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Several cases of failure
Ship-cyclic loading
from waves.
Adapted from chapter-opening
photograph, Chapter 8, Callister 7e. (by
Neil Boenzi, The New York Times.)
Computer chip-cyclic
thermal loading.
Adapted from Fig. 22.30(b), Callister 7e.
(Fig. 22.30(b) is courtesy of National
Semiconductor Corporation.)
Hip implant-cyclic
loading from walking.
Adapted from Fig. 22.26(b),
Callister 7e.
Reprinted w/ permission from R.W. Hertzberg, Reprinted w/ permission from R.W. Hertzberg,
"Deformation and Fracture Mechanics of Engineering "Deformation and Fracture Mechanics of Engineering
Materials", (4th ed.) Fig. 7.1(a), p. 262, John Wiley and Materials", (4th ed.) Fig. 7.1(b), p. 262, John Wiley and
Sons, Inc., 1996. (Orig. source: Dr. Robert D. Ballard, Sons, Inc., 1996. (Orig. source: Earl R. Parker,
The Discovery of the Titanic.) "Behavior of Engineering Structures", Nat. Acad. Sci.,
Nat. Res. Council, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., NY,
1957.)
• Problem: Steels were used having DBTT’s just below room temperature.
2. Fracture
What is Fracture ?
5
• Elastic and Plastic Deformation
σUTS N P
Elastic Plastic
F σy
σy
Upper Yie
Stress, σ
Stress, σ
σ
Lo
0.2%
Strain, ε
Strain, ε
• Elastic deformation is recoverd immediately upon unloading
6
Ideal Vs. Real
s
E/10 perfect mat’l-no flaws TSengineering << TS perfect
materials materials
carefully produced glass fiber
Ductile failure has extensive plastic deformation in the vicinity of the advancing crack. The
process proceeds relatively slow (stable). The crack resists any further extension unless there is
Brittle failure, cracks may spread very rapidly, with little deformation. These cracks are more
unstable and crack propagation will continue without an increase in the applied stress.
Brittle
Ductile
Stress, σ
Strain, ε
8
Fracture Very Moderately
Brittle
behavior: Ductile Ductile
9
Cup-and-Cone fracture Flat fracture
10
• Evolution to failure:
• Resulting 50
50mm
mm
fracture
surfaces
(steel)
100 mm
particles From V.J. Colangelo and F.A. Heiser, Analysis of Fracture surface of tire cord wire loaded in tension.
Metallurgical Failures (2nd ed.), Fig. 11.28, p. 294, John Courtesy of F. Roehrig, CC Technologies, Dublin, OH.
serve as void Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1987. (Orig. source: P. Thornton, J. Used with permission.
Mater. Sci., Vol. 6, 1971, pp. 347-56.)
nucleation
sites.
11
• Ductile:
-- one piece
-- large deformation
• Brittle
-- many pieces
-- small deformations
12
• Ductile fracture
13 13
• Brittle fracture
14
• Intergranullar and Transgranullar fracture
Fatigue is a form of failure that occurs in structures subjected to dynamic stresses over an
extended period.
Under these conditions it is possible to fail at stress levels considerably lower than tensile or
yield strength for a static load.
Common failure in bridges, aircraft and machine components.
16
• Variation of stress with time that
accounts for fatigue failures.
17 17
• Fracture surface with
crack initiation at top.
Surface shows
predominantly dull
fibrous texture where
rapid failure occurred
after crack achieved
critical size.
• Fatigue failure
1. Crack initiation
2. Crack propagation
3. Final failure
18
• Creep
Elastic
Primary
Tertiary
Steady state
19
Steam Turbine Power Oil Refinery
Process Plant
Nuclear Power Plant
20
21
Creep curve
s
s,e
0 t
22
Micrography of creep specimen
23
Tugas:
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