12

Design of Superstructure
1.1 Preliminary Design of Superstructure
Since linear waterway is of 40m, we choose two RCC T-beam girder for superstructure
of span 20m each.
Fig. Cross-section
Fig. Longitudinal Section
As per IRC codes, we have done the preliminary design of T-beam girder as given in
table:
S.N. Description Preliminary Size
1 Effective span of T-beam bridge 20m
2 Total length of bridge 40m
3 Clear width of carriage way 6m
4 Kerb width (both side, pedestrians are 600 mm

allowed)
5 RCC post with Railings 150 mm x150 mm at 1.25m

interval with three 48.3 mm dia.
railings
6 Wearing coat 75mm
7 Kerb height above pavement 225mm
8 Kerb type full safety ensured
9 Total kerb height above deck slab 300mm
10 Clear depth of Longitudinal girders 1800 mm
11 Width of longitudinal girder 300mm
12 Width of cross girder 250mm
13 Clear depth of cross girder 1500 mm
14 Deck slab thickness 215 mm
15 Cantilever slab 365 mm at girder face; linearly

varying ends in 150mm
17 c/c spacing of longitudinal girders 2500mm
18 c/c spacing of cross girders 4000mm

19 Clear distance of cantilever span from 950mm
face of girder
20 Grade of concrete M25
21 Grade of steel Fe415
22 Poisson’s ratio 0.15
As per IRC 6 – 2014, following unit weight are adopted for calculation of dead loads
and live loads:
Asphalt concrete = 22 KN/m3
Concrete (Cement- reinforced) = 25 KN/m3
And partial safety factor (Strength) are:
Dead load = 1.35
Surfacing = 1.75
Live load = 1.5
1.2 Cantilever Slab
Fig. Cantilever slab with dead and live load (class A)

Analysis of Cantilever Slab
Dead Load
1. Weight of railing
a. Rail posts = 17– 150 x 150 x 1.255 m posts at each side
= 17 x (0.15x0.15x1.025) x25x1.35/20 (1
= 0.661 KN/m
b. Rail bars = 3 – 40mm @ 4.37 kg/m run
= 3x0.0437x1.35
= 0.177 KN/m
Total wt. of Railing = 0.84 KN/m (Acts @ 0.875 m from the tip)
2. Weight of Wearing Course = Average thickness x Width x Unit Weight x γf
= 0.075 x 0.35 x 22 x 1.75
= 1.011 KN/m (Acts @ 0.175 m from rigid support)
3. Weight of kerb = 0.6 x 0.3 x 25 x 1.35
= 6.075 KN/m (Load acts @ 0.65 m from the tip)
4. Weight of slab = 1/2 x 0.95 x 0.15 x 25 x 1.35 = 2.405 KN/m triangular part
= 0.215 x 0.95 x 25 x 1.35 = 6.893 KN/m rectangular part
The total maximum moment due to dead load per meter width of cantilever slab is
computed as in the following table, using details from above figure.
Table 1: Bending Moment
Dead load shear

S.No. Component Lever arm (m) B.M(KN-m)
force per m run
1 Railing 0.84 0.875 0.73
Wearing
2 Course 1.011 0.175 0.177
3 Kerb 6.075 0.65 3.949
4 Rect. Slab 6.893 0.475 3.274
5 Tri. Slab 2.405 0.317 0.762
Total 16.834 8.892
Maximum Moment due to Live Load
Since, this bridge has 6m of carriage way, as per IRC we have to apply 70R load or
2-lane class A load. But in context of Nepal, for local bridge, class AA and class A are
applied. For class AA load, clearance between end of kerb and loaded wheel, it must
be minimum of 1.2m. But in our case, clearance is only 0.35m from end of cantilever,
we only apply class A load whose minimum clearance is 0.15m.
Effective width of dispersion be is computed using,

𝒍
be = (1.2x + bw) ≤ 𝟑
Where, be = effective width
x = distance of the center of gravity of the concentrated load from the face of the
cantilever support = 0.2/2=0.1m
bw = 0.25+(2*0.075) = 0.4m
𝑙 0.95
= = 0.317𝑚
3 3
∴ 𝑏𝑒 = (1.2 ∗ 0.1) + 0.4 = 0.52 ≥ 0.317
Adopting, 𝑏𝑒 = 0.317𝑚
Average load x wheel lenth x IF x γf
Now, maximum live load per m width including impact = w x bef
𝟓𝟕 𝟏.𝟏𝟕𝟑∗𝟏.𝟓
= 𝟎.𝟓 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟐 ∗ 𝟎.𝟑𝟏𝟕
= 126.551 KN acts at 0.1m from support
Where impact factor is taken as 50%.
Maximum bending moment due to live load = 126.551 * 0.1
= 12.655 KNm
Therefore, total maximum bending moment at face of main girder = 8.892+12.655
= 21.547 KNm
Maximum transverse bending moment in the direction of traffic = (0.2xBMDL) +

(0.3xBMLL)
= (0.2x8.88) + (0.3x12.655)
= 6.33 KNm
Design of Cantilever Slab
𝑴
Effective depth required (d) = √𝟎.𝟑𝟔∗𝟎.𝟒𝟖∗(𝟏−𝟎.𝟒𝟐∗𝟎.𝟒𝟖)∗𝒇
𝒄𝒌 ∗𝒃
𝟐𝟏.𝟓𝟒𝟕∗𝟏𝟎𝟔
= √𝟎.𝟑𝟔∗𝟎.𝟒𝟖∗(𝟏−𝟎.𝟒𝟐∗𝟎.𝟒𝟖)∗𝟐𝟓∗𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
= 79 mm
Provide 40mm clear cover and 10 mm ∅ bar,
Effective depth provided, dprovided = 365-40-5 =320 mm > 79 mm OK.
Main reinforcement
𝑓𝑦 ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑡
𝑀 = 0.87 ∗ 𝑓𝑦 ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑡 ∗ (𝑑 − )
𝑓𝑐𝑘 ∗ 𝑏
On solving we get, 𝑨𝒔𝒕 = 𝟑𝟔𝟒. 𝟎𝟓𝟖 𝒎𝟐
Provide 12 mm ∅ bar @ 200mm c/c.
𝑨∅ ∗𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝝅∗𝟏𝟐𝟐 ∗𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎

Ast provided = = = 𝟓𝟔𝟓. 𝟒𝟖𝟕 𝒎𝒎𝟐
𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝟒∗𝟐𝟎𝟎
Transverse reinforcement
𝒇𝒚 ∗ 𝑨𝒔𝒕
𝑴 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟕 ∗ 𝒇𝒚 ∗ 𝑨𝒔𝒕 ∗ (𝒅 − )
𝒇𝒄𝒌 ∗ 𝒃
On solving we get, 𝑨𝒔𝒕 = 𝟗𝟕. 𝟓𝟏𝟏𝒎𝟐
Provide 8mm ∅ bar @ 300mm c/c spacing.
𝑨∅ ∗𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝝅∗𝟖𝟐 ∗𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎

Ast provided = = = 𝟏𝟔𝟕. 𝟓𝟓𝟐 𝒎𝒎𝟐
𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝟒∗𝟑𝟎𝟎
3750−100
Number of Main bars = =18.25=19 Taken
200
3650
Spacing = =192.1=190 mm c/c Taken
19
950−45−50
Number of Transverse bars = =4 Taken
300
855
Spacing = =285 mm c/c
4
Check for Shear failure
Cantilever slab designed by effective width method is not necessary to check for
Shear. (IRC 21- 2000 Cl. 305.16.2)
1.3 Restrained Slab
The slab is supported on four sides by beams.
Thickness of slab (H) =215 mm
Thickness of wearing course (D) = 75 mm
Span in transverse direction = 2500 mm
Effective span in the transverse direction = 2500 – 300 =2200 mm
Span in longitudinal direction = 4000 mm (Providing 6 cross beams)
Effective span in the longitudinal direction = 4000 – 250 = 3750 mm
Deck slab is designed using Pigeaud’s Method.
Analysis of Restrained Slab
Maximum bending moment due to dead load
Volume of
Load, Maximum
S.No. Description 2.2m*3.75m slab
KN load, KN
panel
Wearing Course (0.075
1
m) 0.62 13.64 23.87
2 Slab (0.215m) 1.77 44.25 59.74
Total 83.61
Since the slab is supported on all four sides and is continuous, Pigeaud’s curve will be
used to get influence coefficients to compute moments.
Ratio K =short span / Long span = 2.2/3.75 =0.5867

1/K = 1.705
From Pigeaud’s curve, m1 for K = 0.5867, m1 = 0.0485
m2 for 1/K = 1.705, m2 = 0.0150
Maximum bending moment along short span (M1) = (m1+𝝁m2)*P*0.8
= (0.0485+0.15*0.015) * 83.69 * 0.8
= 3.398 KNm
Maximum bending moment along longer span (M2) = (m2+𝝁m1)*P*0.8
= (0.015+0.15*0.0485) * 83.69 * 0.8
= 1.491 KNm
Live load
B.M. due to IRC Class AA tracked vehicle
Fig. Class AA tracked located for Maximum Moment on Deck Slab
Impact factor fraction = 25%
Width of load spread along short span, u = 0.85+ (2*0.075) = 1m
Width of load spread along long span, v = 3.6 + (2*0.075) = 3.75m

Using Pigeaud’s curves,
For K = 0.5, m1= 7.5 *10-2
m2= 1.25*10-2
For K=0.6, m1= 7.85*10-2
m2= 2.25*10-2
𝒖 𝟏 𝒗 𝟑.𝟕𝟓
By using interpolation, we get, for K=0.5867, 𝑩 = 𝟐.𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓𝟓 and 𝑳 = 𝟑.𝟕𝟓 = 𝟏
m1= 7.803*10^-2
m2= 2.117*10^-2
Total load per track including impact = 1.25*350 = 437.5 KN
Maximum bending moment along short span (M1) = (m1+𝝁m2)*P*0.8*𝜸𝒇

=(7.803+0.15*2.117)*10^2*0.8*437.5*1.5
= 42.633 KNm
Maximum bending moment along longer span (M2) = (m2+𝝁m1) *P*0.8*𝜸𝒇
= (2.117+7.803*0.15) *10^-2*0.8*437.5*1.5
= 17.26 KNm
Live load B.M. due to IRC Class A loading
The wheel of maximum load i.e. 114KN is placed at center of the slab to get maximum
moment.
Due to 1st wheel load placed at center of slab

Width of load spread along short span, u = 0.5+ (2*0.075) = 0.65m
Width of load spread along long span, v = 0.25+ (2*0.075) = 0.4m

𝑢 0.65 𝑣 0.4
Using Pigeaud’s curves, for K=0.5867, 𝐵 = = 0.30 and 𝐿 = 3.75 = 0.107
2.2
m1= 19.1*10^-2
m2= 15.5*10^-2
Maximum bending moment along short span (M1) = (m1+𝜇m2)*P*0.8*𝐼𝑓 *𝛾𝑓

=(19.1+0.15*15.5)*10^-2*0.8*57*1.25*1.5
= 18.32 KNm
Maximum bending moment along long span (M2) = (m2+𝜇 m1)*P*0.8*𝐼𝑓 *𝛾𝑓
=(15.5+0.15*19.1)*10^-2*0.8*57*1.25*1.5
= 15.70 KNm
Due to 2nd wheel load placed at 1.2m from center of slab
Width of load spread along short span due to actual load, = 0.5+ (2*0.075) = 0.65m
Width of load spread along long span due to actual load, = 0.25+ (2*0.075) = 0.4m
Intensity of loading = 57/ (0.65*0.4) = 219.23 KN/𝑚2
The loaded area of 2.8mx0.65m

𝑢 0.65 𝑣 2.8
K= 0.5867, 𝐵 = = 0.30 and 𝐿 = 3.75 = 0.747
2.2
m1= 11*10-2
m2= 3.5*10-2
Maximum bending moment along short span (M1) = (m1+𝝁m2)*P*0.8*𝑰𝒇 *𝜸𝒇
=(11+0.15*3.5)*10^-2*0.8*219.23*2.8*0.65*1.25*1.5
= 68.98 KNm
Maximum bending moment along longer span (M2) = (m2+𝝁 m1)*P*0.8*𝑰𝒇 *𝜸𝒇
=(3.5+0.15*11)*10^-2*0.8*219.23*2.8*0.65*1.25*1.5
= 30.82 KNm
Consider the area between the real and the dummy load i.e. 2.0m*0.65m
𝒖 𝟎.𝟔𝟓 𝒗 𝟐.𝟎
K= 0.5867, 𝑩 = = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟎 and 𝑳 = 𝟑.𝟕𝟓 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟑𝟑
𝟐.𝟐
m1= 14*10-2
m2= 4.85*110-2
Maximum bending moment along short span (M1) = (m1+𝝁m2) *P*0.8*𝑰𝒇 *𝜸𝒇
= (14+0.15*4.85) *10^-2*0.8*219.23*2.0*0.65*1.25*1.5
= 62.95 KNm
Maximum bending moment along long span (M1) = (m2+𝝁 m1) *P*0.8*𝑰𝒇 *𝜸𝒇
= (4.85+0.15*14) *10^-2*0.8*219.23*2.0*0.65*1.25*1.5
= 29.71 KNm
Now, Moment along short span = (68.98-62.95)/2 = 3.015 KNm
Moment along long span = (30.82-29.71)/2 = 0.55 KNm
Total bending moment due to effect of both wheels,
Moment along short span = (18.32+3.015) = 21.335 KNm
Moment along long span = (15.70+0.55) = 16.25 KNm
Design Bending Moment due to live load
Taken as moment given by Class AA tracked vehicle:
Maximum bending moment along short span (M1) = 42.633 KNm
Maximum bending moment along longer span (M2) = 17.26 KNm
Design Bending Moment
Maximum bending moment along short span (M1) = (3.398 +42.633) KNm = 46.03
KNm
Maximum bending moment along longer span (M2) = (1.491+17.26) KNm = 18.75
KNm
Maximum Shear Force

Shear force due to dead load
From above table, total dead load due to wearing course and deck slab = 83.69 KN
83.69
Maximum shear force due to dead load = = 41.85 𝐾𝑁
2
Shear force due to live load

Shear force due to IRC class AA tracked vehicle
Since shear force is maximum along short span, we take short span as longitudinal
direction and load applied in that direction. In calculation of shear, the load is dispersed
at 45˚ through wearing course and deck slab.
For maximum shear, load is kept such that the whole dispersion is in span. The load
0.85
is kept at (0.075+0.215+ ) = 0.715m from the edge of the beam. Next track is at a
2
distance of 2.05m from first track, this track will not be applied at restrained slab.
Effective width of the slab,
𝑎
𝑏𝑒𝑓 = 𝑎. 𝛼. (1 − ) + 𝑏1
𝑙
𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛(𝑏) 3.75
We have,𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛(𝑙) = = 1.70
2.2
From table of IRC 112:2011, B3.2, 𝛼 = 2.56 (𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏)

a= the distance of center of gravity of the concentrated load from the nearer support =
0.715m,
l= the effective span = 2.2m,
𝑏1 = 3.6+2*0.075 =3.75m
0.715
∴ 𝑏𝑒𝑓 = 2.56 ∗ 0.715 ∗ (1 − ) + 3.75 = 4.986 𝑚
2.2
350∗𝐼𝑓 ∗𝛾𝑓 350∗1.25∗1.5
Load due to tracked wheel per meter width of slab = = = 131.62KN
𝑏𝑒𝑓 4.986
Where, Impact factor is 1.25 for span less than 5m and partial safety factor for live
load is 1.5.
It can be shown with the help of following support system:
131.62 KN
715
2200
Applying ∑ 𝑀𝐵 = 0
(𝑅𝐴 ∗ 2.2) − (131.62*1.485) = 0
∴ 𝑅𝐴 = 88.85𝐾𝑁
∴ 𝑅𝐵 = 42.77𝐾𝑁
Design Shear Force due to Class AA tracked vehicle = 88.85 KN
Shear force due to IRC class A loading

Effective width of the slab,
𝑎
𝑏𝑒𝑓 = 𝑎. 𝛼. (1 − ) + 𝑏1
𝑙
𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛(𝑏) 3.75
We have,𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛(𝑙) = = 1.70
2.2
From table of IRC 112:2011, B3.2, 𝛼 = 2.56 (𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏)

For Wheel I
0.075+0.215+0.25 = 0.54m,
𝑏1 = 0.25+2*0.075 = 0.4m
0.54
∴ 𝑏𝑒𝑓 𝐼 = 2.56 ∗ 0.54 ∗ (1 − ) + 0.4 = 1.443 𝑚
2.2
Since the bef of individual wheel overlaps, find modified effective width.
𝑏𝑒𝑓 𝐼 𝑀𝑜𝑑 = 0.25+0.25/2+1.2+1.443/2 = 2.2965 m
(Width of beam is considered for effective width calculation)

2𝑥57𝑥𝐼𝐹𝑥𝛾𝑓 𝐿𝐿 2𝑥57𝑥1.25𝑥1.5
Load due to wheel I (FI) = = = 93.07 KN/m
𝑏𝑒𝑓 𝐼 2.2965
For wheel II
0.11/2 =0.055m
𝑏1 = 0.25+2*0.075 = 0.4m
0.055
∴ 𝑏𝑒𝑓 𝐼𝐼 = 2.56 ∗ 0.055 ∗ (1 − ) + 0.4 = 0.53728 𝑚
2.2
Since the bef of individual wheel overlaps, find modified effective width.
𝑏𝑒𝑓 𝐼𝐼 𝑀𝑜𝑑 = 0.25+0.25/2+1.2+0.53728/2 = 1.844 m
(Width of beam is considered for effective width calculation)

57𝑥110
2𝑥 𝑥𝐼𝐹𝑥𝛾𝑓 𝐿𝐿 2𝑥12.54𝑥1.25𝑥1.5
500
Load due to wheel I (FII) = = = 25.5 KN/m
𝑏𝑒𝑓 𝐼𝐼 1.844
25.5 KN
93.07 KN
540 2200
Reaction at A and B
RA = 69.58 KN
RB = 49 KN
Design Shear force due to DL and LL in shorter span = (88.85x0.8) + 41.85 = 112.93
KN
Design of Restrained Slab
Check Depth of Slab
Effective depth of main reinforcement (d1) = 215-25-12/2 = 184 mm

Effective depth of secondary reinforcement (d2) = 215-25-12-12/2 = 172 mm
𝑢 𝑀 46.03𝑥106
𝑑𝑏𝑎𝑙 = √ 𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = √0.36𝑥0.48𝑥(1−0.416𝑥0.48)𝑥25𝑥1000 = 115.5 mm
0.36 (1−0.416 )𝑥𝑓 𝑐𝑘 𝑥𝑏
𝑑 𝑑
𝑑𝑏𝑎𝑙 < 𝑑𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣

Reinforcing bars
Since, 𝑑𝑏𝑎𝑙 < 𝑑𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣 , section of slab is designed as Singly Reinforced Under-
Reinforced Section (SRURS).
Reinforcing bars in shorter and longer direction of slab
𝑴𝒖 𝟒𝟔.𝟎𝟑𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟔
In short span = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒙𝟏𝟖𝟒𝟐 = 1.36; From SP-16, Pt = 0.4% > Pt, min= 0.12%
𝒃𝒙𝒅𝟐
0.4
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 100x1000x184 = 736 mm2
Providing 12 mm ∅ bar @ 140mm spacing. 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 904.7 mm2; Pt = 0.43%

𝑴 𝟏𝟖.𝟕𝟓𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟔
In longer span 𝒃𝒙𝒅𝒖𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒙𝟏𝟕𝟐𝟐 = 0.634; From SP-16, Pt = 0.18% > Pt, min=0.12%
0.18
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑅𝑒𝑞 = x1000x172 = 309.6 mm2
100
Providing 12mm ∅ bar @ 250 mm spacing.

Temperature Reinforcement
Provide 10 mm ∅ bar @ 300mm c/c in both direction of top slab.
Check for Shear
Check, 𝜏𝑢𝑣 ≤ 𝑘𝑠 𝜏𝑢𝑐

Where,
𝑉 112.93𝑥1000
𝑢
Nominal shear stress 𝜏𝑢𝑣 = 𝑏𝑥𝑑 = = 0.67 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
1000𝑥167
Shear strength of concrete section 𝜏𝑢𝑐 = 0.595 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 for M25 and Pt = 0.43%
Limiting value of shear stress 𝜏𝑢𝑐,𝑚𝑎𝑥 =3.1 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
Depth factor (K) = 1.15
K𝜏𝑢𝑐 =1.15x0.595=0.684
Since, 𝜏𝑢𝑣 < 𝑘𝑠 𝜏𝑢𝑐 , No shear reinforcement requires.
1.4 Main Girder
1.4.1 Analysis of Intermediate Longitudinal Girder
i) Data
Effective span= 20m
Slab thickness= 0.215m
Width of rib= 0.3m
Spacing of main beams= 2.5m
Overall depth of beam= 1.8m
ii) B.M. due to dead load
S.No Weight(kN/m
. Item Details )
Wearing
1 course 2.5x0.075x22x1.75 7.22
2 Deck slab 2.5x0.215x25x1.35 18.14
3 Upper fillet 2x0.5x0.3x0.15x25x1.35 1.52
4 Beam web 1.585x0.3x25x1.35 16.05
Total 42.93
Self-weight of cross girder act as point load on main girder

Self-weight of
intermediate cross
girder on main girder= (0.25x1.285x2.2x25x1.35)/3 7.95kN/m
Self-weight of end
cross girder on main
girder= (0.25x0.785x2.2x25x1.35)/3 4.85kN/m
BM at mid-span
Mu= RAx10-4.85x10-7.95x6-7.95x2-42.93x10x5= 2241.9 kNm
BM at 3.3m from left support

Mu= RAx3.3-4.85x3.3-42.93x3.3x1.65= 1235.46 kNm
MB at 6.6m from left support
Mu= RAx6.6-4.85x6.6-7.95*2.6-42.93x6.6x3.3= 1982.63 kNm
SF at support
Vu= RA=450.05 450.05 kN
SF at 3.3m from left support
Vu=RA-4.85-(42.93x3.3) 303.531 kN
Vu=RA-4.85-7.95-(42.93x6.6) 154.112 kN
iii) B.M due to Live Load

Class A loading
4.5
Impact factor fraction = 6+20 = 0.173
Courbon’s Method
The condition for the applicability of Courbon’s Method i.e. span to width ratio lies
between 2 and 4 i.e. 20/6=3.33 and other two conditions are satisfied. Following
equation is used to determine the reaction factors:
𝑃𝐼𝑖 ∑ 𝐼𝑖
𝑅𝑖 = [1 + . 𝑒𝑑𝑖 ]
∑ 𝐼𝑖 ∑ 𝐼𝑖 𝑑𝑖 2
Where, P= total live load
Ii = moment of inertia of longitudinal girder i
e = eccentricity of the live load
di = distance of girder i from the axis of the bridge
Fig. Transverse disposition of two trains of class A loading for determination of

Reactions on Longitudinal beams
∑ 𝑊∗𝑙
Centroid of load from left edge of carriageway = ∑𝑊
(𝑊∗400)+(𝑊∗2200)+(𝑊∗3800)∗(𝑊∗5600)
= = 30000
4𝑊
∴𝑒=0
Now, Reaction factors:

4𝑊∗𝐼 4𝑊
𝑅1 = [1 + 0] = ; End girder
3∗𝐼 3
4𝑊∗𝐼 4𝑊
𝑅2 = [1 + 0] = ; Intermediate Girder
3∗𝐼 3
4𝑊∗𝐼 4𝑊
𝑅3 = [1 + 0] = ; End girder
3∗𝐼 3
Reaction of Intermediate girder i.e. 𝑅2 from 27kN axle of class A

4∗27
= ∗ 1.173 ∗ 1.5 = 31.59 𝑘𝑁
3∗2

4∗114
= ∗ 1.173 ∗ 1.5 = 113.38 𝑘𝑁
3∗2

4∗68
= ∗ 1.173 ∗ 1.5 = 79.56 𝑘𝑁
3∗2
Calculation of maximum B.M. at mid-span due to Class A load:
(Note: Dimension in figure shown in mm and used in calculation in m)
B.M. at mid-span due to class A load
𝑀𝑈 = (31.67*2.25) + (31.67*2.8) + (133.722*4.4) + (133.722*5) + (79.76*2.85) +

(79.76*1.35)
= 1751.913 kNm
Calculation of B.M. at 3.3m from left support due to class A load:
𝑀𝑈 = (133.72*2.75) + (133.72*2.552) + (79.76*1.844) + (79.76*1.35) + (79.76*0.856)

+ (79.76*0.362) = 1018.955 kNm
Calculation of B.M. at 6.6m from left support due to class A load:
𝑀𝑈 = (31.67*1.54) + (31.67*2.277) + (133.722*4.42) + (133.722*4.024) +

(79.76*2.606) + (79.76*1.616) + (79.76*0.627)
= 1629.45 kNm
Calculation of S.F. at support due to class A load:
S.F. at support due to class A:
𝑉𝑈 = (133.722*1) + (133.722*0.94) + (79.76*0.725) + (79.76*0.575) + (79.76*0.425) +

(79.76*0.275)
= 418.941 KN
Calculation of S.F. at 3.3m from left support due to class A load:
𝑉𝑈 = (133.722*0.835) + (133.722*0.775) + (79.76*0.56) + (79.76*0.41) + (79.76*0.26)

+ (79.76*0.11)
= 322.169 kN
Calculation of S.F. at 6.6m from left support due to class A load:

𝑉𝑈 = (133.722*0.67) + (133.722*0.61) + (79.76*0.395) + (79.76*0.245) +
(79.76*0.095)
= 229.784 kN
Class AA Track Loading
Impact factor fraction = 0.1 for tracked vehicle up to span of 40m
Fig. Transverse disposition of class AA track loading for determination of Reactions

on Longitudinal beams
2.05
Centroid of load from left edge of carriageway = 1.625+ = 2.65m
2
6
Eccentricity (e) = 2 − 2.65 = 0.35𝑚

2𝑊∗𝐼 3∗𝐼 121𝑊
𝑅1 = 𝑅3 = [1 + 𝐼(2.52 +02 +2.52 ) . 0.35 ∗ 2.5] = ; End girder
3∗𝐼 150
121 700
= 150 ∗ = 282.33 kN
2
2𝑊∗𝐼 2𝑊
𝑅2 = [1 + 0] = ; Intermediate Girder
3∗𝐼 3
2 700
=3∗ 2
= 233.33 kN
Calculation of maximum B.M. at mid-span due to Class AA track load:
Maximum B.M. at mid-span due to Class AA track load

233.33 5+4.1
𝑀𝑈 = ∗ (2 ∗ ∗ 1.8) ∗ 1.1 ∗ 1.5 =1751.73 kNm
3.6 2
Calculation of maximum B.M. at 6.6m due to Class AA track load:
233.33 3.624+4.42 4.42+3.624

𝑀𝑈 = ∗ (( ∗ 1.188) + ( ∗ 2.412)) ∗ 1.1 ∗ 1.5 = 1548.45kNm
3.6 2 2
233.33 2.255+2.75 2.75+2.255

𝑀𝑈 = ∗ (( ∗ 0.594) + ( ∗ 3.006)) ∗ 1.1 ∗ 1.5 = 963.45 kNm
3.6 2 2
Calculation of S.F. at support due to class AA track load:
233.33kN
1.0
0.82
3.6
233.33 1+0.82
𝑉𝑈 = ∗( ∗ 3.6) ∗ 1.1 ∗ 1.5 = 350.34 kN
3.6 2
Calculation of S.F. at 3.3m due to class AA track load:
233.33kN
0.835
0.655
3.3 3.6
233.33 0.835+0.655
𝑉𝑈 = ∗( ∗ 3.6) ∗ 1.1 ∗ 1.5 = 286.82 kN
3.6 2
233.33kN
0.670
0.490
6.6
233.33 0.67+0.49
𝑉𝑈 = ∗( ∗ 3.6) ∗ 1.1 ∗ 1.5 = 261.80 kN
3.6 2
Class AA Wheel Loading
Impact factor fraction = 0.165
1. 1.0
Fig. Transverse disposition of class AA wheel loading for determination of Reactions

1
Centroid of load from left edge of carriageway = 1.35+0.6+2 = 2.45m
6
Total load = 37.5+62.5+62.5+37.5 = 200 kN

200∗𝐼 3∗𝐼
𝑅1 = 𝑅3 = [1 + 𝐼(2.52 +02 +2.52 ) ∗ 0.55 ∗ 2.5] = 88.67 𝑘𝑁 ; End girder
3∗𝐼
200∗𝐼
𝑅2 = [1 + 0] = 66.67 𝑘𝑁 ; Intermediate Girder
3∗𝐼
Load acting 𝑅2 = 66.67 ∗ 1.165 ∗ 1.5 = 116.51 𝑘𝑁
Load acting 𝑅1 = 𝑅3 = 88.67*1.165*1.5 = 154.95 kN

Load acting 𝑅1 = 𝑅3 = 88.67*1.165*1.5 = 154.95 KN
Calculation of maximum B.M. at mid-span due to Class AA wheel load:
116.51 KN 116.51 KN
4.4
5.0
1.2
20 m
𝑀𝑈 = (116.51 ∗ 5) + (116.51 ∗ 4.4) = 1095.2 𝑘𝑁𝑚
Calculation of B.M. at 3.3m from left end due to Class AA wheel load:
116.51 KN 116.51 KN
2.552
2.750
3.3 1.2
20 m
𝑀𝑈 = (116.51 ∗ 2.75) + (116.51 ∗ 2.552) = 617.75 𝑘𝑁𝑚

116.51 KN 116.51 KN
4.420
4.024
6.6 1.2
20 m
𝑀𝑈 = (116.51 ∗ 4.42) + (116.51 ∗ 4.024) = 983.81 𝑘𝑁𝑚
Calculation of S.F. at support due to class AA wheel load:
116.51 KN 116.51 KN
0.940
1.2
20 m
𝑉𝑈 = (1*116.51) + (0.94*116.51) = 226.03 kN
116.51 KN 116.51 KN
0.835
0.775
3.3
𝑉𝑈 = (0.835*116.51) + (0.775*116.51) = 187.58 kN

116.51 KN
116.51 KN
0.670
0.610
6.6
𝑉𝑈 = (0.67*116.51) + (0.61*116.51) = 149.13 kN
Design Bending Moment at mid-span due to DL+LL = 2241.9+1751.913 = 3993.813

kNm
Design B.M. at 3.3m from left support due to DL+LL = 1235.46+1018.955 =2254.415
kNm
Design B.M. at 6.6m from left support due to DL+LL = 1982.634+1629.45 = 3612.084
kNm
Design Shear Force at support due to DL+LL = 450.05+418.941 = 868.991 kN
Design Shear Force at 3.3m from left support due to DL+LL = 303.53+322.160 =
625.69 kN
Design Shear Force at 6.6m from left support due to DL+LL = 154.11+261.8 = 415.91
kN
1.4.2 Analysis End-Longitudinal Girder
i) B.M. due to dead load
S.No Weight(kN/m
. Item Details )
Wearing
1 course (1.25+0.5)x0.075x22x1.75 5.05
2 Deck slab 1.25x0.215x25x1.35 9.07
3 Handrails 0.621*1.35 0.84
4 kerb 0.6*0.3*25*1.35 6.075
Remaining
5 part ((0.15*1.1)+(0.5*0.95*0.215))*25*1.35 9.015
6 Upper fillet 0.5x0.3x0.15x25x1.35 0.76
7 Beam web 1.585x0.3x25x1.35 16.048
Total 46.863
Self-weight of cross girder act as point load on main girder

Self-weight of
intermediate cross
girder on main
girder= (0.25x1.285x2.2x25x1.35)/3 7.95 kN/m
Self-weight of end
cross girder on main
girder= (0.25x0.785x2.2x25x1.35)/3 4.85kN/m
BM at mid-span
Mu= 489.38x10-4.85x10-7.95x6-7.95x2-
46.863x10x5= 2486.25 kNm
BM at 3.3m from left support
Mu= 489.38x3.3-4.85x3.3-46.83x3.3x1.65= 1343.78 kNm
MB at 6.6m from left support
Mu= 489.38x6.6-4.85x6.6-7.95x2.6-
46.83x6.6x3.3= 2156.552 kNm
SF at support
Vu= RA=489.38 489.38 kN
Vu=489.38-4.85-(46.863x3.3) 329.88 kN
Vu=489.38-4.85-7.95-(46.83x6.6) 167.284 kN
ii) B.M due to Live Load

Class A loading
Since reaction factor for end girder is same as that of intermediate girder, bending
moment and shear force at different sections are same as calculated above.
Design Bending Moment at mid-span due to class A load = 1751.913 kNm
Design B.M. at 6.3m from left support due to class A load = 1629.45 kNm
Design B.M. at 3.3m from left support due to class A load = 1018.955 kNm
Design Shear Force at support due to class A load = 418.941 kN
Design Shear Force at 3.3m from left support due to class A load = 322.169 kN
Design Shear Force at 6.6m from left support due to class A load = 229.784 kN
Class AA Track Loading
Reaction factor as calculated above = 282.33 kN

Maximum B.M. at mid-span due to Class AA track load
282.33kN
5.0
4.1
4.1
3.6m
20m
282.33 5+4.1
𝑀𝑈 = ∗ (2 ∗ ∗ 1.8) ∗ 1.1 ∗ 1.5 = 2119.59 kNm
3.6 2
282.33kN
3.624
4.420
3.624
1.188 2.41
6.6 m
282.33 3.624+4.42 4.42+3.624

𝑀𝑈 = ∗ (( ∗ 1.188) + ( ∗ 2.412)) ∗ 1.1 ∗ 1.5 = 1873.63 kNm
3.6 2 2
282.33kN
2.255
2.750
2.255
0.594 3.00
3.3 m
282.33 2.255+2.75 2.75+2.255

𝑀𝑈 = ∗ (( ∗ 0.594) + ( ∗ 3.006)) ∗ 1.1 ∗ 1.5
3.6 2 2
= 1165.78 kNm
Calculation of S.F. at support due to class AA track load:
282.33kN
0.82
1.0
3.6
282.33 1+0.82
𝑉𝑈 = ∗( ∗ 3.6) ∗ 1.1 ∗ 1.5 = 423.92 kN
3.6 2
282.33kN
0.835
0.655
3.3 3.6
282.33 0.835+0.655
𝑉𝑈 = ∗( ∗ 3.6) ∗ 1.1 ∗ 1.5 = 347.05 kN
3.6 2
282.33kN
0.670
0.490
6.6
282.33 0.67+0.49
𝑉𝑈 = ∗( ∗ 3.6) ∗ 1.1 ∗ 1.5 = 270.20 kN
3.6 2
Impact factor fraction=0.165
Fig. Transverse disposition of class AA wheel loading for determination of Reactions

1
Centroid of load from left edge of carriageway = 1.35+0.6+2 = 2.45m
6
Total load = 37.5+62.5+62.5+37.5 = 200 kN

200∗𝐼 3∗𝐼
𝑅1 = 𝑅3 = [1 + 𝐼(2.52 +02 +2.52 ) ∗ 0.55 ∗ 2.5] = 88.67 𝑘𝑁 ; End girder
3∗𝐼
200∗𝐼
𝑅2 = [1 + 0] = 66.67 𝑘𝑁 ; Intermediate Girder
3∗𝐼
Load acting 𝑅2 = 66.67 ∗ 1.165 ∗ 1.5 = 116.51 𝑘𝑁
Load acting 𝑅1 = 𝑅3 = 88.67*1.165*1.5 = 154.95 kN

Load acting 𝑅1 = 𝑅3 = 88.67*1.165*1.5 = 154.95 KN
Calculation of maximum B.M. at mid-span due to Class AA wheel load:
154.95 KN 154.95 KN
5.0
4.4
1.2
20 m
𝑀𝑈 = (154.95 ∗ 5) + (154.95 ∗ 4.4) = 1456.53 𝑘𝑁𝑚
154.95 KN 154.95 KN
2.552
2.750
3.3 1.2
20 m
𝑀𝑈 = (154.95 ∗ 2.75) + (154.95 ∗ 2.552) = 821.55 𝑘𝑁𝑚

154.95 KN 154.95 KN
4.420
4.024
6.6 1.2
20 m
𝑀𝑈 = (154.95 ∗ 4.42) + (154.95 ∗ 4.024) = 1308.40 𝑘𝑁𝑚
Calculation of S.F. at support due to class AA wheel load:
154.95 KN 154.95 KN
0.940
1.2
20 m
𝑉𝑈 = (1*154.95) + (0.94*154.95) = 300.60 kN

154.95 KN 154.95 KN
0.835
0.775
3.3
𝑉𝑈 = (0.835*154.95) + (0.775*154.95) = 249.47 kN
154.95 KN
154.95 KN
0.670
0.610
6.6
𝑉𝑈 = (0.67*154.95) + (0.61*154.95) = 198.34 kN
Design Bending Moment at mid-span due to DL+LL = 2486.25+2119.59 = 4605.84

kNm
Design B.M. at 3.3m from left support due to DL+LL = 1343.78+1165.78 =2509.56
kNm
Design B.M. at 6.6m from left support due to DL+LL = 2156.55+1873.63 = 4030.18
kNm
Design Shear Force at support due to DL+LL = 489.38+423.92 = 913.3 kN
676.931 kN
437.484 kN
1.4.3 Design of End Main Girder
Design section of End main girder
Thickness of slab of design section (𝐷𝑓 )

0.365+0.215
(0.8𝑥0.215)+( 𝑥0.30)
2
Average thickness of left part of slab (𝑡𝐿 ) = = 0.235m
1.1
0.365+0.15
Average thickness of right part of slab (𝑡𝑅 ) = = 0.258m
2
0.235 + 0.258
𝐷𝑓 = = 0.247𝑚
2
Effective width of flange of girder (𝑏𝑒𝑓 ) [Refer IRC 21 cl.305.15.2]
𝑙 20
bef = + 𝑏𝑤 = + 0.3 = 4.3m ≥ 𝑏𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 2.35; 2.15m on each side of girder
5 5
Actual width on right side of girder = 0.95+0.15 = 1.1m
Adopt 𝑏𝑒𝑓 = 2 x 1.1 = 2.2 m
Fig. Design Section
C.G. of section:
1.553
(0.3𝑥1.553𝑥 )+(2.2𝑥0.247𝑥1.676)
2
𝑦𝐶.𝐺 = (0.3𝑥1.553)+(2.2𝑥0.247)
= 1.26𝑚 From bottom of girder
Moment of inertia of design section of main girder about X-X axis
0.3𝑥1.5533 2.2𝑥0.2473
𝐼𝑥𝑥 = + (0.3𝑥1.553𝑥0.4842 ) + + (2.2𝑥0.247𝑥0.41652 )= 0.299
12 12
Design of End Main Girder for bending
Mid Span Section
𝑀𝑈 = 4605.840 kNm
Considering 40mm clear cover and three layers of 32mm ∅ tension bars in main girder,
Effective depth (d) = 1800-162=1638 mm
𝑋𝑢,𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 0.48 𝑑 = 0.48x1638= 786.24 mm
Now, finding 𝑋𝑢 considering 𝑋𝑢 < 𝐷𝑓
𝑀𝑈 = 0.36𝑥𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑥𝑏𝑒𝑓 𝑥𝑋𝑢 𝑥(𝑑 − 0.416 𝑋𝑢 )
4605.840x106 = 0.36x25x2200x𝑋𝑢 x (1638-0.416𝑋𝑢 )
∴ 𝑋𝑢 = 147.509 mm < 𝐷𝑓 ; Neutral Axis lies in flange.
Now,
Df/d=0.151<0.2, So
𝐷𝑓
𝑀𝑢,𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 0.36𝑥𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑥𝑏𝑤 𝑥𝑋𝑢,𝑏𝑎𝑙 𝑥(𝑑 − 0.416 𝑋𝑢,𝑏𝑎𝑙 ) + 0.446 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑥( 𝑏𝑒𝑓 − 𝑏𝑤 )x𝐷𝑓 𝑥 (𝑑 − )
2
= 10772.209 kNm
Since 𝑀𝑈 < 𝑀𝑢,𝑏𝑎𝑙 designing the section as SRURS.
𝑀𝑈 10772.209𝑥106
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 0.87𝑥𝑓 )
= 0.87𝑥415𝑥(1638−0.416𝑥127.250) = 8091.146 𝑚𝑚2
𝑦 𝑥(𝑑−0.416𝑋𝑢
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.2% of bd =0.002x300x1480 = 982.8 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑞 > 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑛 ; OK
Provide 12 – 32 mm ∅ bar 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 9650.972 𝑚𝑚2 𝑃𝑡 = 1.964% < 𝑃𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2.5%
Provide 3 – 32 mm ∅ bar 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 2412.743 𝑚𝑚2 𝑃𝑡 = 0.491%
Side Reinforcement:
As the depth of beam is more than 450mm, side face reinforcement of 0.05% on each
side is to be provided as per IS456: 2000 cl 26.5.1.3
Providing 6 bars at the middle section of the beam
Spacing of Bars =1600/6=266.667mm

Adopting Spacing of Bars=250 mm
Area required for each bar=0.05x250x300/100=37.5 mm 2
One bar of 12mm dia= =113.097 mm2
Area of side rebar required=0.1% of (300x1800) = 540mm2
Area of side rebar provided = 2x6x113.097=1357.168540mm 2>540mm2
Providing 6nos 12mm dia bars@250mm c/c as Side reinforcement on each side
Section at 6.6m from left end
𝑀𝑈 = 4030.180 kNm
𝑋𝑢,𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 0.48 𝑑 = 0.48x1670= 801.600 mm
4030.180x106 = 0.36x25x2200x𝑋𝑢 x (1670-0.416𝑋𝑢 )
Now,
Df/d=0.148<0.2, So
𝐷𝑓
2
= 11050.688 kNm
𝑀𝑈 4030.180𝑥106
= 0.87𝑥415𝑥(1638−0.416𝑥127.250) = 6163.191 𝑚𝑚2
𝑦 𝑥(𝑑−0.416𝑋𝑢
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.2% of bd =0.002x300x1670= 1002 𝑚𝑚2

Side Reinforcement:
𝑀𝑈 = 2509.560 kNm
𝑋𝑢,𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 0.48 𝑑 = 0.48x1702 = 816.960 mm
2509.560x106 = 0.36x25x2200x𝑋𝑢 x (1702-0.416𝑋𝑢 )
Now,
Df/d=0.145<0.2, So
𝐷𝑓
2
= 11331.288 kNm

𝑀𝑈 2509.560𝑥106
= 0.87𝑥415𝑥(1702−0.416𝑥68.028) = 4161.057 𝑚𝑚2
𝑦 𝑥(𝑑−0.416𝑋𝑢
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.2% of bd =0.002x300x1702= 1021.2 𝑚𝑚2
Provide 6 – 32 mm ∅ bar 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 4825.486𝑚𝑚2 𝑃𝑡 = 0.945% < 𝑃𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2.5%
Side Reinforcement:
Area required for each bar=0.05x250x300/100=37.5 mm2
Design of section for shear
Support Section
Vu= 913.3 kN
𝑉 913.3∗103
𝜏𝑢𝑣 = 𝑏 𝑢𝑑 = = 1.858 N/mm2
𝑤 300∗1702
For Pt = 1.890% and M25 grade,
𝜏𝑢𝑐 = 0.8024 N/mm2
𝜏𝑐,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 3.1 N/mm2
Since 𝜏𝑢𝑣 > 𝜏𝑢𝑐 design shear reinforcement.
Taking 10mm ∅ 2-legged vertical stirrups for shear reinforcement.

SV = 0.87fy Asv d / Vusnet
= 178.992mm < 0.75d and <300mm
Adopt SV = 150mm up to 3.3m from support,
Provide 10mm ∅ 2-legged vertical stirrups @ 150mm c/c from support to 3.3m
3.3m Section
Vu= 676.931 kN
Vu 676.931∗103
τuv = 𝑏𝑤𝑑 = = 1.326 N/mm2
300∗1702
𝜏𝑢𝑐 = 0.6246 N/mm2
τc, max = 3.1 N/mm2
Since τuv > τuc, design shear reinforcement.
= 269.626mm < 0.75d and <300mm
Adopt SV = 250mm
Provide 10mm ∅ 2-legged vertical stirrups @ 250mm c/c from 3.3m to 6.6m
6.6m section
Vu= 437.484 kN
Vu 437.484∗103
τuv = 𝑏𝑤𝑑 = = 0.873 N/mm2
300∗1670
For Pt = 1.445% and M25,
τuc = 0.731 N/mm2
Since τuv> τuc, design shear reinforcement.

= 1330.737< 0.75d and <300mm
Adopt SV = 300mm
Provide 10mm ∅ 2-legged vertical stirrups @ 300mm c/c spacing.
Detailing of reinforcement
1. Girder section at 3.3m from support needs only 6 bars, so curtail 3 bars at
3.3m span
Length of extension of bar beyond the theoretical cut-off point
ld=α1 α2 lo = α1 α2 n ɸ
= 1*Astreq/Astprov*46*32
Where
α1= 1 for straight end
α2 = Astreq/Astprov
Astreq= area of bars required at full permissible stress
Astprov = area of bars actually provided

𝜋
Astprov=6*4 *322=4825.48 mm2
Astreq=4161.026 mm2
4161.026
ld=1* 4825.48 *46*32=1269.310 mm
Adopt Ld= 1300 mm
2. Girder section at 6.6m from supports needs only 9 bars, so curtails 3 bars at
6.6m span
Where,
𝜋
Astprov=9*4 *322=7238.229 mm2
Astreq=6900.340 mm2
6900.340
ld=1*7238.229*46*32=1403.285mm
Adopt Ld= 1450 mm
3. Anchorage of main reinforcement at supports

2
Extension of bar beyond the face of the support = 3 ld
Where, ld = 0.7xl0x Astreq /Astprov [for bar with hook ends]
= 0.7x n ɸx Astreq /Astprov

4161.026
= 0.7x46x32x = 888.516 mm
4825.486
2
Anchorage length = ld
3
2
= 3*888.516
= 592.344 mm
Take 600 mm
Check for Deflection:
Assuming Rectangular Section
Moment for Service Load =2486.25/1.35+2119.59/1.5= 3254.727 kNm
Elasticity, Ec=5000x 251/2= 25000 N/mm2
Igr=bD3/12=1.458 x1011mm4
fcr=0.7 x251/2=3.5 N/mm2
Mcr= fcrIgr/yt=567000000 Nmm
Modular Ratio, m=Es/Ec=8
Depth of Neutral Axis using Elastic theory:
Take moment of effective areas about the neutral axis which is say at a distance x
from the extreme compression fiber:
We get, x=696.232mm
Z=d-x/3=1405.923mm
Icr=bx3/3+mAt(d-x)2=1.022x1011mm4
Ieff=0.9284x1011mm4 (Reference IS456:2000 Annex C. C-2)
But Icr<Ieff<Igr
It means that we adopt Ieff=1.022x1011mm4
Elastic Deformation:
e=5ML2/(48EcIeff)= 53.064 mm
Shrinkage Deformation:
K3=0.125 for simply supported members
Pt=1.963%
Pc=0.491%
Pt-Pc=1.473>1
K4=0.65x(Pt-Pc)/√𝑃𝑡 =0.683 (From IS 456:2000 Annex C)
Ψcs=K4xE/D=1.139x10-7
s= K3 ΨcsL2=5.693mm
Creep Deflection:
Age of Concrete on Loading= 28 days
Creep Coefficient= 1.6 (IS456:2000 Cl 6.2.5.1)
Ece=9615.384 N/mm2
Modular Ratio, m=21
Moment due to permanent load=1660.667 kNm
We get, x=958297mm
Z=d-x/3=1318.568 mm
Icr=1.816x 1011mm4
Ieff=1.673x1011mm4
But Icr<Ieff<Igr
ci=43.936 mm
cs=30.026 mm
c= 13.9111mm
Total Deflection=e+s+c=72.668mm
According to IS456:2000, the final deflection should not exceed span/250
Permissible deflection= 2000/250=80mm> Total Deflection (So no revision of Section

is Needed)
1.4.4 Design of Intermediate Main Girder
Design section of main girder
Thickness of slab of design section (𝐷𝑓 )

0.365+0.215
(0.8𝑥0.215)+( 𝑥0.30)
2
Average thickness of left part of slab (𝑡𝐿 ) = = 0.235m
1.1
0.365+0.215
(0.8𝑥0.215)+( 𝑥0.30)
2
Average thickness of right part of slab (𝑡𝑅 ) = = 0.235m
1.1
0.235 + 0.235
𝐷𝑓 = = 0.235𝑚
2
Effective width of flange of girder (𝑏𝑒𝑓 ) [Refer IRC 21 cl.305.15.2]
𝑙 20
bef = + 𝑏𝑤 = + 0.3 = 4.3m ≥ 𝑏𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 2.5
5 5
Adopt 𝑏𝑒𝑓 = 2.5m
Fig. Design Section
C.G. of section:
𝑦𝐶.𝐺 = 1.289𝑚 From bottom of girder
Moment of inertia of design section of main girder about X-X axis
𝐼𝑥𝑥 = 3.1187𝑥1011 mm2

Design of Intermediate Main Girder for bending
Mid Span Section
𝑀𝑈 = 3993.813 kNm
𝑋𝑢,𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 0.48 𝑑 = 0.48x1638= 786.24 mm
3993.813x106 = 0.36x25x2500x𝑋𝑢 x (1638-0.416𝑋𝑢 )
Now,
Df/d=0.144<0.2, So
𝐷𝑓
2
= 11619.825 kNm
𝑀𝑈 3993.813𝑥106
= 0.87𝑥415𝑥(1638−0.416𝑥111.518) = 6949.988 𝑚𝑚2
𝑦 𝑥(𝑑−0.416𝑋𝑢
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.2% of bd =0.002x300x1638 = 982.8 𝑚𝑚2
Side Reinforcement:

𝑀𝑈 = 3612.084 kNm
𝑋𝑢,𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 0.48 𝑑 = 0.48x1670= 801.600 mm
3612.084x106 = 0.36x25x2200x𝑋𝑢 x (1670-0.416𝑋𝑢 )
Now,
Df/d=0.141<0.2, So
𝐷𝑓
2
= 11915.477 kNm
𝑀𝑈 3612.084𝑥106
= 0.87𝑥415𝑥(1638−0.416𝑥110.280) = 6872.869 𝑚𝑚2
𝑦 𝑥(𝑑−0.416𝑋𝑢
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.2% of bd =0.002x300x1670= 1002 𝑚𝑚2

Side Reinforcement:
𝑀𝑈 = 2254.415 kNm
𝑋𝑢,𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 0.48 𝑑 = 0.48x1702 = 816.960 mm
2254.415x106 = 0.36x25x2200x𝑋𝑢 x (1702-0.416𝑋𝑢 )
Now,
Df/d=0.138<0.2, So
𝐷𝑓
2
= 12213.248 kNm

𝑀𝑈 2254.415𝑥106
= 0.87𝑥415𝑥(1702−0.416𝑥66.615) =3723.018 𝑚𝑚2
𝑦 𝑥(𝑑−0.416𝑋𝑢
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.2% of bd =0.002x300x1702= 1021.2 𝑚𝑚2
Provide 6 – 32 mm ∅ bar 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 4825.486𝑚𝑚2 𝑃𝑡 = 0.945% < 𝑃𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2.5%
Side Reinforcement:
Area of side rebar provided = 2x6x113.097=1357.168540mm2>540mm2
Design of section for shear
Support Section
Vu= 868.991 kN
𝑉 868.991∗103
𝜏𝑢𝑣 = 𝑏 𝑢𝑑 = = 1.768 N/mm2
𝑤 300∗1702
𝜏𝑢𝑐 = 0.8024 N/mm2
𝜏𝑐,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 3.1 N/mm2
Since 𝜏𝑢𝑣 > 𝜏𝑢𝑐 design shear reinforcement.

= 195.699 mm < 0.75d and <300mm
Adopt SV = 150mm up to 3.3m from support,
Provide 10mm ∅ 2-legged vertical stirrups @ 150mm c/c from support to 3.3m
3.3m Section
Vu= 625.69 kN
Vu 625.69∗103
τuv = 𝑏𝑤𝑑 = = 1.225 N/mm2
300∗1702
𝜏𝑢𝑐 = 0.6246 N/mm2
Since τuv > τuc, design shear reinforcement.
= 314.664 mm < 0.75d and <300mm
Adopt SV = 250mm
Provide 10mm ∅ 2-legged vertical stirrups @ 250mm c/c from 3.3m to 6.6m
6.6m section
Vu= 415.910 kN
Vu 415.910∗103
τuv = 𝑏𝑤𝑑 = = 0.830 N/mm2
300∗1670
For Pt = 1.445% and M25,
τuc = 0.731 N/mm2
Since τuv> τuc, design shear reinforcement.

= 1909.575< 0.75d and <300mm
Adopt SV = 300mm
Provide 10mm ∅ 2-legged vertical stirrups @ 300mm c/c spacing.
Detailing of reinforcement
1. Girder section at 3.3m from support needs only 6 bars, so curtail 3 bars at
3.3m span
Length of extension of bar beyond the theoretical cut-off point
Where
α1= 1 for straight end
α2 = Astreq/Astprov
Astreq= area of bars required at full permissible stress
Astprov = area of bars actually provided

𝜋
Astprov=6*4 *322=4825.48 mm2
Astreq=3723.018 mm2
3723.018
ld=1* 4825.48 *46*32=1135.697 mm
Adopt Ld= 1150 mm
2. Girder section at 6.6m from supports needs only 9 bars, so curtails 3 bars at
6.6m span
Where,
𝜋
Astprov=9*4 *322=7238.229 mm2
Astreq=6141.408 mm2
6141.408
ld=1*7238.229*46*32=1248.945 mm
Adopt Ld= 1300 mm
3. Anchorage of main reinforcement at supports

2
Extension of bar beyond the face of the support = 3 ld
Where, ld = 0.7xl0x Astreq /Astprov [for bar with hook ends]
= 0.7x n ɸx Astreq /Astprov

3723.048
= 0.7x46x32x4825.486 = 794.993 mm
2
Anchorage length = ld
3
2
= 3*794.993
= 529.995 mm
Take 600 mm
Check for Deflection:
Assuming Rectangular Section
Moment for Service Load =2241.9/1.35+1751.913/1.5= 2828.609 kNm
Elasticity, Ec=5000x 251/2= 25000 N/mm2
Igr=bD3/12=1.458 x1011mm4
fcr=0.7 x251/2=3.5 N/mm2
Mcr= fcrIgr/yt=567000000 Nmm
Modular Ratio, m=Es/Ec=8
We get, x=696.232mm
Z=d-x/3=1405.923mm
Icr=bx3/3+mAt(d-x)2=1.022x1011mm4
Ieff=0.9284x1011mm4 (Reference IS456:2000 Annex C. C-2)
But Icr<Ieff<Igr
Elastic Deformation:
e=5ML2/(48EcIeff) =46.116 mm
Shrinkage Deformation:
K3=0.125 for simply supported members
Pt=1.963%
Pc=0.491%
Pt-Pc=1.473>1
K4=0.65x(Pt-Pc)/√𝑃𝑡 =0.683 (From IS 456:2000 Annex C)
Ψcs=K4xE/D=1.139x10-7
s= K3 ΨcsL2=5.693mm
Creep Deflection:
Age of Concrete on Loading= 28 days
Creep Coefficient= 1.6 (IS456:2000 Cl 6.2.5.1)
Ece=9615.384 N/mm2
Modular Ratio, m=21
Moment due to permanent load=1660.667 kNm
We get, x=958297mm
Z=d-x/3=1318.568 mm
Icr=1.816x 1011mm4
Ieff=1.673x1011mm4
But Icr<Ieff<Igr
ci=39.619 mm
cs=27.075 mm
c= 12.544mm
Total Deflection=e+s+c=64.354mm
According to IS456:2000, the final deflection should not exceed span/250
Permissible deflection= 2000/250=80mm> Total Deflection (So no revision of Section

is Needed)
1.5 Cross Girder
1.5.1 Analysis of Intermediate Cross Girder
Spacing of cross beam (c/c) = 4000 mm
Effective spacing = 4000-250 =3750 mm
Span length of girder (c/c) = 2500 mm
Effective span = 2500-300 = 2200 mm
1.5.2 Dead load on intermediate Cross Girder
The weight of the slab and wearing course will be apportioned between the cross
beams and the longitudinal girders in accordance with the trapezoidal distribution of
the loads on the panel, as shown in figure below:
Fig. Deck panel showing trapezoidal distribution of Dead load
For intermediate cross beam, two triangular portion of load act at a time from both side
of cross girder. Hence in calculation, we take load from two triangular portion and load
act only at effective span.
Self-weight of wearing coat and deck slab
= (0.075x22x1.75x1.1x2) + (0.215x25x1.35x1.1x 1.1)= 22.32 KN/m (intensity of UVL)
Load due to self-weight of cross beam and fillet acts as a uniformly distributed load.
1
Fillet = 2 𝑥0.15𝑥0.3𝑥25𝑥2𝑥1.35 = 1.52 KN/m
Self-weight of Cross Beam = 0.25x1.5x25x1.35 = 12.66 KN/m
Self-weight of wearing course above cross beam = 0.25x0.075x22x1.75 = 0.72 KN/m
Total UDL load = 1.52 + 12.66 + 0.72 = 14.9 KN/m
22.32 kN/m
14.9 kN/m
A B
RB= 28.67
RA= 28.67
2200
Now,
Maximum BM at mid-span
1
= (28.67x1.1) - (14.9x1.1x0.5x1.1) – ( 0.5𝑥1.1𝑥22.32𝑥 3 𝑥1.1)
= 18.021 KNm
Maximum Shear Force at Support = 28.67 KN
Live load on cross girder
Since we have slab of dimension 2.2x3.75 m, by which load is transferred to the cross
beam. And while putting load as per class A, only small amount of load as compared
to that of Class AA Track load (700kN) will be act. From this, it is obvious that,
maximum Bending moment and Shear force will be given by applying class AA track
load. Hence, for analysis of cross beam, we apply only class AA track load as given
below:
For Bending Moment
Fig. Disposition of Class AA Track for Maximum BM on Intermediate Cross Beam
((0.675+0.25+0.675)𝑥0.85)+(0.5𝑥0.85𝑥0.425𝑥2)
Load on cross-beam = 350𝑥[ ] x1.5x1.1
0.85𝑥3.6
= 324.84 KN
This load act as point load in cross beam in the mid-span of cross-beam to get
maximum BM as shown below:
324.84 KN
RA= 162.42 RB= 162.42

1100
Maximum Bending Moment at mid-span = (162.42x1.1) = 178.662 KNm

For Shear Force
Fig. Disposition of class AA track for maximum shear force on intermediate cross-
beam
(0.85𝑥0.25)+((2𝑥0.5𝑥0.85𝑥0.85))
Load on cross-beam = 350𝑥[ ]x1.5 x 1.1
0.85𝑥3.6
= 176.46 KNm
This load act as point load in cross beam at the support of cross-beam to get maximum
SF as shown below:
176.46 kN
B
RA= 176.46 kN RB= 0 kN
2200
Maximum shear force due to LL = 176.46 kN
Design BM and SF
Design Bending Moment due to DL+LL = 18.021+178.662 = 196.68 KNm
Design Shear Force due to DL+LL = 28.67 + 176.46 = 205.13 KN

Analysis of End Cross Girder
Dead load on End Cross Girder
Self-weight of wearing coat and deck slab
= (0.075x22x1.75x1.1) + (0.215x25x1.35x1.1)
= 11.158 KN/m (intensity of UVL)
Load due to self-weight of cross beam and fillet acts as a uniformly distributed load.
1
Fillet = 2 𝑥0.15𝑥0.3𝑥25𝑥1.35 = 0.76 KN/m
Self-weight of Cross Beam = 0.25x1x25x1.35 = 8.44 KN/m
Self-weight of wearing course above cross beam = 0.25x0.075x22x1.75 = 0.72 KN/m
Total UDL load = 0.76 + 8.44 + 0.72 = 9.92 KN/m
11.16 kN/m
9.92 kN/m
A B
RA= 17.05 kN 2200 RB= 17.05 kN
Now,
Maximum BM at mid-span
1
= (17.05x1.1) - (9.92x1.1x0.5x1.1) – ( 0.5𝑥1.1𝑥11.16𝑥 3 𝑥1.1)
= 10.503 KNm
Maximum Shear Force at Support = 17.05 KN

Live load on cross girder
For Bending Moment
Fig.
Disposition of Class AA Track for Maximum BM on End Cross Beam
((0.675+0.25)𝑥0.85)+(0.5𝑥0.85𝑥0.425)
Load on cross-beam = 350𝑥[ ] x1.5x1.1
0.85𝑥3.6
= 182.47 KN
This load act as point load in cross beam in the mid-span of cross-beam to get
maximum BM as shown below:
182.47 kN
A B
RB= 91.23 kN
RA= 91.23 kN
2200
Maximum Bending Moment at mid-span = (91.23x1.1) = 100.35 KNm

For Shear Force
Fig. Disposition of class AA track for maximum shear force on end cross-beam
(0.85𝑥0.25)+((0.5𝑥0.85𝑥0.85))
Load on cross-beam = 350𝑥[ ]x1.5 x 1.1
0.85𝑥3.6
= 108.28 KNm
This load act as point load in cross beam at the support of cross-beam to get maximum
SF as shown below:
108.28 KN
B
RB= 0 kN
RA= 108.28 kN
2200
Maximum shear force due to LL = 108.28 kN

Design BM and SF
Design Bending Moment due to DL+LL = 10.503+100.35 = 110.85 kNm
Design Shear Force due to DL+LL = 17.05 + 108.28 = 125.33 kN
Design of Intermediate Cross-Girder
Design section:
𝑙
𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 = +𝑏𝑤
5
(l=0.85*2.5 = 2.125m; for three girder system, effective length is the
distance between two zero moment points.)
= 2.125/5 + 0.25
= 0.675m ≤ 𝑏𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 2.125m
675
250
Design Section of Intermediate cross beam
Adopting, Single layer reinforcement:

32
d = 1500-40- 2 = 1444mm
Design section for bending
𝑀𝑢 = 196.68 KNm
𝑋𝑢,𝑏𝑎𝑙 =0.48*d =0.48*1444=693.12mm

Also, 0.43 𝑋𝑢,𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 0.43*693.12
= 298.042mm
𝐷𝑓
= 0.14 less than 0.2
𝑑
Since, 𝑋𝑢,𝑏𝑎𝑙 > 𝐷𝑓 and 𝐷𝑓 > 0.43𝑋𝑢,𝑏𝑎𝑙
Let find
𝑀𝑢 = 0.36*fck*𝑏𝑒𝑓 *𝑋𝑢 *(d-0.416𝑋𝑢 )
196.68*106 = 0.36*25*675*𝑋𝑢 (1444-0.416𝑋𝑢 )
33752.92=1444𝑋𝑢 – 0.416𝑋𝑢 2
∴ 𝑋𝑢 = 22.58 mm < 𝐷𝑓
Now,
𝑀𝑢,𝑏𝑎𝑙 for when NA lies in Flange and 𝐷𝑓 >0.43𝑋𝑢,𝑏𝑎𝑙
𝑋𝑢,𝑏𝑎𝑙 𝑋𝑢,𝑏𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑓
𝑀𝑢,𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 0.36* (1- 0.416* ) fck*𝑏𝑤 *𝑑2 + 0.45*fck*(𝑏𝑒𝑓 -𝑏𝑤 ) * (d- )
𝑑 𝑑 2
693.12 693.12 215

= 0.36* 1444 *(1-0.416* 1444 )*25*250*14442 + 0.45*25*(675-250) *215*(1444- )
2
= 3176.16 KNm
Since, 𝑀𝑢 <𝑀𝑢,𝑏𝑎𝑙 , design for SRURS
Now,
𝑀𝑢
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑞
𝑠𝑡 = 0.87∗𝑓
𝑦 ∗(𝑑−0.416∗𝑋𝑢 )
196.68∗106
= 0.87∗415∗(1444−0.416∗22.58)
= 379.716 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑠𝑡 = 0.2% of 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
0.2
= *250*1444
𝑇𝑤
= 572 𝑚𝑚2
𝑟𝑒𝑞
𝐴𝑠𝑡 < 𝐴𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑠𝑡
𝑟𝑒𝑞
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 572 𝑚𝑚2
572
No. of reinforcement = ⫪∗162
4
= 2.84
Adopt 3-16mm ∅ bar is single layer.
⫪∗162
𝐴𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣
𝑠𝑡 = 3* = 603.19 𝑚𝑚2
4
603.19
𝑃𝑡 = 1144∗250*100 = 0.211%
Design section for shear
Vu = 205.13 KN
d=1500-40-16/2 = 1452 mm
𝑉 205.13∗1000
Ʈ𝑢𝑣 = 𝑏 𝑢𝑑 = = 0.565 N/𝑚𝑚2
𝑤 250∗1452
For M25 and 𝑃𝑡 =0.211%
Ʈ𝑢𝑐 = 0.332 N/𝑚𝑚2
Ʈ𝑢𝑐,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 3.1 N/mm for M25
Since Ʈ𝑢𝑣 >Ʈ𝑢𝑐 , design shear reinforcement
Take 10mm-2 legged vertical stirrups for shear reinforcement

0.87∗𝑓𝑦∗𝐴𝑠𝑣 ∗𝑑
𝑆𝑣 = 𝑉𝑢𝑛𝑒𝑡
𝜋
0.87∗415∗2∗ ∗102 ∗1444
4
= (0.565−0.332)∗250∗1444
= 973mm < 0.5d but > 300mm
= 574.5mm
Adopt 𝑆𝑣 = 300mm
Provide 10mm ∅ 2-legged vertical stirrups @ 300c/c
Side face reinforcement
Take 0.1% of web area 𝐴𝑤

= 0.1/100*250*1285
= 321.25𝑚𝑚2
321.25
No. of reinforcement = 𝜋
∗102
4
=4.09
Providing 5nos-10mm ∅ one each face of web
Design of End Cross Girder
Design section:
Find
𝑙
𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 10+𝑏𝑤 (for L-section IRC 21 cl.305.15.2)
2.5
= +0.25
10
= 0.5m ≤ 𝑏𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 2.5m
d = 1000-40-16/2 =952mm
Design Section of End cross girder
Design section for bending
𝑀𝑢 = 110.85KNm
𝑋𝑢,𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 0.48d
= 0.48*952
= 456.96 mm
0.43 𝑋𝑢,𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 0.43*456.96
= 196.5mm
Since, 𝑋𝑢,𝑏𝑎𝑙 >𝐷𝑓 and 𝐷𝑓 >0.43𝑋𝑢,𝑏𝑎𝑙 , finding
Finding𝑋𝑢 , considering 𝑋𝑢 < 𝐷𝑓
𝐷𝑓 =0.36*fck*𝑏𝑒𝑓 *𝑋𝑢 *(d-0.416𝑋𝑢 )
or, 110.85*106 = 0.36*25*500*𝑋𝑢 *(952-0.416𝑋𝑢 )
∴ 𝑋𝑢 = 26.174 mm< 𝐷𝑓 OK.
𝑀𝑢,𝑏𝑎𝑙 = for when NA lies in Flange and 𝐷𝑓 >0.43𝑋𝑢,𝑏𝑎𝑙
𝑋𝑢,𝑏𝑎𝑙 𝑋𝑢,𝑏𝑎𝑙 𝐷
𝑀𝑢,𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 0.36* *(1-0.416* )*fck*𝑏𝑤 𝑑 2 + 0.446*fck*(𝑏𝑒𝑓 -𝑏𝑤 )* 𝐷𝑓 *(d- 2𝑓 )
𝑑 𝑑
456.96 456.96 215

= 0.36* *(1-0.416* )*25*250*9522 +0.446*25(500-250) *215*(952 - )
952 952 2
= 1289.48 KNm
𝑀𝑢 <𝑀𝑢,𝑏𝑎𝑙 , design SRURS
Now,
Area of steel,
𝑀𝑢
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑞
𝑠𝑡 = 0.87∗𝑓 = 326.23𝑚𝑚2
𝑦 ∗(𝑑−0.416𝑋𝑢 )
Where, 𝐴𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑠𝑡 = 0.2% of 𝑏𝑤 d
0.2
= 100*250*952
= 476𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑞 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑠𝑡 > 𝐴𝑠𝑡 OK.
476
Number of reinforcements = 𝜋
162
4
= 2.36
Provide 3-16mm ∅ bar, Single layer

𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 𝜋
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 3* 4 *162 =603.19𝑚𝑚2
603.19
𝑝𝑡 = 250∗952 = 0.253%
Design section for shear
Vu = 125.33 KN
Vu 125.33∗1000
Ʈ𝑢𝑣 = 𝑏 =
𝑤𝑑 250∗952
= 0.527 N/𝑚𝑚2
For, M25 and 𝑝𝑡 = 0.253%
Ʈ𝑢𝑐 = 0.36 N/𝑚𝑚2
Ʈ𝑢𝑐,𝑚𝑎𝑥 =3.1N/𝑚𝑚2 for M25
Since Ʈ𝑢𝑣 >Ʈ𝑢𝑐 , design shear reinforcement
Take,
10mm ∅ 2-legged vertical stirrups for shear reinforcement

𝜋
0.87∗𝑓𝑦 ∗𝐴𝑠𝑣 ∗𝑑 0.87∗415∗2∗ ∗102 ∗952
4
𝑆𝑣 = = = 1358.41mm > 0.5d = 376 mm
𝑉𝑢𝑛𝑒𝑡 (0.527−0.36)∗250∗952
>300mm
Adopt, 𝑆𝑣 =300mm
Provide 10mm ∅ 2-legged vertical stirrups @300mm c/c
Side face Reinforcement
Take 0.1% of web area

0.1
= 100*250*785
= 196.25 𝑚𝑚2
196.25
No. of reinforcement = 𝜋
∗102
4
= 2.45 (say 3)
Providing 3nos-10mm∅ on each face of web.

12

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Design of Superstructure

1.1 Preliminary Design of Superstructure

Fig. Longitudinal Section

1 Effective span of T-beam bridge 20m

2 Total length of bridge 40m

3 Clear width of carriage way 6m

4 Kerb width (both side, pedestrians are 600 mm

5 RCC post with Railings 150 mm x150 mm at 1.25m

6 Wearing coat 75mm

7 Kerb height above pavement 225mm

8 Kerb type full safety ensured

9 Total kerb height above deck slab 300mm

10 Clear depth of Longitudinal girders 1800 mm

11 Width of longitudinal girder 300mm

12 Width of cross girder 250mm

13 Clear depth of cross girder 1500 mm

14 Deck slab thickness 215 mm

15 Cantilever slab 365 mm at girder face; linearly

17 c/c spacing of longitudinal girders 2500mm

18 c/c spacing of cross girders 4000mm

20 Grade of concrete M25

21 Grade of steel Fe415

22 Poisson’s ratio 0.15

Asphalt concrete = 22 KN/m3

Concrete (Cement- reinforced) = 25 KN/m3

And partial safety factor (Strength) are:

Dead load = 1.35

Live load = 1.5

1.2 Cantilever Slab

Fig. Cantilever slab with dead and live load (class A)

a. Rail posts = 17– 150 x 150 x 1.255 m posts at each side

b. Rail bars = 3 – 40mm @ 4.37 kg/m run

2. Weight of Wearing Course = Average thickness x Width x Unit Weight x γf

= 0.075 x 0.35 x 22 x 1.75

= 1.011 KN/m (Acts @ 0.175 m from rigid support)

3. Weight of kerb = 0.6 x 0.3 x 25 x 1.35

= 6.075 KN/m (Load acts @ 0.65 m from the tip)

= 0.215 x 0.95 x 25 x 1.35 = 6.893 KN/m rectangular part

Table 1: Bending Moment

Dead load shear

1 Railing 0.84 0.875 0.73

4 Rect. Slab 6.893 0.475 3.274

5 Tri. Slab 2.405 0.317 0.762

Total 16.834 8.892

Maximum Moment due to Live Load

Effective width of dispersion be is computed using,

Where, be = effective width

∴ 𝑏𝑒 = (1.2 ∗ 0.1) + 0.4 = 0.52 ≥ 0.317

= 126.551 KN acts at 0.1m from support

Where impact factor is taken as 50%.

Maximum bending moment due to live load = 126.551 * 0.1

Maximum transverse bending moment in the direction of traffic = (0.2xBMDL) +

Design of Cantilever Slab

Provide 40mm clear cover and 10 mm ∅ bar,

Effective depth provided, dprovided = 365-40-5 =320 mm > 79 mm OK.

On solving we get, 𝑨𝒔𝒕 = 𝟑𝟔𝟒. 𝟎𝟓𝟖 𝒎𝟐

Provide 12 mm ∅ bar @ 200mm c/c.

𝑨∅ ∗𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝝅∗𝟏𝟐𝟐 ∗𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎

On solving we get, 𝑨𝒔𝒕 = 𝟗𝟕. 𝟓𝟏𝟏𝒎𝟐

Provide 8mm ∅ bar @ 300mm c/c spacing.

𝑨∅ ∗𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝝅∗𝟖𝟐 ∗𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎

Check for Shear failure

1.3 Restrained Slab

The slab is supported on four sides by beams.

Maximum bending moment along short span (M1) = (m1+𝝁m2)P0.8

= (0.0485+0.150.015) 83.69 * 0.8

Maximum bending moment along longer span (M2) = (m2+𝝁m1)P0.8

= (0.015+0.150.0485) 83.69 * 0.8

Maximum bending moment along short span (M1) = (m1+𝝁m2)P0.8*𝜸𝒇

Maximum bending moment along longer span (M2) = (m2+𝝁m1) P0.8*𝜸𝒇

Maximum bending moment along short span (M1) = (m1+𝜇m2)P0.8𝐼𝑓 𝛾𝑓

Maximum bending moment along short span (M1) = (m1+𝝁m2)P0.8𝑰𝒇 𝜸𝒇