Chinese Journal of Electrical Engineering, Vol.3, No.

2, September 2017

Modeling and Analysis of Six-Phase Synchronous

Motor under Fault Condition
G. K. Singh1*, and Arif Iqbal2
(1. Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, 247667, India;
2. Department of Electrical Engineering, Adani Institute of Infrastructure Engineering, Ahmedabad, 382421, India)
Abstract: Multi-phase machines (more than three-phase) are rigorously being investigated for
various high power applications due to their increased power to weight ratio, increased frequency and
reduced magnitude of torque pulsation, and fault tolerant characteristics. Fault analysis of a system is
extremely important, not only to understand its operating characteristic, but it is also required prior to the
design of suitable control/protective scheme. Therefore, the aim of this paper is not to devise a new
mathematical model and control algorithm, but to investigate the behavior of six-phase synchronous
motor (SPSM) under fault conditions caused by open circuit (OC) and short circuit (SC) at its input terminals
as that has not been reported so far. Some key analytical results have been experimentally verified.
Keywords: Six-phase synchronous motor, phase redundancy, open circuit, short circuit.

operating conditions has been reported [9] .

1 Introduction
Multi-phase motor drives have been extensively
analyzed in last two decades due to their advantages
over their three-phase counterparts. Most notable
are: reduction of harmonics (space, time and dc link
current harmonics), increased frequency and reduced
amplitude of torque pulsation, decrease in phase
current without increase in phase voltage, increased
power to weight ratio and higher reliability, etc.
Popular applications of multi-phase motors include:
ship propulsion systems in electric ships, EV/HEV,
aircraft, locomotives, induced draft fans in power
plants, and high power (in range of multi MW) industrial
applications [1-3] . SPSM research and development is
still in a primitive stage, with very limited literature
available on its modeling and analysis. A six-phase
alternator with its two three-phase stator windings
displaced by an arbitrary angle was analyzed by Fuchs
and Rosenberg[4] . Orthogonal transformation of the
phase variables into a new set of (d-q) variables was
used for this purpose. Mathematical modeling of a
six-phase synchronous machine was reported by Schiferl
and Ong[5] , wherein the mutual coupling between two
sets of three-phase windings was taken into consideration.
Authors examined the machine operation for power
transfer during transformer as well as motor mode at
steady-state. A subsequent paper[6] , gives expressions
for mutual leakage inductances of six-phase windings
in different configurations. Authors[7] have modeled
and simulated a double-star synchronous motor. The
effect of winding displacement angle on motor
performance was also analyzed. Examination of six-phase
synchronous machine operation showing its redundancy
characteristics, behavior during fault conditions,
sensitivity of design parameters together with its
operation when fed with non-sinusoidal voltage source
is briefly addressed[8] . A detailed modeling and
analysis of SPSM during steady-state under different
* Corresponding Author, E-mail: gkfeedee@gmail.com.
Phase redundancy in multi-phase motors makes
it suitable for applications where reliability is
indispensable[1, 10-12] . Automotive, aerospace, thermal
and nuclear power plants are a few of many applica-
tions where multi-phase ac motors are replacing three-
phase motors for achieving better efficiency at partial
load and high reliability under fault conditions. OC and
SC are most common faults. Symmetrical component
method is commonly used for analysis of unbalanced
operation of electric machines under fault condition.
Although, this method can be used in the steady-state
analysis for sinusoidal excitation, it loses its usefulness
due to lack of interaction between the lost phases and
remaining machine windings which drastically alters
the dynamic behavior of the machine[1] . An alternative
approach is to use dq0 variables, which was adopted
to simulate the synchronous and induction machines
with an open phase [12-17] . This approach eliminates
the time-varying inductances in voltage equations,
computational stability problem, and the need for matrix
inversion[14] . It can also be applied to the analysis of
multi-phase synchronous motor with one or more
phases opened. This paper, therefore, presents a detailed
theoretical and experimental analysis of SPSM under OC
condition for different configurations. A mathematical
model has been developed for analyzing the motor
behavior during OC condition with single and double
phases, using the dq0 approach. The effect of supply
outage on one of the three-phase windings is studied.
Operation of motor in generating mode is also
examined. SC is deemed as a serious problem, since it
results in an abrupt increase in current levels leading to
machine outage if not cleared in a timely manner. SC
analysis of a synchronous machine under different
operating modes (asymmetrical/symmetrical) is a
complex task[18-19] . SC analysis for SPSM has not been
reported so far. Thus, this paper also deals with a
detailed SC analysis of SPSM by developing an
accurate computer simulation program for both
asymmetrical and symmetrical modes.
 G. Singh et al.: Modeling and Analysis of Six-Phase Synchronous Motor under Fault Condition 63

2 Mathematical modeling dependency of inductance term on rotor position and

time. For simplification, the concept of reference
In six-phase motor design, the stator winding of frame theory can be utilized. Thus, all the sets of
existing three-phase motor is commonly split into two, machine equations are expressed in (dq0) variables (i.e.
employing phase-belt splitting, so that each three- in rotor reference frame) [9-11] :
phase set can be supplied by separate sources. Both the
winding sets namely, abc and xyz, have angular Voltage equations:
displacement of 30 degree, resulting in an asymmetrical
R P
winding. The major advantage of asymmetrical winding vQ1= r 1iQ1+    (1)
configuration is reduction in torque pulsation; which B D1 B Q1
leads to smooth motor operation. This is due to the R P
substantial reduction of lower order time harmonics vD1= r 1iD1    (2)
B Q1 B D1
(such as 5th, 7th, 17th, 19th…) as well as space
harmonics (no harmonics less than 11th order). The R P
vQ2= r 2iQ2+    (3)
rotor is equipped with three windings, the field B D 2 B Q 2
winding FR and the shorted damper windings KD along
d-axis and KQ along q-axis. Stator and rotor axes are R P
vD2= r 2iD2  Q2   D2 (4)
schematically shown in Fig.1(a). Before proceeding to B B
motor equations, some assumptions are required for P
simplification [9] : (1) Symmetry is assumed for both the vKQ = r KQ iKQ +  KQ (5)
stator winding sets (abc and xyz), resulting in a perfect B
sinusoidal distribution along the air-gap; (2) Harmonic P
effects are not considered such that the flux and mmfs vKD = r KD iKD +  KD (6)
B
are sinusoidal in space; (3) Saturation and hysteresis
effects are ignored; (4) Skin effect is neglected, i.e. xMD  P 
winding resistances are independent of frequency. The
vFR=  rFR iFR   FR  (7)
rFR  B 
equations of voltage and electromagnetic torque can be
written in machine variables, but it will result in a set where, B is the base speed (electrical angular velocity)
of non-linear differential equations. Presence of non- and p indicates the differentiation function with respect
linearity in machine equations is attributed due to the to time. The remaining symbols have their usual
meanings.
Flux linkage per second:
Q1= xL1iQ1+ xLM(iQ1+iQ2)xLDQiD2+MQ (8)
D1= xL1iD1+ xLM(iD1+iD2)xLDQiQ2+MD (9)
Q2= xL2iQ2+ xLM(iQ1+iQ2)xLDQiD1+MQ (10)
D2= xL2iD2+ xLM(iD1+iD2)xLDQiQ1+MD (11)
KQ= xLKQiKQ+MQ (12)
KD= xLKDiKQ+MD (13)
(a) Stator and rotor axes of six phase motor
FR= xLFRiFR+MD (14)
where
MQ= xMQ(iQ1+iQ2+iKQ) (15)
MD= xMD(iD1+iD2+iKD+iFR) (16)
It should be noted that the rotor circuit parameters
are referred to one of the stator winding set (abc
winding set). These expressions of voltage and flux
linkage give an equivalent circuit of machine as
shown in Fig.1 (b), where L LM and L LDO are known as
common mutual leakage inductance and cross mutual
coupling inductance between the d- and q-axis of
stator respectively, and are given by:
xLM = xLax cos(  ) + xLay cos(  +2/3)+ xLazcos(  2/3)
(17)
(b) Equivalent circuit of a six phase synchronous motor
Fig.1 Schematic representation of xLDQ = xLax sin(  ) + xLay sin(  +2/3)+ xLazsin(  2/3)
six-phase synchronous motor (18)
 64 Chinese Journal of Electrical Engineering, Vol.3, No.2, September 2017

The mutual coupling between stator windings 1

abc and xyz is due to the leakage flux, occupying the iD1  ( xL 2  xLM ) D1  xLM D 2  xL 2 MD 
xB
same stator slots, and denoted by mutual leakage
reactance xLM . It affects the harmonic coupling of both xLDQ ( Q 2  MQ )  (27)
sets of windings, but has negligible effect on transient
except some changes in voltage harmonic distortion[11] . 1
iQ 2  ( xL1  xLM ) Q 2  xLM Q1  xL1 MQ 
The common mutual leakage reactance xLM depends xB 
on the winding pitch and displacement angle between
xLDQ ( D1  MD )  (28)
two sets of stator windings abc and xyz. An elaborated
technique to find the slot reactance is given in 1 
 x L1 x LM 
i    x LM  x L1 
reference[20] . Standard test procedures for determining
machine parameters are available in[21-22] . Computer
D2
x B
D2 D1 MD

simulation of SPSM is based on the integral form of x LDQ  Q1

 x MQ  (29)
motor voltage and torque equations with flux linkage
per second and speed as state variables, winding 1
iKQ  ( KQ  MQ ) (30)
currents as output variables, applied voltage and load xLKQ
torque as input variables. It is often convenient to
1
express the voltage Equs.(1)~(7) and flux linkages iKD  ( KD  MD ) (31)
Equs.(8)~(14) in terms of reactance rather than xLKD
inductance. Equations are first solved for currents,
1
and then back substituted in the voltage equations. iFR  ( FR  MD ) (32)
These mathematical manipulations yield following xLFR
integral equations: MQ and MD can be expressed in the term of state
variables as
B  R r
Q1= vQ1    1 ( x  x ) 
p  B D1 xB  L 2 LM Q1  xL 2 Q1  xL1 Q 2  xLDQ ( D 2  D1 )  KQ 
 MQ  x AQ   
  xB xLKQ 
xLM Q 2  xL 2 MQ  xLDQ ( D 2  MD )] (19)
 (33)
B 
R r  xL 2 D1  xL1 D 2  xLDQ ( Q1  Q 2 )
D1= vD1   Q1  1  ( xL 2  xLM ) D1   MD  x AD  
p  B xB xB


xLM D 2  xL 2 MD  xLDQ ( Q 2  MQ )] (20)  KD  FR 
   (34)
xLKD xLFR 
B  R r
 Q2  vQ 2    1 ( x  x )  where
p  B D 2 xB  L1 LM Q 2
1
 1 1 x x 
 x AQ     L1 L 2  (35)
xLM Q1  xL1 MQ  xLDQ ( D1  MD )] (21)  xMQ xLKQ 
  xB 
B  R r 1
 D2  vD 2   Q 2  1  ( xL1  xLM ) D 2   1 1 1 x x 
p  B xB x AD     L1 L 2  (36)
x
 MD x LKD x LFR xB 

xLM D1  xL1 MD  xLDQ ( Q 2  MQ )] (22)
2
 xB  xL1 xL 2  ( xL1  xL 2 ) xLM  xLDQ (37)
 rKQ 
 KQ  vKQ  ( KQ  MQ )  (23) The electromagnetic torque (TE) and rotor dynamic
 xLKQ  equations for the P- pole, six phase synchronous
motor can be expressed in terms of the rotor reference
 rKD  frame variables as:
 KD  vKD  ( KD  MD )  (24)
 xLKD  TE = TE1 + TE2 (38)

 vFR xMD rFR  where

 FR    ( FR  MD )  (25)
 rFR xLFR  TE1 = k(iQ1D1  iD1Q1) (39)
is torque due to the first set of winding, and
Current can be expressed in terms of flux as:
3 p 1
1 TE2 = k(iQ2D2  iD2Q2); k (40)
iQ1  ( xL 2  xLM ) Q1  xLM Q 2  xL 2 MQ  2 2 B
xB 
is torque due to the second set of winding. All the
xLDQ ( D 2  MD )  (26) notation adheres to its standard meaning.
 G. Singh et al.: Modeling and Analysis of Six-Phase Synchronous Motor under Fault Condition 65

R 1  1 p 1
 

(TE  TL )  p   x   x   x (  D1 )  KQ 
(41) va=   xAQ  L 2 Q1 L1 Q 2 LDQ D 2  +
B p  B 2 J  B   xB xLKQ 
 
where, TE is the electromagnetic torque, which is   xL 2 D1  xL1 D 2  xLDQ ( Q1  Q 2 )
positive for motor, TL is the load torque and J is the A  C cos  R   x AD  +
moment of inertia of the rotor assembly.   xB

 KD  FR   
2.1 Mathematical equations during OC    B  C  sin  R  (51)
xLKD xLFR   
It is assumed that the stator winding sets abc and
xyz (having the separate neutral points n1 and n2) are which is the phase voltage during stator current ia=0.
supplied by two sets of balanced three-phase voltage For a single three-phase winding abc, phase voltages
sources vag, vbg, vcg and vxg, vyg, vzg respectively. OC satisfy the condition,
may occur at one or more supply phases of the motor
input terminals. For analyzing the performance and va + vb + vc =0 (52)
redundancy characteristic of a motor under such
conditions, mathematical equations have to be Therefore, vn1g can be written by using Equs.(43)~
determined. For mathematical modeling of motor (44) ,(52) as
during OC, two cases are considered: OC fault at 1
vn1g = (vbg  vcg  va ) (53)
single phase at one winding set and single phase at 2
both the three phase winding set from each input
phase of the two three- phase input terminals, as Substitution of Equ.(53) for vn1g in Equs.(43)~(44),
discussed in following sections: followed by the Park transformation of voltages va, vb
and vc yields
Case 1: single phase OC 1
vQ1 = vacosR+ (vbg  vcg ) sin  R (54)
3
Initially, occurrence of open conductor fault is
assumed to take place at phase a, so that its terminal 1
current is zero (i.e. ia=0). Terminal voltages, which vD1 = vasin R+ (vbg  vcg ) cos  R (55)
3
force the current ia to remain zero are given by:
p which is valid for all the operating conditions. During
va =  a (42) normal operation, phase voltage va=vag in above Equs.,
b
whereas during the OC condition at phase a, phase
vb = vbg vn1g (43) voltage va is given by Equ.(51).
vc = vcg vn1g (44) Case 2: double phase OC
Flux and current (which is zero) expression for phase
a in the term of d and q variables can be written as It is assumed that the opening of two phases
occurs simultaneously, one from each of the two
a = Q1cosR+D1sin R (45) three- phase supply to the motor input terminals. Here,
0=iQ1cosR+iD1sin R (46) it is assumed to occur at phases a and x, such that
currents ia and ix are both zero. Mathematical
From Equs.(8) and (9), iQ1 and iD1 can be expressed as expressions can be obtained in a similar manner as the
previous case. Phase a is determined from Equs. (51),
1
iQ1= ( Q1  MQ  A  C ) (47) (54)~(55). Analogous to phase a, voltage expression
xL1 during OC, phase x can be determined as
1
iD1= ( D1  MD  B  D) (48) p    xL 2 Q1  xL1 Q 2  xLDQ ( D 2  D1 )
xL1 vx=   x AQ  
B    xB
where A = xLM (iQ1+iQ2); B = xLM (iD1+iD2); C = xLDQ iD2;
D=xLDQ iQ2.  KQ  
Substitution of iQ1 and iD1 from Equs.(47)~(48) into   A  E  cos( R   ) 
xLKQ  
Equ. (46) yields
Q1cosR+D1sin R=( MQ+AC)cosR+   xL 2 D1  xL1 D 2  xLDQ ( Q1  Q 2 )
 x AD  
( MD +B+C)sin R (49) xB
 
Comparing Equs. (45) and (49), it is found 
 KD  FR  
a =( MQ+AC)cosR+( MD+B+C)sin R (50)    B  F  sin( R   )  (56)
xLKD xLFR   
Above obtained flux equation can be substituted in
Equ. (42) and writing the same in terms of state where, E = xLDQ iD1; F = xLDQ iQ1
variables by substituting Equs.(33)~(34) for MQ and A general expression for winding set xyz in dq0
MD, respectively. Therefore, variables is obtained as
 66 Chinese Journal of Electrical Engineering, Vol.3, No.2, September 2017
1 six-phase synchronous machine in this mode will act
vQ 2  vx cos( R   )  (v yg  vzg ) sin( R   )
3
1 and xyz are same. With actual motors, this may not
vD 2  vx sin( R   )  (v yg  vzg ) cos( R   )
3
These voltage equations are valid under all operating
conditions. During OC condition, phase voltage vx
will be given by Equ.(56), whereas under normal
operating conditions, vx =vxg. To evaluate flux linkages
 Q1 and  D1 , the value of phase voltage v a is
substituted in Equs.(54)~(55) from Equ.(51). The
resulting equations are then substituted in Equs.(19)
and (20). Same mathematical manipulation follows
for winding set xyz, if double phase OC is considered.
It will result in the expression of Q1, D1 (and Q2,
D2) in terms of derivative of Q1, D1 (and Q2, D2),
necessitating the numerical integration of derivative
of the state variables. This can be achieved by
Runge-Kutta numerical integration subroutine. Steps
for evaluating the motor performance under normal
and OC condition are shown in Fig.2.
Case 3: supply in one set of winding only
In this mode, supply exists only on winding set
abc; therefore, the motor acts as a three-phase
synchronous motor. Performance is evaluated by
substituting iQ2 = iD2=0 in the developed model. Here,
voltage generation in winding set xyz comes from
transformer action as a result of mutual coupling
between the two winding sets abc and xyz. Hence, a
Fig.2 Flow chart for evaluating the performance during
normal and/or fault (OC and SC) condition
(57) as a motor and generator both. For simplicity, it has
been assumed that the parameters of winding sets abc
(58) hold true, leading to deviation of motor response from
ideal behavior (asymmetrical six-phase). Also, the
asymmetrical operation is due to unbalanced supply of
three-winding transformer fed to the motor. A small
error of input voltage will result in a large error of
input currents and different power factor for the stator
winding sets abc and xyz. It has been found that the
motor is much more sensitive to supply asymmetries than
to machine asymmetries [23-25] . Therefore, supply
asymmetries have been incorporated in simulation.
It is worthwhile to mention here that the above
mathematical approach can be easily extended to
other type of multi-phase motors with multiple
three-phase winding sets having a particular angular
displacement ξ between them, for e.g. 6, 9, 12,…n-
phases.
2.2 Computational steps under SC conditions
Multi-phase motor equations are computationally
complex under SC conditions[19]. Therefore, an accurate
simulation model has been developed for performance
evaluation, whose steps are shown through the
flowchart in Fig.2. The same is valid for all cases of
SC, irrespective of its nature (asymmetrical or
symmetrical). Simplification and effectiveness of the
simulation program can be noted as it uses the
machine variables in rotor reference frame, i.e. dq0
variables.
3 Simulation results
Mathematical model for operation of SPSM under
OC condition was simulated in Matlab/Simulink. For
simplicity, the occurrence of OC is considered during
steady-state operation of the motor at a particular load.
A 3.7kW motor (parameters in Appendix I) was
simulated for single and double phase OC condition as
explained in following subsections.
3.1 Single phase OC
Before the occurrence of single phase OC, the
simulation assumes a steady state operating condition
at 50% of the motor base torque. Steady-state
pre-fault phase current of each winding set abc and
xyz are found to be 3.20A, 3.35A, 2.87A and 2.83A,
2.35A, 2.45A, respectively. Supply voltage is taken as
160V, with the variation similar to experimental
operating conditions. At time, t = 8 sec., OC is created
by opening phase a. As soon as phase current ia =0, a
sudden increase in the phase current of winding set
xyz is observed, followed by a decrease in remaining
healthy phases of winding set abc. Increase in current
of phases x, y and z is found to be 53.89% (4.35A),
106% (4.84A i.e. almost double) and 12.65% (2.76A)
respectively, indicating a larger power sharing by
winding set xyz. Decrease in the current of phase
b and c is 18.80% (2.72A) and 5.22% (2.72A)
respectively, indicating a smaller power sharing.
 G. Singh et al.: Modeling and Analysis of Six-Phase Synchronous Motor under Fault Condition
Transient and steady state currents of healthy phases
of winding sets abc and xyz are depicted in Fig.3 and
Fig.4, respectively. Motor torque is supplying the load,
accompanied by the production of torque harmonic,
which varies between the peak value of 59.66N·m and
48.80N·m. This variation of instantaneous torque is
further noted in rotor speed and load angle, delta as
shown in Fig.3(f)~(h).
3.2 Double phase OC
There are nine different cases of double phase
OC, one phase from each winding set abc and xyz. To
examine the motor behavior, two phases, a and x were
chosen in which OC is created at the same time, t = 8
sec., such that the currents ia =0 and ix =0. As expected,
power sharing by the healthy phases increases, with
(a) i b
(b) i c
(c) i x
(d) i y
(e) i z
(f) Torque T E
(g) Speed R
(h) Load angle delta
Fig.3 Transient response of motor during pre and
post-fault of single phase OC
Fig.4 Phase currents of healthy winding sets abc and
xyz after single phase OC
67
increase in current of phase b and c of 15.82%(3.88A)
and 35.19% (3.88A), respectively. Increase in current
of phase y and z is 209.78% (7.28A) and 197.14%
(7.28A), respectively. Transient as well as steady-
state current of one healthy phase of winding sets abc
and xyz are depicted in Fig.5 and Fig.6. The remaining
healthy phases of each winding set have the same
magnitude, but with a phase shift of 180 ° electrical to
satisfy the Kirchoff current law, and therefore, not
shown in the figure. Though the harmonics in motor
torque increase in this case, the motor operates safely
with its peak value varying between 26.08Nm and
73.21Nm. The harmonic variation in instantaneous
torque is reflected in rotor speed and load angle, delta
as shown in Fig.5(c)~5(e). In another case, phase a
and y were chosen for double phase OC at the same
time, t = 8s, such that the currents ia =0 and iy =0. The
phase current variation was found to be similar to
previous case of phases a and x, though with a change
in magnitude. Increase in current of phase b and c was
found to be 130.30% (7.60A) and 162.34% (7.60A),
respectively. Increase in current of phase x and y was
found to be 34.58% (3.61A) and 50.42% (3.61A),
respectively.
3.3 Supply in one winding set (abc) only
Considering total supply outage for winding sets
xyz, supply in one winding set abc was simulated. The
magnitude of current was found to be increased by
(e) Load angle 
Fig.5 Motor transient response during pre and post-fault
of double phase OC
(a) i b
(b) i y ,
Fig.6 Steady-state phase current of healthy phases after
the occurrence of double phase OC
 68 Chinese Journal of Electrical Engineering, Vol.3, No.2, September 2017
5.42A approximately, for each phase. Note that output
power of machine is both mechanical (to supply load
torque) and electrical (voltage generation in winding
set xyz), hence working simultaneously as motor and
generator. Voltage generation for each phase in winding
set xyz due to transformer action, was found to be
159.94V. Waveforms of generated voltage v x and
phase current ia are shown in Fig.7(a) and Fig.7(b),
respectively. In this mode, harmonics are decreased
considerably when compared to previous cases of OC.
This is due to reduced sensitivity of the motor towards
supply asymmetries, working in three-phase winding
configuration. Thus, motor current inflow is increased
in magnitude, but is more balanced. Analytical results
are also presented without considering the supply
asymmetry, to have a better picture of current
distribution in pre- and post fault conditions. This
situation is shown at different motor loads and input
voltage levels in Table 1 and Table 2 respectively. An
unbalanced flow of stator current was found in the
case of single phase OC (i.e. ia =0). Consequently,
current in remaining healthy phases of winding set abc
decreases, whereas it increases irregularly in winding
(a) Generated voltage v x
(b) current i a
(c) Steady-state current i a
(d) Torque T E
(e) Speed R
(f) Load angle 
Fig.7 Motor response with supply in winding set abc only
Table 1 Pre and post fault current during OC at input
motor terminals at different load with phase voltage of
160V neglecting supply asymmetry
Motor phase current
Motor load Operating modes
ia ib ic
Normal 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.14
Single phase OC 0 1.04 1.04 1.96 1.98 1.20
25%
Double phase OC 0 2.68 2.68
Three phase supply only 2.27 2.27 2.27
Normal 2.29 2.29 2.29 2.29 2.29 2.29
Single phase OC 0 2.08 2.08 3.93 3.96 2.40
50%
Double phase OC 0 5.28 5.28
Three phase supply only 4.55 4.55 4.55
Table 2 Pre and post fault current during OC at input
motor terminals operating with different voltage levels at
50% load neglecting supply asymmetry
Voltage Motor phase current
level Operating modes
ia ib ic ix iy iz
160 Normal 2.29 2.29 2.29 2.29 2.29 2.29
Single phase OC 0 2.08 2.08 3.93 3.96 2.40
Double phase OC 0 5.28 5.28 0 5.46 5.46
Three phase supply only 4.55 4.55 4.55 0 0 0
200 Normal 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.83
Single phase OC 0 1.66 1.66 3.14 3.17 1.92
Double phase OC 0 4.21 4.21 0 4.35 4.35
Three phase supply only 3.63 3.63 3.63 0 0 0
set xyz. Balanced current flow can be noted in each
winding set abc and xyz for double phase OC fault (i.e.
ia = ix =0). A slight variation in current magnitude in
stator winding sets (abc and xyz) was also observed.
This is due to asymmetrical winding configuration on
the stator. Under OC fault, the pattern of current
variation remained the same, when observed at
different motor load and input voltage. Change in
operating condition (motor load or input voltage) only
results in the variation of pre- and post-fault current
magnitude.
3.4 Asymmetrical SC
Occurrence of a SC at the input terminals of a
motor drive system is asymmetrical in nature,
particularly in single line to ground (LG) fault.
Simulation has been carried out for line to ground (LG)
SC (most frequent case of SC), assuming it to take
place at phase a by taking phase voltage equal to
zero (va =0). It is assumed that SC prevails for a short
duration (10 cycle i.e. 0.12 sec.). SC occurs at time
t =7s. Motor current of all phases has been depicted in
Fig.8, in stationary reference frame. Asymmetrical
flow in each stator winding set can be observed. Due
to the highly inductive nature of stator windings, a
change in phase current (hence, change in its magnetic
flux) is compensated by opposite and equal change in
other winding sets of corresponding phase. For
example, after the occurrence of SC in phase a at time
t =7s, phase current i a increases with negative
magnitude by 266A in its first swing in Fig.8(a). In
order to maintain constant flux, the same change in
current ix of phase x may be noted in Fig.8(d). Similar
variation in current can be seen in other phases of
winding sets abc and xyz. Since, motor output power
is assumed constant; therefore, the variation in active
ix iy iz component of current of a winding set is compensated
by the current in other winding set, as depicted in
Fig.9. The transient offset in the phase current of
winding sets abc and xyz are also found to be
0 2.70 2.70
0 0 0
pulsating at 50Hz. This transient offset reflects in
instantaneous torque, decaying with 50 Hz pulsation.
Motor electromagnetic torque becomes less than the
load torque. The rotor speed decreases below
0 5.46 5.46
synchronous speed, which increases the load angle,
0 0 0
delta. Rotor speed continues to decrease by 104.1rad/s,
 G. Singh et al.: Modeling and Analysis of Six-Phase Synchronous Motor under Fault Condition
Fig.8 Motor phase current during LG SC,
followed by OC
Fig.9 d-q currents of winding sets abc and xyz during LG
SC , followed by OC
where the motor torque T E becomes equal to load
torque (T L). At this instant due to motor inertia and
subsynchronous speed, the torque T E will continue to
increase with an increase in load angle. When
reaching synchronous speed, motor torque T E will be
greater than the load torque, causing the rotor to
accelerate. If allowed, the damped oscillation of the
rotor will continue until it attains a steady-state value.
Dynamic response of motor torque T E , rotor speed R
and load angle delta are shown in Fig.10, and a
torque-angle characteristic is shown in Fig.11, in
which switching sequence during SC has been shown
by arrow mark.
Usually, SC is followed by OC/isolation of the
faulted electrical circuit, which has been realized in
analytical results. Therefore, during SC at an input
terminal, OC of that phase is characterized by zero
current. It is simulated in phase a after the time of
0.2s. i.e. at time t = 7.2s. This result in 50Hz offset
transient pulsation of stator current in healthy phases
in stationary as well as rotor reference frame as shown
in Fig.8 and Fig.9, respectively. A reduced current
magnitude is noted during transient period, when
69
Fig.10 Motor response for LG SC circuit,
followed by OC
Fig.11 Torque-angle characteristic during LG SC circuit,
followed by OC
compared to SC current. Within a short duration (0.3s),
current settles to its new steady-state value.
3.5 Symmetrical SC
Symmetrical SC at the motor input terminals
results in a balanced flow of current in both the stator
winding sets abc and xyz. This is simulated by setting
va = vb = vc =0 in winding set abc. SC is initialized at
time t = 7s and cleared within 3 cycle i.e. 0.06s. If the
fault is allowed for a longer period, the motor will not
return to steady state at synchronous speed. Post-
symmetrical SC, the transient offset pulsating at 50Hz
in phase current of winding sets abc and xyz can be
observed in stationary reference frame as shown in
Fig.12. But transient offset is absent when current is
expressed in rotor reference frame as shown in Fig.13.
This is due to tremendous increase in d-q component
of stator current as compared to offset current ripples
in rotor reference frame. Symmetrical current flow
further decreases the magnitude of offset current
ripples. The rotor behavior is shown in Fig.14 in
terms of other parameters. Torque-angle characteristic
is shown in Fig.15, where arrow signifies the outgoing
and returning of operating mode to its steady-state.
Isolation of faulted element by OC of winding set abc,
is explored by putting ia = ib = ic =0, as shown for
stationary and rotor reference frame depicted in
Fig.12 and Fig.13, respectively. After OC/isolation of
one stator winding set abc, motor will act as a three-
phase synchronous motor, with only input supply in
winding set xyz. Response of the machine in this mode
has been explained in a previous section.
 70 Chinese Journal of Electrical Engineering, Vol.3, No.2, September 2017

Table 3 Effect on stator current at different input

voltage levels and load conditions during SC fault
Effect on stator current at Effect on stator current at
SC different input voltage levels different load conditions
cases during SC fault during SC fault
Voltage/ V LG LLG LLLG Load LG LLG LLLG
160 386.3 503.7 565.5 No load 384 504.9 566.4
ia 200 478.9 630.1 707.1 Half load 386.3 503.7 565.5
240 575 756.4 848.9 Full load 381.9 502.9 564.8
160 165.6 394.2 565.5 No load 165.4 395.4 566.4
ib 200 206.8 493.3 707.1 Half load 165.6 394.2 565.5
240 247.5 592.1 848.9 Full load 163.8 393.3 564.8
160 329 403 565.5 No load 329.5 404 566.4
ic 200 411.3 504 707.1 Half load 329 403 565.5
240 493.8 605 848.9 Full load 328.7 401 564.8
160 389.7 463.1 558.9 No load 388.7 462.1 558.1
ix 200 486.6 578.5 698.4 Half load 389.7 463.1 558.9
240 583.9 694.1 838.2 Full load 389.9 463.7 559.6
Fig.12 Motor phase current(in stationary reference frame) 160 285.3 465.7 558.9 No load 285.9 464.5 558.1
during LLLG SC, followed by OC iy 200 358.5 581.6 698.4 Half load 285.3 465.7 558.9
240 429.9 697.8 838.2 Full load 288.1 466.6 559.6
160 211.7 363 558.9 No load 211.3 362 558.1
iz 200 264.7 453.4 698.4 Half load 211.7 363 558.9
240 317.7 543.8 838.2 Full load 212.1 363.8 559.6

Existence of asymmetry can also be observed due

to flow of unbalanced current of different magnitudes
of a particular winding set during asymmetrical SC
condition (LG/LLG). Current magnitude in a winding
set was found to increase with the increase in number
of shorted terminals, and is maximum for the case of
LLLG (symmetrical) SC. The symmetrical current
flow increases with the increase in number of shorted
terminals, and finally becomes symmetrical during
symmetrical SC (LLLG). Variation in magnitude of
phase current with motor load is shown in Table 3.
Current magnitude of a particular phase remains
almost unaffected under different load conditions, but
it changes for different SC cases, as previously
discussed. It is important to assess the nature of motor
developed torque during asymmetrical and
Fig.13 d-q current component of both winding sets abc symmetrical SC cases. This is achieved by variation of
and xyz during LLLG SC, followed by OC torque ripple magnitude with input voltage level and
different loads, as shown in Fig.16(a) and Fig.16(b),
respectively. The pattern of torque ripple variation
In simulation results of asymmetrical and symme-
trical SC, the detailed dynamic model was used. In
an analytical approach, rotor speed is assumed to
be constant during the SC period. This gives a
closed-form solution, which provides an insight of
motor operation, not possible with above dynamic
simulation [19] . The assumption of constant speed
during SC has been incorporated by increasing the
value of moment of inertia/inertia constant (say, 1000
times). The steady-state value of phase current can
then be easily determined under different SC conditions,
which can be verified by the analytical approach if
required. Phase current magnitude with the variation
of type of SC and change in input voltage level is
shown in Table 3. A direct proportionality in the
magnitude of phase current can be noted with input Fig.14 Motor response during LLLG SC,
voltage level. followed by OC
 G. Singh et al.: Modeling and Analysis of Six-Phase Synchronous Motor under Fault Condition
Fig.15 Torque-angle characteristic during LLLG SC
circuit, followed by OC
(a) Input voltage level
(b) Motor load
Fig.16 Variation of torque ripple with the change input
voltage and motor torque
was found to be the same as that of winding current,
and is more dependent on the voltage level variation
as compared to load conditions. In these figures,
x-axis denotes the type of SC where integral value
should be read as - 0: normal condition, 1: LG SC, 2:
LLG SC, 3: symmetrical LLLG SC.
4 Experimental results
Performance evaluation of SPSM was carried out
on a laboratory prototype. For this, a three-phase,
50Hz, 36 slots, 3.7kW synchronous machine was
selected. A terminal box was mounted on top of the
machine body, where all the 72 end terminals of stator
coils were taken out, so that various winding schemes
with different number of phases and poles can be
realized. Winding configuration of six-phase motor
was obtained by employing phase belt splitting,
resulting in two sets of three-phase winding, namely
abc and xyz. Both winding sets (abc and xyz) were
physically displaced by 30°electrical, so as to have
asymmetrical winding. Neutral points of the two three
phase winding sets abc and xyz were kept isolated to
prevent the physical fault propagation and flow of
triplen harmonics from one winding set to other[11] .
Variable three-phase ac supply of different
magnitude and frequency was obtained by using an
inverter in conjunction with a three winding transformer.
For two sets of three-phase supplies, having a phase
shift of 30 ° electrical, a three winding transformer of
10kVA, 415/415-415V, Y/Y-Δ, three to six-phase, was
71
used in the experimental setup. The magnitude of
phase voltages at both secondary of a three winding
transformer were found to be different due to
manufacturing variances. In the experimental setup,
synchronous motor was mechanically coupled to a DC
machine of 5kW, 250V, 21.6A, 1300/1750 r/min. DC
machine is acting as a DC generator, the output of
which is connected to an electrical load (lamp load).
Experimental scheme and a general view of the test
rig are shown in Fig.17(a) and Fig.17(b), respectively.
Power Quality Analyzer (Hioki 3197) was used for
recording and measurement of various waveforms and
performance indices. Recording of various experimental
waveforms was carried out manually; therefore, a
small variation in its value under the same operating
condition was observed.
4.1 One phase opened
Prior to the analysis of phase redundancy, the
steady state pre-fault current of winding sets abc and
xyz was recorded as 3.23A (at 160.1V), 3.32 A (at
162.3V), 2.81A (at 163.1V) and 2.78A (at 154.9V),
2.36A (at 156.3V), 2.45A (at 157.3V), respectively.
Phase redundancy was experimentally analyzed by
creating an OC at one of the motor input terminals.
This condition is sometimes referred to as ‘open
conductor fault’ and is very common in multi-phase ac
drives. Therefore, the motor behavior is examined
after the occurrence of such a condition, on any of the
input supply phase of motor terminal. This condition
is created on phase a of a synchronous motor using a
single pole single throw switch. The steady-state
post-fault current of phases x, y and z are found to be
increased by 53.80% (4.26A), 101.27% (4.75A, i.e.
almost double) and 11.06% (2.71A), respectively.
This indicates a large power sharing by winding set
xyz. Current in healthy phases b and c decreases by
16.27% (2.78A) and 1.80% (2.77A), respectively.
This signifies a decreased power sharing. Steady-state
phase voltage and current of remaining healthy phases
of winding sets abc and xyz is shown in Fig.18.
Varying nature of phase voltage can be noted which is
a major factor for unequal current flow (asymmetrical
condition) in a winding set.
(a) Schematic diagram
(b) General view
Fig.17 Experimental setup view
 72 Chinese Journal of Electrical Engineering, Vol.3, No.2, September 2017

Similarly, for phase current of phase x and z are

(a) Phase b (b) Phase c
Fig.18 Steady state phase voltage and current of healthy
phases of winding set abc and xyz after single phase OC
4.2 Two phase opened
Redundancy property of SPSM is analyzed for
the outage of two phases of input supply to the motor
at a time. This is done by using a double pole single
throw switch, such that current of phase a and x
ceases to zero. Under this condition, the steady-state
phase voltage and current of one healthy phase of
winding sets abc and xyz is shown in Fig.19(a) and
Fig.19(b), respectively. The post-fault steady state
phase current of healthy phase b and c is increased by
15.96% (3.85A) and 35.18% (3.83A), respectively.
Similarly, for healthy phases y and z, it is increased by
208.47% (7.28A) and 213.04% (7.20A), respectively,
under safe current limit. As previously mentioned,
there might be different combinations of such
conditions. One more combination is explored here,
i.e. by opening the phases a and y. The nature of
variation of remaining healthy phase current is similar.
Phase currents of phases b and c are 7.61A. (129.21%
higher) and 7.60A (230.30% higher), respectively.
3.63A (31.05% higher) and 3.61A (34.32% higher),
respectively. The recording of waveforms is done on a
per phase basis. There is always a small fluctuation of
supply (magnitude/ frequency), so the magnitude of
current in remaining healthy phases of a particular
winding set varies slightly. Variation in the current
magnitude can be observed for healthy phase b and c
and phase y and z (phase a and x opened). Same
follows for healthy phase b and c and phase a and z
(phase a and y opened). Redundancy characteristic of
motor can be explored for different operating
conditions, such as: operation at different loads,
operating voltage or frequency. Two such operations
at different load and different voltage level (at 50%
load torque) have been tabulated in Table 4 and Table 5,
respectively. It includes both the pre- and post- fault
current of each phase of the motor. Both experimental
and simulation results have been included. A small
variation of remaining healthy phases of a particular
winding set can be accounted due the the time lag
during recording of waveforms of different phases
(manual recording), as previously mentioned. This can
be seen in case of double phase opened. It has been
observed that the change of phase current of phase b
and c is small (not more than 20%) for both single
(a) Phase (b) Phase y
Fig.19 Steady state phase voltage and current of
healthy phases of winding set abc and xyz after the
occurrence of double phase OC

Table 4 Pre and post fault (OC) current data of winding sets abc and xyz at different load torque
Phase A B C X Y Z
Load Torque Op. mode Exp. Sim. Exp. Sim. Exp. Sim. Exp. Sim. Exp. Sim. Exp. Sim.
Normal 2.58 2.50 2.73 2.75 2.19 2.22 2.38 2.30 1.94 1.80 1.96 2.07
33.83% 1 phase opened 0 0 2.19 2.10 2.21 2.10 3.23 3.31 3.70 3.72 2.21 2.10
2 phases opened 0 0 2.77 2.73 2.77 2.73 0 0 4.99 5.07 4.97 5.07
Normal 2.32 2.22 2.51 2.50 1.97 1.98 1.87 1.83 1.44 1.34 1.52 1.52
1 phase opened 0 0 1.99 2.00 1.99 2.00 2.75 2.88 3.11 3.21 1.63 1.61
26.46%
2 phases opened 0 0 2.17 2.20 2.16 2.20 0 0 3.72 3.70 3.77 3.70

Table 5 Pre and post fault (OC) current data of winding sets abc and xyz at different voltage levels (phase voltage)
Phase A B C X Y Z
Voltage level Op. mode Exp. Sim. Exp. Sim. Exp. Sim. Exp. Sim. Exp. Sim. Exp. Sim.
Normal 3.55 3.50 3.74 3.77 3.11 3.17 3.27 3.31 2.89 2.80 2.83 2.80
180 1 phase opened 0 0 2.99 2.97 3.01 2.99 4.80 4.91 5.40 5.44 3.06 2.90
2 phases opened 0 0 3.58 3.55 3.59 3.55 0 0 6.59 6.61 6.60 6.61
Normal 3.87 3.86 4.24 4.28 3.61 3.68 3.82 3.82 3.32 3.25 3.24 3.20
200 1 phase opened 0 0 3.42 3.43 3.43 3.43 5.12 5.24 5.93 6.01 3.39 3.30
2 phases opened 0 0 3.83 3.90 3.82 3.90 0 0 7.02 7.08 7.04 7.08
 G. Singh et al.: Modeling and Analysis of Six-Phase Synchronous Motor under Fault Condition
phase and double phase OC. Change in phase current
of winding set xyz is irregular. Current variation of
phase y is found to be maximum for single phase
(about double) and double phase (about three times)
OC, under safe limit. A large increase of the phase
current of winding set xyz is due to the existence of
supply asymmetries, which decrease the power factor of
winding. Difference in the magnitude of output secondary
voltage of three winding transformer is a major reason for
the presence of supply asymmetries, followed by the
continuous change of supply voltage and current due to
the variation of other loads connected to supply line.
Presence of highly inductive elements in form of three
winding transformer further affects the motor current.
It is important to mention that effects of non-ideal
character have been neglected in the developed
analytical model. These include saturation, space
harmonics, parameter sensitivity etc. Saturation effect
introduces the synchronous, asynchronous and parasitic
losses; space harmonic results in non-sinusoidal wave
shape of the current, and parameter sensitivity
introduces inaccuracy in the results. These factors
along with supply asymmetry are the main reason for
small mismatch of current waveform in the analytical
and experimental results.
4.3 Motor operation with supply in one set of winding
In this operating mode, input supply was given to
one winding set (abc) only, assuming a complete
outage of three-phase input supply in other winding
set (xyz). A voltage generation in winding set xyz will
take place due to transformer action, which was found
to be 145V, 148V, 147V for each phase. Synchronous
machine in this operating mode will act both as a
generator and motor. Since, mechanical output torque
of the machine is to be constant to supply the load;
therefore, current of winding set abc increases. This
current was found to be 5.43A, 5.23A and 5.08A for
phase a, phase b and phase c, respectively. Steady-
state waveform of voltage and current for phase a
(winding set abc) is shown in Fig.20(a), whereas the
generated voltage of phase x (winding set xyz) is
shown in Fig.20(b). A variation in generated voltage of
winding set xyz is also observed at different load torque.
A linear decrease in generated voltage is observed
with the increase in load, as depicted in Fig.21.
(a) Phase a (b) Generated voltage v x
Fig.20 Steady state voltage and current of
winding set abc and xyz
73
Fig.21 Plot of generated voltage (of winding set xyz.)
vs load variation
It is noted that the maximum magnitude of phase
current increases during the operation with double
phase opened. Current increases to almost the rated
motor current under safe current limit, operating at
50% of base torque. Therefore, the motor has to be
derated by 50% to ensure reliable operation. Derating
of multi-phase machine with an open phase can be
found in reference[26] . Performance of the motor is
found to be satisfactory though with reduced quality
(increased harmonic content reflected in torque/speed
response).
5 Post-fault control scheme
Operating performance during post-fault condition
can be improved by increasing the number of phases[3] ,
making multi-phase ac motor suitable for fault tolerant
drive system. Post-fault control scheme can be adopted
in systems where high performance is required during
OC. Various such schemes have been reported for
multi-phase motor operation. Regardless of type of
control, every scheme tries to maintain the airgap flux
constant in post-fault condition by having a suitable
combination of current in healthy phases. Authors in
reference[27] have used a five-phase and seven-phase
motor, to produce a smooth non-pulsating torque. An
exclusive analysis of five-phase synchronous motor
under asymmetrical fault condition is covered[28], where
a synchronous frame current controller was designed
and shown to be superior to conventional hysteresis
current controller. Analysis of dual three-phase induction
motor is available in literature [16-17, 27, 29-32] . Zhao
and Lipo[16] analysed the motor with asymmetrical
winding structure, where the concept of space vector
decomposition was utilized. A general model suitable
for both healthy and faulty condition was given by
Singh and Pant[17] , whereas the possibility of different
winding configuration during fault condition was
addressed by Alberti and Bianchi[28] .
Control of six-phase induction motor can equally
be applied with SPSM. However, as far as the control
of SPSM is concerned, it is still underway. A self
explanatory block diagram with a simple, but effective
and easily implementable post-fault control scheme
for SPSM is shown in Appendix II (though no
theoretical or experimental results are given). It is
actually an extension of the control of three-phase
motor [33] , where the connection of motor’s star point
 74 Chinese Journal of Electrical Engineering, Vol.3, No.2, September 2017
is required at zero potential. Approach for a six-phase
motor fed from two current-controlled inverter (for
abc and xyz winding sets) suggests that the two
remaining healthy phase current of a particular
winding set should be phase shifted by 30 0 electrical
away from the faulted phase and their magnitude
should be increased by a factor of 3 . A complete
analysis and performance evaluation of control
scheme will be reported in the near future.
6 Conclusion
A unified and simplified approach was adopted
for digital simulation for different cases of OC
at input terminals of SPSM using dq0 variables.
This approach can be extended for any type of
multi-phase machine, applying the OC fault at its one
or more phases. This approach has been adopted for
the analysis of SPSM to explore the redundancy
characteristic of motors, commonly used in higher
power applications. It includes an OC fault at one,
two and three phases (complete outage of one set of
input supply) of input terminal of the motor. It was
observed that, with the increase in the number of OC
faults at input terminal of motor, power shared by the
remaining healthy winding set/phases increases. It
was analytically and experimentally validated that the
motor continues to operate satisfactorily even during
the outage of one or more input supply phases. Thus,
it can be concluded that in normal operation, fault in
one of the two three phase winding set can be sustained
and motor operates satisfactorily. This characteristic
is very important for the operation of motor where
reliability is of prime importance. Also, the simultaneous
operation of machine as a generator and motor, when
one set of stator winding is supplied by three-phase
Appendix II
A.1 Block diagram of post-fault control scheme
source, is a very attractive property making it suitable
for some special applications (like power supply of air
conditioner in electric railway etc.). A detailed
simulation has been carried out for different cases of
SC (both asymmetrical and symmetrical) occurring at
the motor input terminals. The provided flowchart can
be effectively used for any multi-phase machine. Two
cases of asymmetrical SC (LG and LLG) were
simulated, which prevail for 10 cycles (i.e 0.12 sec.),
resulting in an unbalanced flow of current in both the
stator winding sets abc and xyz. It was found that the
motor operating under asymmetrical SC is more stable.
Instability is noted if it operates for more than three
cycles during symmetrical SC, but results in a balanced
flow of stator current. In general, an excessive increase
in the magnitude of stator current was noted which
was maximum during symmetrical SC. The variation
in current magnitude is also reflected in the magnitude
of motor torque TE ripple, and found to be dependent
on input voltage level of motor terminal. A small
variation in torque ripple magnitude was noted with
the change in motor load. Experimental investigation
together with a detailed mathematical analysis of
motor during SC will be reported in future work.
Appendix I
Parameter of 3.7 kW, 36 slots, 6-poles SPSM is given
below:
x MQ =3.9112 x L1 = x L2 =0.1758 r 1 =0.210
x MD =6.1732 x LDQ =0 r 2 =0.210
x LKQ =0.66097 x LM =0.001652 r KQ =2.535
x LKD =1.550 r FR =0.056 r KD =140.0
x LFR =0.2402
 G. Singh et al.: Modeling and Analysis of Six-Phase Synchronous Motor under Fault Condition
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G. K. Singh received the B.Tech. degree in
electrical engineering from G. B. Pant
University of Agriculture and Technology,
Pantnagar, India, in 1981, and the Ph.D.
degree in electrical engineering from Banaras
Hindu University, Varanasi, India, in 1991.
He worked in the industry for nearly five-and-
a half years. In 1991, he joined as Lecturer
at M.N.R. Engineering College, Allahabad,
India. In 1996, he moved to University of
Roorkee, Roorkee, India. Currently, he is Professor in Electrical
Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee. He
has been involved in design and analysis of electrical machines in
general and high-phase-order AC machines in particular as well as
power system harmonics, power quality, signal processing. He has
coordinated a number of research projects sponsored by CSIR and
UGC, Government of India. He was a Visiting Associate Professor in
the Department of Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of
Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Korea, and Visiting
Professor in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,
Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey. He has also served
as Visiting Professor in University of Malaya, Kualalumpur, Malaysia.
Prof. Singh received the Pt. Madan Mohan Malaviya Memorial Medal
and the Certificate of Merit Award 2001–2002 at The Institution of
Engineers (India).
Arif Iqbal received the B.Tech. and M.Tech.
degrees both in electrical engineering, from
Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India,
in 2005 and 2007, respectively. He has
completed the Ph.D. from Indian Institute of
Technology, Roorkee, India, in 2015. He is
having an experience of four years in industry
and teaching in the field AC drives and power
system. Currently, he is working as Assistant
Professor in the Electrical Engineering
Department, Adani Institute of Infrastructure Engineering, Ahmedabad,
India. His area of interest is multiphase AC machine & drives,
power electronics and renewable energy system. Email:
arif.iqbal.in@ gmail.com.