MUSEUM ADMINISTRATION AND MANAGEMENT

Preliminary Period Major Output

JULIA EMI P. NAKAYAMA TTH 3:00-4:30 PM

1. Museum is a “ non-profit, permanent institution in the service of society and its

development, open to the public, which acquires, conserves, researches,
communicates and exhibits the tangible and intangible heritage of humanity and its
environment for the purposes of education, study and enjoyment.” (Walhimer,2017)

2. Yes, because virtual museum takes away the real essence of being in a museum.
The purpose of museums is to let the people feel and relive the moment of what once
was during the days of those artifacts preserved and presented.

3. Yes, because through reenactment, people get to visualize the story behind every
artifact. It captures attention that allows viewers to retain its message.

4. Yes, museum curators should put more attention to the collections first then the rest
would follow because a museum is nothing without its artifacts/collections; without a
curator who does handling very well, it might be hard for a museum to attract visitors. A
good and well handled museum leads to a number of visits.

5. Yes, because people nowadays are more into technology and are prone to doing a
lot of things online. Museums are usually visited by tourists outside the country; locals
are more on to doing their own stuff.

6. No, because without collections people would not learn to appreciate and love
history. Because of the artifacts present in museums, people would see and visualize
what it was like during the olden times--before the viewer existed.

7. Yes, because tourists tend to visit them now and then because of different
artifacts/collections present in the museum. It leads to a greater number of visitors in
the country most especially if the collections/artifacts/history interests them.

8. Yes, because a museum is built to store collections present in the area; without the
idea of making a museum, there would be no museums present because people could
store the artifacts anywhere they like without the people knowing.

9. Yes, proliferation of museums shaped the history of museum learning because

according to Chagas (2010), “There is clearly an emphasis on the educational
dimension of museums, together with the broadening of museum-diversity and the
development of regional and local experiment..”

10. Private collectors play an important role in shaping the history of museums. They
usually have a lot of collections kept within themselves and prefer it that way. Others
like Henry Gurdon Marquand (1819-1902) the leading donor of Old Master paintings at
the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York prefer to give them as gifts. According to
Quodbach (2017), “His tastes and aspirations have shaped the history of the
Metropolitan Museum and, more indirectly, the history of many other museums in
America.”

11. Mesopotamia was one of the oldest precedence of a complete definition of a

civilization. They had their own language, communities that in turn being coined to now
what a city is and also a civilization that has rich history that is a gold mine for almost
any kind of museum around the world. As Mesopotamia prospered, so as their art and
culture. Preservation was the commonality of Mesopotamians and any museums
which in turn became the subject of early shapening of a concept of a museum. ( Frye
et al, 2000)

12.
13. The contribution of Renaissance period to the history of museum was “the artistic
developments and contributions of such polymaths as Leonardo da Vinci and
Michelangelo” (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance). They are famous across
the globe and widely visited by people all over the world. Because of them, museums
became part of a person’s bucket list.

14. The contribution of Roman Empire to the history of museums are similar to those
of the Renaissance period but the Roman Empire were famous for their sculptures.
One of those were Arch of Trajan, The Column of Marcus Aurelius, and many others.
These are one of those reasons why museums are highly visited in Italy, America,
Greece and others.

15.Culture is the composite body of knowledge that members of a society acquire by

virtue of living in a place, heritage refers to the legacy of the people that they inherit
from earlier generations; Culture is all that constitutes the way of life of a people
whereas heritage is what the people inherit from the past; Heritage includes culture
and is not restricted to artifacts and monuments alone. (Difference between culture
and heritage, 2012)

16.In-depth social learning is when a person learns through observing others while
general learning is when a person develops a global knowledge through experience.
In a museum scenario, visitors gain new knowledge through observing either to the
tour guide, the artifacts, and the details; general learning on the other hand is when a
person develops knowledge through his/her experience in the museum either from
looking at the artifacts, reading captions, and those that require engagement.

17.Evidence-based learning describes a class of approaches, processes, and

strategies that have been empirically demonstrated to produce learning outcomes.
(Fiona & McDonald, 2012). In the case of museums, like Casa Gorordo, one strategy
they always do to make sure that their visitors develop knowledge is when touring
around the area, they are more on to engagement and interaction to the visitors so
that they would not feel bored.

18. Elitism creates conflict to both parties; to the tour guide and to the listeners. In the
case of tour guides, others feel superior among his/her fellow comrade due to their
length of stay in the museum while on the side of the listeners, others consider
themselves as always right and never wrong.

19. According to Nolan (2026), technology provides museumgoers with detailed

information, customized viewing experiences, and precise location mapping services.
Further, technology can be used as an accessibility tool to make the museum
experience more inclusive for visitors with disabilities such as hearing loss, visual
impairment, Alzheimers, and Autism Spectrum Disorder.
20. The relationship between freedom of expression and heritage is abstract. A
person can decide on whatever he/she wants to do. Through collecting, preserving,
and restoring, a person is already having his/er freedom of expressing what he/she
feels.
21. Philippine Arts & Culture is interconnected with Heritage because there is no
heritage when there is no art and culture existing in the Philippines.

22. “Museums have increasingly utilized social media as an important method to

communicate with current and prospective audiences.” (Gonzalez, 2017). Social
media enables the cultural heritage tourism to boost their potential as a source of
education for those who wander across the globe in search for new learnings.

23. They serve as the protector and preserver of the collections present in the
museum. They are the ones responsible for ensuring the safety and security of the
museum’s artifacts.

24. The role of government in cultural heritage development is to secure funding for
the improvements and developments that will be made. They provide rules and
regulations that would be applied in the establishment.

25. According to the UNESCO World Heritage mission, they “ Encourage countries to
sign the World Heritage Convention and to ensure the protection of their natural and
cultural heritage and Encourage States Parties to establish management plans and
set up reporting systems on the state of conservation of their World Heritage sites.”
Clearly, the main role of UNESCO is to ensure the protection of heritage sites and
make sure that each one of them are thoroughly monitored.

26.Effective physical set-up in a museum creates a huge impact to the visitors. It is a

critical variable in affecting the person’s interest. The physical surroundings of the
area affects those who are touring around. Through effective physical set-up,
learnings and interest would then be acquired.

27. Museums are built to help preserve, protect, and conserve things that are so
valuable and significant in shaping the a country’s history.

28. Visual thinking strategy in museum learning enables the visitors/viewers to

broaden their thinking and imagination while looking at paintings, sculptures,
antiquities. It allows them to clearly imagine and see for themselves the message and
story behind every artifact.

29. Effective heritage interpretation according to the Principles for Interpretation of

Australia’s Heritage 2014 is “Passion is the big should in effective heritage
Interpretation. It is the essential ingredient for enjoyable and effective interpretation –
passion for the resource and for those who come to be inspired by it. Heritage
interpretation without a sense of passion being communicated will not be effective.” It
enables the visitors to engage, ask questions, and be curios of what is being talked
about.

30. According to wikipedia, spirit of place “refers to the unique, distinctive and
cherished aspects of a place; often those celebrated by artists and writers, but also
those cherished in folk tales, festivals and celebrations”
31.Museum is a center for learning and research because there are so many things to
see in a museum--things we have never seen before and we learn from it. By being
curios, we tend to do research and become a fond of it. There are always new
learnings whenever we visit a museum since it shows us things that are not familiar to
us, things never introduced and yet, we learn from it because it tells a story. It tells
history.

32. Despite the differences, culture can unite us since opposite attracts and every
difference could be a way to benefit each other. No matter how different people are,
there is always room for kindness and understanding.

33. Culture is evident to our lives because it is how culture should be. People act
basing on their culture; we carry it all the time and we our identified by our culture.

34. Culture is seen as a treasure because it sums up the way of life of a particular
group. Culture consists of music, art, literature, cuisine, religion and I think nothing is
way more valuable than having all of that. It is part of our collective memory because it
is already part of us; passed from generations to generations.

35. Educational attainment is a big factor in museum learning because the person is
equipped with all the knowledge needed. A person who can read and write is already
capable of obtaining new learnings.

36.Feedbacking and interaction is an effective strategy in museum learning because it

enables us to learn different ideas from different people. It gives us a deeper
understand to what should be done and not done. It helps us make important
decisions and is an important tool for continued learning. ( DeFranzo, 2015).

37. Heritage fosters pride and ownership because it is ours--it is part of us.

38. Heritage is “yesterday” “today” and “tomorrow” because it is our set of identity. It is
already a part of us. It existed yesterday, and is present today, and will always be
there the following days, weeks,months, and years to come. Heritage “was” there.
Heritage “is” here and Heritage “will be” there.

39. Heritage is a celebration of life because it is a set of traditions, cultures, languages,

monuments, that were made a long time ago but is still important in the present year
and the following years to come. It is truly a celebration of life for it gives importance to
those that lost a long ago but still gives importance.

40.Heritage is a great reflection of our lives because it is a set of features belonging in

a particular society that identifies a person.

41.Heritage is dynamic because as the world keeps on revolving and people keep
living, everything around us changes. Old collections, traditions, monuments, culture
would then be added or changed to new ones; they might not be removed, but they
could be added for a little change. A new one comes, an old one goes.

42.” Heritage means identity because it is “belonging to a culture of a particular

society, such as traditions, languages, or buildings, that were created in the past and
still have historical importance.”(Cambrige).

43. People give offerings to their gods and goddesses as a sign of gratitude and love
or simply because for an exchange to something they are asking/ would want to ask.
44.Learning in a museum is equivalent to time traveling since everything inside the
museum dated back a long time ago. Wandering around the museum takes you to
places you have never been before; there is a sense of nostalgia despite not being
able to live in that particular year.

45.Museums have been a part of human history since people long ago until now
collect items either bought from the side of the street or across the globe. Before
museums existed, “cabinets of curiosities” were present.”these seventeenth-century
cabinets were filled with preserved animals, horns, tusks, skeletons, minerals, as well
as other interesting man-made objects.”

46.The history of museum “began as a private collection of wealthy individual, families

or institutions of art and rare or curious natural objects and artifacts. These were often
displayed in so-called wonder rooms or cabinets of curiosities” according to wikipedia.
Long before museums took in, “cabinets of curiosities” existed. They were only limited
to individuals who could afford and maintain them since they are filled with ornaments
and notable collection of objects.

47.Tourists are attracted with cultural heritage tourism since curiosity plays a role in
shaping the learning of a person. They tend to look for new places to learn and
explore because cultural heritage tourism does not only show us pictures and
antiquities but it lets us experience a different feeling of nostalgia. It is like bringing
back the past we have never been to.

48.Tourists are considered as stewards for cultural heritage development since they
play a huge role in the developments of heritage sites. Because of their frequent visits,
and the monetization cycle keeps going, it leads to improvements and developments
of the said heritage.