SOME IMPOTANTS TOPICS WHICH NEEDS RAPID REVIEW

BEFORE APPEARING IN FCPS( MED AND ALIED)

Autosomal Dominent disorders: Autosomal Recessive Disorder:
Mnemonic ( Very Powerful DOMINENT 6 HumanS) Mnemonic (A,B,C)

V Von hippel Lindau A Albinism

P Pseudohypoparathyroidism B Beta thalassemia
D Dystrophic myotonica
C Cystic fibrosis, CAH, CGD
O Osteogenesis imperfect
D Dubin Johnson
M Marfans syndrome/MEN
I Intermittent porphyria E Enzyme deficiency( glycogen and
N Neurofibromatosis lysosomal storage disease
A Achondroplasia, adult polycystic kidney
N Noonans syndrome
F Friedrich’s ataxia, fanconi anemia
T Tuberous sclerosis
H Hypercholesterolemia
H Huntington’s disease G G6PD, galactosemia
H Hereditary spherocytosis H Haemochromatosis
H Hereditary non polyposis coli S Sickle cell disease
H Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia
P Phenylketonuria
H Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy
S spherocytosis W Wilson disease

X-Linked Recessive Disease:

G6PD Hunter syndrome Lesch nyhan sydrome

haemophilia Fabry disease Duchene muscular disorder

Structure passing through greater sciatic foramina (PISS)

1.pudenal nerve and vessels, piriformis, 2. Inferior Gluteal nerve, artery, and vein
posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh
3.superior gluteal nerve, artery and vein 4. sciatic nerve
Structure passing through Lessar sciatic foramina (POO)

1.pudendal nerve, artery and vein 2.obturator internus muscle 3. obturator internus nerve

COLLAGEN TYPES:

Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Type 4

Skin (dermis) Cartilage ( hyaline and Granulation tissue Basement membrane
Tendons elastic cartilage while Muscle tissue
Bones fibrocartilage have type Keloids
Most organs 1) Uterus, Liver

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 Hypertrphic scar Spleen, Tunica
intima of vessels
Aminoacids:
Essential Amino acids Non Essential Amino acids

Mnemonic ( PVT TIM HALL) Mnemonic ( Almost All Girls Go Crazy After Getting
Proper Shopping Time)
Phenyl alanine Alanine
Valine Asparagine
Threonine Glycine
Tryptophan Cysteine
Isoleucine Aspartate
Methieonine Glutamate
Histidine Proline
Arginine Serine
Leucine Tyrosine
Iso leucine

Glucogenic A.A (Has A Valid Ketogenic A.A Glucogenic+ketogenic A.A

Medicine)
Histidine, arginine, valine, Leucine, Lycine tyrosine
methionine

Opening in diaphragm:

Vana caval Oesophageal Aortic

At T8 level At T10 level At T12 level
Structure passing: inferior vana Structures passing: oesophagus, Structure passing: Aorta, thoracic
cava, phrenic nerve vagus, nerve, left gastric artery, duct, azygous vein
eophageal vein

Ganglion: mnemonic (COPS=3977)

Ciliary ganglion Otic anglion Pterygopalatine ganglion Submandibular

ganglion
Cranial nerve 3rd Cranial nerve 9 Cranial nerve 7 Cranial nerve 7

Receptors:

Pacinian Vibration
Meisner Soft touch, two point discrimination and velocity
Merkel disc Position sense and deep static touch like sharp object
Raffinies Pressure
Kraus For cold
Free erve ending For pain

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Secondary ossification of elbow joint: mnemonic (CRITOL at ODD years, 1,3,5,7,9,11

Capitellum Radial head Internal(medial) Trochlea olecranon Lateral

epicondyl epicondyle
1 year 3 year 5 year 7 year 9 year 11 year

Vitamins:

Vitamin Deficiency causes

Vitamin A Dry skine, night blindness, corneal degeneration,
bitot spot, in excess: teratogenic
Vitamin B1 Wernick korsakoff syndrome, dry beriberi, wet
beriberi
Vitamin B2 Cheilosis , corneal vascularization
Vitamin B3 Hartup disease, pellagra
Vitamin B5 Dermatitis, alopecia
Vitamin B6 Peripheral neuropathy, convulsion, sideroblastic
anemia
Vitamin B7
Vitamin B9 Megaloblastic anemia
Vitamin B12 Megaloblastic anemia , nerve damage
Vitamin C Scurvy
Vitamin D Rickets( children), osteomalacia(adult)
Vitamin E Muscle weakness
Vitamin K Haemorrhage
Zinc Delayed wound healing, hypogondism

Foramen in skull and structure passing through them.

Cribiform plate Olfactory nerve( 1st cranial nerve)

Optic canal Optic canal (2nd cranial nerve)
Superior orbital fissure Occulomotor nerve (3rd nerve), trochlear nerve(4rth nerve), trigeminal nerve
(5th nerve), abducent nerve (6th nerve)
Internal acoustic Facial( 7th nerve), vestibule cochlear nerve(8th nerve)
meatus
Jugular foramen Glossopharyngeal nerve(9th nerve), vagus nerve(10th nerve),Accessory
nerve(11th)
Hypoglossan canal Hypoglossal nerve (12th nerve)

Cerebral Areas:

Area 3,2,1 Primary somatosensory

Area 4 Primary motor cortex
Area 41, 42 Primary auditory cortex
Area 44, 45 Brocas area
Area 22 Wernick’s area
Area 39 Angular gyrus

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Shock:

Type of shock CO PVR HR EDP MVO2

HYPOVOLUMIC Dec inc Inc dec Dec
CARDIOGENIC Dec Inc Inc Inc Dec
SEPTIC(anaphlylactic) inc Dec inc Dec inc

Functions of main hypothalamic nuclie:

Hypothalamic Nuclei Presumed function

Supra optic nuclei Synthesize ADH
Paraventricular nuclei 9preoptic and anterior) Synthesize oxyocin
Posterior and lateral nuclei Control sympathetic system
Anterior hypothalamic nuclei Regulate temperature (regulate temperature)
Posterior hypothalamic nuclei Initiate eating and increase food intake
(hunger cancer and cold)
Medial hypothalamic nuclei Inhibit eating and reduce food intake (satiety centre)
Lateral hypothalamic nuclei Increase water intake (thirst centre)
Supra chiasmatic nuclei Control circadian rhythm

TUMOR MARKERS:

1. HORMONE:
HCG Trophoblastic tumour, non seminomatous
testicular tumour
Calcitonin Medullary carcinoma of thyroid
Catecholamine’s Pheochromocytoma

2. ONCOFETAL ANTIGEN
Fetoprotein Liver cell Ca, nonseminomatous germ cell tumor of
testis
Carcinoembryonic antigen Carcinoma of the colon, pancreas, lung, stomach
and heart

3.ISOENZYMES
Prostatic acid phosphatase Prostate cancer
Neuron specific enolase Small cell Ca of lung, neuroblastoma

4.SPECIFIC
Immunoglobin Multiple myeloma and other gammopathies
Prostate specific antigen and prostate specific Prostatic Ca
membrane antigen

5.MUCIN AND OTHER GLYCOPROTEINS

CA-125 Ovarian Ca
CA-19-9 Colon Ca, pancreatic Ca
CA-15-3 Breast Ca

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6.NEW MOLECULAR MARKERS
P53,APC,RAS mutants in stool and serum Colon ca
P53 and RAS mutants in stool and serum Pancreatic ca
P53 and RAS mutants in sputum and serum Lung ca
P53 mutants in urine Bladder Ca

BODY EPITHELIUM:
SIMPLE EPITHELIUM

SQUAMOUS CUBOIDAL COLUMNAR

(For exchange purpose) (For secretory and absorptive) (Mainly absorptive)
Endothelium Ducts of small exocrine glands Fallopian tube
Mesothelium Retes testes Git , gallbladder
Alveoli Surface of ovary Endocervix
Bowmen capsule Goblet cells
Oop of Henle

STRATIFIED EPITHELIUM

SQUAMOUS CUBOIDAL COLUMNAR

( for protection) (secretory and absorptive) (secretion and absorption)
Esophagous, oral cavity Ducts of large exocrine glands Excretory ducts of mammary gland and
salivary
Anus, vagina, ectocervix Ducts of sweat glands
Cornea, pharynx

ADULT DERIVATIVES:

1.ductus venosus Ligamentum venosum

2.ductus arteriosus Ligamentum arteriosum
3.left umblical vein Ligamentum teres
4.umblical arteries Medial umblical Ligament
5.urachus( allantois) Median umblical Ligament
6.falciform Ligament Form from ventral mesogastrium

GLYCOGEN STORAGE DISEASE:

Von gierke’s disease Glucose 6 phosphatase

Pompe disease (affect Heart) Acid maltase
McArdle disease (afect muscle) Muscle phosphorylase
Hers disease Liver phosphorylase
Andersen disease Branching enzymes
Cori cycle De-branching enzymes

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MECHANISM OF HORMONE ACTION:

IP3-DAG mechanism All hypothalamic hormones except CRH

C-GMP mechanism NO , ANP
TYROSINE-KINASE mechanism All anabolic hormones ( eryhthropoetin, GH,insulin) except
steroid
ACTION ON GENE/NUCLEUS Steroid + thyroxine hormone
mechanism
C-AMP mechanism All other hormones not fitting above e.g ACTH,CRH, FSH,LH
etc

GESTROINTESTINAL REGULATORY SUBSTANCES:

Regulatory substances Regulation

Gastrin inc by stomach distention, alkalinisation, A.A, vagal
stimulation, peptides, gastrin releasing peptide
Somatostatin Inc by acid, dec by vagal stimulation
Cholecystokinin Inc by fatty acids, amino acids
Secretion Inc by acid, fatty acids in lumen of duodenum
Glucose dependent insulinotropic peptide Inc by fatty acids, amino acid, oral glucose
Motilin Inc in faty state
Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide Inc by distention and vagal stimulation, dec by
adrenergic input
Nitric oxide
Ghrelin Inc in fasting state, dec by food

ANTI VIRAL DRUGS SIDE EFFECTS:

Cisplatin/carboplatin Ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity

Vincristine Peripheral neuropathy
Bleomycin, busulfan Pulmonary fibrosis
Doxorubicie Cardiotoxicity
Cyclophosphamide Haemorrhagic cystitis
trastuzumab cardiotoxicity

GERMINAL LAYERS DERIVATIVES:

ECTODERM MESODERM ENDODERM

Epidermis, hairs, nails, sweat, and sebaceous Muscle; smooth, cardiac and Hepatocytes , acinar
glands, adenohypophysis skeletal, muscle of tongue, and islets cells of
pharyngeal arch muscles( muscles pancrease.
of mastication and facial
expression)
Epithelial lining of the: Connective tissue; dermis and sub Epithelial lining of
Lower anal canal, distal part of male urethra, cutaneous layer of skin, bone and the;
external auditory meatus. cartilage Gi tract, trachea,
Neuroectoderm; bronchi, lungs

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 All neurons within brain and spial cord Duramater, epithelium of blood Biliary apparatus,
Retina, optic nerve vessels, RBCS,WBCS, microglia, urinary bladder
Dilator and sphincter pupillae muscles and kupffer cells Female urethra,
Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, Kidney, adrenal cortex most of the male
ependymocytes, tanycytes, choroid plexus urethra, inferior 2/3
cells, neurohypophysis, pineal gland of vagina, auditory
ube, middle ear
Neural crest; cavity
Neurons within ganglia, schwann cells, pia
and arachnoid, adrenal medulla, melanocytes
Aorticopulmonary septum, bones of the
neurocranium, pharyngeal arch bones(
maxilla, mandible, malleus, incus)

BRANCHES OF BRACHIAL PLEXUS:

Branches of Branches of trunk Branches of cord

Root
Long thoracic Suprascapular Latera cord:
nerve(C5, 6, 7- nerve (C5,6-supra Latera pectoral nerve, Lateral root of median nerve
nerve to and Musculocutanous nerve
serratous ). infraspinatous). Medial cord:
Dorsal scapular Nerve to subclavius Medial pectoral nerve, Medial cutaneous nerve of arm
nerve( C5- Medial cutaneous nerve of forearm, Medial root of median
rhomboid nerve, Unler nerve
muscle) Posterior cord:
Upper subscapular,Lower subscapular
Thoracodorsal nerve, Axillary nerve, Radial nerve

BRACHIAL PLEXUS INJURIES:

Upper trunk Lower trunk Long thoracic Radial nerve Median nerve Ulnar nerve
nerve
Erb’s paralysis Klumpke’s Winging Wrist drop Ape thumb Claw hand
paralysis scapula deformity

SPECIFIC TOXICITY TREATMENT:

TOXIN TREATMENT
Acetaminophen N.acetylcysteine
Organophosphorous Atropine>pralidoxime
Arsenic Dimercaprol
Benzodiazepines Flumazenil
Carbon monoxide 100%O2, hyperbaricO2
Copper Penicillamine
heparin Protamine sulphate

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 Iron Deferoxamine
Lead EDTA,dimercaprol
Mercury Dimercaprol
methemoglobin Methylene blue
Opiods Naloxone
Salicylates NaHCO3(alkalinize urine), dialysis
TCA NaHCO3
warfarin Vitamin k
cyanide Nitrite+thiosulfate

MUSCLE TYPES with muscle fibers arrangement:

Unipennate muscle Bipennate muscle Multipennate muscle

e.g flexor pollicus longus, Rectus femoris Acromial fibers of the dwltoid,
extensor digitorum longus subscapularis, tibialis anterior

TYPES OF JOINTS:

Fibrous joints Cartilaginous joints Synovial joints

e.g sutures, teeth Primary cartilaginous joint:
and socket joint Joint between epiphysis and
diaphysis
Secondary cartilaginous joint:
Pubic symphysis
Manubrium sternal joint
Intervertebral joint
Ball and socket joint:
Shoulder joint, hip joint
Hinge joint:
Elbow joint, knee joint, ankle joint
Pivot joint:
Atlanto-axial joint, proximal radio uknar joint
Saddle joint:
Carpometacarpal joint of thumb
Condyloid joint:
Metacarpo phalangeal joint.
Ellipsoid joint:
Wrist joint
Plane joint:
Acromioclavicular joint

BRANCHES OF COMMON CAROTID ARTERY:

External carotid artery Internal carotid artery

Superior thyroid artery Ophthalmic artery
Ascending pharyngeal artery Anterior cerebral artery
Lingual artery Middle cerebral artery
Facial artery Anterior choroidal artery
Occipital artery Posterior communicating
Posterior auricular artery Striate arteries
Superficial temporal artery
Maxillary artery

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SEROLOGICAL PATTERN OF HEP-B:

stage HBsAg HBeAg Anti Hbc Anti HBs

Acute infection +ve +ve +ve -ve
Chronic infection +ve +ve +ve -ve
Immune from prevous -ve -ve +ve +ve
infection
Immune from vaccination -ve -ve -ve +ve
Window period -ve -ve +ve -ve

REFFERD PAIN:

Cervix S2-S3
Ovary T10-T11
Testis T10
Umbilicus T10
kidney T12-L2

MADE BY; DR BILAL KHANZADA.