Utilization of RFID Analytics in Assessing
Student Engagement
Alrence Santiago Halibas
Faculty of Computing Sciences
Gulf College
Muscat, Oman
alrence@gulfcollege.edu.om
Indu Govinda Pillai
Faculty of Computing Sciences
Gulf College
Muscat, Oman
indu@gulfcollege.edu.om
Abstract— The teaching and learning methods are increasingly
adopting educational data mining approaches. This ever-
changing landscape has allowed management to use educational
data for strategic decision-making, offered students with relevant
information to improve academic performance, and provided
teachers with data on learners’ behavior for effective teaching.
To assess academically at-risk students, teachers need to gain
valuable insights on student engagement, which includes class
attendance, library and computer laboratory access, and use of
other learning resources so that they can tailor the learning needs
of students. Data analytics is used to examine student engagement
inside and outside the classroom and predict learning trends.
The popularity of Internet of Things and the convergence of
RFID, Wireless Sensor Networks, Big Data, and Cloud
Computing have enabled organizations to implement innovative
information systems; however, their integrative potential has not
been thoroughly explored. Having an RFID in combination with
data analytics will provide various academic stakeholders
valuable and critical information as regards students’ learning
behavior. Therefore, this paper reviews current trends of RFID
in education and discusses opportunities of data analytics
integration. Moreover, this paper also presents a conceptual
framework of a basic RFID Analytic System that can be used in
assessing student engagement.
Keywords— IoT; RFID; data analytics; student engagement
I. INTRODUCTION AND RATIONALE
The Internet of Things (IoT) is an ecosystem that describes
the interconnection of intelligent objects such as computing
devices, buildings, sensors and other smart devices with people
and business processes for data transfer and exchange [1]. This
wireless network adds business value to an enterprise. In recent
years, many organizations have employed automated methods
in their data management, including barcodes, Quick Response
(QR) codes, digital watermarking, and Radio Frequency
Identification (RFID) and Near Field Communication (NFC).
In fact, RFID has been around for many years and its adoption
and utilization in various sectors of society is gradually gaining
Anju Cherian Matthew
Faculty of Computing Sciences
Gulf College
Muscat, Oman
anjuit@gulfcollege.edu.om
momentum and popularity because of its notable advantages in
terms of durability and longevity, security and efficiency.
Among its known technological and organization benefits
include decreased manual work, optimization of time and effort
and greater productivity, improved accuracy and faster data
capture for real-time information, enhanced security of fixed
assets, and cost cutting in many administrative areas [2].
RFID, which is the key technology in achieving IoT, is now
being applied in retail, logistics, manufacturing, healthcare, and
other consumer applications. RFID applications serve as
opportunities for organizations to gather and measure vital
information that can be used to analyze and forecast, and
produce behavioral statistics for organizational improvement
[3].
Over the decade, we have witnessed an increasing
convergence of IoT enabling technologies - wireless sensor
networks, big data, and cloud computing [4]. Enterprises and
individuals are able to implement innovative information
systems because of the integration of these smart technologies,
however, their potentials have not been thoroughly explored in
the academic sector. At present times, academic institutions are
gradually keeping up with the advancement of Information and
Communications Technology (ICT). Although we have seen a
digital transformation in this sector, we have yet to encounter a
mature system that fully integrates them.
Having RFID in combination with data analytics can
provide various academic stakeholders valuable and critical
information as regards students’ learning behavior. There is an
increasing number of academic institutions that are adopting
data analytics and mining approaches with educational data.
This is a promising development in the academic sector and
one that allows management to use relevant data for strategic
decisions. Additionally, it provides students with relevant
information necessary to improve their academic performance.
It also offers teachers with data on learners’ behavior in order
to provide appropriate learning strategies and intervention
programs.
 The succeeding sections of this paper are organized as Table 1
follows: Section 2 provides background information and Categories of RFID
related work on topics relevant for this research, including Frequency Band Advantages Disadvantages
Student Engagement, RFID, and Data Analytics and Mining. Low Frequency Non-sensitivity to radio Slower data read rate
Section 3 reviews the current state of adoption and application (LF) wave interferences Shorter read range of 10
30 KHz to 300 caused by metal or cm
of RFID in education and highlights the limitation on the KHz liquid
utilization of data analytics. Section 4 presents a conceptual High Frequency Low to moderate data Moderate sensitivity to
basic architecture of an RFID Analytics in assessing student (HF) transfer rate radio wave interference
engagement. Finally, Section 5 is the conclusion and 3 MHz to 30 MHz Longer read ranges caused by metals or
recommendation for future work. from 10 cm to 1 m liquids
Ultra-high Long read range up to Not yet a matured
Frequency (UHF) 12m technology (need to
II. BACKGROUND AND RELATED WORK 300 Mhz to 3 GHz Moderate to high data standardized global
transfer rate than LF or bandwidth)
A. Student Engagement HF
Non-sensitivity to radio
Student engagement is an academic construct that is wave interference
considered as a good predictor of learning and personal caused by metal or
development [5] but a difficult predictor to measure because of liquids
its multidimensional properties. The common dimensions of Cheaper than LF or HF
tags
this construct include academic, behavioral, affective, and
Microwave RFID High data transfer rate
cognitive engagement [6]. In this paper, student engagement 3 GHz
will adopt the definition of behavioral engagement as student
involvement in activities that are crucial in achieving positive
academic outcomes [7]. A good number of studies have In a passive RFID system, the antenna in the transceiver
revealed that student engagement has a positive impact on transmits a signal to the RFID tag using radio waves. Once the
learning [8],[9] and academic performance, thus, when students RFID tag receives the signal, it activates and reads these radio
are fully engaged in activities, they are able to maximize their waves and transmits pre-stored data back to the transceiver.
learning. An essential indicator of student engagement is Then the reader converts the data into digital form and passes it
attendance data that can provide early signs when a student is to a host computer for further information processing and
likely at-risk [10]. However, attendance data may be under- filtering of redundant reads.
utilized, thus, limiting its potential as a critical evidence of In an active RFID system, RFID tags have their own power
student engagement. source using a battery that extends the range of its transmission
Geographical engagement, which is a new sub-construct, is [14]. They emit a signal in order to transmit the stored data in
when a student engages the learning environments with the chip. The tag comes in two types: transponder and beacon.
mastery and autonomy [11]. To have a comprehensive The transponder activates when it receives a signal from the
assessment of students, teachers need to be able to gain reader only, thus, its battery is conserved. On the other hand, a
valuable data and insights regarding student engagement. Data beacon, which is often used in Real-time Locating Systems
can be taken from class attendance, and geographical (RTLS), emits a signal at pre-set intervals to send the tag
engagement data on the use of library and computer laboratory information and position.
resources, and other learning environments. It is necessary for
academic managers to get hold of timely and accurate student C. Data Analytics and Mining
engagement data in order for them to analyze learners’ Educational Data Mining (EDM) has enabled academic
behavior and predict their future performance [12]. They need institutions to measure, collect, analyze and report learners’
to be more forward looking in their management so that they needs, engagement and behavior so that appropriate learning
can proactively address the students’ learning needs. designs and intervention programs are applied to optimize
learning as well as improve the retention and success rate
B. Radio Frequency Identification [15],[16],[17]. Data Analytics is an emerging research
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a bi-directional discipline and field of practice [18] that is gradually
wireless communication that uses electromagnetic fields to transforming the nature of teaching, learning and assessment in
identify and track tags attached to objects and things [13]. A education [19]. It is starting to gain momentum in the academic
basic RFID system consists of a read/write RFID tag, an RFID sector and will dramatically change the course of teaching and
scanner (or transceiver) with an antenna and a host PC for data learning in the coming years [16]. According to [20], the
collection and processing. An RFID tag stores electronic primary goal of the analytics process is providing corrective
information called the Electronic Product Code (EPC), which actions that include “monitoring, prediction, intervention,
is a 96-bit identifier of up to 2 KB data and can be read from a assessment, analysis, personalization, recommendation, and
given frequency range [14]. Unlike barcode technology, RFID reflection.” With data analytics and visualization, learners are
does not require a direct line of sight in transmitting a signal to able to understand their needs and improve their learning
the transceiver. experience and performance, teachers are able to improve their
teaching methods, and academic managers are able to identify
and allocate the needed resources and services in a timely and
efficient manner [21].
To facilitate data mining for student engagement, several
procedures may be followed. Firstly, there is a need to identify
the different data sets that will be used to measure student
engagement. The data can be collected from several sources,
which includes learners’ access of the learning environments
and data retrieved from information systems. Secondly, these
data must be cleaned and transformed into suitable formats
before being passed to the analytics engine because they may
be too large and contain insignificant attributes, thus, need to
undergo pre-processing or data preparation [22]. Thirdly, these
data are feed to the analytics engine where appropriate
statistical and data mining techniques are applied in finding
trends and patterns, and predicting outcomes. The common
algorithms and techniques used in data mining are
Classification, Clustering, Regression, Artificial Intelligence,
Neural Networks, and Genetic Algorithm [23]. Finally, the
output is displayed to relevant stakeholders who will be able to
visualize this information, generate good insights, support
decision making, and take appropriate actions.
III. RFID ANALYTICS IN EDUCATION
The common use of RFID in education is to automate
student attendance entry and reporting, track students
whereabouts in the campus, systematize library processes, and
access restricted facilities, just to name a few. These innovative
practices have resulted to transparency, fast reporting, intruder
detection, reduced teacher and management workload, and
increased efficiency in the delivery of services.
A. RFID Applications
RFID applications can go beyond real-time monitoring and
tracking and can be used to analyze current and historical data
[24]. The rich dataset produced by RFID systems in academic
institutions can be used to analyze learners’ engagement in the
use of learning environments. Organizations must be able to
extract these data and look for useful trends and patterns. In the
succeeding sections, we will discuss automated RFID systems
in education that have potential for data analytics application
and are relevant in assessing student engagement.
1) Attendance System
Several researches have supported the positive correlation
of attendance and engagement as predictors of academic
success [25],[26],[27]. Thus, poor student attendance and
engagement would likely lead to poor academic results.
Attendance systems using RFID have helped academic
institutions monitor the students’ attendance, which is essential
for students’ academic performance and progress. It has also
eliminated the time consuming and inefficient method of
conventional attendance monitoring systems [28],[29].
Furthermore, these automated systems has allowed school
management to track and locate the students’ whereabouts in
combination with barcode, biometrics and GSM technologies
[30],[31].
Some studies have presented technology models that may
predict student outcomes based on attendance [23] as well as
predict future attendance of students [32]. Unfortunately, most
of these analytic systems are isolated systems. This calls for an
integration of these models and technologies with RFID in
order to harness their full potential.
2) Library System
There are numerous RFID library systems that are being
implemented for user identification, book search, circulation,
inventory and self-help [33],[13]. Some of these innovative
systems even use mobile phones as RFID readers [34].
Most library staff requires students to log their attendance
in the library for reporting and accreditation purposes. In order
to facilitate this process, students are required to log their
attendance on a paper-based register. Unfortunately, some
library users unintentionally skip this process, thus, it is
difficult for library staff to monitor library usage. An RFID
system can answer this issue. The interest of this paper is
focused on the use of RFID system in the library for user
attendance. The data generated by this system can serve as an
input to measure student engagement.
3) Access Control
There is a widespread use of RFID system for access
control. When use in combination with computer science
methods such as face recognition, it will result in a more
secured access control system [35],[36].
During students’ independent learning study, they usually
access learning environments such as specialized laboratories,
and computer laboratories. These laboratories usually have
secured access to prevent theft of sophisticated materials and
equipment. The teachers should also be informed regarding
students’ access with these learning environments other than
classroom attendance because it may be a significant
dimension in measuring student engagement.
4) Learning System
Some research have used RFID, in conjunction with mobile
technology, for formative and summative assessments to
increase the engagement of students in class activities
[37],[38],[39] but the integration of this technology into
learning has yet to be further explored.
B. RFID Analytics Challenges
There are several significant challenges facing RFID
including data management and deployment issues. There is a
need to consider the four views on data management - volume,
veracity, velocity and variety [40]. For instance, in order to
provide timely and effective assessment of student
engagement, academic institutions need to collect data every
day. This means that there is a great potential to generate large
datasets that need to be transformed into useful and meaningful
information and knowledge [41]. This holds great risk of
system failures. With RFID readers, there can also be data
reliability issues and inconsistencies because of the
complexities of low-level RFID data that can be missed, wrong
or redundant [42]. However, there are common methodologies
which have attempted to rectify these anomalies through
filtration techniques and data correction algorithms such as the
studies proposed by Jeffery [42] and Darcy [43]. In addition,
having an RFID-based architecture also presents deployment
challenges that include health issues and unreliability of tag
detection [24]. Another critical issue facing data analytics is
data ownership. Academic institutions are challenged to
positively address the issue on privacy and security [44].
Nevertheless, the bigger picture points out that the advantages
of adopting this technology outweigh its challenges and issues.
There is so much opportunities of an RFID analytic system in
education that cannot be ignored.
IV. CONCEPTUAL ARCHITECTURE
The IoT is so broad such that there is no global uniform
RFID architecture [45]. This paper presents a proposed RFID
Analytics architecture in education, specifically intended to
assess student engagement.
Figure 1: Proposed Basic RFID Analytics Architecture for
Assessing Student Engagement
As seen in Figure 1, the RFID architecture comprises of the
passive/active tags, the fixed/handheld RFID readers, and the
application host that stores the RFID data. The reader transmits
a signal to the RFID tags which respond by transmitting the
tag’s unique identifier. This data together with the time and the
reader identifier will then be passed to the middleware to
perform data filtering and correcting techniques prior to storage
in the data warehouse. The academic institutions have the
flexibility to select engagement measurement criteria and
customize their engagement index [46]. The data that are
obtained from RFID is just one of the ranges of data sources of
student engagement data. Sources of student engagement data
are also gathered from other information systems of an
institution in order to provide greater insight of student
engagement. These heterogeneous sets of data are feed to the
analytics engine that carries out data analysis and mining to
discover trends and patterns [47]. The academic stakeholders
are able to access and visualize these unified and organized
student engagement information and knowledge through their
personalized dashboards. In this regard, concerned stakeholders
are able to identify disengaged students and formulate learning
strategies and intervention programs where necessary.
Nonetheless, identifying the suitable data for visualization is
left to an organization’s judgement [40].
V. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
The IoT promised efficiency of processes and convenience
to people and organizations. An RFID analytics system in
education, when used for critical decision-making and data-
driven reporting, will undoubtedly create teaching and learning
opportunities and added business value that exceeds the
financial returns.
This paper presented a conceptual RFID Analytics
architecture that may be able to assess student engagement in
order to improve student academic performance and outcomes.
It also outlined the importance of such architecture to the
different academic stakeholders.
The future work should consider implementation and test of
such architecture for student engagement analytics as well as
address the data management, deployment and ownership
issues as previously mentioned.
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