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organelle organelle

 specialized structure in a cell  specialized structure in a cell

Comparing the cell to a factory

 “little organ”

cytoplasm

Cytoplasm
 portion of the cell outside the nucleus

Nucleus In the Nucleus

Nuclear envelope

Nucleus
 contains DNA and instructions for protein
construction

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In the Nucleus In the Nucleus In the Nucleus

Nuclear envelope Nuclear envelope chromatin

 2 membranes  2 membranes
 Pores allow material to move
in and out
(RNA and proteins)

In the Nucleus In the Nucleus In the Nucleus

chromatin chromatin chromasomes

 granular material in the nucleus  granular material in the nucleus

 made up of protein and RNA

In the Nucleus In the Nucleus In the Nucleus

chromasomes chromasomes nucleolus

 threadlike structures in the  threadlike structures in the

nucleus nucleus
 contain genetic info passed on to
next generation

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In the Nucleus In the Nucleus

nucleolus nucleolus

Nucleus
 small dense region in the nucleus  small dense region in the nucleus
 site of ribosome assembly

Ribosomes

Nucleus
Ribosomes  small particles of RNA and protein found in
cytoplasm

Ribosomes Ribosomes

 small particles of RNA and protein found in  small particles of RNA and protein found in Ribosomes
cytoplasm cytoplasm
 proteins are assembled on ribosomes  proteins are assembled on ribosomes
 ribosomes follow coded instructions from
the nucleus

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Endoplasmic Reticulum
Endoplasmic
Ribosomes
Reticulum  internal membrane system

Endoplasmic Reticulum Endoplasmic Reticulum Endoplasmic Reticulum

2 types 2 types
 internal membrane system  Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (E.R.)
 site for modifying or assembling:
lipids for cell membranes
proteins
other cell exports

Endoplasmic Reticulum Endoplasmic Reticulum Endoplasmic Reticulum

2 types Rough E.R. Rough E.R.
 Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (E.R.)  covered in ribosomes
 Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (E.R.)

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Endoplasmic Reticulum Endoplasmic Reticulum

Rough E.R. Rough E.R.
 covered in ribosomes  covered in ribosomes Rough
Endoplasmic
 involved in protein synthesis  involved in protein synthesis
Reticulum
 protein is modified, then released for
transport

Endoplasmic Reticulum Endoplasmic Reticulum

Smooth E.R. Smooth E.R.
Rough  no ribosomes on the surface
Endoplasmic
Reticulum

Endoplasmic Reticulum Endoplasmic Reticulum Endoplasmic Reticulum

Smooth E.R. Smooth E.R.
 no ribosomes on the surface  no ribosomes on the surface
 contains enzymes for:  contains enzymes for:
 1. synthesis of lipid membranes
Smooth E.R.
 no ribosomes on the surface
 contains enzymes for:
 1. synthesis of lipid membranes
 2. detoxification of drugs

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Endoplasmic Reticulum
Smooth E.R.
 no ribosomes on the surface Smooth Smooth
Endoplasmic Endoplasmic
 contains enzymes for:
Reticulum Reticulum
 1. synthesis of lipid membranes
 2. detoxification of drugs
 *liver cells have lots of smooth ER

Golgi Apparatus Golgi Apparatus

Golgi
Appartatus  shipping and packaging  shipping and packaging
 Stack of membranes

Golgi Apparatus

Golgi Golgi
 shipping and packaging Apparatus Apparatus
 Stack of membranes
 function = to modify, sort, and package
proteins and other materials from the ER
for either storage or secretion

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Lysosomes Lysosomes

Lysosomes  filled with enzymes  filled with enzymes

 Function: to break down lipids, carbs, and
protein for cell use

Lysosomes Lysosomes

 filled with enzymes  filled with enzymes Lysosomes

 Function: to break down lipids, carbs, and  Function: to break down lipids, carbs, and
protein for cell use protein for cell use
 dispose of old organelles  dispose of old organelles
 clean up crew

Vacuole

Lysosomes
Vacuole  storage – water, salt, protein, carbs

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Vacuole Vacuole

 storage – water, salt, protein, carbs
 in plants, pressure in vacuole provides
structure
Vacuole
 contractile vacuole in paramecium pumps
water out of cell to maintain homeostasis

Mitochondria and
Chloroplasts
Mitochondria
 Power plants of the cell
Vacuole
and
Chloroplasts

Mitochondria Mitochondria

Mitochondria

 Found in both animal cells and plant cells  Found in both animal cells and plant cells
 converts energy stored in food into
compounds that are more useful to the cell

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Mitochondria Mitochondria

Mitochondria

 Factoid:  Factoid:
 Mitochondria are inherited from the  Mitochondria are inherited from the
cytoplasm of the ovum cytoplasm of the ovum
 You have your mom’s mitochondria

Chloroplasts Chloroplasts

 Found in plant cells  Found in plant cells

 capture energy from sunlight and convert it
into chemical energy by photosynthesis

Chloroplasts Chloroplasts

Chloroplasts
 Found in plant cells  Found in plant cells
 capture energy from sunlight and convert it  capture energy from sunlight and convert it
into chemical energy by photosynthesis into chemical energy by photosynthesis
 contain stacks of green pigment  contain stacks of green pigment =
 chlorophyll

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Mitochondria and Chloroplasts Mitochondria and Chloroplasts Mitochondria and Chloroplasts

Endosymbiotic Theory Endosymbiotic Theory

 Have their own organelle DNA  Developed by scientist Lynn Margulis  Developed by scientist Lynn Margulis
 mitochondria and chloroplasts are
descendents of ancient prokaryotes

Mitochondria and Chloroplasts Mitochondria and Chloroplasts Mitochondria and Chloroplasts

Endosymbiotic Theory Endosymbiotic Theory Endosymbiotic Theory

 Developed by scientist Lynn Margulis  some evolved into mitochondria  some evolved into mitochondria
 mitochondria and chloroplasts are  Some evolved into chloroplasts
descendents of ancient prokaryotes
 formed symbiotic relationship with
eukaryotes

Cytoskeleton Cytoskeleton
Two components:

Cytoskeleton  network of protein filaments that help the

cell maintain shape and aid in movement

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Cytoskeleton Cytoskeleton Cytoskeleton

Two components: Two components: Two components:

 1. microfilaments  1. microfilaments  1. microfilaments

 threadlike, made of protein actin  threadlike, made of protein actin
 2. microtubules

Cytoskeleton Cytoskeleton
Two components: Two components:

 1. microfilaments  1. microfilaments Cytoskeleton:

 threadlike, made of protein actin  threadlike, made of protein actin Microfilaments &
Microtubules
 2. microtubules  2. microtubules
 hollow structures made of protein tubulin  hollow structures made of protein tubulin
 Helps build cilia and flagella

Cell Membrane

Cytoskeleton:
Microfilaments &
Cell Membrane  A thin flexible barrier

Microtubules

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Cell Membrane Cell Membrane Cell Membrane

 A thin flexible barrier  A thin flexible barrier Made up of a

 Regulates what enters or leaves cell  Regulates what enters or leaves cell “mosaic”
 Provides support of molecules

Cell Membrane Cell Membrane Cell Membrane

3 types of molecules 3 types of molecules 3 types of molecules

 1. lipid bilayer  1. lipid bilayer  1. lipid bilayer

 2. proteins  2. proteins
 Pumps or channels to move materials through

Cell Membrane
3 types of molecules

Cell Membrane Cell Membrane

 1. lipid bilayer
 2. proteins
 Pumps or channels to move materials through
 3. carbohydrates – cell ID cards

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Cell Wall Cell Wall

Cell Wall  Located outside the cell membrane  Located outside the cell wall
 Found in plants, algae, fungi and some
prokaryotes

Cell Wall Cell Wall Cell Wall

 Located outside the cell wall  Function: to provide structure and support  Function: to provide structure and support
 Found in plants, algae, fungi and some  Made up of carbohydrate fiber and protein
prokaryotes
 Not in animal cells

Cell Wall

 Function: to provide structure and support Cell Wall

 Made up of carbohydrate fiber and protein

 Example: cellulose from trees are cell walls
 paper

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The cell as a factory The cell as a factory

 Nucleus  Administration  Nucleus  Administration
 Ribosomes  Messenger/production

The cell as a factory The cell as a factory The cell as a factory

 Nucleus  Administration  Nucleus  Administration  Nucleus  Administration
 Ribosomes  Messenger/production  Ribosomes  Messenger/production  Ribosomes  Messenger/production
 Endoplasmic Reticulum  Production line  Endoplasmic Reticulum  Production line  Endoplasmic Reticulum  Production line
 Golgi Apparatus  Shipping and packaging  Golgi Apparatus  Shipping and packaging
 Lysosomes  Clean up crew

The cell as a factory The cell as a factory The cell as a factory

 Nucleus  Administration  Nucleus  Administration  Nucleus  Administration
 Ribosomes  Messenger/production  Ribosomes  Messenger/production  Ribosomes  Messenger/production
 Endoplasmic Reticulum  Production line  Endoplasmic Reticulum  Production line  Endoplasmic Reticulum  Production line
 Golgi Apparatus  Shipping and packaging  Golgi Apparatus  Shipping and packaging  Golgi Apparatus  Shipping and packaging
 Lysosomes  Clean up crew  Lysosomes  Clean up crew  Lysosomes  Clean up crew
 Vacuole  Storage  Vacuole  Storage  Vacuole  Storage
 Mitochondria or Chloroplasts  Power plant  Mitochondria or Chloroplasts  Power plant
 Cytoskeleton  Walls and floors

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The cell as a factory The cell as a factory

 Nucleus  Administration  Nucleus  Administration
 Ribosomes  Messenger/production  Ribosomes  Messenger/production
 Endoplasmic Reticulum  Production line  Endoplasmic Reticulum  Production line
 Golgi Apparatus  Shipping and packaging  Golgi Apparatus  Shipping and packaging
 Lysosomes  Clean up crew
 Lysosomes  Clean up crew
 Vacuole  Storage
 Vacuole  Storage
 Mitochondria or Chloroplasts  Power plant
 Mitochondria or Chloroplasts  Power plant
 Cytoskeleton  Walls and floors
 Cytoskeleton  Walls and floors  Cell membrane  Security
 Cell membrane  Security  Cell wall  Outside walls

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