Lecture 24

ECE 330
POWER CIRCUITS AND ELECTROMECHANICS
LECTURE 24
INDUCTION MACHINES (1)
Acknowledgment-These handouts and lecture notes given in class are based on material from Prof. Peter
Sauer’s ECE 330 lecture notes. Some slides are taken from Ali Bazi’s presentations
Disclaimer- These handouts only provide highlights and should not be used to replace the course textbook.
12/4/2017
Copyright © 2017 Hassan Sowidan
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INDUCTION MACHINES
• Most widely used machines in the industry
• Both the stator and the rotor carry alternating currents
• Used in pumps, compressors, fans, etc.
• Motor inductance can be controlled to have excellent
torque-speed capabilities.
• Analysis based on equivalent circuits derived from the
energy point of view
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INDUCTION MACHINES
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PHYSICAL FEATURES AND FREQUENCY

RELATIONSHIPS
• It has a three-phase winding on both the stator and the
rotor, wound for P poles
• The three-phase winding on the rotor is short circuited
either through external means or on the rotor itself
 Wound rotor
 Squirrel cage rotor
• Two basic components: the stator and the rotor
• Analogous to a transformer with rotating secondary.
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WOUND ROTOR
The rotor windings that rotate with the rotor are connected
to slip rings.
The fixed brushes provide a short-circuited path through an

external resistance
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WOUND ROTOR
External resistance is inserted to achieve a desired torque-
speed characteristic. A higher starting torque can be
achieved together with limited control over speed.
Source: pinterest.com
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SQUIRREL CAGE ROTOR

• Rotor windings shorted on the rotor itself
• A fixed-torque speed characteristic
• The conductors through the slots are simply shorted
through a ring at the ends
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OPERATION OF AN INDUCTION MACHINE

Three-phase currents are supplied to the stator windings,
resulting in a rotating field.
Each phase may be wound for p poles so that the rotating
pN
field revolves at the synchronous speed N s given by f = s
120
where f is the frequency in Hz and N s is in revolutions
per minute (rpm)
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• Currents are induced in the rotor windings, which interact
with the rotating field to produce torque.
• The speed increases to a point where the torque
developed between rotor and stator is just enough to
balance the opposing mechanical load torque
• So long as the opposing torque (due to bearing friction,..
etc., under no-load conditions) exists, the rotor speed can
never equal the speed of the stator rotating field speed.
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The rotor currents have a frequency r .
Mechanical speed in mechanical rads per second satisfies
the relation by s  r p
=   m
2
The frequency of induced currents in the rotor is
p
r = s    m electrical rads / sec
2
We define a new dimensionless quantity called slip as
N s  N act
s=
Ns
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Ns : The synchronous speed in rpm,
N act : the actual speed of the rotor
2 p
Multiplying the right side by we get
120
 pN s  2 p
2   N act
s=  120  120
2 pN s
120
 p  2 N act p
2 f    s    m
s=  2  60
=  2
2 f s
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So,
s 1  s  2
m = mechanical rads / sec  m  s 1  s 
p p
2
Since
p
r = s    m electrical rads / sec
2
So, r  s s
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From this fr =sf

Where f r is the frequency of current in the rotor
Slip is dimensionless, and it gives an idea of the speed of
the machine with respect to the synchronous speed.
s = 0 corresponds to synchronous speed

s =1 corresponds to standstill or starting conditions
s is a very small number between 0.01 to 0.05.
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EXAMPLE 7.1
Consider a three-phase, 60 Hz, six-pole induction machine
run at 1125 rpm. Find the slip and the rotor current
frequency fr . pN s
f =
120
60 120
Ns = = 1200 rpm
6
1200  1125
s= = 0.0625
1200
f r = sf = (0.0625)60 = 3.75 Hz
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ANALYSIS OF A TWO-POLE MACHINE

Just as in the case of the synchronous machine, we first do
the analysis for a two-pole machine and then generalize to a
P pole machine. The stator has three-phase windings.
Unlike in the synchronous machine, there are three
windings on the rotor,
• Label s for stator windings
• Label r for rotor windings
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DERAVATION OF AN EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
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  i relation is
 as   i as 
  i 
 bs   bs 
 cs   i cs 
 = A  
 ar   iˆar 
 br  ˆ 
  i br 
 cr
 
  iˆ
 cr


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where the matrix A is
  L ms  L ms 
 Ls M cos  M cos(  120 ) M cos(  120 ) 
2 2
 
  L ms Ls
 L ms
M cos(  120 ) M cos  M cos(  120 ) 
 2 2 
 
  L ms  L ms
Ls M cos(  120 ) M cos(  120 ) M cos  
 2 2 
  L mr  L mr 
 Lr 
 2 2 
 T  L mr  L mr 
 M r Lr 
 2 2 
  L mr  L mr 
 Lr 
2 2
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Ls = L ms  L s is the self-inductance of the stator coil
Lr = Lmr  L r is the self-inductance of the rotor coil

The leakage inductance L s , L r
The magnetizing inductance
, L mr =  N r  0 r ,
2
 N s  0 r
2
L ms = 
 2  g  2  g
N s N r  0 r
Mutual inductance M =
Ns 4 g Nr
Ls = L s  M Lr = L r  M
Nr , Ns
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Machine parameters:
g is the air gap length, r is the radius of the air gap, is
the axial length of the core, N s and N r are the effective
turns per phase on the stator and rotor, respectively.
Note that for both the stator and rotor windings, the current
directions are into the windings. The rotor currents are
ˆ
i ˆ
i iˆ
denoted as ar , br , and cr into the coils
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For two-phase machine
 as   Ls 0 M cos  M sin   i as 
    i 
  
bs 0 Ls M sin  M cos    bs 
 ar   M cos  M sin  Lr 0  iˆar 
    
 br    M sin  M cos  0 Lr  iˆbr 
Let the angle between the rotor and stator axes of phase a be
 = m t  
Electric torque requires r = s  m
Instead of m  s , r  0 (synchronous)
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Lecture 24

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ECE 330

POWER CIRCUITS AND ELECTROMECHANICS

PHYSICAL FEATURES AND FREQUENCY

The fixed brushes provide a short-circuited path through an

SQUIRREL CAGE ROTOR

OPERATION OF AN INDUCTION MACHINE

per minute (rpm)

OPERATION OF AN INDUCTION MACHINE

OPERATION OF AN INDUCTION MACHINE

OPERATION OF AN INDUCTION MACHINE

OPERATION OF AN INDUCTION MACHINE

OPERATION OF AN INDUCTION MACHINE

From this fr =sf

s = 0 corresponds to synchronous speed

ANALYSIS OF A TWO-POLE MACHINE

DERAVATION OF AN EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT

DERAVATION OF AN EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT

DERAVATION OF AN EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT

DERAVATION OF AN EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT

Lr = Lmr  L r is the self-inductance of the rotor coil

DERAVATION OF AN EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT

DERAVATION OF AN EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT

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