Facies and Reservoir Rock Type Studies of Cycle IV and V

Carbonates in Central Luconia, Sarawak

DK Nur Farhanah Pg Hj Roslan

Bachelor of Technology (Hons)
Universiti Teknologi Petronas
Tronoh, Perak Darul Ridzuan
Email: NFarhanahroslan@hotmail.com

Abstract— Central Luconia carbonate platforms has been very The geology of this structural block has been described as
significant for its contribution in producing commercial being underlain by continental crust and often regarded as
hydrocarbon, with 20 out of 200 seismically mapped platforms are micro continent in regional reconstructions [2]. It was also
proven to be hydrocarbon-bearing. However, despite being one of
explained that the West Baram Line separated the Central
the most major provinces in North Borneo, only limited effort has
been put into developing a reliable facies scheme for some of the
Luconia province – a province with a geothermal gradient of
producing fields of Central Luconia. Other than that, the reservoir approximately 43°C km-1 from the West Baram Delta with an
characteristics in the chosen area of study are only briefly average geothermal gradient of 28°C km-1 [3].
understood. Hence, petrographic and petrophysical analysis of
well E6-2 in Central Luconia were undertaken to dictate the facies Area of study
distribution and different types of reservoir rock present in the
area. This report documents the facies and microfacies present
within the standards of Dunham’s classification and microfacies
scheme introduced by Yamin [1]. The analyses show an area with
great abundance of little to fully preserved large foraminifera,
with bryozoans, red algae and coral as subordinates. Four
different microfacies types were found and they are (1)
Amphisteginid sp.-foraminiferal wacke-/packstone, (2) Coral
framestone/bindstone, (3) Foraminiferal (Lepidocyclina sp.)
packstone and (4) Cycloclypeus sp. rich pack/grainstone. These
facies type were then examined for their depositional environment
which later found to be within the reef framework and then
illustrated with a 3D model. Three different reservoir rock types Figure 1: A map showing the location of Central Luconia
have also been identified and they are Foraminiferal Packstone
wih excellent porosity and permeability (RRT1a), Foraminiferal
Packstone wih poor to moderate porosity and permeability
(RRT1b), Pack-Framestone with very good porosity and
permeability (RRT2) and Wacke-Packstone with poor porosity
and permeability (RRT3) with RRT1a exhibiting the best quality.
This high-quality reservoir rock can be found from the depth of
5569ft until 5685ft, amounting to 116ft of the whole well section.

Keywords- Central Luconia, microfacies, foraminifera, rock type.

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND

Central Luconia is a province which lies entirely offshore
of Sarawak, with an approximate latitude and longitude of 4°
30' 00" N and 112° 30' 00" E respectively. This province is
situated approximately 250km offshore Bintulu, Sarawak and
400km from Kuching, the capital of Sarawak. This province,
which is located north-west of Bintulu, covers an area of
approximately 45000km2 and situated 100-300 km from the
present coastline [1].
Figure 2: Major provinces in North Borneo
In Central Luconia, approximately 200 carbonate buildups
have been seismically mapped, with up to 20 carbonate
platforms proven to contain commercial hydrocarbon out of 70
which have been tested [4].
There have been extensive studies done on the Central
Luconia province. Being one of the most prolific contributors
 of hydrocarbon, this particular block often being a research
subject to many investigators.
The carbonates in Central Luconia have been
identified to be deposited from 10-25 million years ago, as a
result of changes in sea level at the time [2]. The area of study
(Field E6) is part of Central Luconia situated at south east of
the area within the 2727 sq-km in SK319 block. The latitude
and longitude of field E6 is N 04`18'24.452" and E
112`23'05.873" respectively. This study mainly relates to
textural and reservoir characterization of cycle IV and V
carbonates in well E6-2 drilled in Field E6. In addition, the
presence of large amount of different species of foraminifera
encourage author to study this species which will be useful
for further investigation in this project.
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
The Central Luconia province is a geological unit
which is crucial in understanding the hydrocarbon
distribution in Malaysia. It is known for its carbonate buildups
which attracted the attention of many oil and gas companies.
These carbonate build-ups contain an estimate of 40TSCF gas
initially in place and over 30TSCF ultimate recovery [2].
However, limited attempts have been put into developing a
reliable microfacies model and little effort has been spent into
studying the reservoir characteristics at the area of study.
With the studies of available thin sections and petrophysical
logs, this project will enable identification of different facies
present at the area of study and also produce results of the
quality of the reservoir rocks present in the area. Hence, a
solid microfacies model can be developed and location at
which best reservoir rock is present can be determined.
1.3 OBJECTIVE
The main objective of this project is to study on the
microfacies and reservoir rock type of cycle IV and V
carbonates in well E6-2 in Central Luconia by means of
petrophysical and petrographic studies. In particular, the aims
pursued are listed as follows:
• To describe the sedimentary facies and facies
associations identified.
• To identify the environment of deposition of all facies
identified
• To develop a 3D depositional environment model
• To evaluate the reservoir rock type and its quality in
the area of study
1.4 SCOPE OF STUDY
The scope of study includes, but is not limited to,
petrographic and petrophysical analysis. It can be further listed
as below:
• Petrographic analysis to investigate and identify for
any components, diagenetic processes and pore systems.
• Microfacies studies from available thin sections
• Petrophysical log studies to obtain information on
necessary reservoir parameters and hence, deduce the reservoir
rock type quality in the area of study
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 GEOLOGICAL SETTING OF SARAWAK BASIN
Most of the petroleum which was commercially produced
from Sarawak originated from the offshore areas of Sarawak
basin [5]. The Sarawak basin was described by him as a
sedimentary succession overlying the Rajang Group, in which
the upper and lower part of the basin represents the continental
shelf of Sarawak and onshore part of Miri respectively. It was
divided into several structural blocks or better known as
provinces. Each is classified by its tectonostratigraphic
characteristics. These provinces are the SW Sarawak, Tatau,
Balingian, Tinjar, and Central, West and North Luconia
province [6].
Figure 3: Major provinces in North Borneo including Central
Luconia
Most hydrocarbons were produced from several major
provinces of the Sarawak basin which are the Balingian
province, Central Luconia province and also the West Baram
Delta. This basin, which is late Eocene in age, is located in the
northern part of Borneo at which it is north-bounded by the
South China Sea and south-bounded by the Borneo basement
[7].
The western part of the basin extended into Indonesia’s East
Natuna Basin. Madon also pointed out that part of basin is
exposed on land between Sibu and Miri and later extended
further into the Sabah Basin [5]. The two basins are separated
from each other by the West Baram line, which is defined by
some authors as a transform fault which have significantly
controlled the sedimentation of the basin, hence, resulted in the
separation of the carbonate sedimentation in the Central
Luconia province from the siliciclastics sediments of the Baram
Delta Province [5].
The Sarawak basin was believed to be formed from the
collision of the Luconia block with the West Borneo Basement
and simultaneous closure of the Rajang Sea during the Eocene.
These events have resulted in the formation of a foreland basin,
in which this basin was actively exposed to normal and strike-
slip fault activities throughout the Oligocene to Early Miocene.
The Rajang Group accretionary prism underwent deformation
and later uplifted to form the Rajang Fold-Thrust Belt which
provided the sedimentation to the Sarawak Basin.
However, Zin and Swarbrick believed that the Sarawak
basin was formed due to dextral-slip tectonics [7]. The
structural traps and formation highs where carbonates were
preferentially generated were also explained to be the product
of the strike-slip tectonism. They further explained in their
thesis that the Sarawak basin are divided into two sub-basins
which are the eastern and the north-western sub -basin. These
sub-basins are separated by the West Balingian Line (WBL)
where the eastern sub-basin was believed to be older than the
north-western sub-basin based on the dating of the oldest
sediments deposited in the basin.
2.2 GEOLOGICAL SETTING OF CENTRAL LUCONIA
Central Luconia province is a broad structural block,
located in offshore Sarawak with an approximated area of
240km x 240km [4]. This province was known for its
significant contributions to hydrocarbon production, due to its
promising geological condition. Major carbonate build-ups in
Central Luconia are illustrated in figure 4 shown below. With
more than 200 seismically mapped carbonate buildups, more
than 20 have been proven for commercial hydrocarbon
findings. More than 40 TSCF of gas with over 30TSCF
recovery, this province has contributed to more than 40% of
Malaysia’s gas reserves [2].
Figure 4: Major carbonate build-ups of the Central Luconia
Province
Being bounded by tectonic realms, this province has
undergone extension in the north and compression in the south
of the block. During the Oligocene to Middle Miocene,
spreading of the South China Sea causes the deepening of the
South China Sea Basin which consequently influenced the
supply of nutrients to the Sarawak Shelf. These nutrients
explained the carbonate buildups in Central Luconia [2]. The
size and distribution of the carbonates deposition, however, are
controlled by the concurrent extensional tectonism which
resulted in a horst-graben structure. Broad carbonate platforms
can be found on structural highs and pinnacle types carbonates
formed at high subsidence area.
This province has gone through multiple stages of structural
deformation. Yamin and Abolins explained that a ridge can be
found on the southern part of the block, trending NNE-SSW
and is west-bounded by normal faults while eastern and
southern part remains not faulted [2]. Central Luconia has also
gone through different stages of sedimentation. The block
experienced a graben fill during active rifting which is marked
by the cycle I deposition of siliciclastic sediments. Late syn-rift
sediments represent the cycle II and III carbonate deposition
which later became tight argillaceous limestone within thick
siliciclastic succession. Cycle IV and V carbonates were
deposited as a result of the South China Sea seafloor spreading
during Middle to Upper Miocene, hence, the carbonate
deposition rate escalated resulting in carbonate buildups during
the time of occurrence. Uplifting of the Rajang Fold-thrust
eventually causes stream of siliciclastic sediments of cycle V to
VIII which concluded the carbonate deposition in the province.
Jamaludin et al. explained in their research that Central
Luconia experienced belated carbonate deposition in
comparison to associated basins in South China Sea [4]. Other
basins went through carbonate deposition during Late
Oligocene, when the Luconia block undergone subduction with
the Borneo plate. Central Luconia’s carbonate was deposited
during Early Miocene and escalated through Middle to Late
Miocene.
METHODOLOGY
This project will be carried out by the following sequence:
Preliminary Petrographic Facies
studies Studies Identification
Depositional 3D Depositional Petrophysical
Environment Environment logs analysis
Identification Model
Porosity- Reservoir Rock
Permeability Type
scatter plot Classification
Figure 5: Project Method Sequence
 3.1 Petrographic studies
Petrographic analysis is basically carried out using a
microscope performed on thin section obtained from core
samples of well E6-2, from a depth interval of 5568.2ft to
6133.5ft. A total of 67 thin sections from well E6-2 were
analyzed for different microfacies identification.
Representative thin sections were obtained from a stratigraphic
unit of cycle V limestone. The samples were described and
classified based on Dunham (1962) and Embry & Klovan
(1971) classifications. Presence of different allochems,
foraminifera, pore systems and diagenetic components are
identified for each thin section. Dominant allochem types
identified include large foraminifera, corals, bryozoa, bivalves,
gastropods and brachiopods. Other than identification of
components and different pore types, diagenetic processes such
as cementation, micritzation, neomorphism and dissolution and
also product of diagenesis such as stylolites and solution seams
are also determined.
The relative abundances of each component are determined
by point counter method. This involves identification of certain
components at the points in a thin section. For this particular
study, 100 points are counted for each section for precision
where each occurrence of allochems, cements or pores are
counted along each point. The results will enable an accurate
calculation of the abundance of each component for each thin
section [8]. Other than that, facies analysis is always followed
by discussion on the depositional processes and environment.
With different types of facies associations identified and
depositional environment discovered, a 3D depositional
environment model can be created.
3.2 Petrophysical studies
Petrophysical logs which consist of several log tracks such
as gamma-ray, neutron-density, porosity and permeability logs
were obtained to help assess for the petrophysical parameters.
The main objective of this analysis is to transform the logs into
numerical petrophysical properties such as porosity and
permeability. With information on permeability available and
porosity classified using the nomenclature by Choquette and
Pray [9], a scatter plot can be constructed. Other than that, this
study will also be able to help in characterization and typing of
the reservoir rock and their quality.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Facies Analysis
From the thin section analyses, most common types of large
benthic foraminifera found are Cycloclypeus sp., Lepidocyclina
sp., Perculina sp., and Amphistegina sp. While foraminifera are
commonly found in this area of study, numerous observations
of bryozoan, coral and algae were also identified.
The thin section samples are further identified for their
different microfacies types, in which four different microfacies
type were determined based on their fossil components.
Different microfacies types discovered are Amphisteginid sp.-
foraminiferal wacke-/packstone, Coral framestone/bindstone,
Foraminiferal (Lepidocyclina sp.) packstone and Cycloclypeus
sp. rich pack/grainstone
MF1: Amphisteginid sp.-foraminiferal wacke-/packstone
This facies type consists of mainly large benthic
foraminifera of Amphistegina sp., as the major components
constituting nearly 20-30% of the biogenic assemblage with
subordinate Heterostegina sp. and Operculina sp. (Figure 6a
and 6b). The average size of Amphistegina sp. can be observed
are from the range of 0.5-1.0mm with the highest degree of
preservation. Subordinate components can be observed include
brachiopod, bivalve, coral and echinoid plate. Incidences such
as digenetic alterations can also be observed in these facies,
where development of calcite cement surrounding the skeletal
grains are in attendance. The matrix of this facies is observed
to be poorly sorted with randomly arranged grains from size
range 0.5 – 1.8mm. This facies also contains larger biogenic
components such as massive coral which might act as a
substrate for coral growth.
a
Am
Bv
b
Am
Figure 6: Amphisteginid sp. (Am) -foraminiferal wacke-
/packstone. Seen in (a) is porosity sheltered by a bivalve (Bv)
grain with rim calcite cement surrounding the grain
MF2: Coral framestone/bindstone
This facies type consists of corals as its main components
with bryozoans and Amphistegina sp. large benthic
foraminifera as subordinate components (Figure 7b).
Fragmentation is rare and debris presence is almost absent.
Some cavities of the coral have leeched to leave an open pore
while some of the cavities are micrite-filled. An encouraging
percentage of micrite are also observed in this facies
assemblage suggesting that they are deposited in an
environment with limited wave action. The subordinate
bryozoans found within the coral framestone are also well-
preserved with a typical size range of 0.8-1.0mm.
a No debris or fragmentation were detected in the samples.
Co
b
Am
Figure 7: Coral (Co) Framestone. Also seen in 7(b) is large
benthic foraminifera of Amphistegina sp. attached to the
massive coral
MF3: Foraminiferal (Lepidocyclina sp.) packstone
This facies type portrays densely packed and moderately
sorted packstone, where large benthic foraminifera of
Lepidocyclina sp. (Lc) and Perculina sp. are seen to dominate
in the thin section samples. They range from 1.5-3.0mm in size
and are mostly partially to fully preserved.
a
Lc
b Figure 9: Cycloclypeus sp.-rich pack-/grainstone. Porosities
Lc
Figure 8: Foraminiferal (Lepidocyclina sp.) packstone.
In some samples of similar facies type, benthic foraminifera of
Amphistegina sp. and Cycloclypeus sp. are also observed,
however, very scarce in abundance. Porosities surrounding
these facies types are encouraging which suggest dissolution
kicked off substantially.
Some other components are bryozoans and red algae along with
encrusting foraminifera. While encrusting is rather common,
abrasion instances such as bioturbations and stylolization is
absent.
MF4: Cycloclypeus sp.-rich pack-/grainstone
MF4 is characterized by the abundance of large benthic
foraminifera of Cycloclypeus sp. (Figure 9a and 9b),
moderately sorted with minor occurrences of red algae and
bryozoans. The bryozoans present are typically larger in size
than the Cycloclypeus sp. grains, however, only make up about
3-5% of the allochems. They are generally 1.4-1.6mm in size
compared to the Cycloclypeus sp. assemblage which falls
within the size range of 0.3-2.0mm. The large benthic
foraminifera may exist as fragments and also present in its fully
preserved form. Fragmentation of the foraminifera is common
and constitute to 5-7% of the assemblage.
a
Cy
b
Cy
Vug
surrounding these facies are excellent. The components are
well-sorted and preserved
 4.2 Depositional Environment
Backreef
MF1 is characterized by the dominance of wacke-
packstones corresponding to a large proportion of benthic
foraminifera Amphistegina sp. and Operculinid sp. The grain-
supported nature of most of the samples and the foraminifera
recorded generally indicates deposition in the shallower depth
settings such as the backreef shelves. The poorly sorted grains
and some foraminifera fragmentation further suggest the lower
energy than reef crest environment. Other than that, grain-to-
grain contacts, were also seen frequently in the thin section
samples. Other than that, some echinoid plates and gastropods
were also found which became one of the determiners of a
backreef environment, as their presence can only be recorded
in environments such as backreef shelves-lagoons.
Fore reef
MF2 coral framestone/bindstone satisfy the conditions of a
fore reef environment. Limited wave currents that this
environment is subjected to, provides a hospitable condition for
coral growth. These corals are deposited within 20m of depth
on the reef slope, as this part of the slope is still exposed to light.
Apart from the colonization of corals, isolated patches and
framework of the coral may act as a platform for shelter for the
large benthic foraminifera to attach themselves to. This
explains the presence of large benthic foraminifera such as
Amphisteginid sp. which can be been in this facies type,
however, rather scarce [10].
MF3 Foraminiferal (Perculina sp.) packstone fulfil the
characteristics of a shallow to deep forereef environment. This
facies type is characterized by the abundance of large benthic
foraminifera of Perculina sp. and Lepidocyclina sp. which can
only be observed under protected environments. The packstone
facies along with varieties of bryozoans and encrusting
foraminifera present in MF3 further presents the characteristic
of a forereef environment. Some samples for this facies type
shows a more rounder and well-sorted grains, with greater
micrite percentage. This provide indications of a deeper fore
reef deposits.
Offreef (Base of slope)
MF4 Cycloclypeus sp. -rich packstone, as the name implies
are dominant with large benthic foraminifera of Cycloclypeus
sp. This species of foraminifera can only be found in dominant
amount in off-reef base of slope area, where the wave currents
is relatively weaker. These foraminiferal grains are very-well
sorted and very much well-preserved. This indicate the weak
wave currents that they are exposed to. Encrusting forams can
also be seen in some of the samples further indicate rising sea
level during the time of deposition.
4.2.1 Depositional Environment Model
Figure 10: 3D Depositional Environment Model
4.3 Pore and Cement Types
In terms of pore types, most common types of porosity
found are inter-particle, intra-particle and vuggy porosity.
However, these thin sections are not entirely absent of other
pore types such as shelter and moldic porosity. As seen in figure
6a of thin section at depth 5789.5ft, shelter porosity can be
found sheltered by a bivalve. Also seen surrounding the remains
of the bivalve is rim cement, where overgrowth of calcite
cement is observed enclosing the bivalve host grain. Vuggy
porosity is observed in figure 8(b) and 9(b), in which this type
of porosity is very significant in terms of permeability. Cements
are also common for samples found at deeper depths and also
tight layers, reducing the porosity at the respective depths
(Figure 13).
4.4 Reservoir Rock Types
4.4.1 Porosity and Permeability Distribution
A combined crossplot, where all of the facies are plotted for
its porosity and permeability values, was developed to aid the
identification of various zonation for rock typing purposes
(Figure 11). As can be seen from the chart below, the
distribution of the porosity and permeability is inconsistent. For
MF3, some samples exist in a cluster whereas some samples are
scattered unevenly with significant difference in porosity and
permeability value range compared to the aforementioned
cluster. This provides indication of a rock type which can be
further divided into two subclasses based on the differences in
values. This rock type is classified as RRT1 which represents
foraminiferal packstone with moderate to excellent porosity.
This particular rock type can be further classified into RRT1a
which is a foraminiferal packstone with excellent porosity and
permeability and RRT1b corresponding to a foraminiferal
packstone with moderate to good porosity and permeability.
Factors causing such differences will be discussed later on.
Figure 11: Permeability vs Porosity plot sorted by facies
MF2 and MF3, on the other hand, lies within a certain range
of porosity and permeability distribution and can be put into a
cluster of a certain rock type. This rock type is classified as
RRT2 which corresponds to a pack-framestone with very good
petrophysical parameters. Also seen from the chart is the
porosity and permeability distribution of MF1 which deviates
significantly from the other facies type in a small cluster. There
are only limited samples found which exhibit facies type MF1,
in which the petrophysical values of these samples lie close to
each other to make another rock type known as RRT3, a wacke-
packstone with poor permeability and porosity.
4.4.2 Quality Description
The three different rock types present in the area are varying
in terms of quality. For RRT1a, this foraminiferal packstone
with excellent porosity and permeability has porosity values
greater than 25% and permeability values greater than 500md.
The dominant porosity types observed are moldic and vuggy
porosity which contributes to fluid flow as seen in figure 12.
RRT1b, a rock type from similar facies (MF3), is a
foraminiferal packstone with moderate to good porosity and
permeability. The porosity values are within the range of 10-
20% with permeability values of 7-200md. The facies samples
which falls within this sub rock type are found to be deposited
at depths greater than 5700ft in comparison to RRT1a samples
which are found at shallower depths. In other words, RRT1b
rock type are subjected to more overburden pressure resulting
in compaction of the grains. Also, RRT1b rock type has gone
through a post-depositional diagenetic cementation process,
where the thin section samples are found to be highly cemented,
hence reducing the petrophysical parameters distinctively
(Figure 13).
Figure 12: Thin section sample for RRT1a
Blocky calcite
cement
Figure 13: Thin section sample for RRT1b
RRT2 is a pack-framestone with very good porosity and
permeability. This particular rock type includes both coral
framestone (MF1) and Cycloclypeus sp. rich packstone (MF4)
which exhibits encouraging porosity and permeability values
within the range of 20-25% and 200-600md respectively. This
makes RRT2 a good quality reservoir rock, along with RRT1a,
which is an excellent quality reservoir rock.
RRT3, on the other hand, is a wacke-packstone with poor
porosity and permeability values. The porosity can reach as low
as zero porosity with permeability values of less than 50md.
Other than that, porosity types, if present, are microporosity
which do not contribute to fluid flow, making this rock type a
poor-quality reservoir rock.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, all objectives have been achieved where a
total 4 different microfacies types have been defined and
identified from the analyses of thin sections which helps in
assessing the depositional environment. Different microfacies
types identified are Amphisteginid sp.-foraminiferal wacke-
/packstone (MF1), Coral framestone/bindstone (MF2),
Foraminiferal (Lepidocyclina sp.) packstone (MF3) and
Cycloclypeus sp. rich pack/grainstone (MF4). The abundance
of large foraminifera, bryozoan and massive corals suggest a
reef depositional setting. It is identified that these samples are
from a well drilled on a rimmed carbonate platform, with the
depositional environment interpreted to be within the reef
framework where MF1 is deposited in backreef shelves, MF2
and 3 are fore-reef deposits and MF4 being deposited in the
offreef region. Other than that, various reservoir rock types of
varying qualities have been determined. It was found that
highest quality reservoir rock is RRT1a, a foraminiferal
packstone with excellent petrophysical parameters and poor
reservoir rock is RRT3, a wacke-packstone with poor porosity
and permeability.
RECOMMENDATIONS
In this project, facies were only identified by means of
petrographic analysis without the availability of core samples.
The combination of core analysis, petrography, well logs and
also seismic can be the best approach to produce best results.
From depositional model itself, predictive capabilities and
reliability is limited. The implementation of sequence
stratigraphy mapping may present facies boundaries, with the
application of seismic waveform and attributes for facies
analysis, a strong and solid sedimentary facies map can be
generated. Other than that reservoir rock types were only
determined by classifying them into petrophysical groups. If
more information is available such as wettability, water
saturation and other dynamic factors, more accurate
classification can be developed as both static and dynamic
factors are considered into the studies.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This success of this project is owed to AP Dr Jalal
Douraghinejad for his constant support and advice. The author
also would like to extend her gratitude to SEACARL for their
professional suggestions and sharing of expertise at any stage
of project completion.
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