invention for the military authorities and could train them
himself in the complicated art of solar war. For several years he waited for an answer.
Finally, tired of waiting, he bemoaned to Melquíades the failure of his project and the
gypsy then gave him a convincing proof of his honesty: he gave him back the
doubloons in exchange for the magnifying glass, and he left him in addition some
Portuguese maps and several instruments of navigation. In his own handwriting he set
down a concise synthesis of the studies by Monk Hermann. which he left José Arcadio
so that he would be able to make use of the astrolabe, the compass, and the sextant.
José Arcadio Buendía spent the long months of the rainy season shut up in a small
room that he had built in the rear of the house so that no one would disturb his
nights in the courtyard watching the course of the stars and he almost contracted
sunstroke from trying to establish an exact method to ascertain noon. When he became
space that allowed him to navigate across unknown seas, to visit uninhabited
territories, and to establish relations with splendid beings without having to leave his
study. That was the period in which he acquired the habit of talking to himself, of
walking through the house without paying attention to anyone, as Úrsula and the
children broke their backs in the garden, growing banana and caladium, cassava and
yams, ahuyama roots and eggplants. Suddenly, without warning, his feverish activity
was interrupted and was replaced by a kind of fascination. He spent several days as if
lunchtime, all at once he released the whole weight of his torment. The children would
53
remember for the rest of their lives the august solemnity with which their father,
devastated by his prolonged vigil and by the wrath of his imagination, revealed his
discovery to them: “The earth is round, like an orange.” Úrsula lost her patience. “If
you have to go crazy, please go crazy all by yourself!” she shouted. “But don’t try to
put your gypsy ideas into the heads of the children.” José Arcadio Buendía, impassive,
did not let himself be frightened by the desperation of his wife, who, in a seizure of
rage, mashed the astrolabe against the floor. He built another one, he gathered the men
of the village in his little room, and he demonstrated to them, with theories that none
of them could understand, the possibility of returning to where one had set out by
consistently sailing east. The whole village was convinced that José Arcadio Buendía
had lost his reason, when Melquíades returned to set things straight. He gave public
praise to the intelligence of a man who from pure astronomical speculation had
evolved a theory that had already been proved in practice, although unknown in
Macondo until then, and as a proof of his admiration he made him a gift that was to
alchemist.By then Melquíades had aged with surprising rapidity. On his first trips he
seemed to be the same age as José Arcadio Buendía. But while the latter had preserved
his extraordinary strength, which permitted him to pull down a horse by grabbing its
ears, the gypsy seemed to have been worn dowse by some tenacious illness. It was, in
reality, the result of multiple and rare diseases contracted on his innumerable trips
around the world. According to what he himself said as he spoke to José Arcadio
Buendía while helping him set up the laboratory, death followed him everywhere,
sniffing at the cuffs of his pants, but never deciding to give him the final clutch of its
claws. He was a fugitive from all the plagues and catastrophes that had ever lashed
54
mankind. He had survived pellagra in Persia, scurvy in the Malayan archipelago,
creature, said to possess the keys of Nostradamus, was a gloomy man, enveloped in a
sad aura, with an Asiatic look that seemed to know what there was on the other side of
things. He wore a large black hat that looked like a raven with widespread wings, and
a velvet vest across which the patina of the centuries had skated. But in spite of his
immense wisdom and his mysterious breadth, he had a human burden, an earthly
condition that kept him involved in the small problems of daily life. He would
complain of the ailments of old age, he suffered from the most insignificant economic
difficulties, and he had stopped laughing a long time back because scurvy had made
his teeth drop out. On that suffocating noontime when the gypsy revealed his secrets,
José Arcadio Buendía had the certainty that it was the beginning of a great friendship.
The children were startled by his fantastic stories. Aureliano, who could not have been
more than five at the time, would remember him for the rest of his life as he saw him
that afternoon, sitting against the metallic and quivering light from the window,
lighting up with his deep organ voice the darkest reaches of the imagination, while
down over his temples there flowed the grease that was being melted by the heat. José
Arcadio, his older brother, would pass on that wonderful image as a hereditary memory
to all of his descendants. Úrsula on the other hand, held a bad memory of that visit, for
she had entered the room just as Melquíades had carelessly broken a flask of bichloride
of mercury. “It’s the smell of the devil,” she said. “Not at all,” Melquíades corrected
her. “It has been proven that the devil has sulphuric properties and this is just a little
55
diabolical properties of cinnabar, but Úrsula paid no attention to him, although she
took the children off to pray. That biting odor would stay forever in her mind linked
of pots, funnels, retorts, filters, and sieves—was made up of a primitive water pipe, a
glass beaker with a long, thin neck, a reproduction of the philosopher’s egg, and a still
the gypsies themselves had built in accordance with modern descriptions of the three-
armed alembic of Mary the Jew. Along with those items, Melquíades left samples of
the seven metals that corresponded to the seven planets, the formulas of Moses and
Zosimus for doubling the quantity of gold, and a set of notes and sketches concerning
the processes of the Great Teaching that would permit those who could interpret them
the formulas to double the quantity of gold, José Arcadio Buendía paid court to Úrsula
for several weeks so that she would let him dig up her colonial coins and increase them
by as many times as it was possible to subdivide mercury. Úrsula gave in, as always,
to her husband’s unyielding obstinacy. Then José Arcadio Buendía threw three
doubloons into a pan and fused them with copper filings, orpiment, brimstone, and
lead. He put it all to boil in a pot of castor oil until he got a thick and pestilential syrup
which was more like common caramel than valuable gold. In risky and desperate
processes of distillation, melted with the seven planetary metals, mixed with hermetic
mercury and vitriol of Cyprus, and put back to cook in hog fat for lack of any radish
oil, Úrsula’s precious inheritance was reduced to a large piece of burnt hog cracklings
that was firmly stuck to the bottom of the pot. When the gypsies came back, Úrsula
had turned the whole population of the village against them. But curiosity was greater
than fear, for that time the gypsies went about the town making a deafening noise with
56
all manner of musical instruments while a hawker announced the exhibition of the
most fabulous discovery of the Naciancenes. So that everyone went to the tent and by
paying one cent they saw a youthful Melquíades, recovered, unwrinkled, with a new
and flashing set of teeth. Those who remembered his gums that had been destroyed by
scurvy, his flaccid cheeks, and his withered lips trembled with fear at the final proof
of the gypsy’s supernatural power. The fear turned into panic when Melquíades took
out his teeth, intact, encased in their gums, and showed them to the audience for an
instant—a fleeting instant in which he went back to being the same decrepit man of
years past—and put them back again and smiled once more with the full control of his
restored youth. Even José Arcadio Buendía himself considered that Melquíades’
knowledge had reached unbearable extremes, but he felt a healthy excitement when
the gypsy explained to him atone the workings of his false teeth. It seemed so simple
and so prodigious at the same time that overnight he lost all interest in his experiments
in alchemy. He underwent a new crisis of bad humor. He did not go back to eating
regularly, and he would spend the day walking through the house. “Incredible things
are happening in the world,” he said to Úrsula. “Right there across the river there are
all kinds of magical instruments while we keep on living like donkeys.” Those who
had known him since the foundation of Macondo were startled at how much he had
changed under Melquíades’ influence. At first José Arcadio Buendía had been a kind
of youthful patriarch who would give instructions for planting and advice for the
raising of children and animals, and who collaborated with everyone, even in the
physical work, for the welfare of the community. Since his house from the very first
had been the best in the village, the others had been built in its image and likeness. It
had a small, welllighted living roost, a dining room in the shape of a terrace with gaily
57
colored flowers, two bedrooms, a courtyard with a gigantic chestnut tree, a well kept
garden, and a corral where goats, pigs, and hens lived in peaceful communion. The
only animals that were prohibited, not just in his house but in the entire settlement,
were fighting cocks. Úrsula’s capacity for work was the same as that of her husband.
Active, small, severe, that woman of unbreakable nerves who at no moment in her life
had been heard to sing seemed to be everywhere, from dawn until quite late at night,
always pursued by the soft whispering of her stiff, starched petticoats. Thanks to her
the floors of tamped earth, the unwhitewashed mud walls, the rustic, wooden furniture
they had built themselves were always dean, and the old chests where they kept their
clothes exhaled the warm smell of basil. José Arcadio Buendía, who was the most
enterprising man ever to be seen in the village, had set up the placement of the houses
in such a way that from all of them one could reach the river and draw water with the
same effort, and he had lined up the streets with such good sense that no house got
more sun than another during the hot time of day. Within a few years Macondo was a
village that was more orderly and hard working than any known until then by its three
hundred inhabitants. It was a truly happy village where no one was over thirty years
of age and where no one had died. Since the time of its founding, José Arcadio Buendía
had built traps and cages. In a short time he filled not only his own house but all of
those in the village with troupials, canaries, bee eaters, and redbreasts. The concert of
so many different birds became so disturbing that Úrsula would plug her ears with
beeswax so as not to lose her sense of reality. The first time that Melquíades’ tribe
arrived, selling glass balls for headaches, everyone was surprised that they had been
able to find that village lost in the drowsiness of the swamp, and the gypsies confessed
58
that they had found their way by the song of the birds(…) (marquez, One Hundred
59
LA NOVELA EN ESPAÑOL
había de recordar aquella tarde remota en que su padre lo llevó a conocer el hielo.
Macondo era entonces una aldea de veinte casas de barro y cañabrava construidas a la
orilla de un río de aguas diáfanas que se precipitaban por un lecho de piedras pulidas,
blancas y enormes como huevos prehistóricos. El mundo era tan reciente, que muchas
cosas carecían de nombre, y para mencionarlas había que señalarías con el dedo. Todos
los años, por el mes de marzo, una familia de gitanos desarrapados plantaba su carpa
cerca de la aldea, y con un grande alboroto de pitos y timbales daban a conocer los
y manos de gorrión, que se presentó con el nombre de Melquiades, hizo una truculenta
todo el mundo se espantó al ver que los calderos, las pailas, las tenazas y los anafes se
caían de su sitio, y las maderas crujían por la desesperación de los clavos y los tornillos
tratando de desenclavarse, y aun los objetos perdidos desde hacía mucho tiempo
turbulenta detrás de los fierros mágicos de Melquíades. «Las cosas, tienen vida propia
60
José Arcadio Buendía, cuya desaforada imaginación iba siempre más lejos que el
ingenio de la naturaleza, y aun más allá del milagro y la magia, pensó que era posible
que era un hombre honrado, le previno: «Para eso no sirve.» Pero José Arcadio
Buendía no creía en aquel tiempo en la honradez de los gitanos, así que cambió su
mulo y una partida de chivos por los dos lingotes imantados. Úrsula Iguarán, su mujer,
de sus conjeturas. Exploró palmo a palmo la región, inclusive el fondo del río,
arrastrando los dos lingotes de hierro y recitando en voz alta el conjuro de Melquíades.
Lo único que logró desenterrar fue una armadura del siglo xv con todas sus partes
soldadas por un cascote de óxido, cuyo interior tenía la resonancia hueca de un enorme
calabazo lleno de piedras. Cuando José Arcadio Buendía y los cuatro hombres de su
calcificado que llevaba colgado en el cuello un relicario de cobre con un rizo de mujer.
En marzo volvieron los gitanos. Esta vez llevaban un catalejo y una lupa del tamaño
61
seca en mitad de la calle y le prendieron fuego mediante la concentración de los rayos
solares. José Arcadio Buendía, que aún no acababa de consolarse por el fracaso de sus
imanes, concibió la idea de utilizar aquel invento como un arma de guerra. Melquíades,
otra vez, trató de disuadirlo. Pero terminó por aceptar los dos lingotes imantados y tres
dinero formaba parte de un cofre de monedas de oro que su padre había acumulado en
toda una vida de privaciones, y que ella había enterrado debajo de la cama en espera
de una buena ocasión para invertirías. José Arcadio Buendía no trató siquiera de
científico y aun a riesgo de su propia vida. Tratando de demostrar los efectos de la lupa
quemaduras que se convirtieron en úlceras y tardaron mucho tiempo en sanar. Ante las
incendiar la casa. Pasaba largas horas en su cuarto, haciendo cálculos sobre las
conseguir una ruta de enlace con las mulas del correo. A pesar de que el viaje a la
capital era en aquel tiempo poco menos que imposible, José Arcadio Buendia prometía
62
personalmente en las complicadas artes de la guerra solar. Durante varios años esperó
la respuesta. Por último, cansado de esperar, se lamentó ante Melquíades del fracaso
devolvió los doblones a cambio de la lupa, y le dejó además unos mapas portugueses
de los estudios del monje Hermann, que dejó a su disposición para que pudiera servirse
del astrolabio, la brújula y el sextante. José Arcadio Buendía pasó los largos meses de
lluvia encerrado en un cuartito que construyó en el fondo de la casa para que nadie
estuvo a punto de contraer una insolación por tratar de establecer un método exacto
instrumentos, tuvo una noción del espacio que le permitió navegar por mares
incógnitos, visitar territorios deshabitados y trabar relación con seres espléndidos, sin
hablar a solas, paseándose por la casa sin hacer caso de nadie, mientras Úrsula y los
interrumpió y fue sustituida por una especie de fascinación. Estuvo varios días como
dar crédito a su propio entendimiento. Por fin, un martes de diciembre, a la hora del
almuerzo, soltó de un golpe toda la carga de su tormento. Los niños habían de recordar
por el resto de su vida la augusta solemnidad con que su padre se sentó a la cabecera
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de su imaginación, y les reveló su descubrimiento. -La tierra es redonda como una
naranja. Úrsula perdió la paciencia. «Si has de volverte loco, vuélvete tú solo - gritó-.
Pero no trates de inculcar a los niños tus ideas de gitano.» José Arcadio Buendía,
los hombres del pueblo y les demostró, con teorías que para todos resultaban
hacia el Oriente. Toda la aldea estaba convencida de que José Arcadio Buendía había
perdido el juicio, cuando llegó Melquíades a poner las cosas en su punto. Exaltó en
público la inteligencia de aquel hombre que por pura especulación astronómica había
entonces en Macondo, y como una prueba de su admiración le hizo un regalo que había
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6 BIOGRAFIA
BIOGRAFIA EN INGLES
César Vallejo was born to Francisco de Paula Vallejo Benítez and María de los Santos
He was the youngest of eleven children. His grandfathers were both Spanish priests,
Lack of funds forced him to withdraw from his studies for a time and work at a sugar
workers firsthand, an experience which would have an important impact on his politics
and aesthetics. Vallejo received a BA in Spanish literature in 1915, the same year that
he became acquainted with the bohemia of Trujillo, in particular with APRA co-
Marcos, read, worked as a schoolteacher, and came into contact with the artistic and
political avant-garde. While in Lima, he also produced his first poetry collection, Los
heraldos negros. Despite its stated publication year of 1918, the book was actually
published a year later. It is also heavily influenced by the poetry and other writings of
fellow Peruvian Manuel González Prada, who had only recently died. Vallejo then
suffered a number of calamities over the next few years: he refused to marry a woman
with whom he had an affair and thus lost his teaching post.
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His mother died in 1918. In May 1920, homesickness drove him to return to Santiago
de Chuco. On the first of August, the house belonging to the Santa María Calderón
family, who transported merchandise and alcohol by pack animals from the coast, was
looted and set on fire. Vallejo was unjustly accused as a both a participant and
instigator of the act. He hid but was discovered, arrested, and thrown in a Trujillo jail
where he would remain for 112 days (From November 6, 1920 until February 26,
1921). On December 24, 1920 he won second place (first place was declared void)
from the city hall of Trujillo for the poem, "Fabla de gesta (Tribute to Marqués de
Torre Tagle)". Vallejo competed by hiding his identity with a pseudonym in an attempt
In the work, "Vallejo en los infiernos",[2] the author, a practicing lawyer, Eduardo
González Viaña revealed key pieces of judicial documentation against the poet and
showed deliberate fabrications by the judge and his enemies to imprison him. It
indicted the victims but excluded prosecution to those criminally involved. They
invented testimonies and attributed them to people who subsequently declared that
they had never been to Santiago de Chuco, the place of the crime. Finally, the material
author was escorted to Trujillo to testify before the Supreme Court. However, on the
long journey, the gendarmes, french police officers, that guarded him, shot and killed
him under the pretext that he had attempted to escape. Moreover, the author has
investigated the other actions of the judge ad hoc. In truth, he was a lawyer for the
large reed business "Casagrande" and of the "Quiruvilca" mine where the employees
operated without a schedule and were victims of horrific working conditions. All of
this highlights the political character of the criminal proceedings. With Vallejo it had
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tried to mock his generation, university students that attempted to rise up against the
The judicial process was never closed. The poet left jail on behalf of a temporary
release. Years later in Europe, he knew that he could never return to his home country.
Jail and the "hells" revealed in this novel awaited him with an open door.
the poet unfairly accused.[3] Nonetheless, 1922 he published his second volume of
poetry, Trilce,which is still considered one of the most radically avant-garde poetry
Europe under the threat of further incarceration and remained there until his death in
Paris in 1938.
His European years found him living in dire poverty in Paris, with the exception of
three trips to the USSR and a couple of years in the early 1930s spent in exile in Spain.
In those years he shared the poverty with Pablo Picasso. In 1926 he met his first French
mistress, Henriette Maisse, with whom he lived until a breakup in October 1928. In
1927 he had formally met Georgette Marie Philippart Travers (see Georgette Vallejo),
whom he had seen when she was 17 and lived in his neighborhood. This was also the
year of his first trip to Russia. They eventually became lovers, much to the dismay of
her mother. Georgette traveled with him to Spain the end of December 1930 and
returned in January 1932. In 1930 the Spanish government awarded him a modest
the International Congress of Writers' Solidarity towards the Soviet Regime (not to be
confused with the First Congress of Soviet Writers of 1934, which solidified the
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parameters for Socialist Realism). Back in Paris Vallejo married Georgette Philippart
Vallejo's works for many years after his death. (wikipedia ingles, s.f.)
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BIOGRAFIA EN ESPAÑOL
Primeros años
pueblo en una zona alta del departamento de La Libertad, en Perú. Hijo de Francisco
de Paula Vallejo Benítez y María de los Santos Mendoza Gurrionero, fue el menor de
once hermanos; su apariencia mestiza se debió a que sus abuelas fueron indígenas y
sus abuelos gallegos, uno de ellos fue el sacerdote mercedario José Rufo Vallejo, quien
yace en las catacumbas de la iglesia del pueblo de Pallasca en Áncash. Vallejo era un
«hombre muy moreno, con nariz de boxeador y gomina en el pelo», recordaba César
de 1931.
muy buena gana; de ahí que existan tantas referencias bíblicas y litúrgicas en sus
primeros versos. Sus estudios primarios los realizó en el Centro Escolar Nº 271 del
mismo Santiago de Chuco, pero desde abril de 1905 hasta 1909 estudió la secundaria
y ahorrar para continuar luego sus estudios. Apoya a su padre en las tareas
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de Quiruvilca, cerca de Santiago de Chuco, lo que recordará más adelante en su
novela El tungsteno.
pero nuevamente abandona el claustro universitario por razones económicas o tal vez
trabajo en el que permanece durante siete meses. Luego regresa a Trujillo, y en 1912
“Roma”, en el valle Chicama, donde fue testigo de la cruel explotación de los peones
indios.
La bohemia de Trujillo
Letras. A fin de costearse sus estudios, trabaja como maestro en el Centro Escolar de
Varones Nº 241, y luego como profesor del primer año de primaria en el Colegio
Nacional de San Juan, donde tuvo como alumno pequeño a Ciro Alegría, que más tarde
la bohemia trujillana, conocida luego como Grupo Norte, donde figuran Antenor
Orrego, Alcides Spelucín, José Eulogio Garrido, Juan Espejo Asturrizaga, Macedonio
de la Torre y Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre. Publica sus primeros poemas en los diarios
y revistas locales (algunas de las cuales son recogidas por publicaciones de Lima) y se
enamora de María Rosa Sandoval, joven atractiva e inteligente, que fue la musa
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En 1917 conoce a Mirtho (Zoila Rosa Cuadra), una muchacha de quince años con
causa del desengaño. Sea como fuese, es convencido por sus amigos para viajar
a Dios de su poema “Los dados eternos”: “Tú no tienes Marías que se van…” Después
de más de un año de romance, ella desaparece sin dejar huella. Se sabrá después que
María Rosa viajó a las serranías de Otuzco para alejarse del poeta a quien no quería
entristecer con su enfermedad mortal: una tuberculosis que terminó con su vida en
1918. La misteriosa amada que tanta importancia tiene en la poesía de Vallejo dejó un
el poema «El poeta a su amada»), pero quien esta vez le da muestras de respeto. Llega
a entrevistarse con José María Eguren y con Manuel González Prada, a quien los más
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Mariátegui; con ambos hace profunda amistad. También conoce a Luis Alberto
Sánchez y Juan Parra del Riego. Asimismo, publica algunos de sus poemas en la
En 1918 entra a trabajar al colegio Barrós de Lima. Cuando en septiembre de ese año
otra tormentosa relación amorosa, esta vez con Otilia Villanueva, una muchacha de 15
años, cuñada de uno de sus colegas. Debido a ello pierde su puesto de docente. Otilia
mismo año ve la luz su primer poemario Los heraldos negros, que muestran aún las
existencial, la culpa personal y el dolor, como, por ejemplo, en los conocidos versos
«Hay golpes en la vida tan fuertes... ¡Yo no sé!» o «Yo nací un día / que Dios estuvo
enfermo». Circularon relativamente pocos ejemplares, pero el libro fue en general bien
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Bibliografía
cien año de soledad. (2012). En g. g. marquez, cien años de soledad (pág. 213). españa.
73
DOMINGUEZ, A. G. (1996). TEXTO NARRATIVO SINTESIS. MADRID: SINSTESÍS.
Mario Amoros Terrnes, Elvis Flores Mostacero. (2012). narración: elementos . En E. F. Mario
Amoros Terrnes, comunicacion 3 (pág. 300). Lima-Perú: Bruño editorial.
marquez, g. g. (2012). cien años de soledad. En g. g. marquez, cien años de soledad (pág.
213). españa: Editorial Sudamericana, S.A.
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