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EFFECT OF SHEAR WALL

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BEHAVIOUR OF MAT FOUNDATION . ,
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SYED ZUBAIR IMAM

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING.
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BANGLADESH UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND
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TECHNOLOGY, DHAKA.
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EFFECT OF SHEAR WALL ON

BEHAVIOUR OF MAT FOUNDATION
A THESIS BY
SYED ZUBAIR IMAM
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the

degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL
ENGINEERING
DI:PARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

BANGLADESH UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY, DHAKA.
JULY, 2003
. ~- - -- --~
1111111111111111111111111 111111 III

#98234#
EFFECT OF SHEAR WALL ON BEHAVIOUR OF
MAT FOUNDATION
A THESIS BY
SYED ZUBAIR IMAM
Approved as to the style and content by the Examination committee
~Gv(
Dr. Sohrabuddin Ahmad Chairman
Professor (Supervisor)
Department of Civil Engineering
BUET, Dhaka.
Dr. Abdul Muqtadir Member

Professor (Co-supervisor)
BUET, Dhaka.
M.
Dr. Sk. Sekender Ali Member
. Professor and Head (Ex-officio)
BUET, Dhaka.
?~
Dr. Md. Shafiul Bari Member
Professor
BUET, Dhaka.
Dr. Md. Wahhaj U Member

Professor (External)
Department of Mechanical Engineering
BUET,Dhaka
1\,
IN THE NAME
OF
AlIah(5 WT)
,
CONTENTS
List of Contents i-iii

Declaration IV
Acknowledgement V
Abstract VI
List of Symbols VII
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 General 1
1.2 Background of the Study 3
1.3 Objectives ofthe Present Study 6
1.4 Methodology 7
1.5 Organization of the Thesis 7
Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 9

2.1 Gffi~ 9
2.2 Background ofthe Problem 10
2.3 Foundation Model II
2.3.1 General 11
2.3.2 Winkler Model 11
2.4 Methods of Analysis 12
2.4.1 Conventional Method of Analysis 12
2.4.2 ACI Approximate Flexible Method 14
2.4.3 Baker's Method 14
2.4.4 Finite-Difference Method 15
2.4.5 Finite-Grid Method 16
2.5 Comparison Between Widely Used Methods 16
2.6 Sensitivity Analysis Mat Foundation for Column Loads 17
2.7 Presence of Shear Wall on Mat Foundation 18
2.8 Mat With Non-uniform Thickness for Better Economy 19
2.9 Comparison Between Mat with Variable Thickness and Flat slab with 19
Drop Panels
(i)
/
Chapter 3 IDEALISATION OF MAT FOUNDATION AND
SHEAR WALL 22
3.1 General 22
3.2 Idealisation of Mat Foundation on Winkler Model 22
3.2.1 Structural Idealisation 22
3.2.2 Idealisation of Soil 23
3.2.3 Selection of Element 23
3.2.4 Element Mesh Configuration 24
3.2.5 Element and Node Numbering 24
3.3 Idealisation of Superstructure 24
3.3.1 Structural Idealisation of Shear Wall 24
3.3.2 Modelling of Three-dimensional Frame-Wall Structures 25
3.4 Application of Load on Mat from Superstructure 26
3.4.1 Application of Column Loads 26
3.4.2 Application of Shear wall load on Mat 27
3.5 Verification of Finite Element Model 27
3.6 Critical Aspects of Finite Element Model 29
3.6.1 Selection of Finite Element Mesh 29
3.6.2 Element Aspect Ratio 30
3.6.3 Effect of Column Rigidity 30
Chapter 4 COMPARATIVE STUDY AND SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS 31

4.1 General 31
4.2 Sensitivity Analysis of Mat Foundation 31
4.2.1 Model Description 31
4.2.2 Loading Patterns 32
4.2.3 Effect of Modulus of Subgrade Reaction 33
4.2.4 Effect of Non-uniform Mat Thickness 37
4.3 Summary of Parametric Analysis of Mat with Shear Wall 43
4.4 Significant Difference in Parametric Analysis for
The Presence Shear Wall 43
(\
(ii)
Chapter 5 STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOUR OF MAT FOUNDATION WITH 48
SHEAR WALL
5.1 General 48
5.2 Analysis of Mat Foundation with Shear Wall 49
5.3 Variation in Bending Moment for the Presence of Shear Wall 50
5.4 Variation in Shear Stress for the Presence of Shear Wall 56
5.5 Variation in Settlement for the Presence of Shear Wall 59
5.6 Effect of Location of Shear Wall 62
5.6.1 Effect on Bending Moment 62
5.6.2 Effect on Shear Stress 62
5.6.3 Effect on Settlement 62
5.7 Effect of Non-symmetric Placement of Shear Wall 63
5.8 Discussion on Findings of Shear Wall Effect 63
Chapter 6 DESIGN OF MAT FOUNDATION WITH SHEAR WALL 66

6.1 General 66
6.2 Difficulties in Formulating the Mat Behaviour 66
6.3 General Design Requirements for Mat Foundation 67
6.3.1 Settlement Requirements for Mat foundation 67
6.3.2 Design of Mat Under Bending Moment 68
6.3.3 Design of Mat Under Shear Force 69
6.4 Prospect of Non-uniform Thickness Mat With Shear Wall 69
6.5 Design Recommendations for Mat with Shear Walls 71
Chapter 7 CONCLUSION 74
7.1 General 74
7.2 Summary of the Findings From this Investigation 74
7.5 Recommendations for the Future Study 76
REFERENCES 78
Appendix A: SHELL93 : Eight Node Structural Shell Element A-I
Appendix B: COMBIN14 : Spring Damper Element B-1
Appendix C: MACRO Used for Analysis C-l
Appendix D: Additional Figures Showing Variation in Parameters D-I
(iii)
DECLARATION
The Author declares that, except where references are made to other investigators,
the work embodied in this thesis is the result of investigation carried out by him
under the supervision of Professor Sohrabuddin Ahmad and Professor Abdul
Muqtadir of Civil Engineering Department, BUET.
Neither this thesis nor any part thereof has been submitted in candidature for any
degree at any other institution.
Author
(iv)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The author wishes to express his indebtedness to Dr. Sohrabuddin Ahmad, Professor
of Civil Engineering, BUET, for his continuous guidance, invaluable suggestions
and affectionate encouragement at every stage ofthis study.
The author expresses his profound gratitude to Dr. Abdul Muqtadir, Professor of
Civil Engineering, BUET, for his constant guidance, suggestions and encouragement
at all the phases ofthis work.
The author is grateful to Professor Sk.Sekender Ali, Head of the Department of Civil
Engineering, for his constructive and helpful suggestions at various stages of this
study.
The author acknowledges the consistent and earnest support by his parents and wife.
The author is also grateful to his other family members, colleagues and well-wishers
for their co-operation and companionship extended to him during this research
works.
(v)
ABSTRACT
Mat foundation is widely used for high-rise buildings where presence of shear wall is
very common. But the available analysis and design methods do not properly focus on
the effect of shear wall on the behaviour of mat foundation. Shear Wall resists a major
portion of the lateral load of high-rise buildings. So, presence of shear wall on mat
foundation causes significant change in pattern and intensity of loading on mat
foundation. Proper understanding of shear wall effect on mat foundation has not been
duly addressed in the past. This gap in knowledge brings some uncertainty in analysis
of mat foundation and may result in its over design or unsafe design. For economy in
design of mat with shear wall requires comprehensive understanding of the influence
of shear wall on mat. This work involved an extensive investigation of shear wall
..
~ effect on mat foundation using finite element program, ANSYS, Effects of different
locations and different numbers of shear walls have been studied.
A parametric study has been made in order to identitY the sensitivity of some
parameters for the presence of shear wall on mat. Variation in response of different
parameters to shear wall loading has been compared with past parametric studies of
mat without shear wall.
Non-uniform thickness of mat has received some attention among design engineers
for economy. Shear Wall effects on both uniform and non-uniform thickness have,
therefore, also been studied. For non-uniform mat analysis, the configuration
suggested by Rahman and Morshed has been followed.
Shear wall presence on mat foundation has significant effect on the behaviour of mat
in some cases. Presence of shear wall on edge of mat foundation has been found to be
very significant. Behaviour of mat foundation with and with out shear wall has been
compared. Based on the type and magnitude of variation, design recommendations for
mat foundation with shear wall have been suggested.
/
(vi)
\
LIST OF SYMBOLS
A Plan area of mat

As Steel area
B Width of the strip
d Effective depth of mat
D Mat rigidity
DL Dead load
E Modulus of elasticity of materials
Es Modulus of elasticity of soil
fe' Ultimate concrete strength
fy Yield strength of steel
IF Moment of inertia of footing
IB Moment of inertia of structure per unit length
k Modulus of sub grade reaction
LL Live load
L Length of the strip
Ls Length of the thicker zone
M Acting bending moment
Mx,My,Mz Bending moment about x ,y and z axes respectively
Sxy, Syz Shear Stress in xy and yz plane respectively
t Thickness of mat in mm
ts Smaller thickness of non-uniform mat
tg Greater thickness of non-uniform mat
vpu Ultimate punching shear strength
Vru Ultimate flexural shear strength
w Load per unit length
WL Wind load
v Poisson's ratio of concrete
P Steel ratio
Pmax Maximum steel ratio

Minimum steel ratio
pmin
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q> Strength reduction factor
(vii)
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CHAPTERl J •
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INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL
A mat foundation is a large concrete footing that transmits the loadings from several
columns in a building or the entire building loads to the ground. Mat foundations
become economical when the loads are so large that footings would occupy more than
fifty percent of the projected area of the building. Mat foundations are commonly used
for heavy column loads or for poor soil conditions that results in conventional footings
or piles to occupy most of the site. For many multi-storied buildings a single mat
foundation is more economical than constructing a multitude of isolated foundation
elements. In a foundation on an elastic subgrade, the soil pressure and the deflection
vary from point to point. Mat foundations due to their continuous nature provide
resistance to independent differential column movements, thus enhancing the structure's
performance. Mats can bridge across weak pockets in the non-uniform sub stratums,
thus equalizing foundation movements. Mat foundations are predominantly used in
regions where the underlying stratum consists of clayey materials with low bearing
capacity. This is also used as a load-distributing element placed on piles or directly on
high bearing capacity soil or rock. Mat foundation has gained wide popularity among
the engineeringcornmurrityof many countries around the wo~ld.
Shear wall, at the same time, is a common feature of high-rise buildings. Shear walls
are vertical stiffening elements designed to resist lateral forces exerted on a building
by wind or earthquakes (Schueller, 1977). Shear walls has got the potentiality of
carrying vertical loads effectively. The usefulness of walls in the structural planning
of multi-storied buildings has long recognized. When walls are situated in
advantageous positions in a building, they can be very efficient in resisting lateral
loads. A large portion of the lateral loads, if not the whole amount, and the horizontal
shear force resulting from the load, are often assign to shear walls. The engineers
invariably use shear wall or lift core to withstand lateral load effectively for medium
height buildings. As mat foundation and shear walls are very common feature of tall
buildings, the combination of the mat and shear wall for the same structure is often
found.
Construction of high-rise building is a hard task on soil with low bearing capacity. As
engineers come to the soil eventually, seeking support for their superstructures, they
face frequently the unfavourable reality. Heavy column loads may result in large footing
areas exceeding half the total foundation area available. In many places, including some
parts of Bangladesh, soil has very poor bearing capacity up to 30 m depth (Geological
Survey of Bangladesh, 1990) where cast-in-situ pile foundations is not technically and
economically sound, even for a six storied building. The most formidable hurdle, the
foundation engineers often have to encounter, is the excessive settlement, specially
differential settlement. Although pile foundation offers solution to these problems, sharp
jump in expense becomes a serious point to ponder for the engineers., not to mention the
disturbance to city life and the possibility of damage to underground structures
associated with pile foundation construction.
!
The various advantages of mat foundations are:

(a) use of the raft as a basement floor having considerable commercial
values in urban areas,
(b) use of the flexural stiffness to reduce differential settlements due to
swelling and shrinking of active soils,
(c) use of the .flexural stiffness to reduce contact pressures in regions of
higher soil compressibility,
(d) use of its own rigidity and that of the superstructure to activate bridging
effect,
(e) use ofthe raft in combination with piles to reduce total settlement,
(f) use of flotation effect due to displaced volume of soil.
Mat foundations are designed and constructed in different pattern and varying types.
There are several types of mat foundation, namely
i) flat plate,
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Fig. 1.1 Common types of mat foundation: (a) Flat plate; (b) plate thickened under columns;
(c) waffi'e slab; (d) plate with pedestals and (e) basement wall as part of mat.
ii) plate thickened under column,
iii) warne slab,
iv) plate with pedestal,
v) plates with stiffeners as basement walls,
vi) thin plate with grid floor beams.
Illustrations of several mat foundation configurations,commonly used for buildings, are

shown in Fig.1.1.
On the other hand, location and arrangement of shear wall on a structure may vary
over a wide range. There does not seem to be any limitation to the geometrical
configuration of shear wall systems. Shear wall systems, whether inside or outside a
building, may be arranged symmetrically or asymmetrically. Fig.I.2 shows some
possible arrangement and shape of shear walls in practice. The most common basic
shapes of shear walls are given in the central ring ofFig-1.2.
The most common mat foundation is the flat plate type and the most common shear wall
is the planar wall. Flat plate type mat foundation is easy to design and construct but
tends to be over designed due to uncertainty in the analysis and the lack of
understanding of the interaction of shear wall with mat foundation.
1.2 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The design of mat foundation is a difficult problem in two ways. Firstly, the structure
is highly indeterminate that rigorous analysis based on elas'tic theory is not available.
Secondly, the foundation soil is not elastic and the reaction against mat foundation is
difficult to predetermine. Reliable analysis and economic design of mat foundation is
often a great concern of the designers.
A number of methods are available for the analysis of mat. There are some
approximate methods, which are considerably crude and are in use for a long time.
Recently, there are some numerical methods available. However, these methods
3
.- -
Fig.l.2 Various configuration of shear walls that are used in high rise buildings.
idealize mat unrealistically. The modelling of soil also has got its own limitations
(Liou and Lai,1996).
In the most common and simplified method, known as Conventional method, column
loads are distributed under the mat; then the mat is divided into strips midway
between the column lines and the force system acting on each strip is adjusted to
establish equilibrium. Finally, each strip is designed as a combined footing. This is
repeated for the other direction. This method is recommended by ACI when adjacent
spans and column loads do not vary by more than 20%. One of the most popular
methods of mat analysis is the ACI Approximate Flexible method (ACI Committee
336), which is essentially based on the analysis of Schleicher (1926). Shukla (1984)
presented design aids for using this method. Later, this method was further modified ..
by Mician (1985).
Baker (1948) proposed a method of mat foundation analysis where the mat is divided
into column strips resting on Winkler medium and each strip is analysed separately.
Bowles (1974) has proposed Finite Grid method in which the mat is reduced into a
grid system consisting of beam-column elements resting on Winkler medium. There is
also Finite Difference method (Deryck and Severn 1961, Bowles 1974) where the mat
is modelled as large flat plate on elastic medium.
At BUET, Hossain (1993) conducted a comparative study of the available analysing

methods of mat foundation and felt the need for a rigorous finite element study of the
problem. Later, Molla (1995) tested the performance of Mindlin plate element in
finite element analysis of mat foundation and also compared the results with those
from other available methods. The study of Molla opened a wide horizon for a
rigorous finite element study of the problem with more appropriate and versatile
element in search of a more economic design of mat. Sutradhar (1999) compared the
analysis of mat foundation by Finite-Element method using Ahmad's thick shell
element with those of Finite-Grid method and Finite-Difference method.
Lefas, Georgiannou and Sheppard (1996) presented an iterative procedure for analysis
and design of mat foundation based on a soil-structure interaction procedure
4
developed using well-marketed programs VDISP, OASYS STAAD-IIIIISDS by
Research Engineers and Supercalc by Computer Associates. VDISP is a geotechnical
program for calculating vertical displacements at specified points due to any pattern of
loading on an elastic half-space representing the ground. From VDISP the spring
constant K, is entered into the STAAD-III grillage for the raft analysis.
Liou and Lai (1996) presented a simplified structural analysing model for mat
foundation with grid floor beams as stiffeners. The model becomes grid floor beams
on an elastic foundation with loadings applied at the intersections of floor beams. The
yield line theory (Johansen 1962) for bottom slabs is employed to lump the subgrade
reaction springs to the location under grid floor beams.
Morshed (1996) and Sutradhar (1999) conducted comparative analysis between finite-
element method, using Ahmad's thick shell element, with ACI method and
Conventional method. Morshed suggested a mat foundation with variable thickness.
His findings paved the way for developing a new design rationale for mat foundation.
Sutradhar (1999) suggested a more definite guideline for selecting a mat of variable
thickness for analysis with finite element methods. Rahman (2001) also conducted
thorough study about the behaviour of mat foundation using finite element software
ANSYS. He used plate element to study the behaviour of mat. Based on his work, he
suggested a more simplified method to design non-uniform mat foundations.
The foregoing studies have ignored the effect of shear-wall on the behaviour of-mat
foundation and utilize column as the only connecting member to the superstructure.
Loads from superstructure are considered to be transmitted to mat by columns only.
Shear wall on mat as connecting element with superstructure have not been
considered in these studies. But, for high-rise building, the use of shear wall is
common in practice. Load transfer patter of shear wall to foundation is different from
that of columns. At the same time, for frame-shear wall structures shear wall resists
large portion of lateral load. Thus higher load concentration occurs at the base of shear
wall. Presence of shear wall increases the intensity of load at some places and changes
the loading pattern and intensity of load on mat. So the presence of shear wall may
change the overall behaviour of mat. Shear walls are used at different locations and in
5
I
different numbers. Location and number of shear wall on mat foundation can also
influence structural behaviour of mat. Interaction between shear wall and mat
foundation is also an important factor in designing the mat foundation.
The available methods of mat analysis do not focus on the influence of shear walls on
the behaviour of mat foundation. This gap in knowledge about the behaviour of mat
carrying shear wall may result in over design of the mat. An improved understanding
the shear wall effect on mat behaviour is also necessary to achieve overall economy of
mat design.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE PRESENT STUDY
The present research has the following objectives:

• Investigation of the effect of shear wall on the mat foundation due to
different locations of shear walls.
• Performance of sensitivity analysis of the mat-behaviour due to the
variation in various parameters (like soil stiffuess, mat thickness, column
and shear wall spacing) in the presence of shear wall on foundation.
• Identifying interaction between shear wall and mat foundation.
• Study of the behaviour of non-uniform mat foundation with shear wall,
and
• Suggest guidelines for the design of rectangular uniform and non-uniform
mats with shear walls.
1.4 METHODOLOGY
In order to attain the objectives of the current study a number of mat foundations with
different arrangement of shear walls have been analysed. Shear walls were placed at
different locations and their number varied from one upward. Loads from
superstructure have been placed on mats to investigate the structural behaviour of mat
foundation.
6
For analysing mat foundation and superstructure, a general-purpose finite element
program, ANSYS, has been used. Here soil and mat have been .idealized as discrete
spring elements and 8-node shell elements respectively. Shear wall and frame of
superstructure were modelled using four-nodded shell element and three-dimensional
Euler's beam elements. Validity of these elements has been checked with known
results.
To investigate the sensitivity of mat behaviour to different parameters, a thorough

parametric study with variation of each significant parameter has been carried out.
Variation of each parameter namely, soil stiffness, mat thickness and others have been
performed keeping other parameters constant. These studies have been done by
. choosing one typical combination of mat and shear wall. Three-dimensional mat-shear
wall model has been constructed for studying the direct interaction between mat and
shear wall.
Finally, the effect of shear wall loading on different parameters of mat was
summarized. Influence of variation of different parameters on mat behaviohr due to
presence of shear wall was compared with the previous studies for mat with fOlumns.
Based on the thorough study a set of recommendations for mat has been presented for
the designers for incorporation into presently available methods of analysis and design
of a mat foundation.
I.S ORGANIZAnON OF THE THESIS
The main features of the thesis are arranged in six chapters. A comprehensive
. I
literature survey on analysis and design of mat foundation, influence of shear wall on
I
mat foundation and related topics has been carried out in Chapter 2. Previous studies
on related grounds and subsequent findings have also been included in this chapter.
Chapter 3 focuses on different aspects of finite element idealisation of the problem.
An extensive parametric study on selected parameters is carried out in ChaJter 4. In
Chapter 5, a number of mat foundations with different locations and numberJ of shear
walls are carried out and the results have been summarized. In Chapter 6, basbd on the
I
I
7
present study, analysis and design of uniform and non-uniform mat foundation with
shear wall is discussed. Chapter 7 contains the conclusions drawn from this research
and the recommendations for future study.
In addition, there are four appendices in this thesis. Appendix A includes description
of eight nodded Structural shell Element SHELL93 of ANSYS-Library Function;
Appendix B includes description of spring element COMBIN14 of ANSYS library
function. Appendix C contains the MACRO used for analysis of mat with ANSYS for
prospective researchers. Appendix D contains description of geometry and loading for
mat and variation of deflection, bending moment and shearing stress for different
location and number of shear walls.
8
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 GENERAL
Effective analysis and efficient design of mat foundation is one of the key concerns for
overall economy of many structures. Comprehensive studies on many aspects of mat
analysis and design have been so far carried out. Analysis of mat foundation requires
study of two aspects, the soil- structure interaction and the structural behaviour within
the foundation for loading. The mechanical response of naturally occurring soils can be
influenced by a variety of factors. These include shape, size and mechanical properties
of the individual soil particles, the configuration of the soil structure, the intergranular
stress history and the presence of soil moisture, the degree of saturation and the soil
permeability. These factors generally contribute to stress-strain phenomena which
display markedly non-linear, irreversible and time dependent characteristics. Thus an
attempt to solve a soil-foundation interaction problem taking into account of all such
material aspects is clearly an onerous task. Analysis of mat itself is a highly
indeterminate problem. So rigorous analysis based on elastic theory is difficult. In
order to obtain meaningful and reliable information for practical problems it becomes
necessary to idealize the behavior of soil by depicting soil models. At the same time it
is necessary to idealized the mat to study the mat response to various soil parameters
and to understand the behaviour of mat due to imposed loading. All the loads
transmitted to the soil by mat are brought to the mat by either columns or by shear
walls. So the structural behavior of mat is dependent on the amount and the pattern of
loading it gets from the superstructure.
9
,.
2.2 BACKGROUND OF THE PROBLEM
The common methods for analysis of mat foundation are

a) Conventional method, b) ACI approximate flexible method, c) Baker's method,
d) Finite difference method, and e) Finite grid method.
The above methods are based on the fact that column are the load transmitting
members from superstructure to the foundation. The connectivity between columns
and mat foundation are through very little areas in comparison to the area of the mat.
But when shear walls are introduced in the frame as lateral load resisting element,
they transfer the load in a different manner from that of columns. Moreover shear
walls resist a larger portion of lateral load. So, intensity of load also changes on mat.
Among the available methods for analyses of mat foundation with columns,
Conventional method is the crudest one. Here, mat is treated as a rigid slab with
uniform or linearly varying contact pressure, depending on whether the raft supports
symmetric and eccentric loads. Actual contact pressure distribution is the result of
the foundation-soil interaction, which can be determined by an interaction analysis
involving the elastic properties of both the foundation and soil.
All other methods are based on Winkler spring model. ACI method is based on
Schleicher's solution of infinite flexible slab on continuous spring support and
Baker's method is designed to simulate that solution. Finite grid and Finite
difference methods are numerical methods and require extensive computer support
though they do not offer any substantial improvement in results over Schleicher's
solution.
Shear wall effect on mat behaviour is so far ignored in the previous studies on mat
behaviour. But influence of shear wall on mat can be greater concern during design
of mat foundation. So it is necessary to study the effect of shear wall on foundation.
10
2.3 FOUNDATION MODEL
2.3.1 General
Generally, the analysis of bending of beams on elastic foundations is dependent on the

assumption that the reaction forces of the foundation are proportional at every point to
the deflection of the beam at that point. This assumption was first introduced by
Winkler (1867) and formed the basis of Zinunermann's classical work (1930) on the
analysis of railroad track. It has been shown by Foppl's classical experiment (1922)
and Hetenyi's analytical work (1946) that Winkler's assumption in spite of its
simplicity leads to satisfactory results in stress analysis of beams on an elastic
foundation.
On the other hand, the hypothesis of isotropic, linearly elastic semi-infinite space can
describe, the physical properties of a natural foundation correctly. To bridge the gap
between these two extremes, interactions between Winkler's springs were considered
by several authors. Hetenyi (1950) treated the problems of beams or plates on an elastic
foundation by assuming a continuous beam or a plate embedded in the material of
foundation, which is itself without any continuity. Pasternak (1954) assumed that the
shear interactions exist between the springs. Vlasov and Leont'ev (196~) also
considered the shear interactions in the foundation and formulated their problems by
using a variational method. They solved a large number of problems involving beams,
plates and shells on two parameter model elastic foundation.
2.3.2 Winkler Model
The idealised model of soil media proposed by Winkler (1867) assumes that.
deflection w, of the soil medium at any point on the surface is directly proportional
to the stress, q applied at that point and independent of stresses applied at other
locations. That is
q(x,y) = kw(x,y) (2.1)
where k is the modulus of subgrade reaction with units of stress per unit length. The
equation is usually the response function or the kernel function of Winkler model.
11
Physically Winkler's idealisation of the soil medium consists of a system of mutually
independent spring elements with spring constant k (Fig. 2.1).
p
••
•• x .
Fig. 2.1 Surface displacements of Winkler model due to (a) a non-uniform

load, (b)a concentrated load,(c) a rigid load, (d) a uniform flexible
load
One important feature of this soil model is that the displacement occurs immediately
under the loaded area and outside this region the displacements are zero. Also for this
model the displacements of a loaded region will be constant whether subjected to a
rigid load or a uniform flexible load.
2.4 METHODS OF ANALYSIS
2.4.1 Conventional Method of Analysis
In this method, mat is taken as infinitely rigid, giving linear soil pressure
distribution. The mat is divided in both directions into strips centred on the column
lines and having widths equal to half the spacing of column lines on each side of the
column lines. Each strip is loaded by column loads and supported by soil pressure.
This method can be used where the mat is very thick and column spacing and loading
are fairly uniform. Though quite suitable for hand calculation, this method very
12
inadequate to represent the reality with mat foundation such as shear concentration
near the loads.
Applicability And Limitations

According to the ACI Committee 336 (1966), the design of mats may be
accomplished using the conventional method if:
a) The average of the two adjacent spans in a continuous strip is less than 1.75/ A.
and adjacent column loads and column spacing do not vary by more than 20 percent
of the greater value.
b) The relative stiffuess factor Kr is found to be greater than 0.5, where
K=EIB (2.2)
, Eli'
,
where
E = modulus of elasticity of materials used in structure,
IB = moment of inertia of structure per unit length,
E, = modulus of elasticity of soil and
B = width offooting.
An approximate value of ElB can be found by summing flexural rigidity of footing

(ElF)' the flexural rigidity of each framed member (EIb) and the flexural rigidity of
any shear walls (Eah3/12) where a and h are the thickness and height of the walls
respectively; EIB is given by:
(2.3)
where
IF = Moment of inertia of footing.
2.4.2 ACI Approximate Flexible Method
ACI Committee 336 (1966) suggested this method for the general case of a flexible
mat supporting columns at random locations with varying intensities of load. This
13
procedure is essentially based on Schleicher's solution of circular plate on Winkler
medium. Shukla (1984) provided charts for easy calculation of moments and shear
following this method.
The effect of a concentrated load on a flexible infinite slab resting on continuous

spring support has been found to damp out quickly away from the load. It is,
therefore, possible to consider a mat as a plate of infinite dimension and determine
the effect of a column load in a specific region surrounding the load, called the zone
of influence. This zone of influence is generally not large and beyond this zone
moments and shears in a mat is insignificant. The total effect of all the column loads
at any point can thus be determined by superimposing the effect of all the column
loads within whose zones of influence the point lies. If moments and shears are
found along the edges then these are later applied in opposite direction at the same
location and with a semi-infinite beam analysis their effects inside the mat is
calculated and superimposed on the previous solution to have the final moments and
shears. The later part of the analysis is called end correction and is a way of getting
rid of the errors acquired by treating the mat infinite. Mat deflections, though
unrealistic, can be calculated in the same manner.
This method cannot take care of column base moments, does not model boundary
conditions realistically and gives unsatisfactory result near the edges.
2.4.3 Baker's Method
The method proposed by Baker (1948) is simple and straight forward in application
and gives results which compare well with the Winkler analysis. In this method a
specific shape of soil pressure distribution of unknown magnitude is assumed. The
soil pressure is applied to the strip of mat, consisting of a single column line and cut
separate along the middle lines of adjacent column spacing on both of its sides, and
the maximum relative displacement of the beam is expressed as a function of the
pressure. The same pressure distribution is applied to the soil and the maximum
differential settlement is related to the pressure magnitude, designated as soil
14
equation. Simultaneous solution of these equations gives the pressure and the relative
settlement. Values of bending moments can be calculated by adding the moments
developed by column loads and the differential settlement.
2.4.4 Finite-Difference Method
Deryck,Severn (1960,1961) and Bowles (1974) have used the finite difference
technique to analyse large thin flat slabs on elastic medium. The governing equation
IS:
84w 284w 84w q P

--+---+-- = -+---
8x4
8x'0" 0'4 D D(8x0')
where
w = deflection,
p = subgrade reaction per unit area of mat
D = mat rigidity
= E, t' /12(1-Il'J
E, = modulus of elasticity of mat material,

t = thickness of mat,
11, = Poisson's ratio of mat material.
For a given mat, one difference equation can be written for each nodal point of
intersection of the finite difference grid. By solving these simultaneous equations,
the deflection at all the points can be determined. Consequently, soil reactions,
bending moments and shear forces can be found.
This solution is applicable to mat when the plan dimensions of mat are reasonably
large in comparison to its thickness. Then the error due to higher plate thickness is
very small. Though more theoretical in nature, column base moments can be handled
by this method. The method is inefficient in terms of time consumption.
15
• ,...
2.4.5 Finite-Grid Method
Finite grid method of mat analysis is highly advocated by Bowles (1992) for its
computational simplicity. In finite Grid method, the entire mat is transformed in to a
suitable grid consisting of beam-column elements, each of which is supported by soil
springs at its ends. Nodal displacements are considered to be the basic unknowns.
Stiffness matrix and load matrix for each element are built and assembled into global
stiffness matrix and global load matrix respectively for the entire mat, resting on
Winkler medium. When the global stiffness and load matrices are known, the nodal
deflection matrix can readily be obtained from the solution of simultaneous
equations and hence the member forces can be calculated.
Though the method is capable of handling column base moments and varying soil
properties, the plate characteristics of mat is lost when it is modelled as grid and this
makes the finite grid method unrealistic.
2.5 COMPARISON BETWEEN WIDELY USED METHODS
Results obtained by Conventional Method and ACI Approximate Flexible Method

are compared with the finite element solution by Morshed (1996) and Sutradhar
(1999). Their main findings are tabulated in Table 2.1.
t6
Table 2.1 Comparison Between Various Methods for Mat Foundation with
Columns.
Conventional
Parameter Location ACIMethod
Method
Deflection At Col. Edge Cannot Calculate Overestimates
In between. Column. Cannot Calculate Underestimates

Moment Column Face Fails to predict any
Underestimates
+vemoment moment
-ve moment between Overestimates

Overestimates
cols. less at edges
Shear Away from
Compatible Compatible
Column.
Underestimates too
Near Column. Overestimates
much
Punching At d/2 from column Compatible Underestimates,
Shear face Compatible in central
cols.
Flexural
Shear At d from column face Underestimates Overestimates
Thickness Whole Mat Compatible, Overestimates,

Govemedby Governed by Flexural
Punchin~ Shear Shear
Positive Governed by
Governed by minimum
Steel +ve moment areas minimum steel
steel requirements
requirements
Negative
steel -ve moment areas Overestimates Largely Overestimates
Economic In terms of concrete & Overestimates

Evaluation Overestimates
steel
2.6 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF MAT FOUNDATION FOR COLUMN

LOADS
Extensive parametric studies have been done by Morshed (1996) and Sutaradhar
(1999). The summary of sensitivity analysis of mat foundation is given in Table 2.2.
17
Table 2.2 Summary of Sensitivity Analysis of Mat without Shear Walls.
Positive Negative Flexnral Punching

Parameter Displacement
moment moment Shear shear
Decreases. Decreases. More Increases. More Flexural Punching

. .
Mat More decrease decrease in mcrease m shear has shear
thickness at corner interior columns interior midspan very little remams
Increases columns than than exterior than exterior change almost
central columns. columns midspan. constant
Negative moment
Modulus Displacement Positive moment Punching
decreases. More
of decreases mcreases. Flexural
decrease in shear
subgrade proportionately. More increase in shear has
exterior span remains
reaction If K. is 2 times, exterior columns very little
than interior almost
(K,) displacement is than interior change
span. constant
increases almost half. columns.
Punching
Flexural
Ultimate Displacement shear
Positive moment Negative moment shear has
strength of decreases and remains
decreases increases very little
concrete the change is almost
slightly. moderately. change.
increases small. constant.
Displacement Punching
Width of decreases more Flexural
Positive moment Negative moment shear
greater in interior shear has
increases decreases remains
thickness columns than very little
slightly. moderately. almost
increases exterior change.
constant.
columns.
2.7 PRESENCE OF SHEAR WALL ON MAT FOUNDATION
Shear walls are vertical stiffening elements designed to resist lateral forces exerted
on a building by wind or earthquakes (Schueller, 1977). The usefulness of walls in
the structural planning of multi-storied buildings has long been recognised. When
walls are situated in advantageous positions in a building, they can be very efficient
in resisting lateral loads. A large portion of the lateral loads, if not the whole amount,
and the horizontal shear force resulting from the load, are often assign to shear walls.
So shear walls transmit a huge amount of load to the foundation. An adequate
18 ;. '.:.
~. ...• "
\.•.•::
concentration of load occurs at the line of contact between shear wall and foundation.
So, presence of shear walls on mats offers a special pattern of loading on the mat.
Location and arrangement of shear wall on a structure can vary within a wide range.
There does not seem to be any limitation to the geometrical configuration of shear
wall systems. Whether inside or outside a building, Shear wall system may be
arranged symmetrically or asymmetrically. The most common basic shapes are given
in the central ring of Fig. 1.2. Shape and location of the shear walls have significant
effects on their structural behaviour under lateral loads. At the same time different
arrangement of shear walls also affect the mat differently.
2.8 MAT WITH NON-UNIFORM THICKNESS FOR BETTER

ECONOMY
Morshed (1996) and Sutradhar (1999) conducted comparative analysis between finite
element method using Ahmad's thick shell element, ACI method and Conventional
method. Morshed suggested a non-uniform mat foundation. His findings paved the
way for developing a new design rationale for mat foundation. Sutradhar suggested a
more definite guideline for selecting a mat of non-uniform thickness and its analysis
.with finite element methods.
Rahman (2001) also conducted thorough study about the behaviour of mat
foundation using finite element software, ANSYS. He used shell element to study the
behaviour of mat. Based on his work, he suggested guidelines for selecting mat
geometry and distribution coefficients to calculate moments in a straightforward way
for designing non-uniform mat foundations.
2.9 RESEMBLANCE BETWEEN MAT WITH NON-UNIFORM

THICKNESS AND FLAT SLAB WITH DROP PANELS
Analysis and parametric study have shown that there is a basic similarity between
flat slab having drop panels and mat foundation of variable thickness. In flat slab,
19
o
uniformly distributed load is applied on the slab floor supported on columns. In flat
slab, the slab is made somewhat thicker near the column than the rest of the slab, to
reduce the shearing stress in the slab within the area of drop. The increase in
effective slab thickness provided by the drop also decreases the compressive stresses
in the concrete and reduces the amount of steel required over the column heads.
In a mat foundation of non-uniform thickness, a thick slab type mat rests on an

elastic subgrade. Column loads are applied to the slab for transmission and
distribution to the substratum. A reactive soil pressure is generated at the bottom face
of the slab. Mats having greater thickness near the column can actual1y be
considered as an inverted flat slab with drop panels. The reactive soil pressure
distribution at the bottom face of mat is not, however, uniform as in the case of flat
slab. Comparison of results in this field requires extensive study of mat behaviour.
In flat slab, drop panels are square or rectangular. The ACI Code specifies that the side
of a drop panel shal1 be at least 0.33 times the span in each direction and the smal1er
thickness out side the drop should be at least 67% of the greater thickness within the
drop. This reduction in thickness has been done considering flexural shear.
In beams, simply supported or continuous, at the face of the column, flexural shear is
approximately 0.5 wL where w is load/unit length and L is span of the beam. At a
distance 0.17L from the column face flexural shear is 0.33wL and bending moment
is not significant. Bending moment is maximum at midspan. At a distance of 0.17L,
beam thickness is governed by flexural shear and flexural shear is 2/3 of shear at the
column face. Considering flexural shear, beam thickness can be reduced to 66% of
thickness at the column face. At a distance 0.2L from the column face flexural shear
is O.3wL and beam thickness can be reduced to 60% ofthe column face thickness.
In a flat slab, each panel is considered as a beam. A drop is extended to 0.165 times the
span on each side of the column. Considering flexural shear thickness outside the drop
is reduced to 66% of the greater thickness provided that each side of the drop is at least
0.33 times of the span in that direction.
20
,
f"
\ .
In a mat, to be conservative, width of thickened zone is taken as 0.4 times the span in
each direction.. Mat panel can be considered as a total beam. Thickened zone is
extended to 0.2 times of the span on each side of the column. At the transition point
between greater thickness to smaller thickness, flexural shear is 60% of the flexural
shear at column face and bending moment is not significant. So, at a distance of 0.2
times the span, mathematically, thickness can be reduced to 60% of greater
thickness.
21
CHAPTER 3
IDEALISATION OF MAT FOUNDATION AND

SHEAR WALL
3.1 GENERAL
Finite element method is the most powerful and versatile of all the available
numerical analysis techniques. In this method, the structure to be analysed is modelled
as an assemblage of a finite number of discrete interconnected elements and the
displacements of the connecting points, called the nodal points, of these elements are
taken as the primary unknowns. The applied loads are transformed into equivalent
nodal loads and for each element; the relationship between the nodal loads and nodal
displacements is established. Then with a suitable assembling of the element load-
disphicement relationship, sufficient number of load-displacement relations for the
whole structure can be found which, upon solution, give the nodal displacements.
Once known, these displacements are used to calculate stresses at the nodes or at
points within the elements. A well reputed powerful computer program ANSYS has
been used for analysis of mat foundation.
3.2 IDEALISATION OF MAT FOUNDATION ON WINKLER MODEL
3.2.1 Structural Idealisation
Mat foundation is a three-dimensional thick plate structure. In case of mat transverse

flexural shear and bending moments are the most important internal forces produced
in response to the loads it usually encounters e.g. axial column forces and column
base moments. Element that can take account of shear deflection is particularly
22
suitable for this purpose. Plate bending elements are acceptable for representing the
flexural action of slab.
3.2.2 Idealisation of Soil
Actual contact pressure distribution is the result of the foundation soil interaction.
This interaction can be determined only by analysis involving the elastic properties of
both the foundation and soil. Soil structure interaction is an important process of
predicting overall structural response. Settlement profile and soil contact pressure for
raft foundations are dependent on the relative stiffuess of raft and supporting soil.
Currently, Winkler spring model has been used for representation of the soil
behaviour. It consists of representing the soil, which supports a raft by discrete
vertical springs.
3.2.3 Selection of Element
Mat foundation, a three-dimensional thick plate structure, is subjected to transverse

flexural shears and bending moments. Eight nodded structural shell element
SHELL93 in the library of ANSYS is one of the most suitable elements, which
matches above-mentioned criteria. It can represent the thickness of the mat by its very
own geometry. The element has six degrees of freedom at each node: translations in
X, Y, Z directions and rotations about the X, Y, Z axes. Shear deflections are included
in this element formulation. Spring element COMBIN14 has been used to represent
the soil as the Winkler Spring Model. The longitudinal spring option is a uni-axial
tension-compression element with three degrees of freedom at each node.
Soil springs may be uniform or may be zoned to incorporate the coupling effect of
soil. Uniformly distributed soil springs are first concentrated at the nodes. This is done
element wise and by lumping the total spring stiffuess under an element at its nodes.
A simplified approach is followed for this purpose. Spring elements are connected at
the corner nodes of the element only.
23
3.2.4 Element Mesh Configuration
The simplest element division. scheme is adopted for mat. It makes both data
generation and result interpretation straightforward. The mesh used here is a
rectangular grid with the option of finer elements near column loads. The mesh is
characterized by the number of X and Z directional divisions of the grid and at
present, each of these can be increased up to infinite numbers. Details of the mesh are
shown in Fig 3,1.
3.2.5 Element and Node Nnmbering
The program uses frontal solution technique to evaluate nodal displacements. So in

order to minimize computer memory requirement, the front must be as narrow as
possible. This is accomplished by efficient numbering of elements. Front can be
narrowed by numbering the elements serially from one comer of the mat to the other.
The node-numbering scheme is such that it makes nodal coordinate generation simple.
Nodes are numbered serially from one corner of the mat to the other corner. Details of
the node and element numbering scheme are given in Fig. 3.2.
3.3 IDEALISATION OF SUPERSTRUCTURE
3.3.1 Structural Idealisation of Shear Wall
Shear walls that are not connected by beams to other pans of the structure can be
modelled by a stack of beam elements located on the centroidal axis of the wall and
assigned to have the principal inertia and corresponding shear areas of the wall for
analysis. Shear walls connected by beams to other parts of structure can similarly
represented by vertical stacks of beam elements located on the centroidal axes of the
walls with rigid horizontal beam elements attached at the framing levels to represent
the effect of the walls' width. In the case of a beam-connected wall, axial forces will
be induced in the wall, so it is necessary to assign to the analogous column an axial
area as well as an inertia and a shear area.
24
Center line
I , , , , , I ,
, • , , , I I ,
,
, , . .. .
-----f------;------:------:------
,
----- _.... A'
,,
----_.;------:------:------:----_.
,, ,, .
,
----- -----
-----!-----:-----:------:------ ----- --_.- .. -.. ------:------:------:---_._;---_.

,
-_._ ... ,
, ,
_._-.-._--~------,--_
• •
,
,
..- .. _-- ----- ----- -----
. ,.. ----- ,.. ----- -----
...----_.,------
-----
._--- -----
, I , ,
I , , , • , , ,
:::)_:::::t:::::::::::: :::::::::::::::::::T::::~1It:::;:::::::::::::::
,
,
,
-----.-----~----_
,
I
I
,
,
,
,
,
..• _-----,------
,
----- ----- ----- ._-_ ...,_._---,-----_
,
,
,
•
,
... -----
I
,
,
... _----~-_._
I
,
.. _-". -----
, ,
._---,-----.'._--..,------,_
, ,
..... ----- _. __ .. _--- -----.,------,------
I , •
.. -----
I
----- -----
,
, ,
,
,
,
,
,
,I
,
, •
, , ,
-.---,._._-~--_ .._,-_._--,_._ .........................•...... ,

.
_-,_ .. _ .. ,- --_
.
, I I I , • I ,
.
, , , , , ,, ,
..... ~
,
~ ~
, ,
: _. __ .. _--- -_ ~_ -:._ ,
:--
, ,
_~-_ -
,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,
,
.....•.....
,, ~
,
, ......•......
,
, ,,
,,
_ .. ---_. , , _ ..~-_._-
-_ ....•,- .....•......•...
. ,
,, ,,
_--
, , , ,
.. -._ ,,
_. __ .,..
.,
, .
_ ...•--_.-
,
..•. _----,------
,, ,
,
._- _ .............•......
,,
,._----
,
, ,,
..•........
,,
_- .
_ .. _.+ _ .. :.. __ .-: .. - :._ :-._---:-.- : :- _ .

,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,
,
::::JmL::L:::C:::
. ,,,
::::::::::::::::::::L:::.::::::::::: ::::::::::
,
, ,
,, ,,, ,
,, ,,
,
,,
,
Fig. 3.1 Typical finite element mesh for mat foundation.
73
@)
- 74 75
@
- 76 77
@
- 78 79
@
- 80 81 \,
64 66 68 70 72
55 56 57 58 59 60 61 - 62 63
@ @ 4 @ @
46 48 50 52 54
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45
• 28 @ @
32
@
34
@
36
19 20
30
21 22 23
- 24 25 26 27
CD @ @ @
10
2 3
12
4
14
5
- 6 7
16
8
18
9 ----
X
Fig. 3.2 A typical finite element mesh for mat with element and node numbering.
o
Shear walls that are not slender, or that have openings, cannot be well represented by .
simple equivalent columns. An assembly of plane-stress membrane elements is a
better representation of them. The results for a plane-stress element typically include
the horizontal and vertical displacements of the nodes and the vertical and horizontal
direct stresses and shear stresses at either the comers or the mid-sides of the element.
When modelled by membrane elements, shear walls with in-plane connecting beams
require special consideration. Membrane elements do not have a degree of freedom to
represent an in-plane rotation of their comers; therefore, a beam element connected to
a node of a membrane element is effectively connected only by a hinge. A remedy of
this deficiency is to add a fictitious, flexurally rigid auxiliary beam to the edge wall
element. The adjacent ends of the auxiliary beam and the external beam are both
constrained to rotate with the wall-edge node. Consequently, the rotation of the wall,
as defined by the relative transverse displacements of the ends of the auxiliary beam,
and a moment, are transferred to the external beam. Generally modelled in finite
element technique either by plate elements or by plane stress elements. Axial force
and in-plane bending are important for shear wall. Plate element SHELL63 of
ANSYS library has been used to model shear wall. Shear walls are modelled
separately from mat foundation with frame for some studies and they also modelled
directly with mat foundation to get the interaction between shear wall and mat
foundation.
3.3.2 Modelling of Three-dimensional Frame-Wall Structures
The high-rise rigid frame structure has moment-resisting joints, and its columns and
beams are modelled by three-dimensional beam elements. These elements deform
axially, in shear and bending in two transverse directions, and in twist. Generally,
therefore, they have to be assigned an axial area, two shear areas, two flexural inertias
and a torsion constant. Often, however, shear deformations of the columns and beams,
and axial deformations of the beams, are assumed negligible. These are usually
allowed by omitting the assignment of a shear area and by assigning either a
fictitiously large axial area, or constraints between the axial displacements of the
25
member ends. In addition, the torsional stiffness of practically proportioned beams
and columns is usually negligible, which is allowed for by omitting the assignment of .
a torsion constant. The usual results of significance are the translations of the nodes,
the shear forces, bending moments and axial forces in the columns, and the shear
forces and moments in the beams.
Plane-stress elements alone are not adequate for modelling three-dimensional wall
systems because the lack the transverse stiffness necessary at orthogonal wall
connections to allow a stiffness matrix analysis of the problem. Plane-stress
membrane elements, when used alone, can not provide the out-of-plane rigidity
required to maintain the sectional shape of the core. The remedy for these deficiencies
is to add at each nodal level a horizontal frame of fictitious, rigid auxiliary beams. If
any of the walls are connected in-plane to each other, or to other parts of the structure,
by beams, the auxiliary beams adjacent to the wall edge can be made vertically rigid
also, to cause the transfer of moment.
Walls can also be modelled successfully by using shell elements. In that case, a
fictitious column is to be introduced at the edge of wall, or fictitious, rigid auxiliary
beam at wall-beam connection can be used in such a manner that the fictitious beam
joins the beam and an internal point in the wall to transfer the moment properly to the
wall.
In the' present study frame shear wall systems are modelled by three-dimensional
beam elements and shell elements to represent beam-column and shear wall
respectively. Fictitious, rigid beam elements are used at the level of beam shear wall
connections.
3.4 APPLICATION OF LOAD ON MAT FROM SUPERSTRUCTURE
3.4.1 Application of Column Loads

Both column axial loads and column base moments can be applied. Column axial load
may be applied as concentrated load or it may be distributed over an area equal to the
26
cross~section ofthe, column by taking an element, termed as column element, applying
the load as concentrated force at four corner nodes. Similarly, column base moments
may be concentrated or distributed. The later is accomplished by resolving column
base moment into nodal loads acting at the nodes of the column element along the
sides parallel to the axis of the moment. In this study, column axial load and bending
moments are applied to the column element at four corner nodes equally.
3.4.2 Application of Shear wall load on Mat
Application of shear wall loading on mat foundation efficiently is one of the most
significant part of the present work. To achieve reliable results, this part was done
carefully in the work. For sensitivity analysis and for analysis of mat with different
locations of shear wall, superstructure and mat were analysed separately. Frame-shear
wall superstructure was modelled separately keeping the superstructure rigid at base
and the axial force, shear force and bending moments produced at the base were
transferred on the mat reversing their respective direction. To perform this part of
work successfully mat and superstructure was modelled keeping the locations of node
common for both in the superstructure and in the mat model.
3.5 VERIFICATION OF FINITE ELEMENT MODEL
Results obtained by ANSYS have been verified with closed form solution of a beam
on elastic foundation by Hetenyi (1974). The structure is modelled with element
SHELL93 and soil is modelled with element COMBINI4 of ANSYS element library.
A beam of unlimited length of unit cross section subjected to a single concentrated

force, P, at origin, has the exact solution given by
y = PA e-'" (cos Ax + sin Ax) (3.1)

2k
(3.2)
27
e=, PA?
e-lox sinAx (3.3)
k
Verification Example:
A beam of unit width and unit depth is modelled with SHELL93 and COMBINl4
element. The model has been analysed with line load P= 440 kN/macross the width at
the origin as shown in Fig. JJ.
Modulus of subgrade reaction, k =4.7MN/m',
Modulus of concrete, Ee =20.7MPa
Length of the beam, L =24.4 m.
Beam of X-section = .305 ill x .305 m
For long beam, AL must be greater than 1t,
where, A.=V~EJ
For beam of X-section = 305mm x 305mm

A = 0.39406
AL = 0.39406 x 24.4
=9.61 >;r
Hence the beam may be considered as long beam.
'.'
,"
c\
28
C
(>
--', ,"
{~,,.--
Table 3.1 Comparison of results in between exact solution and ANSYS solution.
Bending Moment Deflection Rotation

Distance (kN-m) .
(mm) (Radian)
(m)
ANSYS Actual ANSYS Actual ANSYS Actual
0 0.0000 2.4741 -0.0452 0.1352 0.000251 0.000118
0.6096 0.0259 2.4350 0.1079 . 0.2164 0.000251 0.000149
1.2192 -0.1371 2.0143 0.2611 0.3159 0.000251 0.000177
1.8288 -0.7573 1.0383 0.4132 0.4303 0.000246 0.000197
2.4384 -2.1004 -0.6924 0.5592 0.5522 0.000229 0.0002
3.048 -4.4212 -3.3891 0.6890 0.6681 0.000189 0.000175
3.6576 -7.9449 -7.2522 0.7848 0.7576 0.000112 0.00011
4.2672 -12.8362 -12.4338 0.8196 0.7910 -0.000016 -0.000011
4.8768 -19.1523 . -18.9866 0.7563 0.7288 -0.00021 -0.00021
5.4864 -26.7770 -26.7946 0.5467 0.5213 -0.0005 -0.00049
6.096 -35.3364 -35.4856 0.1329 0.1092 -0.00089 -0.00088
6.7056 -44.0990 -44.3283 -0.5499 -0.5733 -0.00138 -0.00138
7.3152 -51.8622 -52.1179 -1.5683 -1.5925 -0.00199 -0.00198
7.9248 -56.8358 -57.0609 -2.9806 -3.0068 -0.00267 -0.00267
8.5344 -56.5422 -56.6752 -4.8241 -4.8522 -0.00338 -0.00339
9.144 -47.7530 -47.7297 -7.0954 -7.1238 -0.00404 -0.00405
9.7536 -26.4990 -26.2567 -9.7268 -9.7508 -0.00451 -0.00453
10.3632 11.8109 12.3202 -12.5544 -12.5668 -0.00462 -0.00463
10.9728 72.0961 72.8895 -15.2854 -15.2751 -0.00412 -0.00413
11.5824 159.0901 160.1263 -17.4599 -17.4115 -0.0027 -0.0027
12.192 276.5247 277.6747 -18.4233 -18.3094 -1.2E-14 0
Comparison of results between exact solution and ANSYS solution IS given in .

Fig.3.4 - 3.6.
3.6 CRITICAL ASPECTS OF FINITE ELEMENT MODEL
3.6.1 Selection of Finite Element Mesh

Finite element method is a numerical approach, accuracy of solution increases with
the number of elements in which the mat is divided. Solutions being converging, a
point comes when further refinement in mesh adds nothing significant to the accuracy.
Mesh sensitivity study has been made and a final mesh is selected.
29
o
P=440kN
305
mm
++
Dt 305
mm
12.2 m 12.2m
~I" ~I
Fig. 3.3 Beam resting on elastic subgrade subjected concentrated load at the center.
-.-ANSYS
300
__ ACTUAL
250
-
E
E, 200
z
150
'.:
"c
. ., 100
E
0
:;;
Cl
50
c
.,
'5
c
lD
0
-50
-100
o 2 4 6 8 10 12
Distance from end, m
Fig. 3.4 Variation of bending moment against distance along beam line.
0.001
.....- ANSYS
0.000 __ ACTUAL \
l: -0.001
•••
'6
•••
~
.,
r:
0
-0.002
-
•••
0
0:
-0.003
-0.004
-0.005
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Fig. 3.5 Variation of rotation against distance along beam line.
.....- ANSYS
8
__ ACTUAL
0
E
E
.,
r:
0
u
CII
-4
-8
;;:
CII
c
-12
-16
-20
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Distance from end,m
Fig. 3.6 Variation of Deflection against distance along beam line.

3.6.2 Element Aspect Ratio
Shape of the element affects the results. Element aspect ratio must be between 0.5 to
2.0. Study on element aspect ratio has been done. Best results are obtained for element
aspect ratio equal to 1.0.
3.3 Effect of Column Rigidity
Columns are monolithically built with mat and they act integrally with it. Height of
column highly increases the rigidity of mat at these locations. This effect is realized
by increasing the value of modulus of elasticity of the portions of the mat under the
columns. To quantify this effect, column deflections, column face moments and
shears are plotted against the ratio of the modulus of elasticity of soil under column
portions by Sutradhar (1999). It appears that effect of column rigidity dies out with
increase of this modulus of elasticity ratio. Examining these, a modulus of elasticity
ratio of 8 is found to be justified.
30
CHAPTER 4
COMPARATIVE STUDY AND SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
4.1 GENERAL
A parametric study on finite element solution of mat foundation with shear wall for.
the variation of its different parameters has been made. Comparison between different
previous studies on mat foundation with column loading and the present study has
been summarized. For this parametric study a sample problem of fifteen-story
building with typical planer shear walls has been studied for both vertical loads and
lateral loads. From previous studies by Morshed (1996), Sutradhar (1999) and
Rahman (2001) variation of subgrade reaction and thickness of mat was found to be
dominating parameters in design of mat foundation. So, variation of modulus of
subgrade reaction and variation in differeritial thickness have been taken into
consideration for sensitivity analysis.
4.2 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF MAT FOUNDATION
4.2.1 Model Description
A typical fifteen-story building with five bays in long direction and three bays in short
direction has been taken for the study. The location of shear walls was chosen as a
typical place for the building plan. The plan of the structure is shown in Fig-4.1 with
the lines 1 to 10 along which variation in moment, shear and deflection has been
studied.
4.2.2 Loading Patterns

Shear wall resists the major portion of lateral loads. So lateral load is intensified on
small area of mat due to the presence of shear wall. Consideration of the lateral
(
31
loading in analysis is an important aspect of parametric study of mat foundation with
shear wall. In a study by Rahman ( 2001 ) considered only the vertical loading
parametric study as for medium height buildings, vertical loading is found to be
critical for foundation design. As shear wall presence causes remarkable change in
loading pattern on mat for lateral load case, consideration of lateral load is significant
is the present study.
For calculating wind load, the Bangladesh National Building Code (BNBC,1993) was
followed. The superstructure was considered to be located at Exposure category 'A'
where basic wind speed is 210 km/h. Structure importance category was assumed to
be Standard occupancy structures. To calculate Design Wind load Projected Area
method was used. To distribute lateral load on shear wall and frame was calculated
from their relative stiffness. Lateral loads were divided into the frames and walls
based on the ratio of their stiffness.
The superstructure is assumed to have a live load of 2.9 kN/m', slab dead load of 4.3
kN/m', distributed partition wall load of 1.4 kN/m' and floor finish 1.2 kN/m'. An
amount of 6.4 kN/m has been considered for 125 rom walls along all beams and
column size is 0.6xO.6 m. Story height of the floor is taken as 3.0m and number of
stories is IS. Shear wall thickness is taken as 0.3 m.
Calculation of dead load and live load is made in accordance with the USD method of
ACI (1983). Proper live load reduction is employed in calculating column loads and
shear wall loads. Load cases are used as follows:
Load case I = 1.4DL+ 1.7 LL
Load case II = 0.75*(1.4DL+ 1.7LL+1.7WL)
Where
LL = Live load,
DL = Dead Load,
WL = Wind Load.
Load case I and Load case II have been denoted by LCI and LC2 later in the chapter.
Finite element idealization of the mat and shear wall model has been described earlier
in Chapter 3.
./ .. ~.
32
7.3m i 7.3m i 7.3m i 7.3m '.92m
.......~ .... ..........................
~.m ...~....~-,
w=-~~1
~ , ~
~--6--6 8
2 3 4
Fig.4.l Plan area of mat with symmetrically placed Shear walls. Also showing
lines along which different parameters have been studied.
4.2.3 Effect of Modulus of Subgrade Reaction
The mat is analysed for constant thickness 1070 mm with variation of modulus of
subgrade reaction from 8.0 MN/m' to 32.0 MN/m'. The items those govern the design
mat design, have taken for parametric study include displacement, bending moment
and shearing stress along lines 1 to 8 (Fig. 4.1). Variation of these items on column
faces and mid span for mat are plotted in Fig. 4.2 to Fig.4.7. In the plots K8.0
represents the variation for subgrade reaction 8.0 MN/m' and K16.0 for subgrade
reaction 16.0 MN/m' and so on. Variation corresponds to Load case I and Load case II
are represented by LC 1 and LC2 respectively.
33
. ,
The following points are observed for variation in subgrade reaction.
• Positive moment below the column increases slightly for increase in subgrade
reaction. This change is more pronounced for column line parallel and adjacent to
the line of shear wall. (Fig. 4.2 and Fig. 4.3).
• Negative moment of mid panel adjacent to shear wall is more sensitive to change
in subgrade reaction than the negative moments at other locations. Negative
moment decreases with the increase in subgrade reaction for load case I. (Fig. 4.2
and Fig. 4.3).
• Variation in negative moment is more prominent than that of positive moment for
change in the value of subgrade reaction (Fig. 4.2 and Fig. 4.3).
• Change in bending moment (both positive and negative) is high at the face of
shear walls. These moment values are much more higher than the column face
moments (FigA.3)
• The variation of shearing stress is not very significant for any load combination
(Fig. 404 and Fig 4.5).
• Displacement is most sensitive to variation m subgrade reaction. Vertical

displacement of mat decreases rapidly with increase in subgrade reaction.
Displacements become almost half when the value of subgrade reaction becomes
double. For low subgrade reactions the value of overall deflections are also high.
Most remarkable variation in deflection for change in subgrade reaction is found
along the line of shear wall. Table 4.3 shows that variation in displacement is
significantly high for most of the location of mat foundation. (Fig. 4.6 and
FigA.?).
• Load case II produces higher differential settlement for lonbw subgrade reactions
and the differential settlement for higher subgrade reactions is small. This higher
34
800 __ K8-LCI
-o-K8-LC2
__ K16-LCI
600 __ KI6-LC2
-Ii
z
E
.><
400
•..•.• K24-LCI
__ K24-LC2
-+-K32-LCI
-K32-LC2
200
><
-••
~
E
c 0
0
::E -200
Ol
c
:;;
c -400
••
!II
-600
-800
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Fig.4.2a Variation of bending moment Mx along line 1 with change of subgrade

modulus K from 8.0 - 32.0 MN/m3• (LCl-verticalload case, LC2-lateral and
vertical load case).
0 __ K8-LCI
-o-K8-LC2
__ KI6-LCI
-200 __ KI6-LC2
-
E
E
z• -400
.><
•..•.• K24-LCI
__ K24-LC2
-+-K32-LCI
-K32-LC2
><
-
~ -600
c
••E
o -800.
::E
Ol
c
:;; -1000
c
••
!II
-1200
-1400
o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Fig.4.2b Variation of bending moment Mx along line 2 with variation of sub grade
modulus K.
0-
1600
--+-K8-LCI
--<>-
____ K8-LC2
KI6-LCI
1400
___ KI6-LC2
__ K24-LCI
E
1200
--+- K24-LC2
~ 1000
-+-K32-LCI
z -K32-LC2
""'
)( 800
-
~
c
ell
E
600
0 400
::;;
Cl
c 200
:;;
c
ell
III 0
-200
-400
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Fig.4.2c Variation of bending moment Mx along line 3 with variation of sub grade
modulus K.
0
-+-K8-LCI
-<>-K8-LC2
-100 ---.-KI6-LCI
__ KI6-LC2
__ K24-LCI
-
z
E
E, -200
-+-K24-LC2
-+-K32-LCI
-K32-LC2
""',; -300
-
~
c -400
ell
E
0
::;; -500
Cl
c
:;;
c -600
ell
III
-700
-600
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Fig. 4.2d Variation of bending moment Mx along line 4 with variation of subgrade
modulus K.
1200
-o-K8-LCI
-<>-K8-LC2
1000 -'-KI6-LCI
-
-*-KI6-LC2
E __ K24-LCI
E, 800 -o-K24-LC2
z -r-K32-LCI
-K32-LC2
"'"
N 600
-.,
~
E
l: 400
0
:;: 200
Cl
l:
:al:
.,
aJ
0
-200
-400
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Fig. 4.3a Variation of bending moment Mz along line 5 with variation of subgrade
modulus K.
-200
E
~
z -400
"'"
Ii
-.,
~ -600
l:
E -800
0 -+-K8-LCI
:;: -<>-K8-LC2
Cl
-.-KI6-LCI
.=-1000
.,
"tl
l:
aJ
-*-KI6-LC2
__ K24-LCI
-+-K24-LC2
-1200 -r-K32-LCI
-K32-LC2
-1400
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Fig.4.3b Variation of bending moment Mz along line 6 with variation of sub grade
modulus K.
\'L
2000
1500
E 1000
E,
z 500
""
N
~
-
c:
'E" -500
a
0
:;; __ K8.LCI
Cl -1000 -o-K8.LC2
:cc: ___ KI6-LCI
c: -*-KI6-LC2
-1500 -lIE- K24-LCI
'"
III __ K24-LC2
-+-KJ2-LCI
-2000 -KJ2-LC2
-2500
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Fig.4.3c Variation of bending moment Mz along line 7 with variation of sub grade
modulus K.
1200
__ K8_LCI
1000 -o-K8-LC2
___ KI6-LCI
E 800 -*-KI6-LC2
E, -lIE- K24-LCI
__ K24.LC2
z 600 -+-KJ2-LCI
"" -KJ2-LC2
N
:;; 400
-
c:
'E" 200
0
E
Cl a
c:
:cc:
-200
'"
III
-400
-600
a 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Fig.4.3d Variation of bending moment Mx along line 8 with variation of subgrade

modulus K.
1500
-+-K8-LCI
-o-K8-LC2
-.-KI6-LCI
1000 ""*-KI6-LC2
N
-lIE- K24-LCI
E ~K24.LC2
Z 500 -+-K32-LCI
-K32-LC2
"'"
~
en><
Cil 0
III
-••
~
en
••.c••~ -500
en
-1000
-1500
Fig. 4.4a Variation of Shearing stress Sxy along line 1 with variation of subgrade
modulus K from 8.0 - 32.0 MN/m3. (LCI-veticalloads, LC2-lateral and
vertical loads).
250
__ K8_LCI
-o-K8-LC2
200 __ KI6-LCI
__ KI6-LC2
-<IE- K24-LCI
__ K24-LC2
N 150
E -+-K32-LCI
Z -K32-LC2
"'" 100
~
en>< 50
Cil
III
-••
~
en
~ 0
••••
.c
2 14 . 0
en -50
-100
-150
Fig.4.4b Variation of Shearing stress Sxy along line 2 with variation of sub grade ..
modulusK.
1500
---+- K8-LCI
--<>-- K8-LC2
-o-KI6-LCI
1000 ~KI6-LC2
__ K24-LCI
N
-o-K24-LC2
E -+-K32-LCI
Z 500 -K32-LC2
"'"
>;x
en
VI 0
III
-
~
'"
en
~ -500
2 6 20
''""
~ I
en
-1000
-1500
Fig. 4.4c Variation of Shearing stress Sxy along line 3 with variation of subgrade
modulus K
150
---+- K8-LCI
--<>-- K8-LC2
-o-KI6-LCI
100 ~KI6-LC2
__ K24-LCI
N
-o-K24-LC2
E
::::: -+-K32-LCI
z 50 -K32-LC2
"'"
>;x
en
VI 0
III
-~
'"
en
~ -50
2 18
''""
~
en
-100
-150
Fig. 4.4d Variation of Shearing stress Sxy along line 4 with variation of sub grade •••
modulus K
(J
1000 __ K8-Lel
-o-K8-LC2
800 __ KI6-LCI
__ KI6-LC2
__ K24-LCI
600
__ K24-LC2
N
400 -+-K32-LCI
E -K32-LC2
Z
•••• 200
-;f
>-
0
'"
lil
UI
ell
~~ -200
'"~
co -400
ell
.I::
'" -600
-800
-1000
Fig.4.5a Variation of Shearing stress Sxy along line 5 with variation of subgrade
modulus K.
300 __ K8-LCI
-o-K8-LC2
__ KI6-LCI
__ KI6-LC2
200 __ K24-LCI
__ K24-LC2
N -+-K32-LCI
ZE 100 -K32-LC2
...•
~
'"
lil 0
o
UI
~ 10 o 40
ii5
:. -100
ell
.I::
'"
-200
-300
Distnace from end, m
Fig. 4.5b Variation of Shearing stress Sxy along line 6 with variation of subgrade
modulus K.
-1500
-2000
Fig.4.5c Variation of Shearing stress Sxy along line 7 with variation of sub grade
modulus K
1500
---+- K8.LCI
-o-K8.LC2
-..-KI6-LCI
1000 --><- K 16-LC2
-..- K24-LCI
N
---+- K24-LC2
E -+-KJ2-LCI
_KJ2_LC2
Z 500
-"
>;><
Ul
.,
VI
til
0
-.,
~
Ul
~
40
"
.&:
-500
Ul
-1000
-1500
Fig. 4.5d Variation of Shearing stress Sxy along line 8 with variation of sub grade
modulus K
•
0
-+-K8-LCI
-o-K8-LC2
--+-KI6-LCI
-5 -*-KI6-LC2
'--K24-LCI
-+-K24-LC2
-10 ~KJ2-LCI
-KJ2-LC2
E -15
E
.:
l:
CI> -20
ECI>
ECI> -25
Ul
-30
-35
-40
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Fig.4.6a Variation of Settlement alone line 1 with variation of subgrade modulus K

from 8.0 - 32.0MN/mJ. (LCI-veticalloads, LC2-1ateral and vertical loads).
0
-+-KB-LCl
-o-KB-LC2
--+- K16-LCl
-5 -*-K16-LC2
.--K24-LCl
-+-K24-LC2
~K32-LCl
-K32-LC2
-10
E
E -15
.:
l:
CI>
ECI>
-20
-
:;::
CI>
Ul
-25
-30
-35
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
.•.
4
Fig.4.6b Variation of Settlement along line 2 with variation of sub grade modulus K. •
0 ___ K8-LCI
~K8-LC2
__ KI6-LCI
-5 -><-KI6-LC2
__ K24-LCI
___ K24_LC2
-10 -+-K32-LCI
-K32-LC2
E
E -15
.,
oS
c:
.,
E -20
.,
E
til
-25
-30
-35
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Fig.4.6c Variation of Settlement along line 3 with variation of sub grade modulus K.
0
-+-K8-LCI
-0- K8-LC2
___ KI6-LCI
-*-KI6-LC2
-5 -l<-
___ K24-LCI
K24-LCZ
-+-K32-LCI
-K32-LCZ •
-10
E
E
.,E
oS
c:
., -15
.,
E
til -20
-25
-30
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Fig.4.6d Variation of Settlement along line 4 with variaiion of subgrade modulus K

o -+-K8-LCI
-o-K8-LC2
---.-KI6-LCI
-5 --*- KI6-LC2
---lIf- K24-LCI
-+-K24-LC2
-10 -f-K32-LCI
_K32_LC2
E -15
E
-"
~ -20
E
QI
:;:
(jj -25
(/)
-30
-35
40
o 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Fig_ 4.7a Variation of Settlement along line 5 with variation of subgrade modulus K.
0
-+-K8-LCI
-o-K8-LC2
---.-KI6-LCI
-5 --*- KI6-LC2
---lIf- K24-LCI
-+-K24-LC2
-f-K32-LCI
-10 _K32_LC2
E
E
.;- -15
"
QI
E
-
:;: -20
QI
QI
(/)
-25
-30
-35
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Fig.4.7b Variation of Settlement along line 6 with variation of subgrade modulus K.
\
- ...).
\\,
0
__ K8-LCI
-<>-K8-LC2
___ KI6-LCI
-5 : --*-KI6-LC2
---llf- K24-LCI
___ K24-LC2
-1-K32-LCI
-10 -K32-LC2
E
E
,.;- -15
c:
Cll
E
Cll
-20
E
Cll
til
-25
-30
-35
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Fig.4.7c Variation of Settlement along line 7 with variation of sub grade modulus K
o
--+-K8-LCI
-o-K8-LC2
-5 _____KI6-LCI
____ KI6-LC2
-ll<- K24-LCI
--+- K24-LC2
-10 --+- K32-LCI
~K32-LC2
E -15
E
,.;-
c:
~ -20
Cll
~ -25
til
-30
-35
-40
o 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

•
Fig.4.7d Variation of Settlement along line 8 with variation of sub grade modulus K
diffemtial settlements are found along the line of shear wall (Fig.4.2c).
Differential settlement reduces for the points far from shear walls.
Table 4.1 Variation of Displacement, Moment and Shearing Stress when Modulus of
Sub grade Reaction is Increased from 8.0 MN/m' to 32.0 MN/m' along the
Short Direction of Mat Foundation. (Upper values in the boxes are for
vertical load case and the lower values for lateral plus vertical load case.)
Displacement Bending Moment Shearing stress

(mm) (kN-m/m) (kN/m')
Location
K8.0 K32.0 K8.0 K32.0 K8.0 K32.0
MN/m' MN/m' MN/m' MN/m' MN/m' MN/m'
-32.80 -9.44 92.5 121.9 550.5 513.2

Face of exterior column 337.9 318.4
-13.24 -4.24 237.3 269.5
Line -30.29 -7.49 -303.6 -266.8 155.6 117.6

Mid span of first panel -146.3 44.5 31.6
1 -12.25 -1.57 -194.8
-30.88 -8.29 -86.2 -54.2 775.3 733.9

Face of interior column -915.0 -929.4
-14.39 -1.61 -525.2 -474.0
-28.12 -6.66 - -897.6 -143.8 -158.6

Exterior column line 1095.8 -484.7 -104.2 -86.0
-13.29 -3.61
Line
-,"Q ,
2 -26.47 -5.59 -897.7 -694.7 -142.5 -157.2
Mid span of first panel -217.3 -184.8 -148.2
-13.53 -2.52 -323.6
-26.42 -5.81 - -842.6 -204.8 -224.2

Interior column line .2.82 1047.8 -284.1 -311.0 -277.3
.15.33 _A 1 ~ 1
-28.04 -7.54 788.2 950.1 440.5 457.7

-15.27 -4.57 588.5 583.6
Line -25.95 -6.08 49.3 224.9 -16.5 1.85

Mid span of first panel -25.2 8.51
3 -15.57 -3.88 265.0 289.6
-26.45 -6.90 1183.6 1360.7 743.1 757.8

Face of interior column 510.0 542.0
-17.42 -4.72 1100.2 1159.2
()
35
• ••
Subgrade Reaction is Increased from 8.0 MN/m' to 32.0 MN/m' along the
Short Direction of Mat Foundation. (Continued)

(mm) (kN-m/m) (kN/m')
Location
K8.0 K32.0 K8.0 K32.0 K8.0 K32.0
-27.37 -6.98 -599.4 -519.8 -93.4 -64.7

Exterior column line -44.2 -29.5
-15.97 -4.26 -278.2 -335.1
Line -25.73 -6.01 -451.4 -359.3 -69.3 -40.6

Mid span of first panel -40.8 -20.6
4 -16.51 -4.08 -190.0 -218.6
-25.47 -6.11 -609.1 -509.6 -117.2 -88.1

Interior column line -83.2 -59.3
-17.52 -4.41 -338.6 -331.4
-28.74 -8.07 1066.5 1029.3 488.4 501.6

-17.23 -4.83 656.9 558.1
Line 31Q.4 293.4 36.3 50.9

-26.57 -6.61
5 Mid span of first panel 36.8
-17.48 -4.50 265.6 190.8 31.6
-26.98 -7.40 1454.1 1439.6 793.7 807.0

Face of interior column 580.0
-18.90 -5.38 1124.5 1069.7 573.3
-28.02 -7.23 -478.6 -531.0 -65.1 -60.7

Exterior column line -37.0
-16.90 -4.29 -277.0 -366.2 -38.0
Line
6 -26.36 -6.26 -337.3 -372.5 -40.1 -35.5
Mid span of first panel -25.3 24.7
-17.39 -4.24 -204.0 -273.7
-26.09 -6.36 -494.2 -520.8 -87.4 -82.1

Interior column line -61.7 -60.7
-18.25 -4.61 -335.2 -384.9
.
36
Sub grade Reaction is Increased from 8.0 MN/m3 to 32.0 MN/m3 along the
Long Direction of Mat Foundation (Upper values in the boxes are for
vertical load case and the lower values for lateral plus vertical load case.)

(mm) (kN-mlm) (kN/m')
Location
K8.0 K32.0 K8.0 K32.0 K8.0 K32.0
-32.80 -9.44 98.9 116.6 552.3 496.9

Face of exterior column
-13.24 -4.24 15\.4 211.2 420.9 359.0
-28.12 -6.66 -246.7 -22 \.6 133.2 108.2
Line 7 Mid span of first panel
-13.28 -3.61 -182.6 -147.8 113.6 73.4
-28.09 -7.50 240.9 261.1 668.6 643.1
Face of interior column
-15.02 -4.51 189.6 205.6 547.4 522.3
-30.29 -7.49 -1082.3 -974.6 -34.5 -42.4
Exterior column line
-12.25 -\.57 -1024.6 -706.7 284.7 235.9
Line 8
-26.47 -5.59 -679.9 -569.7 -5\.4 -62.6
Mid span of first panel
13.53 -2.52 -715.4 -517.5 56.0 17.2
-26.00 -6.02 -795.2 -693.4 -216.1 -227.6
Interior column line
-15.30 -3.75 .604.4 -495.2 120.2 -146.5
-30.88 -8.29 .226.0 -148.2 -621.7 -595.6
Face of shear wall
-14.39 -\.61 -1921.7 -1573.1 297.8 344.3
-26.42 -5.81 -205.3 -101.7 -104.0 -94.3
Line 9 Mid span of first panel
-[5.33 2.81 -62 \.5 .400.3 -27.7 -17.4
-26.51 -6.85 1[23.5 1224.4 -848.8 -845.4
Face of interior column
-[7.23 -4.59 70\.6 824.5 .445.0 -453.8
-32.11 -9.55 676.3 685.8 36.0 3\.5
Face of shear wall
-24.99 -7.74 909.9 882.2 -1137.6 -1021.1
Line -26.60 -6.09 -85.0 -9.9 -2.1 -37.7
Mid span of first panel
10 .20.3 [ -4.72 39.6 79.2 -90.2 -48.9
-25.74 -6.23 -482.6 -383.3 .112.1 -[[1.3
Interior column line
-19.44 .4.70 -344.2 -275.4 -32.0 . -33.2
37
r
Table 4.3 Maximum Variation of Displacement, Moment and Shearing Stress at
the Selected Locations Expressed in Percentage when Modulus of
Subgrade Reaction is Increased from 8.0 MN/m' to 32.0 MN/m'.
Variation along
the location
Line 1 -89% +37% -29%
Line 2 -81% -31% +10%1 -20%
Line 3 -75% +156% +8%1 -66%
Line 4 -76% +20%1-19% -49%

Line 5 -75% -28% +51%
Line 6 -76% +34% -11%
Line 7 -76% +40% 1 -19% -35%
Line 8 -87% -31% +23%1-69%
Line 9 -88% +9% / -51% +16%1-37%
Line 10 -76% +100%/ -88% -46%
Subgrade reaction has a significant effect on the displacement of mat foundation with
shear wall. Table 4.1 and Table 4.2 indicate that the displacements for low subgrade
reaction are quite high. But increase in subgrade reaction causes rapid reduction in
displacement. Table 4.3 shows the percentile variation in bending moment, shear
stress and displacement for change in subgrade reation from 8 MN/m' to 32 MN/m'. It
is evident that the variation in displacement is most consistent with the change in
subgrade reaction for mat with shear wall Negative and positive change along same
line is found for bending moment and shear stress. The negative and positive variation
are tabulated in the Table 4.3. The percentile variation in shear stress are showing
significant figures in Table 4.3, but the actual values in Table 4.1 and Table 4.2 shows
that due to their initial small values, the percentile change is looking significant.
38
f
4.2.2 Effect of Non-uniform Mat Thickness
A study by Morshed (1996) shows that mat thickness is quite sensitive to different
parameters of mat. Negative moments has been found to be very sensitive to mat
thickness. As the minimum thickness below column and shear walls are governed by
punching shear, option remains to reduce thickness at midspan between column lines.
Mat of non-uniform thickness consists of thickened part in the zone of higher shear
and positive moment near the columns and shear walls and smaller thickness in the
zone of low shear and negative moment away from the columns and shear walls. The
higher thickness in the column and shear wall zones are termed as mat thickness (t)
which is calculated for punching shear. The smaller thickness is termed as reduced
thickness (1;,).The reduced thickness( t;,) is varied for different values in the range of
40% to 70% of the mat thickness. The width of thickened part is taken equal to the
width of column and the length of transition ( neck section) where mat thickness and
reduced thickness meets as shown in Fig.4.8 also taken equal to column dimension.
The non-uniform configuration is chosen based on the non-uniform configuration
suggested for mat with columns by Rahman (2001) and Morshed (1996). In the
problem taken for comparative study, mat thickness is calculated to be 1070 mm from
punching shear and reduced thickness is taken as 450 mrn, 610 mm and 760 mrn. For
all cases modulus of subgrade reaction, K, have been taken 16.0 MN/m' .
.61m .61m .61m .61m .61m .61m .61m .61m .61m .61m
Neck section
y T
1070mm
variable
1
I- 0.5L (short)
~I I- 0.5L (short)
~I
0.4L (long) O.4L (long)
Sapn,L= 7.3 m (long direction)

= 6.1 m ( short direction)
Fig. 4.8 Non-uniform configuration of mat foundation.
39
Selected items for parametric study are taken as displacement, bending moment and
shearing stress along lines 1 to 8. Variation of these items on column faces and
midspans for mat with variable thickness with reduced thickness 450 mm and 760 mm
for modulus of sub grade reaction 16 MN/m' are tabulated in Table 4.4 and Table 4.5.
Upper values in the chart are results for Load case 1 and lower values are for Load
case 2. The variations of parameters for different reduced thickness are also plotted in
Fig. 4.9 to Fig. 4.14.
The following points are observed for the variation in smaller thickness.
• Positive moment for mat with shear wall decreases along different column lines
parallel to shear wall line and increases between columns for increase in reduced
thickness of mat (Fig. 4.9a and Fig. 4.9c).
• Negative moment increases with increase in reduced thickness (Fig. 4.9b and Fig.
4.9d). As thickness in the mid panel reduces, the negative moment at the zone also
reduces. The vertical load case (Le-l) dominates the variation.
• Shearing stress increases with increase in reduced thickness at the face of shear
wall and column and decreases in region away from columns. The variation is not
significant at column face. Shearing stress is decreased in the region away from
column face due to increase in effective area by increased smaller thickness(
Fig.4.l1 and Fig.4.l2).
• Displacements decreases significantly below shear wall with increase in reduced

thickness. Differential settlement is more pronounced for lower value of reduced
thickness. With increase in reduced thickness the amount of differential settlement
decreases. Differential settlements are higher for Load case II. Differential
displacements are prominent places adjacent to shear wall. Deflection occurs at
the highest amount below the shear wall. Deflection diagram is more uniform for
mat with constant thickness. (Fig. 4.13 and Fig.4.l4).
\
40
1300
~ Reduced thickness 450mm-LC I --0- Reduced thickness 450mm-LC2
---0-
__
Reduced
Reduced
thickness
thickness
61 Omm-LC I
760mm-LCI
-x-Reduced
__ Reduced
thickness 610mm-LC2
thickness 760mm-LC2
-+- Uniform thickness of I070mm-LCI __ Unifonn tickness of 1070mm-LC2
800
-
z
E
9
"" 300
><
-.,
1!.
c:
E
0 -200 x
::;;
01
:cc:
.,
c:
!II -700
-1200
a 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Fig.4.9a Variation of bending moment Mx along line 1 with variation of thickness

in mid span(LCl-verticalloads, LC2-lateral and vertical loads).
200
-+- Reduced thickness 450mm-LCl -0- Reduced thickness 450mm-LC2
-.- Reduced thickness 610mm-LCI -x-Reduced thickness 610mm-LC2
___ Reduced thickness 760mm-LCI ____ Reduced thickness 760mrn-LC2
a -+-- Uniform thickness of I070mm-LCI __ Uniform thickness of I070mm-LC2
E
~ -200
z
""
><
1!. -400
-.,
c:
E0 -BOO
::;;
01
:cc: -BOO
.,
c:
!II
-1000
-1200
a 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Fig.4.9b Variation of bending moment Mx along line 2 with variation of thickness

in midspan.
2900
-+- Reduced thickness 450mrn-LC I -0- Reduced thickness 450mm-LC2
--+- Reduced thickness 610mrn-LCI __ Reduced thickness 610mm-LC2
__ Reduced thickness 760mm-LCI ~ Reduced thickness 760mm-LC2
2400 -+- Uniform thickne 0 070mm-LCI _ U thickness of I070mm-LC2
-
z
E
E, 1900
""
~ 1400
-'"
c:
E
0 900
::0
Cl
c:
"0 400
c:
'"
1lI
-100
-600
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Fig.4.9c Variation of bending moment Mx along line 3 with variation ofthiclmess

in midspan.
0
__ Reduced thickness 450mm-LCI ---0- Reduced thickness 450mm-LC2
--+- Reduced thickness 61 Omm-LC 1 -*-Reduced thickness 610mm-LC2
__ Reduced thickness 760mm-LCI -+- Reduced thickness 760mm-LC2
-100 --+- Uniform thickness of I070rnm-LC I _ Uniform thickness of 1070mrn-LC2
E
~ -200
z
""
)(
::0
-'"
c:
E
-300
0 -400
::0
Cl
c:
:;; -500
c:
'"
1lI
-600
-700
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Fig.4.9d Variation of bending moment Mx along line 4 with variation ofthiclmess

in midspan. 0
•.. f
1400
1200 -+- Reduced thickness 450mm-LCI -0- Reduced thickness 450mm-LC2

__ Reduced thickness 61Omm-LCI """*"" Reduced
__ Reduced
thickness
thickness
61 Omm-LC2
760mm-LC2
-lIE- Reduced thickness 760mm-LCI
E 1000 -i- Uniform thickness of I070mm-LCl _ Uniform thickness of 1070mm-LC2
E•
z 800
"'"
N
-
~ 600
C
Gl
E 400
0
::;;
Cl
200
:acc
Gl
m 0
-200
-400
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Fig.4.10a Variation of bending moment Mx along line 5 with variation ofthickness

in midspan.
-200
.E
Ii'
:l2 -400
N
~
C
Gl
-600
E
o
::;;
g' -800
:ac -:-+- Reduced thickness 450mm-LCI -0- Reduced thickness 450mm-LC2
Gl -.- Reduced thickness 61 Omm-Lel -*- Reduced thickness 61 Omm-LC2
~ Reduced thickness 760mm-LCI -+- Reduced thickness 760mm-LC2
m -1000 -+- Uniform thickness of l070mm-LCI - Unifonn thickness of l070mm-LC2
-1200
o 5 10 1!? 20.
25 30 35 40
Fig.4.10b Variation of bending moment Mx along line 6 with variation of thickness in

midspan. t.
f
2500
2000
E 1500
~
z 1000
.l<
N 500
:ii:
~
CI> a
E
~ -500
Cl
.5 -1000
"C
c -+- Reduced thickness 450mm-LCI -<>- Reduced thickness 450mm-LC
~ -1500 ----..-
Reduced thickness 610mm-LCI __ Reduced thickness 61Omm-LC2
__ Reduced thickness 760mm-LCI ___ Reduced thickness 760rnm-LC2
-+- Uniform thickness of I070mm-LCI _ Uniform thickness of I070mrn-L
-2000
-2500
a 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Fig.4.10c Variation of bending moment Mx along line 7 with variation of thickness

in midspan.
2500
Reduced thickness 450mm-LC2
2000
-+- Reduced thickness 450mm-LCI
----0- Reduced thickness 610mm-LCI
Reduced thickness 760mm-LCI
'""*-
-0-
Reduced
______ Reduced
thickness
thickness
610mm-L
760mrn-
Uniform thickness of 1070mm-LC I _ Uniform thickness of I070m L
E 1500
~
z
""_1000
N
•
-
~
c 500
CI>
E
0
:;:
Cl 0
.S
"C
C
'" -500
III
-1000
o 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Fig.4.lOd Variation of bending moment Mx along line 8 with variation of thickness

in midspan.
3200
-.- Reduced thickness 450mm-LCl Reduced thickness 450mm-LC2
--(>-.,..
-.- Reduced thickness 61 Dmm-Lel -*-Reduced thickness 61 Dmm-Le2
2700 ~ Reduced thickness 760mrn-LCI ___ Reduced thickness 760mm-LC2
-t- Uniform thickness of I070mm LCI
M _ Uniform thickness of 1070mm-LC2
2200
N
E 1700
Z
"" 1200
>;
)(
Vl 700
iii
-
en
~
'" 200
Vl
~
co -300
'"
.:::
Vl
-a00
-1300
-1800
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
•
Fig.4.11a Variation of Shearing stress Sxy along line 1 with variation of thickness in mid
panel of non-uniform mat. (LCI-veticalloads, LC2-lateral and vertical loads).
300
---.- Reduced thickness 450mm-LCI ___ Reduced thickness 450mm-LC2
-.- Reduced thickness 61 Dmm-Lel ~Reduced thickness 610mm-LC2
---*- Reduced thickness 760mm-LCI __ Reduced thickness 7 -Le2
-+-- Uniform thickness of I070mm-LCI _ Uniform thickn s mm-Le2
200
E
.~ 100
>;
)(
Vl
iii 0
en
~
iii
:;; -100
'"
.:::
Vl
-200
-300
o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Fig.4.11b Variation of Shearing stress Sxy along line 2 with variation of thickness in mid
panel of non-uniform mat.
G~
eJ"V
-.- Reduced thickness 450mm.LCI ~ Reduced thickness 450mm-LC2
--.- Reduced thickness 61 Omm-Let ---*- Reduced
thickness 610mm-LC2
----....- Reduced thickness 760mm~LCI -+- Reduced thic ess 760mm-LC2
1300 --+- Uniform thickness of 10 mm-Lel _ Uniform thi of l070mm-LC2
N
800
~
Z
.l<
>;
)(
300
l/)
.,
VI
en
-.,
~
l/)
~
-200
"
.r:; -700
l/)
-1200
-1700
0 2 4 6 8 10 . 12 14 16 18 20
Fig.4.11c Variation of Shearing stress Sxy along line 3 with variation of thickness in mid
300 Reduced thickness IS-LC'I ~ Reduced thickness I.S'.LC2

Reduced thickness 2.0'.Lel ~ Reduced thickness 2.0'-LC2
Reduced thickness 2,5'.LCI -+- Reduced thickness 2.5'-LC2
Uniform thickness of 3.5'.LCI -- Uniform thickness of 3.5'.
200
-
N
E
Z
.l<:
...::. 100
>.
en><
~
fIl 0
-
fIl
•..
CIl
en
•..
C'Cl
-100
CIl
..c:
en
-200
-300
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Fig.4.lld Variation of Shearing stress Sxy along line 4 with variation of thickness in mid
J
2000
-+- Reduced thickness 450mm.LCI __ Reduced thickness 450mm-LC2
...........- Reduced thO kness 610mm-LC -*-Redu ed thickness610 -Lel
1500 -*- Reduced
-+- Uniform
t
t
kness 760mm.L
kness 1070mm-
---..- Red d thickness 760
- Uni m thickness of I
-Lel
mm-Le2
N
1000
-z•••
E
500
N
>-
Ul
.,•..
Ii) 0
-...••.,
III
Ul -500
.t:
Ul -1000
-1500
-2000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Fig.4.l2a Variation of Shearing stress Sxy along line 5 with variation of thickness in mid
400
Reduced thickness 450mm-L('1 --a-- Reduced thickness 450mm-LC2
Reduced thickness 61 Omm-LC! -*- Reduced thickness 61 DmOl-Le2
3 Reduced thickness 760mm-LCI -+- Reduced thickness 760mm-LC2
Uniform thickness of I070mm-LCI _ Uniformt thickness of I070mm-LC2
N
200
-•••
Z
E
100
~
Ii)
III
o
E
iii -100
•...,
••
C;S -200
-300
-400
o 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Distnace from end, m
Fig.4.l2b Variation of Shearing stress Sxy along line 6 with variation of thickness in mid
J
2000
-+- Reduced thickness 450mm~LCI ~ Reduced thickness 450mrn-LC2
---.- Reduced thickness 61 Omm-Lel ----*- Reduced thickness 61 m.LC2
1500 ~ Reduced ickness 760mrn- 1 -+- Re ed thickness 76 m-Le2
~ Unifor' ickness of 107 -Lei . ann thickness 70mm-LCl
N
1000
-z
.><
E
500
~
til
0
"'-
~
III
-500
•..
til
'" Cll
..c:
til -1000
-1500
-2000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Fig. 4.l2c Variation of Shearing stress Sxy along line 7 with variation ofthickness in mid
1500
-+- Reduced thickness 450mm-LCI ____ Reduced thickness 450mrn-LC2

---+- Reduced thickness 61 Omm-Lel ---*- Reduced thickness 61 Omm-Le2
1000 ~ Reduced thickness 760mm-LCI ____ Reduced thickness 760mm-LC2
N
--+- Uniform thickness of I070mm-LCi -- Uniform thickness of J070mm-Le2
E
Z 500
"'"
N
>.
en
Ii) 0
III
-
•..
Cll
en
•..
'"
Cll
..c:
-500
en
-1000
-1500
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Fig.4.l2d Variation of Shearing stress Sxy along line 8 with variation of thickness in mid
j
10
-+-- Reduced thickness 450mm-LCI -0-- Reduced thickness 450mm-LC2
---.-Reduced thickness 61 Orom-Lel ~ Reduced thickness 61 Omm-Le2
5 ~ Reduced thickness 760mm-LCI -+- Reduced thickness 760mm-LC2
--+- Uniform thickness of l070mm-LCI _ Uniform thickness of I070mm-LC2
o
E -5
E
'E -10
Cll
~ -15
1il
en -20
-25
-30
-35
o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Fig. 4.l3a Variation of Settlement alone line 1 with variation of thickness in mid span
of non-uniform mat. (LCI-veticalloads, LC2-1ateral and vertical loads).
5
__ Reduced thickness 450mm-LCI ~ Reduced thickness 450mm-LC2
---+- Reduced thickness 61 Dmrn-LCI --+- Reduced thickness 61 Gmm-Le2
-::t::: - Reduced thickness 760mm-LCI ______ Reduced thickness 760mm-LC2
-+- Uniform thickness of 1070mm-LCI _ Uniform thickness of I070mm-LC2
o
E
E -5
..:
r::
Cll
E
Cll
ECll -10 _:I: -:I: -:I: -:I: -:I: -:1:_
en x ....
x, ::t:::-x-x_::«:_x_::«:_x_x-::f':::
/:1:-
. ~~
-15 r"
-20 -----------------------~-----j20
o 2 4 6 8
10 12 14 16 18
Fig. 4.13 b Variation of Settlement along line 2 with variation of thickness in mid ••
span of non-uniform mat.
,
o
-+- Reduced thickness 450mm.LCI ~ Reduced thickness 450mm.LC2
-r- Reducedthickness61Dmm-Lel ~ Reduced thickness 61 Dmm-Le2
_____ Reduced thickness 760mrn-LCI __ Reduced thickness 760mrn-LC2
.-......t- Uniform thickness of I070mm-LCI _ Uniform thickness of I070mm-LC2
-5
E
E -10
-20
-25
o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Distance form end, m
Fig.4.13c Variation of Settlement along line 3 with variation of thickness in mid

o
---+- Reduced thickness 450mm-LCI -0-- Reduced thickness 45Qmm-lC2
~ Reduced thickness 610mm-LCI ~ Reduced thickness 610mm-LC2
-.- Reduced thickness 760mrn-LCI __ Reduced thickness 760mm-LC2
--+- Uniform thickness of I070mm-LCI _ Uniform thickness of I070mm-LC2
-5
E
E -10
•••<:
CIl
ECIl
il -15
Vl
-20
-25
o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Fig.4.13d Variation of Settlement along line 4 with variation of thickness in mid

o
-5
-10
E -15
E
c'
~ -20
CIl
~ -25 ---+- Reduced thickness 450mm.LCI ~ Reduced thickness 450mm-LC2

Vl
--.- Reduced thickness 610mm-LCI ---*- Reduced thickness610mm-LC2
~ Reduced thickness 760mm-LCI --+- Reduced thickness 760mm-LC2
-30 ~ Uniform thickness of I070mm-LCl - Uniform thickness of 1070mm-LC2
-35
-40
o 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Fig.4.14a Variation of Settlement along line 5 with variation of thickness in mid

E -5
E
•••l:
CIl
ECIl -10
ECIl
Vl
-15
--+- Reduced thickness 450mm-LC I ---<>- Reduced thickness 450mm-LC2
-..-Reduced thickness 610mm-LCI -*- Reduced thickness 61 Omm-LC2
......-
Reduced thickness 760mm-LCI ___ Reduced thickness 760mm-LC2
-+- Uniform thickness of l070rnrn-LCI _ Uniform thickness of I070mm-LC2
-20
-25
o 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Fig.4.14b Variation of Settlement along line 6 with variation of smaller thickness in mid
r
),
5
~ Reduced thickness 450mm-LCI -0- Reduced thickness 450mm-LC2
--.- Reduced thickness 610mm-LCI ~ Reduced thickness 61 Dmm-Le2
~ Reduced thickness 760mm-LCI --+- Reduced thickness 760mm-LC2
0 -+- Uniform thickness of I070mm-LCI - Uniform thickness of 1070
-5
E
E
..: -10
<:
(I)
E
-
(I)
;:; -15
(I)
III
-20
-25
-30
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Fig. 4.14c Variation of Settlement along line 7 with variation of thickness in mid
0
-+- Reduced thickness 450mm-LCI -0- Reduced thickness 450mm-lC2
---..- Reduced thickness 61 Dmm-Lel ----*-
Reduced thickness 61 Dmm-Le2
-.- Reduced thickness 760mm-LCI --+- Reduced thickness 760mm.LCl
-5 --+- Uniform thickness of I070mm-LCI _ Uniform thickness of I070mm-LC2
-10
E
E
..: -15
<:
(I)
E(I)
-20
E
(I)
III
-25
-30
-35
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Fig.4.l4d Variation of Settlement along line 8 with variation of thickness in mid j

.•....
Table 4.4. Variation of Displacement, Moment and Shearing Stress against
Variation of Reduced Thickness along Short Direction (I(, = 16.0
MN/m'). (Upper values in the boxes are for vertical load case and the
lower values for lateral plus vertical load case.)
Reduced thickness 42% Reduced thickness 71 %

of mat thickness of mat thickness
Displace Bending Shearing Displacem Bending Shearing
Location
ment Moment stress ent Moment stress
(mm) (kN-m1m) (kN/m') (mm) (kN-m1m) (kN/m')
-26.14 171.0 554.0 -20.06 122.9 546.2

Exterior
column face -14.95 244.6 417.6 -9.22 265.5 412.0
-14.73 -171.7 -350.0 -15.45 -266.8 -95.3

Line Mid of first
1 panel -0.37 -196.2 500.3 -3.56 -230.4 405.7
-18.99 -83.2 -870.3 -17.04 -89.9 -715.9

Face shear
wall -3.20 -782.0 332.3 -4.73 -641.8 377.9
-12.10 -459.3 136.9 -13.45 -800.9 154.4

Exterior
column line -7.42 -288.0 54.9 -7.24 -439.7 102.5
-5.70 -321.6 -169.8 -10.61 -632.6 -97.5

Line Mid of first
2 panel -1.33 -113.7 69.3 -4.65 -238.0 38.3
-7.87 -384.6 -105.1 -11.08 -741.9 -131.0

Interior
column line -2.65 -166.2 -43.8 -5.36 -325.02 -44.4
-17.43 1773.0 475.8 -15.11 1261.8 616.7

Exterior
column face -10.50 1018.0 414.0 -9.04 783.4 500.5
Line -10.55 115.25 -603.4 -11.81 168.5 -350.5

Mid of first
3 -7.50 199.04 -221.3
panel -7.21 99.3 -384.6
Face of -13.91 2342.1 -819.3 -13.05 1752.7 -462.8
interior 1495.1 -848.4
-10.01 1869.7 -449.5 -8.91
column
,
, '1
I
•
41
Table 4.5. Variation of Displacement, Moment and Shearing Stress against
Variation of Reduced Thickness along Long Direction (K. = 16.0
MN/m3). (Upper values in the boxes are for vertical load case and the
lower values for lateral plus vertical load case.)
Reduced thickness 42% Reduced thickness 71 %

of mat thickness of mat thickness
Displace Bending Shearing Displacem Bending Shearing
Location
ment Moment stress ent Moment stress
(mm) (kN-m1m) (kN/m') (mm) (kN-m1m) (kN/m')
546.2
,
-26.14 171.0 554.0 -20.06 122.9
Exterior
column face -14.95 244.6 417.6 -9.22 265.5 412.0
-14.73 -171.7 -350.0 -15.45 -266.8 -95.3

Line Mid of first
7 panel -0.37 -196.2 500.3 -3.56 -230.4 405.7
Face of -18.99 -83.2 -870.3 -17.04 -89.9 -715.9

interior -641.8 377.9
-3.20 -782.0 332.3 -4.73
column
-12.10 -459.3 136.9 -13.45 -800.9 154.4
Exterior
column line -7.42 -288.0 54.9 -7.24 -439.7 102.5
-5.70 -321.6 -169.8 -10.61 -632.6 -97.5

Line Mid of first
8 panel -1.33 -113.7 69.3 -4.65 -238.0 38.3
-7.87 -384.6 -105.1 -11.08 -741.9 -131.0

Interior
column line -2.65 -166.2 -43.8 -5.36 -325.02 -44.4
-17.43 1773.0 475.8 -15.11 1261.8 616.7

Face shear
wall -10.50 1018.0 414.0 -9.04 783.4 500.5
Line -10.55 115.25 -603.4 -11.81 168.5 -350.5

Mid of first
9 -7.50 199.04 -221.3
panel -7.21 99.3 -384.6
Face of -13.91 2342.1 -819.3 -13.05 1752.7 -462.8
interior 1495.1 -848.4
-10.01 1869.7 -449.5 -8.91
column
42
Past studies ( Sutradhar 1999, Rahman 200 I) shows that the design of mat foundation
is mostly governed by the minimum reinforcement criteria for resisting the bending
moment. Reduced thickness, t,. for mat with non-uniform thickness at midspan is
governed by negative moment. As thickness in midspan decreases negative moment
also decreases, at the same time capacity of the section decreases. Table 4.6 shows the
variation of bending moment and moment capacity for unit width of the smaller
section for the above example along line 2 and 6. Maximum and minimum moment
capacity of a section has been calculated with maximum and minimum steel ratio for
unit width of the section as singly reinforced beam. It appears (Fig.4.19) that negative
moment increases with the increase in reduced thickness (t,) for non-uniform mat
Minimum moment capacity with minimum reinforcement also increases with the
increase of reduced thickness. Any thickness in negative moment zone larger than
80% of mat thickness (t) can withstand the negative moment in the zone with
minimum reinforcement. So in the mid span zone the thickness of mat can be reduce
upto 20% of mat thickness with using minimum reinforcement for the area.
Punching and flexural shear both are important parameters in designing the mat
foundation. For non-uniform mat the mat-thickness near shear wall and column is
calculated from punching shear. So beam shear (flexural) is significant for reduced
thickness zone of non-uniform mat. For presence of shear wall it is evident that shear
stress concentration occurs at the face of shear wall. This concentration is more
pronounce for the lateral-vertical load combination (LC-2). Flexural shear force varies
from maximum at the column face and minimum at midspan. From Fig.4.lla to
Fig.4.l2d it is evident that for flexural shear, most critical section is neck section, that
is, at the contact point in between mat thickness and reduced thickness. In region of
reduced thickness of mat with non-uniform thickness, flexural shear force is
maximum at the neck section. As mat is a plate type structure local increase in
flexural shear cannot cause failure. It fails only when ultimate flexural shearing
capacity is less than the flexural shear force across the width. Fig. 4.15 and Fig.17
shows the ultimate stress capacity in flexure of the neck sections along with the
variation of shearing stress due to change in thickness. Neck sections are chosen as,
one is adjacent to the shear wall line and the other one is an interior section.
43
C'
As the reduced thickness increases, flexural shearing stress decreases, but total
flexural force remains constant. This decrease in flexural shearing stress is due to
increase in effective area due to increase in thickness. As the reduced thickness
increases capacity for flexural shear increases. Table 4.7 shows the capacity of the
neck section along with the flexural shear force at that section due to variation of
reduced thickness. Flexural shear force and flexural capacity of the neck section for
different neck thickness has shown in Fig. 4.16 and Fig. 4.18.
From this study, it has been observed that for thickness 55% of the mat-thickness
flexural shear capacity and flexural force are equal. Thickness 55% of mat thickness
is sufficient to take flexural shearing force across the width provided that column strip
width at least 0.4 times of the span in that direction.
Table 4.6 Negative Moment in Midspan along Line 2 and Line 6 with Moment
Capacity for Unit Width of Different Reduced Thickness.
Thickness at Midspan
450 mm 610mm 760mm 1070 mm
Maximum Negative
moment (along line 2) 321.6 495.9 632.6 805.1
(kN-mlm)
Maximum Negative
moment (along line 6) 302.9 439.3 531.2 631.8
(kN-mlm)
Minimum moment.
capacity * 141.4 280.2 485.1 1062.6
(kN-mlm).
Maximum moment
932.7 1847.7 .. 3199.4 7007.8
capacity *
(kN-mlm)
*for (= 27.6 MPa, fy= 414 MPa
44
2000
---+- Reduced thickness 450mm.LCl -e- Reduced thickness 450-LC2
......- Reduced thickness 650mm-LCI -+E- Reduced thickness 650-LC2
1700 _____ Reduced thickness 760mm-LCI -..- Reduced thickness 760mm-LC2
-+- Uniform thickness of l070mm-LCI _ Uniform thickness of I070mm-LC2
1400 _ Section Cpapcity(positive) ---.- Section Capacity{Negative)
1100
••
-E
Z
.lI:
800
500
iii
-..••
III
I!! 200
(/l
-100
CIl
.c -400
(/l
-700
-1000
-1300
-1600
Fig.4.15. Variation of shear stress and flexural shear capacity across the width at
the neck section adjacent to shear wall.
18000
16000 -+- Flexural shear-LCI

-x- Flexural shear-LC2
14000
-.- Capacity
z
.lI:
12000
.:
••
CIl
.c
10000
(/l
..
iii
:I
)(
8000
CIl
ii:
6000
4000 -x
x _--------x
x-
2000
0
50 60 70 80 90 100
40
Reduced thickness as percentage of mat thickness, %
Fig.4.16. Variation of total flexural shear force and ultimate flexural shear capacity
at the neck section adjacent to shear wall with change in midspan thickness.
2400
-+- Reduced thickness 450mm.LCI -0- Reduced thickness 450mm-LC2
-a- Reducedthickness 650mm-LCI ~ Reduced thickness 650mm-LC2
___ Reduced thickness 760mm-LCI -+- Reduced thickness 760mm-LC2
-+- Uniform thickness of l070mm-LCI - Uniform thickness of l070mm-LC2
1900 - Section Capacity
-...:
N
E 1400
z
vi
-
/Jl
•..
Gl 900
l/J
•..
III
Gl
.r:. 400
l/J
-100
-600
0 5 10 15 20
Fig.4.17. Variation of shear stress and flexural shear capacity across the width at
an interior neck section.
18000
16000 -+- Flexural shear-LC1

-x - Flexural shear-LC2
14000
---.-- Capacity
z
...: 12000
.:
III
Gl 10000
.r:.
l/J
•..::l
iii 8000
)(
x------x .-------------x
6000
u::'"
4000
2000
0
40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Reduced thickness as percentage of mat thickness, %
Fig.4.18. Variation of total flexural shear force and ultimate flexural shear capacity
at an interior neck section with change in midspan thickness.
7000
-+- Negative moment along Line 2.
6000 ~ Negative moment along Line 6.
---.- Moment capacity with minimum reinf.
.E -*- Moment capacity with maximum reinf.
Ii'5000
z
.><
c: 4000
oS
Q)
E
~ 3000
Cl
c:
=g 2000
Q)
CD
1000
o
400 600 800 1000 1200
Reduced thickness Of non-uniform mat, mm
Fig.4.19. Variation of bending moment and moment capacity along line 2 and line 6
with change in midspan thickness.
1200
-+- Negative moment along line 2

1000
-x - Negative moment along line 6
-
E
Ii'
z
.><
800
-.- Moment capacity with min. reinf.
..:
c:
Cl> x
E 600
0
::;:
Cl
c:
-0 400
c:
Cl>
III
200
0
40 ~ 00 ro 00 00 100
Reduced thickness percentage of mat thickness, %
Fig.4.20. Variation of bending moment and moment capacity along line 2 and line 6
with change in midspen thickness expressed in percentage of mat thickness.
!"
Table 4.7 Capacity and Flexural Shear Force of the Neck Section with Change in
Reduced Thickness.
Reduced thickness Flexural shear force Flexural Shear
Reduced as % of mat kN Capacity*
thickness, thickness kN
mm Load Load
Case-l Case-2
450 42% 8607 6418 6819
610 57% 8600 6411 9090
760 71% 8434 6287 11364
1070 100% 8178 6102 15909
*for (= 27.6 Mpa
4.3 SUMMARY OF THE PARAMETRIC ANALYSIS OF MAT

FOUNDATION WITH SHEAR WALL
The summary of parametric analysis of two significant parameters for design of mat
foundation is shown in Table 4.8.
45
Table 4.8 Summary of parametric study of mat foundation.
Parameter Displacement Positive moment Negative moment Shearing

Stress
Displacement
decreases rapidly. Negative moment
Increase in Differential decreases significantly.
Positive moment
Modnlus of settlement is high
increases slightly.
Lateral load
Shearing stress
Subgrade near shear walls. combination becomes
changes little.
Variation is less for pronounced due to
Reaction
points away from presence of shear wall
shear walls. for negative moment.
Displacements
decrease below the Change in shear
column and shear stress is
Positive moment Negative moment
wall and increases pronounced at
Increase in decreases along shear increases. This
neck section.
at midspan.
Reduced wall and column line variation is more for
Change below Shear stress
thickness and increases along spans adjacent to shear
shear wall is most variation is
line between columns. walls.
significant. significant near at
Differential the mid span near
settlement reduces. wall.
4.3 SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE IN PARAMETRIC ANALYSIS FOR

THE PRESENCE OF SHEAR WALL
• Previous studies (Rahman 2001, Sutradhar 1999 and Morshed 1995)

suggests that from moment consideration, thickness at the negative
moment zone of mat with columns can be reduced up to 40% of the mat
thickness. But presence of shear wall allows much less reduction in
thickness to resist moment with minimum reinforcement at negative
moment zone.
• Negative moment at midspan close to shear wall IS governed by lateral

load combination.
• Significant differential settlement is found adjacent places to the shear

walls. Differential settlement is prominent for lateral load case (LC-2) as
presence of shear wall resists major portion of lateral force. Settlement
below the shear wall is much higher than the deflection under columns.
• Presence of shear wall causes a higher rate of change in negative moment Q

in the mid span close to shear wall line.
46
••
• Variation in subgrade reaction does not affect the positive moment along
the line parallel to the longitudinal axis of shear wall significantly.
• From the flexural shear consideration the thickness required in mid

sections of mat with shear wall are the same as mat without shear wall.
Previous studies show (Rahman 2001, Sutradhar 1999) that thickness 55%
of mat thickness is sufficient to resist the flexural shear force. This is due
to the fact that flexural shear for buildings with 12 to 15 stories is governed
by vertical load case. So presence of shear wall does not influence the
flexural shear criteria significantly.
47
CHAPTERS
STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOUR OF MAT FOUNDATION

WITH SHEAR WALL
5.1 GENERAL
Mat is a three-dimensional thick plate structure that acts integrally with the building
frame and supported by soil stratum. Proper understanding of mat response to imposed
loading on it is most important part for efficient design of mat foundation. Mat
foundations are commonly designed with uniform thickness all over the mat for
loadings from columns. The methods available for design of mat foundations are
discussed in previous chapters. As the available methods of mat analysis do not focus
on the influence of shear walls on the behaviour of mat foundation, design engineers
may feel uncertain about the shear wall-mat interaction. This gap in knowledge about
the behaviour of mat with shear wall results in over design or under design of the mat.
Location and number of shear walls can influence the behaviour of mat foundation
significantly. An improved understanding of the shear wall effect on mat behaviour is
necessary to achieve overall economy of mat design. Study of Rahman (200 I) reveals
that about 25% economy can be achieved with non-uniform mat foundation over mat
having constant thickness. This aspect is also looked into, specially with the presence
of shear wall.
In the present study, mat foundation with thickened plate under columns and shear
walls, termed non-uniform mat, hereafter, is analysed along with mat with constant
thickness. In the previous chapter it was found that minimum reinforcement can not
resist bending moments if the thickness of mat is reduced too much in the zone of
negative moment zones. The parameters related to mat with uniform and non-uniform
thickness for different location and number of shear walls are critically reviewed.
48
A sample problem of fifteen-story building has been studied for both vertical and
lateral loads for different locations and numbers of shear walls on mat. Various
parameters relevant to mat are selected for study.
5.2 ANALYSIS OF MAT FOUNDATION WITH SHEAR WALL
A typical fifteen-story building with five bays in long direction and three bays in short
direction has been taken for the study. The shear walls were placed at different places
in the plan. The different locations of shear walls are shown in Fig-5.1 to Fig.5.6 with
the lines I to 18 along which variation in moment, shear and defection has been
studied. First the building with only columns as connecting member is analysed, then
five different models with different number and different location of shear walls are
analysed. In the first model a single shear wall is placed at one end of the mat. The
second model is with two shear walls at both the end lines along short direction of mat
foundation. In the third and fourth model two shear walls are used symmetrically in
two column lines. The last model is with a single shear wall at an interior column line.
For the cases of symmetrically placed shear walls the variation of different parameters
in half of the foundation is presented. These models are analysed both with uniform
thickness and non-uniform thickness. The mat thickness was calculated for punching
and it was found to be nearly 1050 mm. For non-uniform mat, the mat thickness below
and near column and shear walls was taken as 1070 mrn and the reduced thickness in
mid panel zones was taken as 610 mrn. In the case of uniform mat 1070 mrn thickness
was used for entire foundation.
Shear wall resists the major portion of lateral loads. So consideration of the lateral
loading is an important factor for study of mat behaviour with shear wall. For
calculating wind load the Bangladesh National Building Code (BNBC,1993) was
followed. The superstructure was considered to be located at Exposure category 'A'
where basic wind speed is 210 km/h. Structure importance category was assumed to be
Standard occupancy structures. To calculate Design Wind load, Projected Area method
was used. Lateral loads were divided into the frames and walls based on the ratio of
their stiffuesses.
49
....~... c=J-------~--------~--------~-------~-------c=J
I .' I
18
I I
17
6 6 0
I I
6.1in
.".f'"
.Q..... . 0 0 I
16
I I
fill" I
I
I 15
; I.
I
0
I
0 Om Om.ma 14
I
I
13
6.1in I
i ~--------~~--------O---------O-------~-------~ ....12
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Fig.5.1 Plan of a fifteen story building of frame structure
f.ll 7.1 m .r.... 71 m ~ 7.1 m ~ ?~I11~?'111.:
~
c=J-------~--------~--------~-------~-------c=J
I ' :. I
18
6.1in
~ --b- ~}---6_~}6
~ Ii, :
.16
17
15
i ~ ~ ........................6CSm..Omej )4
I 13
6.11" I
0--------0--------
~ I
J -0------ ---0-- -----0------ -~ .....]2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Fig.5.2 Plan of the fifteen story building with frame and wall (MODEL-A) o
~.... 71 m .....
~..... 7.1 m
c=J-------~--------~--------~-------~-------c=J 18
: i
~m
6.1in .......17
...m.16
""1,, :;OommOmO ..m:-
() 1~
; I i ~ 15
1 ~
I
I
O 0 0 0 ~
I
........
.14
13
6.11n I I
T.
~--------O---------O---------~-------~-------~
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Fig.5.3 Plan of the fifteen story building with frame and shear walls (MODEL-B)
~m 71 mm":'m 7.1 mm.! .m 7.1 m.! .m?~rn.....?~111m m'-:

....~...
c=J-------~--------~--------~-------~-------c=J
I
I
. . . . I
I
18
6.11n I I
17
o:~ - ..........................00
I I
I
16
.,'~'"
......................mc=J
=;:
() 1~
:; ~: 15
i
,
~ ~
I
6 Om ~ mO 14
13
6.1in I
I
J ~- -------c=J---------[]- --------0--------0-------[] ............

12
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Fig.5.4 Plan of the fifteen story building with frame and shear walls (MODEL-C)
••
\,
.:
.... ... 0-------0--------0--
I
------0-------0-------0
. . . . I
18
I l
.m''''17
99 ~
I l
6.1in
""I."
I -.L J...-
~m ••••••••••• o..{~
' : .........
16
61l : I-t"" : 15
6.1~
i 6---i r
l.'
I
1
~
-;-.,.
~ -D~ L,J ....
J4
13
1 ~--------~---------~---------~-------~-------~
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Fig.5.5 Plan of the fifteen story building with frame and shear walls (MODEL-D)
.: 0-------0--------0--------0-------0-------0 18
6. lin : ! ' t I i '17
",.t.., Q ~ 0..m.Om{J m~ ...... 16
:
l
~
••
l
I
15
o ~......................OmOmO.mO
I •• I
I '" I
14
I
I
'--r- 13
6.1in l
j.
~--------~---------c:J---------~-------~-------~
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Fig.5.6 Plan of the fifteen story building with frame and shear wall (MODEL-E)
.
t.
The superstructure is assumed to have a live load of 2.9 kN/m', slab dead load of 4.3
kN/m', distributed partition wall load of 1.4 kN/m' and floor-finish 1.2 kN/m'. An
amount of 6.4 kN/m has been considered for 12S mm walls along all beams and
column size is 0.6xO.6 m. Story height of the floor is taken as 3.0m. Shear wall
thickness is taken as 0.3 m.
Calculation of dead load and live load is made in accordance with the USD method of
ACI (1983). Proper live load reduction is employed in calculating column loads and
shear wall loads. Load cases are used as follows:
Load case I (LC-I) = I.7LL+ 1.4 DL
Load case II (LC-2) = 0.7S*(I.7LL+ 1.4 DL+I.7WL)
Where
.LL = Live load,
DL = Dead Load,
WL = Wind Load.
Finite element idealization of the mat and shear wall model has been described in
Chapter 3.
5.3 VARIATION IN BENDING MOMENT FOR THE PRESENCE OF

SHEAR WALL
Mat foundation commonly faces positive bending moment below the column and
negative moment at the midspan in between the columns for column loading on it.
Generally maximum negative moments in midspan and column face positive moments
along the column lines are used for flexural design. From the variation of bending
moment along different lines for different location of shear walls are shown in the
Fig.5.7 to Fig.S.2I. Similar variations in other lines are given in Appendix-D.
Variations are plotted along line parallel to the faces of column and shear wall and in
mid span. For the case of symmetrically placed shear walls variations are shown for
half of the structure and for non-symmetric shear wall locations bending moment are
50
plotted along all column lines and mid spans. Variation of the bending moment for mat
without shear walls are also plotted with that of mat with shear walls in all the cases.
Previous studies by Rahman (2001), Sutradhar (1999) and Morshed (1996) showed
that a regular variation in bending moment is observed along the column line and
along mid span in between the column lines. So, for this nearly uniform variation in
bending moment, they suggested that each panel of mat could be divided into column
strip and middle strip. And negative moment governs the reinforcement design of
middle strip and positive moment controls the reinforcement design of column strip.
The presented variation in bending for different locations of shear wall shows that the
change in moment for presence of shear wall are not as regular as revealed by previous
studies for the case of mat foundation without shear walls. Line along which
considerable change in moment has been found are given in Fig.5.7 to Fig.5.2I.The
following observation was made from the current study.
• It is evident that negative moment along mid span increases considerably for
the presence of shear wall. For any location of shear wall, the negative moment
in the adjacent mid panel to shear wall faces significant variation. The variation
of negative bending moment along the adjacent panel and panel next to the
adjacent panel are given in Fig.5.7 to Fig.5.16. For any location of shear wall
the variation in negative moment along mid span of exterior panels suffer
considerable change.
• In long direction (direction perpendicular to the length of shear wall) variation

in bending moment is regular and controlled by the gravity load case for the
mat foundation without shear walls (Rahman 2001, Sutradhar 1999). But
presence of shear wall makes considerable change in the long direction bending
moment. The change in bending moment remains significant, up to the length
of span of adjacent panel as shown in Fig.5.17 to Fig.5.21.
• Variation in negative moment in mid of panel is more pronounced for the case
of non-uniform thickness. Increase is negative bending moment is high for the
51
case of non-uniform thickness. The increased values of negative moments are ,
much higher than the moment capacity of the section with minimum
reinforcement.
• Bending moment variation is more significant for shear wall presence at ends
of foundation. Any other location of shear walls in mat has less influence on
mat bending moment. Intermediate location of shear wall results in less
variation for negative bending moment than that for shear walls at edges. Table
5.1 shows the variation of mid panel moments adjacent to shear wall.
• Positive moment increases along the line of shear wall for lateral load
combination (LC2). Significant change in positive moment occurs in the
column line (along short direction) next to the shear wall line. Variation in
positive moments along the direction of shear walls are not very significant.
Along the direction perpendicular to shear walls significant change in positive
bending moment occurs.
• For any location of shear wall the change of the negative moment in exterior
panel is always significant.
• Change in long direction bending moment is less for shear wall location in mid
part of mat (as model-C and D). Fig.5.17 to Fig.5.21 shows the variation for
different locations of shear wall.
• Positive moment of mat with shear wall along the column lines in the direction
of shear wall follow the same trend as in the case of mat without any shear
wall.
• Variation in positive moment along column lines in short direction other than
the shear wall line is not much significant.
• Positive moment along the column line next to shear wall line faces some
increase in value.
52
r
• Significant variation in positive moment occurs below the shear wall. Both
uniform and non-uniform mat face considerable amount of positive moment
increase below the shear wall. Table 5.4 shows that the values of positive
moment at the face of shear wall are very significant. These increased moments
are more pronounced for the case of non-uniform mat.
Table 5.1 Variation in Maximum Midspan Negative Moment for Uniform

Thickness Mat.
Bending Moment Bending Moment Moment

at at Capacity*
Mid Span of Panel Adjacent Mid Span of Panel Second with
to Shear Wall, kN-m1m from Shear wall, kN-m1m Minimum
Reinf.,
kN-m1m
Load Case-l Load Case-2 Load Case-l Load Case-2
Model-
-1066.8 -1172.9 -604.8 -665.9 1062.6
A
Model-
-1069.2 -1111.5 -602.7 -581.8 1062.6
B
Model-
-866.7 -825.9 -589.3 -583.6 1062.6
C
Model-
-829.8 -868.9 -646.6 -453.4 1062.6
D
Model-E -866.8 -817.9 -576.2 -575.9 1062.6
* f,= 27.6 MPa, fy= 414 MPa
53
Table 5.2 Variation in Maximum Midspan Negative Moment for Non-uniform
Thickness Mat.
Moment at Mid Moment at Mid Moment
Moment Moment Capacity
Span of Panel Span of Panel Capacity Capacit of smaller
thickness.
Adjacent to Shear Second from Shear with ywith with Minm
Minimn Maxim Reinf.*of
Wall, kN-m1m wall, kN-m1m m urn Greater
Load Load Load Load Reinf.*, Reinf.*, Thickness,
kN-m1m kN-m1m kN.mlm
Case.! Cas•..2 Cas•..! Case.2
Model -714.3 -722.4 -376.6 -390.1 280.2 1847.7 530.2
A
Model -716.3 .689.2 -378.3 -327.4 280.2 1847.7 530.2
B
Model -562.6 .555.1 -449.5 .404.9 280.2 1847.7 530.2
C
Model -403.8 -350.3 -547.4 -557.9 280.2 1847.7 530.2
D
Model .562.6 -553.8 .440.7 -431.8 280.2 1847.7 530.2
E
Table 5.3 Percent Variation in Maximum Negative Moment with respect to

Negative Moment for Mat without Shear Wall.
Negative Moment Variation, %
Mid Span Adjacent Mid Span Second

to Shear Wall from Shear wall
Uniform Non-uniform Uniform Non-uniform

thickness thickness thickness thickness
ModeI-A 30.3 32.7 11.4 4.2
ModeI.B 30.6 26.2 9.8 2.0
Model-C 6.1 8.3 2.4 3.2
ModeI-D 12.3 7.6 1.6 1.1
ModeI-E 6.1 4.6 0.2 2.1
54
r
0
-+- Uniform mat with no wall-LeI
-0- Uniform mat with no wall-Lel
___ Uniform mat with shear wall-LeI
-200
~ Uniform mat with shear wall-Lel
E
E, -400
z
""
><
-"
~
c
E
-600
0 -800
~
en
c
:;; -1000
c
"
III
-1200
-1400
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Fig.5.7a Variation in negative moment along mid panel adjacent to shear wall for
uniform mat of model-A (along line-2)
o
-+- Non-uniform mat with no wall -LeI
--0- Non-uniform mat with no wall-Lel
-100 -..- Non-uniform mat with shear wall -LeI
~ Non-uniform mat with shear wall-Lel
~ -200
z
""....::-300
)(
~
~ -400
"o
E
~ -500
en
c
=g -600
"
III
-700
-800
o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Fig.5.7b Variation in negative moment along mid panel adjacent to shear wall for
non-uniform mat of model. A (along line-2).
o -+- Uniform mal with no wall-LCI
-0- Uniform mat with no wall-LCZ
__ Uniform mat with shear wall-LCI
-200 """"*- Uniform mal with shear wall-LC2
~
~ -400
>t
:;;
~ -600
'"
E
o
:;;
.~ -600
"0
C
eX
-1000
-1200
o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
uniform mat ofmodel-B (along line-2).
o
--+- Non-uniform nnt with no wall-leI
-100 -0- Non-uniform mat with no wall-LC2
......-- Non-uniform mat with shear wail-LeI
"""*- Non-uniform mat with shear wall-LC2
~ -200
z
-"...:: -300
><
:;;
~
~ -400
E
o
:;; -500
01
c
] -600
eX
-700
-600
o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
non-uniform mat ofmodel-B(along line-2)
0
-+-- Uniform mat with no wall-Lei
-100 ~ Uniform mat with no wall-Le2
-..- Unifonn mat with shear wall-LCI
--*- Unifonn mat with shear wall-LC2
-E
~
z -300
-200
"'"
>f
:;;
-400
.,
::'
<:
E
-500
0
:;; -600
01
<:
-700
.,
"tl
<:
III -600
-900
-1000
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
uniform mat ofmodel-C (along line-2)
o
--.- Non-uniform mat with no wall-Lei
-100 -0- Non-uniform mat with no wall-Le2
--+- Non-uniform mat with shear wall -LC I
.E --*'- Non-uniform mat with shear wall -Le2
~ -200
z
"'"
~ -300
::'
.,
<:
8 -400
:;;
01
.5 -500
"tl
III
.,
<:
-600
-700
o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
non-uniform mat ofmodel-C (along line-2)
o
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
-100 --+- Uniform mat with no wall-LeI
~ Uniform mat with no wall -LC2
-.- Uniform mat with shear wail-Lei
~-200 ---*"- Uniform mat with shear wall-LC2
z
•••
X
-
~-300
c
1Il
5-400
:0
Cl
c:
'C -500
c:
1Il
aJ
-600
-700
uniform mat ofmodel-D (along line-4)
-50 --+- Non-uniform mat with no wall -LeI

-0- Non-uniform mat with no wall -LC2
E ----.- Non-uniform mat with shear wall -LeI
-100
E• ~ Non-uniform mat with shear wall -LC2
z
••• -150
)(
-
~ -200
c
Gl
E -250
0
==C> -300
c
'C
c -350
Gl
aJ
-400
-450
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
non-uniform mat ofmodel-D (along line-4)
0
--+- Uniform mat with no wall -Let
-100
--0-- Uniform mat with no wall -LC2
-
E
E,
z
-200
-300
---.-
Uniform mat. with shear wail-Lei
-*- Uniform mat with shear wall-LC2
""
X -400
:;:
:;:;-
c -500
ell
E
0
:;: -600
Cl
.=
"'0
-700
c
ell
III -800
-900
-1000
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
uniform mat ofmodel-E (along line-2)
0
---+-- Non-uniform mat ""ithno \\all -Lei
-+- Non-uniform mat \\-llh no \\1111-LC2
-100
.....- Non-uniform mat ...•.
ith shear wail-LeI
~ Non-uniform mat ""llh shear wall -LC2
& -200
Ii
z
-"
)( -300
~
E
••E -400
0
:;;
'"
c
'C -500
c
••
III
-600
-700
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Fig.5.1lb Variation in negative moment along mid panel adjacent to shear wall for
non-uniform mat ofmodel-E (along line-2).
v
0
~ Uniform mat with no wall-Lei
-100 ~ Uniform mat with no wall -Le2
-
E
E,
z
.l<
-200
--+- Uniform mat with shear wall -LeI
-*- Uniform mat with shear wall -Le2
)(
-
~
c:
'o"
E
-300
-400
:;:
Ol
:cc:c: -500
III '" -600
-700
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Fig.5.12a Variation in negative moment along mid of the panel situated one panel away
from shear wall for uniform mat of model-A (along Line-4).
o
-50 -+- Non-uniform mat with no wall-LCI
.........-Non-uniform mat with no wall -Le2
E -100
--+-Non-uniform mat with shear wall-LeI
E
Z -150 -l<- Non-uniform mat with shear wall -LC2
.l<
>f -200
~
g -250
E
o
:;: -300
Ol
.!:
"C
-350
c:
~ -400
-450
-500
o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Fig.5.12b Variation in negative moment along mid of the panel situated one panel away
from shear wall for non-uniform mat of model-A ( along Line-4).
o
--+- Uniform mat with no wail-Lei
..........-Uniform mat with no wall-Le2
-100 -.- Uniform mat with shear wall-LeI
~ Uniform mat with shear wall-Le2
~
z -200
""
x
-••
~ -300
l:
~ -400
:;;
Cl
,g -500
l:
••
al
-600
-700
o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
from shear wall for unifoml mat ofmodel-B (along Line-4).
0
---'-Non-uniform matwith no wail-LeI
-50
--- Non-uniform mat with no wall -Le2
- .-...- Non-uniform mat with shear wall -Lei

E -100 -M- Non-uniform mat with shear wall -Le2
E
Z -150
""
)(-200
:;;
::r
~ -250
E
0
:;; -300
Cl
.5 -350
."l:
••
al -400
-450
-500
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
from shear wall for non-uniform mat ofmodel-B (along Line-4).
o
-- Uniform mat with no wall-LCI
-100 --<>- Uniform mat with no wall -LC2
E __ Uniform mat with shear wall-LCI
__ Uniform mat with shear wall-LC2
~ -200
""
X
::;; -300
:;:r
l:
'"
E
o -400
::;;
Cl
l:
'ti -500
l:
m'"
-600
-700
o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Fig.5.l4a Variation in negative moment along mid of the panel situated one panel away
from shear wall for uniform mat of model-C ( along Line-6).
o
-50 -+- Non-uniform mat with no wall -Let
E -100 -+- Non-uniform mat with shear wail-Lei
E -K- Non-uniform mat with shear wall -LC2
Z -150
""
X -200
::;;
-
~ -250
E
~ -300
Cl
l:
'ti -350
l:
m'" -400
-450
-500
o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Fig.5.l4b Variation in negative moment along mid of the panel situated one panel awaY0
from shear wall for non-uniform mat of model-C( along Line-6). .,
0
-- Uniform mat with no wall-LCI
-100 -0- Uniform mat with no wall -LC2
.••.•......
Uniform mat with shear wall -LCI
-
E
E,
z
-200
-300
"""*- Uniform mat with shear wall -LC2
"")(
-400
-••
~
c:
E
-500
0
:E -600
Cl
c: -700
"0
c:
••
III -800
-900
.1000
O. 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
from shear wall for uniform mat ofmodel-D (along Line-2).
o
--+- Non~uniform mat with no wall -LC 1
--0- Non-uniform mat with no wall -LC2
-100
---6- Non-uniform mat with shear wall -LC 1
E
--*- Non-uniform mat with shear wall -LC2
E, -200
z
""
)(
-••
~ -300
c:
Eo -400
:E
Cl
c:
'ti -500
c:
••
III
-600
-700
o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
from shear wall for non-uniform mat of model-D ( along Line-2).
0
--+- Uniform mat with no wall -LC 1
-0- Uniform mat with no wall-LC2
-100 --+- Uniform mat with shear wall-Lei
-
z
E
E,
-200
~ Uniform mat with shear wall -LC2
"'"
X
-
~
c:
CI>
E
-300
0 -400
:;;
Ol
c:
:0 -500
c:
CI>
m
-600
-700
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Fig.5.l6a Variation in negative moment along mid of the panel situated one panel away
from shear wall for uniform mat ofmodel-E.( along Line-6).
-50 ~ Non-unifom1 mat with no wall -LeI
-
-:>- Non-uniform mat with no wall -LC2
E -100 -.- Non-uniform mat with shear wall -LC I
Ii' -x- Non-uniform mat with shear wall -LC2
z -150
"'"
~
-
;
E
-200
-250
o
:;; -300
Ol
c:
:0 -350
c:
CI>
m -400
-450
-500
o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Fig.5.l6b Variation in negative moment along mid of the panel situated one panel away
from shear wall for non-uniform mat ofmodel-E ( along Line-6).
1200
-+- Uniform mat with no wall -LC 1
1000 ~ Uniform mat with no wall -Le2
E -..- Uniform mat with shear wall -LeI

800
E, ~ Uniform mat with shear wall -Le2
z
600
""
N
-••
~ 400
c:
E 200
0
:;:
Ol
c: 0
'0
c:
m•• -200
-400
-600
Fig.5.17a Variation in moment along line transverse to shear wall for uniform mat of
rnodel-A (along Line-15).
2000
--+- Non-uniform mat with no wail-Lei
---0- Non-uniform mat with no wall -Le2
---.- Non-uniform mat with shear wall-Lei
E 1500 -+E- Non-uniform mat with shear wall -Le2
~
z
""
~ 1000
~
c:
••E
~ 500
Ol
c:
"~c: 0
-500
.II
~,,I'
Fig.5.17b Variation in moment along line transverse to shear wall for non-uniform mat of
1200
-+- Uniform mat with no wall -LeI
1000
--0- Uniform mat with no wall -LC2
-
z
E
E,
800
--.-
---+E-
Uniform mat with shear wall -LeI
Uniform mat with shear wall -LC2
"'" 600
N'-
-.,
~ 400
c:
E 200
0
::;;
Cl 0
.5
., -200
."c:
al
-400
-600
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
model-B (along Line-15).
2000
-+- Non-uniform mat with no wall -LC I
1500 --0- Non-uniform mat with no wall -LC2
E --+- Non-uniform mat with shear wall -Lei
E, --+E- Non-uniform mat with shear wall -LC2
z
"" 1000
N'-
::;;
~
.,
c:
E
500
0
::;;
Cl 0
:ac:c:
.,
al
-500
-1000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Fig.5.18b Variation in moment along line transverse to shear wall for non-uniform mat of "71
model-B (along Line-I 5).
1000
---+-Unifonn mat with no waIl-LeI
-0- Unifonn mat with no wall -LC2
800 ---+- Unifonn mat with shear wall -LCl
-z
E
E, 600
---H- Uniform mat with shear wall-LC2
•••
N 400
~
-
t: 200
ell
E
0
:;; 0
Ol
:ct:t: -200
ell
al
-400
-600
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
model-C (along Line-IS).
2000
-+- Non-uniform mat with no wall-LC I
---0- Non-uniform mat with no wall -LC2
.E 1500 ---+-
~
Non-unifonn mat with shear wall-LC 1
Non-unifonn mat with shear wall-LC2
~
z
•••
~ 1000
-l:
ell
E
o 500
:;;
Ol
.!:
"0
t:
ell 0
al
-500
o 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Fig.S.19b Variation in moment along line transverse to shear wall for non-uniform mat of
model-C (along Line-IS). ~
1000
--+-Uniform mat with no waIl-Lei
800 -0- Uniform mat with no wall -LC2
E --+- Uniform mat with shear wall -Lei
~ 600 -+E- Uniform mat with shear wall-LC2
z
'N
" 400
-.,
~
c:
E
200
0
:; 0
'"
c:
"ttlc:., -200
-400
-600
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
model-D (along Line-15).
2000
Non-uniform mat with no wall ~LCl

E 1500 Non-uniform mat with no wall -LC2
~ Non-uniform mat with shear wall-Lei
z Non-uniform mat with shear wall-LC2
'"
~ 1000
-.,
E
c:
o 500
:;
'"c:
"ttl.,c: o
-500
o 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
••
Fig.5.20b Variation in moment along line transverse to shear wall for non-uniform mat of
1000
-+- Uniform mat with no wal1-LC I
800 -.- Uniform mat with shear wall-Lei
E ~ Uniform mat with shear wall-LC2
~ 600
z
..l<
....::400
N
~
-
~ 200
E
o
:;: 0
Cl
c:
:;;
c: -200
••
III
-400
-600
o 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Fig.5.2Ia Variation in moment along line transverse to shear wall for uniform mat of
model-E (along Line-15).
2000
~ Non-uniform mat with no wall -LC I
E 1500 -.- Non-uniform mat with shear wall -Lei
~ -M- Non-uniform mat with shear wall-LC2
z
..l<
~1000
-••
c:
E
~ 500
Cl
c:
"t:l
c:
~ 0
-500
o 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Fig.5.21 b Variation in moment along line transverse to shear wall for non-uniform mat of .•
model-E (along Line-15).
Table 5.4 Maximum Positive Moment for Mat at the Face of Shear Wall.
Maximum Positive Moment at Face of

Moment Capacity*
Shear Wall, kN-mlm At the Section with
Minimum Reinf.,
Non-uniform kN-m1m
Uniform Thickness
Thickness
Model-A 1863.6 2817.2 1062.6
Model-B 1634.5 2505.1 1062.6
Model-C 1050.4 1856.0 1062.6
Model-D 1184.8 1987.4 1062.6
Model-E 1291.0 1789.4 1062.6
*f,= 27.6 MPa, fy= 414 MPa
Table 5.5 Variation in Positive Moment along Column Line parallel and next to
Shear Wall Line.
Positive Moment at Face of Column, kN-m/m
Uniform mat Non-uniform mat
Load case-1 Load case-2 Load case-1 Load case-2
Exterior column 1021.1 779.1 1626.2 1028.0

Model
A 1st Interior column 1279.2 1214.0 2059.6 1790.5
Exterior column 876.6 594.6 1520.3 902.7

Model
B 1st Interior column 1279.7 1138.5 2057.8 1703.9
Exterior column 1034.3 663.4 1482.2 895.1

Model
C 1st Interior column 1461.9 1193.4 2034.9 1633.7
Exterior column 1005.9 627.4 1564.7 950.2

Model
D 1st Interior column 1435.1 1137.3 2144.7 1715.0
Exterior column 1039.4 665.3 1484.5 918.9

Model
E lst Interior column 1464.0 1200.9 2034.7 1662.8
55
-,
5.4 VARIATION IN SHEAR STRESS FOR THE PRESENCE OF SHEAR
WALL
One of the most important design criteria for mat foundation is the shear force. Since
mat is a plate structure, shear reinforcements is avoided from practical considerations.
Instead, mat is made sufficiently thick to withstand shear. Presence of heavy column
loads concentrated on very small areas makes considerations of punching shear, in
addition to flexural shear, essential. Previous study by Morshed (1996) revealed that
punching shear does not change much with variation of different parameters. The
greater thickness of the mat used for analysis was chosen based on punching. So
flexural shear for the mat needs to be studied.
Mat is a slab type structure, local failure due to flexural shear cannot occur. For a
failure due to flexural shear, it must occur along a line across the width. So total shear
force produced along the face of shear wall for entire width in different location of
shear wall is shown with the shear force capacity in Table 5.9.
Variation of shear stress are given in Fig.5.22 to Fig.5.36. Variation along the other
lines shown in Appendix-D.
• Variation in shear stress along the line between column lines is well within the
shear stress capacity ofthe mat for any location and number of shear wall. This
change in mid panel shear stress is not pronounced for either uniform or non-
uniform thickness mat. Table 5.6 shows the variation at the mid panel adjacent
to shear wall line. Values in the table shows that the shear stress in mid panel
is much lower that shear stress capacity of the section for all the case.
• Significant variation in shear stress occurs along the column face and at the
face of shear walls.
• Variation in shear stress is much higher for the load case-2 than the shear stress
produced by load case-I. So lateral load produces a significant change in shear
stress.
56
• Shear Stresses at the face of shear wall are higher than the shear stress capacity
of the section at some points. But table 5.9 shows that total shear force of the
entire width along the face of wall is higher than the produced shear force from
the superimposed loading.
Table 5.6 Variation in Shear Stress for Uniform Thickness Mat along Short
Direction.
Maximum Shear Stress

Shear Stress at Flexural
at Mid Span of Panel Adjacent Shear Stress
Face of Shear Wall, kN/m'
Shear wall, kN/m' Capacity*,
kN/m'
Load Case-I Load Case-2 Load Case-I Load Case-2
Model-A 421.8 1133.9 125.6 196.9 741.2
Model-B 421.3 1009.6 124.9 180.0 741.2
Model-C 551.9 675.8 139.3 159.6 741.2
Model-D 565.7 1037.9 207.7 240.8 741.2
Model-E 552.1 696.2 139.2 173.2 741.2
57
2000
--+-- Uniform mat with no wall-Let
~ Uniform mat with no wall-LC2
1500 _____ Uniform mat with shear wall ~LCI
••
.E -*- Uniform mat with shear wall -LC2
Z
'"-;:; 1000
)(
til
Iil 500
III
-
Ql
~
til
~
III
0
Ql
.s:: 14
til
-500
-1000
-1500
Fig.5.22a Variation in Shear Stress along the face of shear wall for uniform mat of
model-A (along line-I)
2500
-+- Non-uniform mat with no wail-Lei
2000 -0- Non-uniform mat with no wall-LC2
--+- Non-uniform mat with shear wail-Lei
1500 ~ Non-uniform mat with shear wall.LC2
••
-'"
z
E
1000
>:
)(
500
til
Iil
III
-
Ql
~
til
~
III
0
-500
14
Ql
.s::
til
-1000
-1500
-2000
Fig.5.22b Variation in Shear Stress along the face of shear wall for non-uniform mat of
model-A (along line-I).
1500
-+-- Uniform mat with no wall-Lei
1000 -.- Uniform mat with shear waIl-Lei
~ Uniform mat with shear wall.LC2
500
-500
-1000
-1500
model-B (along line-I).
rnodel-B (along line-I)
1500
--.- Uniform mat with no v.all.LCI
-0- Uniform mat
1000 -.- Uniform mat
"""'*- Uniform rna wit
-
N
E
z 500
"";;;
><
~ 0
III
III
-••
~
UJ
~ -500
'•"•
.<:
UJ
-1000
-1500
model-C (along line-3)
2000
--+- Non-unifonn mat with no wail-leI
-0- Non-uniform mat with no wall-LC2
1500
---6- Non-uniform mat with shear wall-Lei
-*- Non-uniform
-
N mat with shear wall-LC2
E 1000
z
"";;;
>< 500
UJ
u;
-••'"
III
~ 0
UJ
~
••
.<:
-500
UJ
-1000
-1500
model-C (along line-3) 0
1500
~ Uniform mat with no wall-LeI
-0- Uniform mat with no II-LC2
1000 -A- Uniform mat with 5 wall-LCI
N
Uniform mat with 5 ear all-LC2
E
Z
••• 500
>;
)(
~
III
0
-
III
~
'"
Ul 18
~
co
-500
'"
J:
Ul
-1000
-1500
model-D(along line-5)
.2000
-+- Non-uniform mat with no wail-Lei
-0- Non~uniform mat with no wall-LC2
1500 -A- Non-uniform mat with shear wall-Let
-*- Non-uniform mat with shear wall-LeZ
-
N
E
1000
z
••• 500
>;
)(
Ul
en 0
-
III
~
'" 14
Ul
~ -500
co
'"
J:
Ul -1000
-1500
-2000
model-D (along line-5)
2000
-0- Uniform mat with no wall-Le2
1500 ..........-Uniform mat with shear wall-Lel
N
~ Uniform mat wi shear wall-Le2
.E 1000
z
-'"
~ 500
'j;)
III
o
~
~
:g -500
.:::
If)
-1000
-1500
model-E (along line-3)
2000
-+- Non-uniform mat with no wall-Lei
-0-- Non-uniform mat with no wall-Le2
1500 ---..-- Non-uniform mat with shear wail-LeI
~ Non~uniform mat with shear wall-Le2
-
N
E 1000
z
-'"
~)(
500
If)
'j;)
III
-G>
~
If)
~
0
••
G>
.::: -500
If)
-1000
-1500
Dista nce from end, m
model-E (along line-3).
250
-+- Uniform mat with no wall-Let
--0--- Uniform mat with no wall.LC2
200
___ Uniform mat with shear wall-Let
-
N
150
E
z
••• 100
>;
VI
"
III
50
-
III
~
III 0
~
co
Q) 2 14
.r::
III -50
-100
-150
Fig.5.27a Variation in Shear Stress along mid of panel adjacent to shear wall for uniform
mat of model-A( along Line-2).
300
250 -+- Non-uniform trot with no wail-LeI

---<>-Non-uniform rmt with no wall-LC2
200 ---&- Non-uniform trot with shear waIl-LCl
Non-uniform trot with shear wall-LC2
-
N """*""
E 150
z
••• 100
>;
"
III
VI
50
III 0
-
~Q)
Vl
~
co
-50
2 14 16
Q)
.r:: -100
III
-150
-200
-250
Fig.5.27b Variation in Shear Stress along mid of panel adjacent to shear wall for
non-uniform mat of model-A (along Line-2).
150
100 -+- Uniform mat with shear wal1-Lel
~ Uniform mat with s ll-LC2
-100
-150
Fig.5.28a Variation in Shear Stress along mid of panel adjacent to shear wall for
uniform mat of model-B ( along Line-2).
300
--+-- Non-uniform mat with no wall-Let
200 -.- Non-uniform mat with shear wall ~LCI
~ Non-uniform mat with shear wall-LC2
--;;
N
E
z 100
"'"
)(
In 0
enen
-•• 14
2 8 16
'"
~
In
~ -100
'"
..c:
In
-200
-300
non-uniform mat of model-B ( along Line-2).
a
200
-+- Uniform mat with no wail-LeI
-0-- Uniform mat with no wall-LC2
150
---..-- Uniform mat with shear wall-Lei
""'"*- Uniform mat with shear wall-Le2
-
N
E 100
z
"'"
>;>< 50
In
iil 0
en
-
~
~
'"
In -50
2 14
'"
'"
.r:.
In -100
-150
-200
mat of model-C ( along Line-2).
300
-0-- Non-uniform mat with no wall-LC2
-.- Non-uniform mat with shear wail-LeI
200
-*- Non-uniform mat with shear wall-LC2
N
E
Z 100
"'"
>;
><
In 0
iil
en 2 14 16 18
-~
'"
In
~ -100
'"
'"
.r:.
In
-200
-300
non-uniform mat ofmodel-C( along Line-2).
300
~ Uniform mat with no wall-Le2
200 ___ Uniform mat with shear wail-LeI
N
~ Uniform mat with shear wall-L
E
Z 100
""
>;
)(
en 0
VI
en 2 14
-
CI>
~
en -100
~
••
CI>
.l:
en -200
-300
-400
mat ofmodel-D (along Line-4).
400
-0- Non-uniform mat with no wall-Le2
300 -.- Non-uniform mat with shear wall.LCI
---*"- Non-uniform mat with shear wall -Le2
-
N
E 200
z
"" 100
~
)(
en
VI
en 0
CI>
~ 2 14
1::
en -100
~
••
CI>
.l:
en -200
-300
-400
non-uniform mat ofmodel.D (along Line-4).
.
1"","
QJ
'
200
-+- Uniform mat with no wail-Lei
150
-r- Uniform mat with shear wall-LeI
•• -x- Uniform mat with shear wall-Lel
-'"
z
E 100
50
~
)(
en
VI 0
-"'••
~
en
~
-50
2 14
'"
••
.r:.
Ul -100
-150
-200
mat ofmodel-E (along Line-2).
300
250 -+- Non-uniform mat with no wall-Lei

200 -+- Non-uniform mat with shear wail-LeI
~ Non-uniform mat with shear wall -LC2
•• 150
E
Z
100
'"
>: )(
50
Ul
VI
0
"'
-
en
••~
~ -50
2 14
'" -100
.r:.••
en
-150
-200
-250
non-uniform mat ofmodel-E ( along Line-2).
I
1400
1200 -+- Uniform mat with no wail-LeI
--0- Uniform mat with no wall-tel
1000 ......- Uniform mat with shear wall-Lei
- -*- Uniform mat with

N
E 800 shear wall -Le2

z
"" 600
"[
If) 400
Ul
- ..
CIl
CI> 200
If)
.. 0
.:; '"
CI>
-200
If)
-400
-600
-600
Fig.5.32a Variation in Shear Stress along line transverse to shear wall for uniform mat of
1200
1000 --+- Non-uniform mat with no wall -LC I

--0- Non-uniform mat with no wall-Le2
800 -..- Non-uniform mat with shear wail-Lei
N
E ~ Non-uniform mat with shear wall-Le2

Z 600
"" 400
~
~ 200
CIl
-....
CIl
CI>
If) 0
'"
CI>
.:;
-200
If)
-400
-600
-600
Fig.5.32b Variation in Shear Stress along line transverse to shear wall for non-uniform mat
of rnodel-A (along Line-15).
1500
-+- Uniform mat with no wall-Lei
-0- Uniform mat with no wall -LC2
1000 -.- Uniform mat with shear wall-Let
N
.E -*- Uniform mat with shear wall-Le2

~ 500
~
iii 0
~
:;; -500
ell
.t:
Vl
-1000
-1500
model-B (along Line-15).
1500
---+- Non-uniform mat with no wall -LC 1
1000 ___ Non-uniform mat with shear wall-Let
N ~ Non-uniform mat with shear wall -LC2
E
Z 500
-'"
~
iii o
~
..••
iii
ell
-500
.t:
Vl
-1000
-1500
Fig.5.33b Variation in Shear Stress along line transverse to shear wall for non-uniform
mat ofmodel-B (along Line-15).
)
Fig.5.34a Variation in Shear Stress along line transverse to shear wall for uniform mat
ofmodel-C (along Line-15).
2000
_ Non-uniform mat with no wall-Lei
1500
---+- Non-uniform mat with shear wail-LeI
~ Non.unifonn mat with shear wall-Le2
N
1000
E
Z
"" 500
N
>0-
til
lil 0
en
-~
'"
til -500
••.r:~
'"
til -1000
-1500
-2000
Fig.5.34b Variation in Shear Stress along line transverse to shear wall for non-uniform
mat ofmodel-C (along Line-I5).
\
2000
-+- Uniform mat with no wall-Lel
--0- Uniform mat with no wall-Le2
1500
-.- Uniform mat with shear wi-Lei
N
1000
-*- Uniform mat with shear w -Le2
E
Z
, "" 500
~
III
lil 0
.,
-.,
III
~ 10
III -500
~
co
..c:
III -1000
-1500
-2000
2000
1500 -..- Non-uniform mat with sh wail-Lei
-x- Non-uniform mat with sh wall-Le2
1000
-
N
E
z
"" 500
of
>-
~ 0
.,~
III
-.,
III
III
~ -500
co
..c:
III
-1000
-1500
-2000
Fig.5.35b Variation in Shear Stress along line transverse to shear wall for non-uniform Q}
ofmodel-D (along Line-15). \.. ••
,
2000
-+- Uniform mat with no wail-LeI
1500
........- Uniform mat with shear wail-LeI
~ Uniform mat with shear wall -Le2
-
N
E 1000
Z
..l<
500
'[
(fl
iil 0
-e
III
35
(fl -500
~
IV
'"
J:
(fl -1000
-1500
-2000
Fig.5.36a Variation in Shear Stress along line transverse to shear wall for uniform mat
ofmodel-E (along Line-15).
2000
-+- Non-uniform mat with no wall .Lel
1500 -0- Non-uniform mat with no wall-Le2
-.- Non-uniform mat with shear wall-LeI
N
1000 ~ Non-uniform mat with shear wall-Le2
E
Z
..l<
500
N,.,
(fl
iil 0
III
-~
'"
(fl
~
IV
-500
'"
J:
(fl -1000
-1500
-2000
Fig.5.36b Variation in Shear Stress along line transverse to shear wall for non-uniform mat
ofmodel-E (along Line-I 5).
. ..
'.
Table 5.7 Variation in Shear Stress for Non-uniform Thickness Mat along
Short Direction.
Shear Stress
Shear Stress at Flexural
at Mid Span of Panel Adjacent Shear Stress
Face of Shear Wall, kN/m'
Shear wall, kN/m' Capacity,
kN/m'
Model-A 695.8 2005.3 209.7 236.3 741.2
Model-B 691.7 1670.2 209.6 220.6 741.2
Model-C 571.3 833.8 195.1 226.1 741.2
Model-D 583.4 1307.9 260.4 306.1 741.2
Model-E 571.9 849.2 195.0 234.0 741.2
Table 5.8 Variation in Shear stress at 'd' Distance from the Face of Shear Wall
for Mat along Long Direction.
Shear Stress at
distance 'd' from Face of Wall, kN/m' Flexural
Shear Stress
Uniform Thickness Non-uniform Thickness
Capacity,
kN/m'
Model-A 370.9 1016.9 422.3 825.7 741.2
Model-B 370.6 904.8 421.3 745.6 741.2
Model-C 771.2 689.1 937.3 795.5 741.2
Model-D 457.6 856.1 774.9 1094.7 741.2
Model-E 771.1 727.8 937.5 837.9 741.2
58
.J
Table 5.9 Total Shear Force along the Face of Shear Wall with Shear Force
Capacity.
Total Shear Force

of entire width along Face of Wall, kN
Shear Force
Uniform Thickness Non-uniform Thickness Capacity*,
kN
Load Case-I Load Case-2 Load Case-I Load Case-2
Model-A 12586.2 9483.2 11712.1 8840.2 15905.5
Model-B 12595.5 9405.8 11723.2 8752.6 15905.5
Model-C 12361.4 8486.9 12911.0 8941.7 15905.5
Model-D 13707.9 10644.2 138603 10835.8 15905.5
Model-E 12360.6 9056.8 12911.6 9427.1 15905.5
5.5 VARIATION IN SETTLEMENT FOR THE PRESENCE OF SHEAR

WALL
Mat foundations are commonly used where settlement may be a problem for sites
containing erratic deposits or lenses of compressible materials, suspended boulders,
etc. The settlement tends to be controlled by lowering soil contact pressures,
displacing volume of soil and by bridging effect due to mat rigidity and superstructure-
rigidity contribution to the mat. Both overall settlement and point to point differential
settlement are important for the purpose of design of mat foundation.-
Presence of shear wall on mat foundation brings some significant changes in the
deflection pattern of mat foundation. Shear wall loading on mat increases the
differential settlement along the column lines. The settlements along different lines for
different locations of shear walls are plotted in Fig.537 to Fig.5A7. Deflection along
other lines for different models are given in Appendix-D. It is evident that for most of
the locations the maximum differential settlement occurs along the line of shear wall
59
and this differential settlements are higher for the case of non-uniform mat foundation.
The differential settlements are also high along the mid panels adj acent to shear wall
line as shown in figures.
Table 5.10 Maximum Differential Settlements along Line of Shear Wall for
Different Shear Wall Locations ( for subgrade reaction, K,= 16.0
MN/m3).
Differential Settlement
(mm)
Uniform Mat Foundation Non-uniform Mat Fouudation
Model-A 3.38 17.08 11.05 24.66
Model-B 3.38 14.87 11.05 22.15
Model-C 3.00 7.45 9.43 12.68
Model-D 2.94 8.25 9.15 13.07
Model-E 2.99 7.47 9.05 12.45
From the Fig.5.37 to Fig.5.47 and the Table 5.10 to Table 5.12, the following points
become evident:
• Presence of shear wall at any location increases the maximum settlement of

mat foundation from the settlement without shear wall.
• Maximum. differential settlement occurs along the shear wall line.
• For uniform thickness mat the differential settlement is lower than the values
for non-uniform mat.
• Lateral load case causes higher differential settlement for any location of shear
wall.
• Shear wall at edge of mat causes the most sever differential settlement.. Both
symmetrically placed walls and single shear wall at edge causes differential
settlement of significant magnitude. For other locations of shear wall causes
differential settlement less than 12 mm which is well below than the allowable
limit.
60
o
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
-5
E
E -10
~
l:
'E"
E '" -15
'"
lJ)
-+- Uniform mat with no wall ~LCl

-20 -0- Uniform mat with no wall-Lel
-..- Uniform mat with shear wail-LeI
---*- Uniform mat with shear wall-LC2
-25
Fig.5.37a Variation in settlement along shear wallline for uniform mat of model-A
(along Line-I)
0
2 8 10 12 14 16 18
-5
E -10
E
~
l:
'" -15
E
E'"
'"
lJ)
-20
-+- Non-uniform mat with no wall.LCI

-25
---.- Non-uniform mat with shear wall-LeI
~ Non-uniform mat with shear wall.LC2
-30
Fig.5.37b Variation in settlement along shear wallline for non-uniform mat of

model-A(along Line-I)
.,
o
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
-5
E
E -10
.,
.:
c:
.,E E
.,
(J)
-15
-+- Uniform mat with no wall-Lei

-20 ~ Uniform mat with no wall-Le2
.........- Uniform mat with shear wall-Lei
4E- Unifonn mat with shear wall-Le2
-25
Fig.5.38a Variation in settlement along shear wall line for uniform mat ofmodeI-B
(along Line-!)
0
2 8 10 12 14 16 18
-5
E -10
E
.,
.:
c:
.,
E -15
E.,
(J)
-20
-+-Non.unifonn mat with no wail-Lei
-25
---.- Non~unifonn mat with shear wail-Lei
-*- Non-uniform mat with shear wall-Le2
-30
Fig.538b Variation in settlement along shear wall line for non-uniform mat of
model-B(along Line-I)
0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
-2
---0:-- Uniform mat with no wall-LC2
-4 ---+- Uniform mat with shear wail-Lei
E -6
E
.:
c:
-8
'E"
E'"
'" -10
'"
-12
-14
-16
Fig.5.39a Variation in settlement along shear wall line for uniform mat ofmodel-C
(along Line-3)
0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
-2
-4 -0- Non-uniform mat with no wall-LC2

-.- Non-uniform mat with shear wall-Let
-6 ---*- Non-uniform mat with shear wall-LC2
E
E -8
.:
c:
-10
'E"
E'" -12
'"'" -14
-16
-18
-20
Distance rom end, m
Fig.5.39b Variation in settlement along shear wal1line for non-uniform mat of

model-C(along Line-3) •
0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
-2 --+- Uniform mat with no wall-LeI
-0- Unifonn mat with no wall -LC2
-4 -.- Uniform mat with shear wall-Lei
-6
E
E
.;- -8
l:
'"
E -10
E'"
'"
<II -12
-14
-16
-18
Fig.5040a Variation in settlement along shear wall line for uniform mat of model-D
(along Line-5)
o
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
--+- Non-uniform mat with no wall-Lei

-5
-0- Non-uniform nnt with no wall-LC2
__ Non-uniform rmt with shear wail-lei
~ Non-uniform rmt with shear wall-LCZ
~ -10
i
'"
E
'"
~ -15
<II
-20
-25
Fig.5040b Variation in settlement along shear wall line for non-uniform mat of
model-D(along Line-5)
0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
.2
-+- Uniform mat with no wail-Lei
--0- Uniform mat with no wall-LC2
-4
..........-Uniform mat with shear wall-Lei
E -6
E
~
I:
.8
E'"
'"
13
en'" .10
.12
.14
.16
Fig.5.4la Variation in settlement along shear wall line for uniform mat of mode I.E
(along Line-3)
0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
.2
--+- Non-uniform mat with no wail-Lei
-4 --0- Non-uniform mat with no wall-LC2

-.- Non-uniform mat with shear wall-Lei
.6 ~ Non-unifornl mat with shear wall-LC2
E
E -6
~
I:
~ .10
~'" .12
en
.14
.16
.18
.20
Distance rom end, m
Fig.5.4l b Variation in settlement along shear wall line for non-uniform mat of
model-E(along Line-3)
o
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
-2 -+- Uniform mat with no wail-LeI
---0- Uniform mat with no wall-Le2
-4 --.- Uniform mat with shear wail-LeI
--*- Uniform mat with shear wall-Le2
-6
E
E
.: -8
l:
••
~ -10
~
en -12
-14
-16
-18
Fig.5.42a Variation in settlement along mid panel adj acent to shear walliine for uniform
mat ofmodel-A(along Line-2)
o
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
-2
-+-Non-uniform mat with no wall-LeI
-4 -0- Non-uniform mat with no wall-Le2
-.- Non-uniform mat with shear wall.LCI
~ Non-uniform mat with shear wall-LeZ
E -6
E
.:-8
l:
~ -10
~
en -12
-14
-16 •
-18
Fig.5.42b Variation in settlement along mid panel adjacent to shear walliine for
non-uniform mat of model-A (along Line-2)
\
0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
-2 ~ Uniform mat with no wall-Lei
~ Uniform mat with no wall-LC2
-4 -.- Uniform mat with shear wall -LC I
__ Uniform mat with shear wall -LC2
E -6
E
,.;-
.,E
l:
-6
.,
E
., -10
'"
-12
-14
-16
Fig.5.43a Variation in settlement along mid panel adjacent to shear wall line for uniform
mat ofmodel-B(along Line-2)
o
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
-2
-+- Non-uniform rmt with no wail-Lei
-4 -0- Non-uniform rmt with no wall-LCZ

.......- Non-uniform rmt with shear wail-LCI
__ Non-uniform Imt with shear wall-LO
E-6
E
,.;--6
.,
l:
~-10
E.,
"'-12
-14
.16
-18
c
Fig.5.43b Variation in settlement along mid panel adjacent to shear wall line for
non-uniform mat ofmodel-B (along Line-2)
0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
-2 -+- Uniform mat with no wail-LeI
~ Uniform mat with no wall.LC2
-4 ---.- Uniform mat with shear wall-Lei
~ Uniform mat with shear wall-LC2
E -6
E
.:
c
Q)
-8
E
Q)
~ -10
I/)
-12
-14
-16
mat ofmodel-C (along Line-2)
0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
-2
-0- Non-unifoml mat with no wall-LC2
-4
-.- Non-uniform mat with shear wail-Lei
E -6
E
.:
c
Q) -8
E
Q)
E
Q) -10
I/)
-12
-14
-16 (;
non-uniform mat ofmodel-C (along Line-2)
•
0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
-2
-4 -0- Uniform mat with no wall -Le2

-r- Uniformmat with shear wall.LCI
E -6 ~ Uniform mat with shear wall-Lel
E
.,
~
c:
.,
E
-6
~ -10
Vl
-12
-14
-16
mat ofmodel-D(along Line-6)
0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
-2
-+- Non-uniform mat with no wall -LeI
-4 -0- Non-uniform mat with no wall -Le2
-r- Non-uniform matwith shear wall-Lei
-6
~ Non-uniform mat with shear wall-Le2
E
E -8
.,
~
c:
.,
E
-10
.,
E
Vl
-12
-14
-16
-18
-20
Distrance from end, m
non-uniform mat ofmodel-D(along Line-6)
0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
.2
--+- Uniform mat with no wall-LeI
-0- Uniform mat with no wall -LC2
-4
-.- Uniform mat with shear wall-LCl
---*- Uniform mat with shear wall-LC2
E -6
E
.:
c
-8
'"
E
'"
E
'" .10
III
-12
-14
-16
Fig.5A6a Variation in settlement along mid panel adjacent to shear wall line for uniform
mat ofmodel-E(along Line-2)
0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
-2
--+- Non-uniform mat with no wall-LeI
-4 -.- Non-uniform mat with shear wail-Lei
-*- Non-uniform mat with shear wall-LC2
E -6
E
.:
c
-8
'"
E
E'" -10
'"
III
-12
-14
-16
Fig.5A6b Variation in settlement along mid panel adjacent to shear wall line for
non-uniform mat ofmodel-E(along Line-2)
\
Table 5. 11 Differential Settlements along Mid Panel adjacent to Shear Wall for
Different Shear Wall Locations.
Differential Settlement
(mm)
Uniform Mat Foundation Non-uniform Mat Foundation
Model-A
2.18 9.66 7.02 11.64
(Along line-2)
Model-B
1.87 8.42 7.01 10.48
(Along line-2)
Model-C
1.63 6.42 5.96 9.17
(Along line-2)
Model-D
2,03 7.64 7.34 lUI
(Along line-6)
Model-E
1.62 6.71 5.95 9.14
(Along line-2)
Table 5. 12 Percent Increase in Differential Settlements for Shear Wall Presence

along Line of Shear Wall.
Percent Increase in Differential Settlement

for Shear Wall Presence
Uuiform Mat Foundation Non-uniform Mat Foundation
Model-A 51.2 55.3
Model-B 31.9 39.6
Model-C 6.8 27.7
Model-D 7.8 28.1
Model-E 6.4 25.3
61
5.6 EFFECT OF LOtATION OF SHEARWALL
Shear walls and shear cores are used at almost every location on the building plan.
These are used symmetrically in pairs and also found as a single shear wall or shear
core in building. In the present study shear walls are placed at different locations and
at different numbers.
5.6.1 Effect on Bending Moment

Presence of shear wall influences the pattern of moment in the mat foundation
significantly. Variation in bending moment is most significant for the presence of
shear wall at the edge of mat foundation. Shear wall at edges of uniform mat increases
the mid span negative moment by nearly 30% of the moment produced if only
columns were used. Increase in negative moment for locations other than edge is
below or near 10 %. Table 5.1 shows that most sever change in bending moment occur
when the shear wall is placed at edge. One wall at an end or two walls one at each end
has nearly the effect on the bending moment. Fig.5.? to Fig.5.21 indicate these
variations.
5.6.2 Effect on Shear Stress
Location of shear wall causes some difference in the shear stress of mat foundation.
Shear wall at the edge has got the most influence on shear stress at the face of shear
wall. Mid panel shear stresses are not very significant for any location of shear wall.
From Table 5.6 and Table 5.9 it is clear that the shear stresses for the case of model-A
and model-B are of high magnitude. In both the models the location of shear wall is at
edge of mat. More over, variation in shear stress is more pronounced for the case of
non-uniform mat.
5.6.3 Effect on Settlement
Effect of shear wall loading on settlement of mat foundation is more pronounced in the
case of shear walls at the edge. Table 5.10 shows that the most significant differential
62
f
settlements occur for model-A and model-B. For any other locations differential
settlement is well below the acceptable limit. Variation in deflection is higher for the
case of non-uniform thickness mat.
5.7 EFFECT OF NON-SYMMETRIC PLACEMENT OF SHEAR WALL
In the present study shear wall has been placed symmetrically and non-symmetrically
on the plan of mat. It is observed that in regard of bending moment the symmetrically
and non-symmetrically placed shear walls have nearly the same effect for both uniform
and non-uniform thickness mat. Table 5.1 and Table5 .2 indicate that negative
moments at the mid panel are not much affected by the symmetry of shear wall on mat
plan.
Shear stresses at face of shear wall and at mid panel close to shear wall are higher for
single shear wall.
From the point of differential settlement, location of shear wall IS important.

Symmetry in shear wall placement has no significant influence.
5.8 DISCUSSION ON FINDINGS OF SHEAR WALL EFFECT
Presence of shear wall brings considerable changes in loading on mat foundation.

Column transfers load on a smaller part of area. On the other hand shear wall convey
major portion of lateral load to mat as line load. Structural response of mat to shear
wall loading is presented by its variation in bending moment, shear stress and
deflection. These parameters are important for design of mat with shear wall.
Significant variation is observed for bending moment. Negative moment at the mid of
panel faces significant change for presence of shear wall. Previous studies show that
for the case of mat with column loading the negative moment decreases with the
decrease in reduced thickness at mid section,
63
But shear wall presence results a considerable increase in the mid panel negative
moment due to presence of reduced thickness at the mid panels. Increase in negative
moment is high for the panel adjacent to shear wall. Table 5.3 shows that the increase
in negative moment both for unifonn and non-uniform mat is nearly thirty percent
higher for shear wall presence at the edge of mat. Shear wall at intermediate location
produces negative moments well below the flexural capacity of the section with
minimum reinforcement. For non-unifonn mat with reduced thickness 60% of mat
thickness, the negative moments produced are higher than the flexural capacity of the
section. Negative moments for unifonn mat in most of locations can be taken by the
minimum reinforcement. But for the panel adjacent to shear wall and for the exterior
panels negative moment crosses the negative moment capacity of the section for some
location of shear wall. So, higher amount of reinforcement is required to resist
negative moments in the panels close to shear wall. For example, in the case of
unifonn mat of model-A, maximum bending moment in the mid of panel adjacent to
shear wall is 1172.9 kN-m/m. but just one panel away the value of the maximum
moment at mid panel is 665.9 kN-m/m. More over it is seen from Table 5.3 that
negative moment produced in panels away from shear wall ofnon-unifonn mat can be
resisted by reduced thickness but with the reinforcement required for minimum
reinforcement criteria of mat thickness. For shear wall location other than at edge, the
negative moments produced in mid panels adjacent to shear wall are close to the
moment capacity with reduced thickness but with the reinforcement calculated from
minimum criteria of mat thickness.
It is also found that the changes in positive moment along column lines parallel to
shear wall are not significant. Moments for direction perpendicular to shear wall is
quite low if shear wall is not on the mat. When shear wall is present significant
concentration of positive moment occurs under the shear wall. Change in moments
under shear wall along direction perpendicular at some cases are very high. Shear wall
location at the edge of mat causes pronounced variation in moment under shear wall.
Shear wall location in any intermediate place between edges causes less variation in c
bending moment. The change in long direction moment is more pronounced for non- .
unifonn mat.
64 .?
f
Flexural shear stress produced along the line between column lines is well below the
flexural shear capacity of the section. All the locations of shear wall produces less
amount of shear stress in the mid panel. Shear stress at face of shear wall for lateral
load combination is high. But total shear force along the shear wall face is lower than
the total shear force capacity of the section. So local increase in shear stress will not
impart enough threat to the mat.
Overall settlement of mat foundation increases due to the presence of shear wall.
Differential settlement of mat foundation also increases significantly. For non-uniform
thickness mat the differential settlement is high for shear wall presence at the edge of
mat. For uniform thickness mat the differential settlement caused by shear wall in any
mid position on mat is well below the tolerable limit.
Differential settlements along lines in between column lines are not much for both
uniform and non-uniform thickness mat.
The study reveals that the shear wall location at the edge of mat has the most
significant influence on mat behaviour.
65 •
J
CHAPTER 6
DESIGN OF MAT FOUNDATION WITH SHEAR WALL
6.1 GENERAL
An understanding of the actual behaviour of mat with shear wall is essential to ensure
economy in design. Present study focuses on the influence of shear wall presence on
mat foundation. It reveals considerable changes in mat behaviour due to shear wall on
it. So commonly practised design methods of uniform and non-uniform mat
foundation are to be adjusted to cope with the shear wall effect on it. Ultimate
strength design method of American Concrete Institute is followed for the design.
6.2 DIFFICULTIES IN FORMULATING THE MAT BEHAVIOR
Mat foundation is a simple structure. Once everything is set by the engineers and
architects for a particular project, it has a relatively small number of parameters to be
dealt with, such as elastic properties of mat material, modulus of subgrade reaction of
the supporting soil and mat thickness. Difficulty with the formulation of the
characteristics of mat arises from its loading pattern.
Structurally mat acts integrally with the building frame it supports. Mat resists loads
which do not act on it directly but comes through the frame. Generally, to analyse
mat, moments and axial forces produced in response to external loads acting on the
frame is calculated first and applied on mat later.
Magnitude ofload on mat varies mainly depending on column spacing, number of bay
and number of stories. Shear wall presence in superstructure causes considerable
66
r
changes in loading on mat. Mat foundation is provided beneath the super structure to
distribute the load to substratum.
Available approximate solutions for mat foundation with uniform and non-uniform
thickness are results of various parametric studies of many people. The methods are
for column loading only.
The reactive soil pressure under mat is not uniform but varies a lot along the span.
High reactive soil pressure acts under the column, shear wall and their surrounding
zones. This pressure is less away from the column face, near the midspan. In finite
element analysis, soil is generally modeled with spring elements. Modulus of
subgrade reaction is concentrated at the comer nodes of element. Reaction of spring
represents the soil pressure.
6.3 GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR MAT FOUNDATION
Mat is a two-way flexural member supporting super structures and directly supported
by soil. Naturally, design of mat is governed by deflection, bending moment and shear
force considerations. In order to be structurally safe, mat must be strong enough to
resist the moments and shears produced by the column and shear wall loads.
Settlement of mat must also be within allowable limits.
6.3.1 Settlement Requirements ForMat Foundation
Flotation effect and plate behaviour enable most settlements to be limited to tolerable
magnitudes. Also, it is easier to conceal any reasonable amount of overall settlement
by providing higher plinth level initially. A problem of considerable concern is
differential settlement, which may induce detrimental stresses in the superstructure.
This is why strict control of differential settlement is necessary.
McDonals and Skempton (1955), Fled (1965) and Grant et. al. (1974) conducted
comprehensive study on settlement of large number of constructed buildings. All
these sources, give rise to a conclusion that for mat foundation on clay, recommended
67
design differential settlement is 64 to 102 mm and for satisfactory differential
settlement should never be greater than 76 to 126 mm. For mat on sand the respective
ranges are 38 to 64 mm and 50 to 76 mm. These are however safe ranges determined
from only statistical surveys. According to USSR building code, acceptable slope
between two points of mat supporting concrete frame structures is 0.002, with an
average maximum settlement of 102 mm. Study by Terzaghi and Peck(1967)
recommends most widely accepted thumb rule that expected maximum settlement for
mat should be 50 mm and expected differential settlement would be less than 20 mm.
According to BNBC, allowable or limiting settlement of a building structure will

depend on nature of the structure, the foundation and the soil. As a general rule, a
total settlement of25 mm and a differential settlement of20 mm between the columns
in most buildings shall be considered safe for buildings on isolated footings.
Buildings on mat can usually tolerate greater total settlements.
6.3.2 Design of Mat Under Bending Moment
Design of mat for bending moment is straight forward. Since mat suffers from two
directional bending, strips of mat is selected in two perpendicular directions and the
strips are designed as beams for critical positive (upside compression) and negative
(bottom side compression) moments. ACI Code restricts that a minimum steel ratio be
maintained for any section, both near the top and near the bottom of mat. Although
design positive moments should be those at the faces of the columns according to ACI
Code.
Formula used for calculation are given below.
Effective Depth, d = t - clear cover.
Steel Ratio, p - A/bd
Maximum Steel ratio, pmax 0.75 x 0.85 x A x J; x 87000

, Jy 87000 + Jy
fl, = 0.85 - 0.05 x

J: -4000 andO.65 ,,;fl, ,,;0.85
e
1000
Minimum Steel ratio, pmin = 200/fy (fy in psi)
Ultimate Moment capacity, Mu = rplfybd' (1- 0.59 If;)

Je
68 , """
\,
i r
\ ..•..1
6.3.3 Design of Mat Under Shear Force
Perhaps the most important design criteria for mat foundation is the shear force. Since
mat is a plate structure, shear reinforcements is avoided for practical considerations.
Instead mat is made sufficiently thick to withstand shear. Presence of heavy column
loads concentrated on very small areas makes considerations of punching shear, in
addition to flexural shear, essential. As per ACI Code, punching shear is calculated as
the total shear force acting on the surface of a peripheral section around the column
under consideration, taken at distance d/2 from each face of that column, where d is
the effective depth of mat. Physically, punching shear is the column load less the
total soil pressure under the punching area of that column. Both the flexural and
punching shear stresses must be lower than the respective ACI shear capacities of the
mat section. According to ACI Code, flexural shears are to be considered at a distance
d away from the column faces.
ACI design formula for shear capacities are
Ultimate punching shear strength, vpu = 4rp..[l

Ultimate flexural shear strength, Vfu = 2rp..[l
Where <pis the strength reduction factor and equal to 0.85. Pc is the concrete
strength in psi.
6.4 PROSPECT OF NON-UNIFORM THICKNESS OF MAT WITH SHEAR

WALL
Studies by Morshed (1996), Sutradhar (1999) and Rahman (2001) reveal that response
of mat foundation with column loading follows regular trend. They have established (
that the mid span flexural shear is quite low and the shear can be taken only by
thickness 54.5% of the mat thickness calculated from punching criteria. Their studies
also show that the design of mat foundation is mostly governed by the minimum
69
reinforcement criteria for resisting the bending moment. The Reduced thickness, tr for
mat with non-uniform thickness at midspan is also governed by negative moment. As
midspan thickness decreases negative moment decreases and the capacity of the
section also decreases. A thickness 60% of mat thickness with minimum
reinforcement is sufficient to resist the negative moment at mid section.
The present study has revealed that use of shear wall increases the mid span negative
moment significantly. For any location of shear wall, negative moment at adjacent
mid span! spans and the negative moment in the exterior spans increases. Present
study shows that reduction of thickness in mid span causes rapid increase in negative
moment when shear wall is used. Negative moment produced close to shear wall is
considerably higher than the moment capacity of the section with minimum
reinforcement. In the present study the maximum value of negative moment in the
adjacent panel to shear wall is found to be 722.4 kN-m/m and the least value found is
403.8 kN-m/m. But all the cases the moment capacity with minimum reinforcement of
the corresponding section is 280.2 kN-m/m. For uniform thickness mat, negative
moment can increase up to 30% depending on the location of shear wall. And this
increase in negative moment of uniform mat brings the moment of the section higher
or close to the section moment capacity with minimum reinforcement. But for both
uniform and non-uniform mat the negative moment at panel away from shear wall do
not suffer significant change due to presence of shear wall. So the thickness of mat at
the negative moment zone of panels away from shear wall can be reduced. But
different combination of thicknesses for the same mat may not be desirable. It is
found, TableS.3, that negative moments in panel adjacent to shear wall can be resisted
by reduced thickness with reinforcement calculated from minimum criteria of mat
thickness for shear wall locations other than edge.
In the present study it is found that flexural shear at the mid part between column
lines remain well below the section flexural shear stress capacity. So the use of shear
wall does not change the mid panel flexural shear to a value that requires additional
attention. But the shear stresses at distance 'd' from the face of shear wall as shown in
Table 5.8 are not low. Stresses at the face of wall are higher than the section's
concrete shear capacity. As mat is a plate type structure local increase in shear stress
will not cause failure. In Chapter 4, it has been shown that along the line of critical
70
• f
section flexural shear has higher shear stresses at some portion of the line, but total
flexural shear capacity along the line is much higher than the total shear force acting
along the line. Table 5.9 also shows that total shear force acting along the face of
shear wall for entire width is below the total shear force capacity of the width. So, it is
seen that flexural shear will.not cause any problem for mat foundation with shear wall
placed on it.
Presence of shear wall on mat foundation significantly increases differential

settlement of mat. It was observed that the shear wall at the edge of mat causes the
highest amount of differential settlement both for uniform and non-uniform mat.
Parametric study in Chapter 4 shows that the decrease in subgrade reaction causes a
rapid increase in deflection. So for subgrade reaction lower than 16 MN/m3 will cause
much higher differential settlement.
6.5 DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MAT FOUNDATION WITH

SHEAR WALLS
The present study recommends the use of uniform thickness for panels of mat
foundation which are close to shear wall.
For structural design of mat, differential settlement is more important than total
settlement. For structural consideration of a building, column to column differential
settlement is the main concern. Use of shear wall in superstructure increases this
differential settlement. For soil with low uniform subgrade reaction, use of uniform
thickness can reduce the differential settlement.
Fig.5.17 to Fig.5.21 shows the long direction moment variation for column and shear
wall loading. Magnitude and variation in bending moment is low for the case of
column loading. In case of shear wall loading high positive and negative moments are
produced below the shear walls. This variation remains significant for the panel
adjacent to shear wall. Moments along long direction in panel far from shear walls are
small enough to be resisted by minimum reinforcement.
7t
Salient design recommendations are given below:
• Uniform thickness should be preferred for panel close to shear wall for mat
foundation. Thickness should be calculated from the punching criteria. Ninety-
five percent of the maximum column load can be used to calculate minimum
thickness required as prescribed in methods by Rahman and Morshed.
Thickness calculated in this way has been found to be satisfactory.
• When negative moment in panel adjacent to shear wall is less than the moment
capacity of the section with minimum reinforcement, then middle strip of
every panels where negative moment is produced would be dominated by
minimum reinforcement criteria for uniform mat.
• Positive moment perpendicular to the direction of shear wall increases

significantly for presence of shear wall. For rectangular mat with column, the
minimum reinforcement is sufficient to resist the moments in long direction.
But when shear walls are present then higher amount of reinforcement is
required.
• Significant local increase in shear stress is found at face of shear wall. But
overall shear force along the face of shear wall acting in the entire width, is
always found to be less than the capacity of section to withstand shear force.
Thus flexural shear does not pose any threat to mat.
• Additional attention is required for designing the reinforcement of panels close

to shear wall. Equal attention is required for designing the reinforcement of
exterior panel as the exterior panels also suffer significant change in
parameters for any location of shear wall.
• Shear walls at the edges of mat requires care as the influence of shear wall on
mat is found to be most significant when shear walls are placed at the edge of
mat. Special consideration is necessary to control the differential settlement of
72
mat when shear wall is at the edge of mat and the subgrade reaction of soil is
low.
• Reduced thickness can be used for mat with shear walls for shear wall location
in some intermediate place. At that case reduced thickness ( 60% of mat
thickness) with reinforcement calculated from minimum criteria of mat
thickness is found to be sufficient for mid of panels away from shear wall.
;
73
CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION
7.1 GENERAL
Mat foundation is a relatively heavy and costly structure. Optimum design of mat
foundation has always been engineer's dream. Various analysis and design methods
and guidelines focused on structural behaviour of mat. But variation in mat behaviour
for presence of shear wall was not duly addressed in those methods. An appropriate
design guideline for mat with shear wall to achieve overall economy is a strong urge
for concerned people. Non-uniform thickness mat is also another way of achieving
economy in design. General approach of the methods for non-uniform mat was
followed to investigate the future of mat foundation with non-uniform thickness for
shear wall presence. The specific objective of this study was to understand the
behaviour of mat foundation with shear wall loading. Parametric study on two
significant parameters, modulus of subgrade reaction and smaller thickness, has been
carried out in this investigation. Each parameter has been widely varied within the
practical range. On the basis of this extensive study design recommendations have
been made for mat with shear wall.
7.2 SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS FROM THIS INVESTIGATION
The present study has focused specifically on the behaviour of uniform and non-
uniform mat foundation with shear wall. The significant differences in the mat
response to shear wall loading and to the column loading have become obvious from
this investigation.
Parametric study reveals that both soil subgrade reaction and mat-thickness have
considerable effect on the behaviour of mat with shear wall. Shear wall on mat
74
foundation causes higher differential settlement than the settlement caused due to the
absence of shear wall. Differential settlement is most significant along the line of
shear wall. Mat on soil with high subgrade reaction undergoes less settlement.
3
Increase in subgrade reaction from 8.0 MN/m3 to 32.0 MN/m causes a reduction in
settlement of mat nearly seventy to ninety percent at some points. Variation in
subgrade reaction has less impact on variation of bending moment and shear stress.
Displacement has been identified as the most sensitive to the variation of subgrade
reaction for mat with shear wall. This settlement problem is higher for soil with low
sub grade reaction.
Bending moment and deflection has been found to vary considerably due to the
variation in smaller thickness at zones of negative moment. Negative moment at mid
span increases with increase in smaller thickness at that zone. Shear wall location at
edge of mat is found to be most critical and a reduced thickness higher than 80% of
mat thickness is sufficient to resist negative moment at mid zones for that case. For
other locations of shear wall, further reduced thickness may be used in negative
moment zone.
Study shows that for both uniform and non-uniform mat amount of overall settlement
is high. Differential settlements are higher with the presence of shear wall, non-
uniform mat faces even higher differential settlement. For uniform mat, differential
settlement is found to increase up to 52% over that for frame superstructure in the
present study. Increase in differential settlement for shear wall location other than
edge is not much significant. But for any location of shear wall, differential settlement
is comparatively high for non-uniform mat.
Shear wall placed at the edge of foundation causes the most significant variation in
different design parameters like bending moment, shear and settlement of mat
foundation. Shear walls at edges increase the negative moment and settlement of
foundation. The change in negative moment in the panel adjacent to shear wall is
found to be as much as 30%. Percent increase in negative moment in adjacent panel is
nearly the same for uniform and non-uniform mat. Presence of shear wall at any
intermediate locations has less significant variation in moment, shear and settlement.
75
It has been found that high positive moment is produced below the shear wall.
Additional attention is required for resisting that positive moment under shear wall.
Panels adjacent to shear walls face the most significant variation in different design
parameters like bending, settlement. So design of panels adjacent to shear wall need to
be done with special care. The panels away from the shear wall suffer insignificant
change in different design parameters. Bending moment and shear stress produced in
the panel away from the shear wall are nearly the same as those produced when no
shear wall is used.
Shear wall presence in the intermediate locations other than the edges of mat has
insignificant effect on mat behaviour. Except the moments produced in the column
lines and shear wall lines, other intermediate moments can be resisted by minimum
reinforcement. When shear wall is placed on edge of mat, additional attention is
required to control differential settlement and bending moment.
Non-uniform mat with shear wall can be economical if the location of shear wall is at
some intermediate place on mat. In those cases the mid panel negative moments can
be resisted by reduced thickness with reinforcement calculated for minimum criteria
of mat thickness. The study reveals that thickness at the middle of panels away from
shear wall can be reduced up to 40% for any location of shear wall.
7.3 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE FUTURE STUDY
The following recommendations are presented based on the present study for future
study
• In the present study influence of planer shear wall has been investigated.
Effect of Lift core, T-shape, L-shape shear walls on mat foundation has to
be investigated.
76 "
,
'.~r
• Behaviour of irregularly shaped mat, mat with punches, mat with irregular
location of shear wall and non-uniform column spacing maybe studied for
loading from shear wall and lift core.
• Dynamic soil-mat interaction may be analysed using FE method.
• The interaction of mat soil by using appropriate interface element and
incorporating soil non-linearity may be investigated.
• Soil and mat have been modelled as linearly elastic material in the current
study. A non-linear analysis may be performed.
• Three dimensional shear wall-mat interaction may be studied.
77
REFERENCES
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for Combined Footing and Mats", ACI Journal Proceedings, 63(10),1041-1057.
Ahmad, S., Irons, B.M. and Zienkiewicz, a.c. (1970), "Analysis of Thick and Thin Shell
Structures by Curved Finite Elements", International Journal of Numerical Methods in
Engineering, 2, 419-451.
Ahmad, S. (1969), "Curved Finite Elements in the Analysis of Solid, Shell and Plate
Structures", Ph.D. Thesis, College of Swansea.
Arora, K.R., (1992), "Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering", 1st Ed., Standard
Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi.
Bangladesh National Building Code (BNBC), (1993), "Foundation", Art 3.9, pp. 6-69.
Bathe, K.J. (1976), "Numerical Methods in Finite Element Analysis", 1st Ed., Prentice
Hall Inc., New Jersey.
Bowels, J.E. (1988), "Foundation Analysis and Design", 4th Ed., McGraw Hill Book Co.,
New York.
Bowels, J.E. (1974), "Analytical and Computer Methods in Foundation Engineering", 1st
Ed., McGraw Hill Book Co., New York.
Bowels, J.E. (1986). "Mat Design", ACI Journal, 83(6), pp. 1010-1017.
Broms C.E. (2000), "Elimination of flat plate punching failure Mode", ACI Structural
Journal, .97, pp.94-I01.
Chilton, D.S. and Wekezer, J.W. (1990), "Plates on Elastic Foundation", Journal of
Structural Engineering, ASCE, 116(11), pp.3236-3241.
78
Coull, A. and Smith, S.B(1991), " Tall Building Structures: Analysis and Design", John
Wiley & Sons,Inc. New York. pp.79-91
Coull, A. and Mukheljee,P.R.(1974),"Coupled Shear Walls with General Support

Conditions", Proceedings of Conference on Tall Buildings, Kuala Lumpur, pp.4.24-4.30
Das, B. M. (1983), "Advanced Soil Mechanics", 1st ed., Hemisphere Publishing

Corporation, Washington.
Desalvo, G.J. and Swanson, J.A. (1994), " Ansys-user manual", Swanson analysis
system Inc., Houston, Pa.
Deryck, N. and Severn, R.N. (1960), "Stresses in Foundation Rafts", Proceedings, The
Institute of Civil Engineers (London), Vol. 20(2). pp.293-304.
Deryck, N., and Severn, R.N. (1960), "Stresses in Foundation rafts", Proceedings. The
Institution of Civil Engineers (London), 15(1), pp.35-48.
Gupta, A. and Patel, A.N.(1996), "Rational Analysis of Mat Foundations Using Finite
Element Technique", Proceedings, The International Seminar on Civil Engineering
Practice in the Twenty first Century, Roorkee, I, pp.149-159.
Grant, R. et. al. (1974), " Differential Settlement of Buildings", JGED, ASCE, 100(9),
pp.973-991.
Hemsley, J.A. (1987), "Elastic Solutions for Axisymetrically Loaded Circular Raft with
Free or Clamped Edges Founded on Winkler Springs or a Half-space", Proceedings, The
Institute of Civil Engineers (London), 83(2), pp.61-90.
Hemsley, J,A. (1988), "Plane Elastostatic Flexure of an Infinite Plate on a Half Space",
Proceedings. The Institute of Civil Engineers (London). 85(2), pp,629-664,
79
Hetenyi, M. (1946), "Beams on Elastic foundation", 1st Ed., University of Michigan
Press, En Arbor.
Horvath, J.S. (1983), "New Subgrade Model Applied to Mat Foundations", Journal of
Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE, 109(12), pp.1567-1587.
Horvath, J.S. (1993), "Modulus of Subgrade reaction: New Perspective", Journal of

Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE, 109(12), pp.1591-1596.
Hossain, T.R. (1993), "Comparative Study of the Analysis Techniques of Mat

Foundation", M.Sc. Thesis, BUET, Dhaka.
Irons, B. and Ahmad, S. (1980), "Techniques of Finite Elements", 1st Ed., Ellis Horwood
Ltd., Chichester.
Khan, F.R and Sbarouns,J.A(1964), " Interaction of Shear Wall and Frames", Journal of
Structural Division, Proceedings of ASCE90, pp285-335
Korenov E. J. (1960), " Bearing capacity of footings in Pile driving", JSMFD, ASCE,
87(4), pp.124-145.
Krishnamoorthy, C.S. (1987), "Finite Element Analysis: Theory and Programming", 1st
ed., Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co. Ltd., New Delhi.
Liou G. S. and Lai S.C. (1996), "Structural analysis model for mat foundation", Journal
of Structural Engineering, ASCE, 122(9), pp.11 14-11 17.
Mician, R. (1985), "Discussion on a Simplified Method for Design of Mat on Elastic

Foundation (paper by Shukla, S.N.)", ACI Journal, pp.584-586.
Molla, M.A.S. (1995), "Finite Element Analysis of Footings and Mat foundations", M.Sc.
Thesis, BUET, Dhaka.
80
Morshed A.S.M. (1996), "A Design Rationale for Mat Foundation Based on Finite
Element Analysis", M.Sc. Thesis, BUET, Dhaka,
Nilson AH. (1997), "Design of Concrete Structures", Twelfth Edition, McGraw Hill
Book Co., New York.
Rahman, S.M. (2001), "An Improved Design Approach for Mat Foundation with
Variable Thickness", M.Sc. Thesis, BUET, Dhaka,
Schueller, W.(1977), "High-rise Building Structures", John Wiley & Sons,Inc. New
York.
Scott, R.F. (1981). "Foundation Analysis", 1st Ed., Prentice Hall Inc., New Jersey.
Selvadurai, AP.S. "Elastic Analysis of Soil Foundation Interaction", Developments in

Geotechnical Engineering, Vol. 17, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, New York.
Shukla, S.N. (1984), "A Simplified Method for Design of Mats on Elastic Foundation",
ACI Journal, 81(5), pp.469-475.
Schleicher, F. (1968), "Kreisplatten aut Elastischer Unterlage", Julius Springer, Berlin.
Sutradhar A.(1999), "An Improved Design Rationale for Mat Foundation Based on Finite
Element Analysis", M.Sc. Thesis, BUET, Dhaka.
Steven C. Ball and James S. N. (1984), "Computer Analysis and Design of Large Mat
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Teng, W.C. (1999), "Foundation design", 13 th Ed., Prentice Hall of India Private
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('
Zimmermann A (1958), " A method to estimate modulus of subgrade reaction", Soils \
andfoundations, Tokyo, Japan, 12(3), pp.l -17.
81
APPENDIX A
SHELL93: 8 NODE STRUCTURAL SHELL ELEMENT
A.I BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF SHELL93 ELEMENT
Shell93 is an eight node structural element of ANSYS library function. Shell93 is well
suited to model curved elements. Typical shell elements are shown in Fig A.\. The
element has six degrees of freedom at each node: translations in the nodal x, y, z
directions and rotations about the x, y, z axes. The deformed shapes are quadratic in both
in-plane directions. The element has bending effect, transverse shear deformation,
plasticity, stress stiffening, large deflection and large strain capabilities.
K,L,O
/').
I~
J
"niangular Option
,J-.
Fig. A.I SHELL93: 8 node structural shell (
D
A.I.I Geometric Definition of the Element:
The geometry, node locations and the co-ordinate system for this element are shown in
Fig. A.I. The element is defined by eight nodes, four thickness and the orthotropic
A.I
material properties. Mid-side nodes may not be removed from this element. A triangular
shaped element may be formed by defining the same node number for nodes K, L and O.
Orthotropic material directions correspond to the element coordinate directions.
The element x and y axis are in the plane of the element. The element may have variable
thickness. The thickness is assumed to vary smoothly over the area ofthe element, with
the thickness input at the comer nodes.
A.1.2 Loading ofthe Element
Pressures may be input as surface loads on the element faces. Positive pressures act into
the element. Edge pressures are input as force/unit length. Temperatures may be input as
element body loads at the comer.
Element Coordinate SX(TOP)

System SX(MID)
SX(B01)
Fig. A.2 SHELL 93 stress output
A-2
A.2 OUTPUT DATA
The solution output associated with the elements is in two forms: (a) nodal displacements
included in the overall nodal solution, and (b) additional element output is shown in table
A.!. Several items are illustrated in Fig. A.2. The element stress directions and force
resultants are parallel to the element coordinate system.
Table A.l She1l93 Element input and output definitions

Name Definition
EL Element number and name
NODES Nodes -I, J, K, L,M, N,O,P

MAT Material number
THICK Average thickness
S:INT Stress Intensity

S:EQV Equivalent stress
EPEL : X,Y,Z, XY, YZ, XZ Elastic Strains
S:I,2,3 Principal Stresses
T(X, Y ,XY) In plane element X,Y, and XY forces
M(X, Y,XY) Element X, Y, and XY moments.
N (X, Y) Out -of-plane element X and Y shear
forces.
A.3 ASSUMPTIONS AND RESTRICTIONS
Zero area elements are not allowed. This occurs most often whenever the elements are
not numbered properly. Zero thickness elements or elements tapering down to zero
thickness at any comer are not allowed. The applied transverse thermal gradient is
assumed to vary linearly through the thickness. Shear deflections are included in this
element. The element may produce inaccurate stress under thermal loads for double
curved warped domains.
A-3
APPENDIXB
COMBIN14: SPRING DAMPER ELEMENT
B.l BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE ELEMENT
Combinl4 has longitudinal or torsional capability in one, two, or three dimensional

applications. 1;lle longitudinal spring--<lamper option is a uniaxial tension-compression
element with up to three degrees of freedom at each node: translations in the nodal x, y
and z directions, no bending or torsion is considered. The torsional spring damper option
is a purely rotational element with three degrees of freedom at each node: rotations about
the x, y, and z axis. No bending or axial load is considered.
1
1 I
1 I
1 I
1 I
1
1
1
~ :
1 I
1 1 I
1 I
1__ - I
1
-----J -------J
Nal~- Two.dimtnsional eliemeIt' must lie in the x-v plane
Fig. B.I COMBlNl4 spring damper
The spring damper element has no mass. Masses can be added by using the appropriate
mass element. The spring or the damping capability may be removed from the element.
B-1
B.1.1 Geometric Definition of the Element
The geometry, node locations and the coordinate system for this element is shown in Fig.
B.l. The element is defined by two nodes, a spring constant and damping coefficient CYI
and Cy2. The damping capability is not used for static and undamped modal analyses. The
longitudinal constant has units of force/unit length.
The element has option for defining the element as a one dimensional element. With this
option the element operates in the nodal coordinate system.
B.2 OUTPUT DATA
The solution output associated with the element is in two forms: (a) nodal displacements
included in the overall nodal solution, and (b) additional element output is shown in table
B.l.
Table B.l COMBINl4 element input and output definitions.
Name Definitions
EL Element Number
NODES Nodes - I, J
CENT: X, Y,Z Center Location XC, YC, ZC
FORCorTORQ Spring Force or Moment
RATE Spring Constant
B.3 ASSUMPTIONS AND RESTRICTIONS
The length of the element must not be zero, since the node locations determine the spring
c
orientation. The longitudinal element stiffness of the spring acts along the length of the
spring. The element allows only a uniform stress in the spring. The element can be
modified to act along only one degree of freedom and no moment effects are included.
B-2
In this study the element has only one degree of freedom. This degree of freedom is
specified in the nodal coordinate system and is the same for both nodes.
B.3
APPENDIXC
MACRO USED FOR ANALYSIS
C.IGENERAL
Macro is a text file, which can be called from ANSYS command line. Commands are
written in this file. This is used for modeling, solution and viewing output of the
structure. This is one type of sub-progranuning. A macro file can invoke another macro
file. A set of macro files has been used for modeling, solution and post processing
purpose. Text files as macro files are given for prospective researchers.
Following six files are used to model a mat foundation of twelve storied building of five
bays with variable thickness, solution and for post processing purpose.
C.2 MODELING OF NON-UNIFORM MAT FOUNDATION WITH SHEAR

WALL.
File 1: Param.txt
! 1***************************
!SETTING THE PARAMETERS
!***************************
!************************
!Generating the nodes
!************************
*dim,a" 130
*set,a(l),I,I,I, 1,1,1,1,1,1,1
*set,a(lI),I,I,I,I,I,I,I,I,I,1
*set,a(21 ),1,1,1,1,1, 1,1,1,1,1
*set,a(31),I, 1, 1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1
*set,a( 41),1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1, I
*set,a(51),1 ,1, 1,1, 1,1,1,1,1,1
*set,a(61), 1, 1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1
c-!
*set,a(71),1, 1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1
*set,a(81),1,1, 1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1
*set,a(91), 1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1
*set,a(1 01),1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1
*set,a(lll),l,l,l,l,l,l,l,l,l,l
*set,a(121),1,1,1 ,1,1,1,1,1,1,1
*dim,b,,70
*set,b(1),l,l,l, 1,1,1,1,1,1,1
*set,b(ll),l,l,l,l,l,l,l,l,l,l
*set,b(21), 1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1
*set,b(31), 1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1
*set,b(41),1 ,1, 1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1
*set,b(51 ),1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1
*set,b(61 ),1, 1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1
!row1 starting node in x-dir

*set,ndrl st, 1
*set,x1,0
*set,y1,0
*set,zl,O
!row1 ending node in x-dir

*set,ndr 1end, 127
*set,x2,126
*set,y2,0
*set,z2,0
!number of rows in z-dir

*set,totrow,67
!spacing of rows in Z-dir
*set,spzrow,l
!generating nodes (copying) in y-dir.

!number ofy copy
*set,nycopy,2
!spacing of rows in y-dir
*set,spyrow,-4
!Starting node of free end nodes of springs ofrow1

*set,spmdst,ndrlimd*totrow+ 1
!Ending node of free end nodes of springs ofrow1

*set,spr 1nden,(ndr1 end *totrow+ndrl end)
•
!*******************************
!Defining the Material Properties
!*******************************
!material properties ex,poisson's ratio for Shell Element
*set,exl,5.lge5
*set,nuxyl,0.15
!Defining Element Type to be used

!she1l93,combinI4 with key opt2 is used
! setting element numbers

*set,elrlst,l
*set,elrl end,(ndrlend-l )/2
*set,elshlst,( (ndrl end-l )/2)*«totrow-l )/2)
*set,sprlrep,(totrow+ 1)/2
! setting spring numbers for first row

*set,spr 1,elshlst+ 1
*set,sprl end,( elshlst+(ndrl end+ 1)/2)
! setting spring numbers for last row

*set,sprlast,sprl +(sprl rep-I )*(sprl end-sprl + I)
*set,sprlaend,sprl end+(sprl rep-I )*(sprl end-sprl + I)
! number of springs in first X-row.
*set,sprxnum,spr 1end-spr 1+ 1
File 2: RealcoD.txt
! Declaration of element real constants

!number of real constant sets for shell
*set,shset, 10
!Defining Various thickness
*set,al,3.5
*set,b 1,2.00
*set,spring,400 •
!Shell thickness Set!
*set,thll,al
*set,thI2,al
*set,th13,al
*set,thI4,al
C.3
!Shell thickness Set2
*set,th2l,b 1
*set,th22,b 1
*set,th23,b 1
*set,th24,b 1
!Shell thickness SeG
*set,th3l,b 1
*set,th32,b 1
*set,th33,al
*set,th34,b 1
*set,th4l,bl
*set,th42,al
*set,th43,al
*set,th44,b 1
*set,th5l,b 1
*set,th52,al
*set,th53,b 1
*set,th54,b 1
*set,th6l,b 1
*set,th62,b 1
*set,th63,al
*set,th64,al
*set,th7l,bl
*set,th72,b 1
*set,th73,b 1
*set,th74,al
!Shell thickness SetS
*set,thSl,al
*set,thS2,b 1
*set,thS3,b 1
*set,thS4,al
*set,th9l,al
*set,th92,b 1
*set,th93,b 1
*set,th94,b 1
!Shell thickness Sell 0
*set,thlOl,al
*set,th102,al
*set,th 103,b 1
••
*set,th104,b 1
! spring constant sets for mat central, side, corner
C-4
!spring Constant set for central
*set,sprcon 1,spring
!spring Constant set for side
*set,sprcon2 ,spring/2
!spring Constant set for corner
*set,sprcon3,spring/4
!Rea1 Constant Sets For Shells upto number of shell set.
r,1,th11,th12,th13,th14
r,2,th21,th22,th23,th24
r,3,th31,th32,th33,th34
r,4,th41,th42,th43,th44
r,5,th51,th52,th53,th54
r,6,th61,th62,th63,th64
r, 7,th71 ,th72,th73,th 74
r,8,th81,th82,th83,th84
r,9,th91,th92,th93,th94
r, 10,th1 01 ,th I02,th1 03,th1 04
! Spring Constant Set for springs after shell set
r,shset+ 1,sprcon 1
r,shset+ 2,sprcon2
r,shset+ 3,sprcon3
File 4: Model.txt .
!Entering into Pre-Processor mode
/prep7
/TITLE, MAT FOUNDATION WITH SHEAR WALL
! Calling input parameters
*use,param.txt
!pmim,lab,key ( 0 : off, 1 : on)
/pnum,node,O
!Generating nodes in X-direction

i=l
*do,ndx,ndrl st,ndr1 end, 1
n,ndx,x1,y1,zl
x1=x1+a(i)
i=i+ 1
C-5
• •
*enddo
!fill,ndr I st,ndr I end

!ngen,itime,inc,node I ,node2,ninc,dx,dy,dz,space
!Generating nodes Z direction copying row I

i2=0
i=1
*do,ndz,2,totrow,1
spzrow=b(i)
ngen,2,ndr I end,ndrl st+i2*ndrl end,ndr I end+i2*ndrl end, I ,0,0,spzrow
i2=i2+1
i=i+ I
*enddo
!copying nodes in X-Z plane to another X-V plane
ngen,nycopy,ndrl end*totrow ,ndr I st,ndrl end *totrow, I ,0,spyrow,0
/units,si
!Setting material properties for Shell elements

mp,ex, I ,ex I
mp,nuxy, I ,nuxyl
! Defining element type

et, I ,she1l93
et,2,combin 14,0,2
!Calling real constants for elements

*use,realcon. txt
/pnum,elem,O !(O: off, I : on)

!Generation of structural shell elements
type, I
mat, I
real,!
en,elrl st,2*ndrlend+ I,ndrl st,ndrl st+2,2*ndrl end+ 3,ndrl end+ I ,ndrlst+ I ,ndrl end+ 3,2*n
drlend+2
!egen,itime,ninc,iell ,ieI2,ieinc,tinc,rinc,cinc
egen,(ndrl end-I )/2,2,elr I st,elr 1st
egen,(totrow-I )/2,2*ndrlend,elrl st,elrlend
!Generation of spring elements

type,2
real,shset+ I
en,spr I ,ndr I st,spmdst
egen,(ndr I end+ I )/2,2,spr I ,sprl
egen,sprlrep,2*ndr 1end,sprl ,sprl end
C-6
/eshape,1
! Modification of uniform mat to non uniform mat foundation.
*use,emod.txt
! Setting spring constants for all springs

*use,emodsp. txt
! Defining support condition and symmetry condition.

*use,support. txt
! Calling loads on the model.

*use,load.txt
File 5 : Support.txt
! Defining support condition
*do,i,0,totrow-1,2
d,sprndst+i *ndr 1end,all",spr 1nden +i *ndr 1end,2
*enddo
!Defining symmetry condition

d,ndr1 st+(totrow-1 )*ndrl end,rotx",ndr 1end *totrow,2
d,ndr1 st+(totrow-1 )*ndr 1end,uz",ndr 1end*totrow,2
d,ndr 1end,rotz",ndr1 end*totrow,2 *ndr1 end

d,ndr 1end,ux",ndr 1end *totrow,2 *ndr 1end
File 6: ernod.txt
! This page will be used to convert the shell real constants

! This page will be used to convert the mat foundation with constant thickness to mat
!foundation with non-uniform thickness.
! This page will be used to convert the shell real constants

FLST,2,48,2,ORDE,32
FITEM,2,190
FITEM,2,-192
FITEM,2,202
FITEM,2,-204
FITEM,2,214
FITEM,2,-216
FITEM,2,226
FITEM,2,-228
C-7
FITEM,2,238
FITEM,2,-240
FITEM,2,250
FITEM,2,-252
FITEM,2,832
FITEM,2,-834
FITEM,2,844
FITEM,2,-846
FITEM,2,856
FITEM,2,-858
FITEM,2,868
FITEM,2,-870
FITEM,2,1450
FITEM,2,-1452
FITEM,2,1462
FITEM,2,-1464
FITEM,2,1474
FITEM,2,-1476
FITEM,2,1486
FITEM,2,-1488
FITEM,2,1498
FITEM,2,-1500
FITEM,2,1510
FITEM,2,-1512
EMODIF,P51X,REAL,4,
FLST,2, 1535,2,ORDE, 194.

FITEM,2,5
FITEM,2,-11
FITEM,2,17
FITEM,2,-23
FITEM,2,29
FITEM,2,-35
FITEM,2,41
FITEM,2,-47
FITEM,2,53
FITEM,2,-59
FITEM,2,68
FITEM,2,-74
FITEM,2,80
FITEM,2,-86
FITEM,2,92
FITEM,2,-98
FITEM,2, 104
FITEM,2,-110
c
FITEM,2,116
C-8
5
FITEM,2,-122
FITEM,2,131
FITEM,2,-137
FITEM,2,143
FITEM,2,-149
FITEM,2,155
FITEM,2,-161
FITEM,2,167
FITEM,2,-173
FITEM,2,179
FITEM,2,-185
FITEM,2,194
FITEM,2,-200
FITEM,2,206
FITEM,2,-212
FITEM,2,218
FITEM,2,-224
FITEM,2,230
FITEM,2,-236
FITEM,2,242
FITEM,2,-248
FITEM,2,253
FITEM,2,-567
FITEM,2,572
FITEM,2,-578
FITEM,2,584
FITEM,2,-590
FITEM,2,596
FITEM,2,-602
FITEM,2,608
FITEM,2,-614
FITEM,2,620
FITEM,2,-626
FITEM,2,635
FITEM,2,-641
FITEM,2,647
FITEM,2,-653
FITEM,2,659
FITEM,2,-665
FITEM,2,671
FITEM,2,-677 I
\
FITEM,2,683
FITEM,2,-689
FITEM,2,698
C-9
FITEM,2,-704
FITEM,2,71O
FITEM,2,-716
FITEM,2,722
FITEM,2,-728
FITEM,2,734
FITEM,2,-740
FITEM,2,746
FITEM,2,-752
FITEM,2,761
FITEM,2,-767
FITEM,2,773
FITEM,2,-779
FITEM,2,785
FITEM,2,-791
FITEM,2,797
FITEM,2,-803
FITEM,2,809
FITEM,2,-815
FITEM,2,824
FITEM,2,-830
FITEM,2,836
FITEM,2,-842
FITEM,2,848
FITEM,2,-854
FITEM,2,860
FITEM,2,-866
FITEM,2,872
FITEM,2,-878
FITEM,2,887
FITEM,2,-941
FITEM,2,950
FITEM,2,-1004
FITEM,2, 10 13
FITEM,2,-1067
FITEM,2, 1076
FITEM,2,-1130
FITEM,2,1139
FITEM,2,-1193
FITEM,2,1202
FITEM,2,-1208
FITEM,2,1214
FITEM,2,-1220
FITEM,2,1226
C-10
,
FITEM,2,-1232
FITEM,2,1238
FITEM,2,-1244
FITEM,2,1250
FITEM,2,-1256
FITEM,2,1265
FITEM,2,-1271
FITEM,2,1277
FITEM,2,-1283
FITEM,2,1289
FITEM,2,-1295
FITEM,2,1301
FITEM,2,-1307
FITEM,2,1313
FITEM,2,-1319
FITEM,2,1328
FITEM,2,-1334
FITEM,2,1340
FITEM,2,-1346
FITEM,2,1352
FITEM,2,-1358
FITEM,2,1364
FITEM,2,-1370
. FITEM,2,1376
FITEM,2,-1382
FITEM,2,1391
FITEM,2,-1397
FITEM,2,1403
FITEM,2,-1409
FITEM,2,1415
FITEM,2,-1421
FITEM,2,1427
FITEM,2,-1433
FITEM,2,1439
FITEM,2,-1445
FITEM,2,1454
FITEM,2,-1460
FITEM,2,1466
FITEM,2,-1472
FITEM,2,1478
FITEM,2,-1484
FITEM,2,1490
FITEM,2,-1496
FITEM,2,1502
FITEM,2,-1508
C-ll
\
('
FITEM,2,1513
FITEM,2,-1827
FITEM,2,1832
FITEM,2,-1838
FITEM,2,1844
FITEM,2,-1850
FITEM,2,1856
FITEM,2,-1862
FITEM,2,1868
FITEM,2,-1874
FITEM,2,1880
FITEM,2,-1886
FITEM,2,1895
FITEM,2,-1901
FITEM,2,1907
FITEM,2,-1913
FITEM,2,1919
FITEM,2,-1925
FITEM,2,1931
FITEM,2,-1937
FITEM,2,1943
FITEM,2,-1949
FITEM,2,1958
FITEM,2,-1964
FITEM,2,1970
FITEM,2,-1976
FITEM,2,1982
FITEM,2,-1998
FITEM,2,1994
FITEM,2,-2000
FITEM,2,2006
FITEM,2,-2012
FITEM,2,2021
FITEM,2,-2027
FITEM,2,2033
FITEM,2,-2039
FITEM,2,2045
FITEM,2,-2051
FITEM,2,2057
FITEM,2,-2063
FITEM,2,2069 I'
FITEM,2,-2075
EMODIF,P51X,REAL,2,
C-12
FLST,2,14,2,ORDE,14
FITEM,2,193
FITEM,2,205
FITEM,2,2 I 7
FITEM,2,229
FITEM,2,24 I
FITEM,2,835
FITEM,2,847
FITEM,2,859
FITEM,2,87I
FITEM,2,1453
FITEM,2,1465
FITEM,2,I477
FITEM,2,I489
FITEM,2,1501
EMODIF ,P51X,REAL,5,
FLST,2,I4,2,ORDE,I4
FITEM,2,579
FITEM,2,591
FITEM,2,603
FITEM,2,615
FITEM,2,627
FITEM,2,I209
FITEM,2,1221
FITEM,2,I233
FITEM,2,1245
FITEM,2,1839
FITEM,2,1851
FITEM,2,1863
FITEM,2,1875
FITEM,2,1887
EMODIF,P51X,REAL,7,
FLST,2,14,2,ORDE,14
FITEM,2,571
FITEM,2,583
FITEM,2,595
FITEM,2,607
FITEM,2,619
FITEM,2,1213
FITEM,2,1225
FITEM,2,1237
FITEM,2,1249
FITEM,2,1831
FITEM,2,1843
C-13
FITEM,2,1855
FITEM,2,1867
FITEM,2,1879
EMODIF,P5IX,REAL,9,
File 6 :Emodsp.txt
! This page will be used to convert the spring real constants
*do,spmum,sprl + 1,sprl end-I, 1

emodif,spmum,real,12
*enddo
*do,spmum,sprlast+ 1,sprlaend-I, 1
*enddo
*do,spmum,sprl +sprxnum,sprlast-sprxnum,sprxnum
*enddo
*do,spmum,spr 1end+sprxnum,sprlaend-sprxnum,sprxnum
*enddo
emodif,spr 1,real, 13
emodif,sprl end,real, 13
emodif,sprlast,real,13
emodif,spriaend,real,13
C.3 SOLUTION OF THE MODEL
File 1 : Solu. txt

Isolu
Istat,solu
Solve
C.5 POST PROCESSING OF THE RESULTS
Post processing ofthe results is done by graphical editor.
C-14
APPENDIX-D
1200
-<>- Uniform mat with no wall-Let __ Uniform mat with no wall-LC2
1000 --.- Uniform mat with shear wall -LC I ~ Uniform mat with shear wall-LC2
~ Non-unifornl mat with no wall-LCl --.- n nifonn mat w'ith no wall-Le2
--+- Non-uniform mat with shear wall-Let _ on- ifonn mat with shear wall-LCZ
800
-
z
E
~ 600
'X" 400
:;: 200
:;::-
c
'E0" 0
:;: -200
Cl
c
:c c -400
CIl
m
-600
-800
-1000
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Fig.D-Al Variation in Bending Moment along line 1 for mat of Model-A.
2500
--0-- Uniformmat with no wall -LC I __ Uniform mat with no wall-LC2
-.- Uniform mat with shear wall-Lei --)E- Uniform mat with shear wal1-LCl
~Non-uniform matwit ali-Lei -..- Non rm mat with no wall-LC2
2000 -+- Non-unifornl mat wi she wail-LeI _ No uni 1 mat with shear wall-LC2
E
~
z 1500
'"
~
:;::-
c 1000
CIl
E
o
:;:
g> 500
:cc
CIl
m
o
-500
o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Fig.D-A2 Variation in Bending Moment along line 3 for mat of Model-A.
\~
2500
--0- Uniform mat with no wail-LeI Uniform mat with no wall-LC2
-+- Unifornl mat with shear wall-Lei -*- Uniform mat with shear wall-Lel
-.-Non-uniform mat with no wail-Lei ~ Non-uniform mat with no wall-LC2
-+- Non-uniform mat wi car wall-LeI Non- rm mat with shear wall-LC2
2000
~
z
.)(.
,; 1500
::iii
~
t:
'"!5 1000
::iii
Cl
t:
"C
t:
'"
al 500
o
o 2 4 6 . 8 10 12
14 16 18 20
0
-0>- Uniform mat with no wall-Lei ___ Uniform mat with no wall-LC2
-w- Unifornl mat with shear wail-Lei -*- Uniform mat with shear wall-LC2
----.- Non-uniform mat with no wall-Lei -+- Non-uniform mat with no wall-LC2
-100 --+- Non-uniform mat with shear wail-Lei ___ Non-uniform mat with shear wall-LC2
E
E, -200
z
.)(.
X
-'"
~-300
t:
E
°-400
::iii
Cl
t:
:g -500
'"
al
-600
-700
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

2500
-0-- Uniform mat with no wall-LeI ___ Uniform mat with no wall-Le2
--+- Uniform mat with shear wall-LeI -*- Uniform mat with shear wall-Le2
~ Non-uniform mat with no wall-Lei --+- Non-uniform mat with no wall-Le2
--f-- Non-uniform mat with shear wall-Let __ Non-uniform mat with shear wall-Le2
~ 2000
,
z
""
~ 1500
-••
E
l:
~ 1000
Cl
.=
"
l:
m•• 500
o
o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
200
-<10- Uniform mat with no wail-Lei ~ Uniform mat with no wall-Le2
---+- Uniform mat with shear wail-Lei -*- Uniform mat with shear wall-Le2
100 ----.- Non-uniform mat with no wail-LeI --.--...: Non-uniform mat with no wall-Le2
-+- Non-uniform mat with shear wall-LeI _ Non-uniform mat with shear wall-Le2
E 0
~
z
"".-100
><
-••
~-200
l:
E-300
a
:;;
Cl-400
:cl:
~-500
m
-600
-700
o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
FigD-A6 Variation in Bending Moment along line 8 for mat of Model-A.

2500 ___ Uniform mat with no wall-LC2
--<>- Uniform mat with no wall -LC I
---.-Uniform mat with shear wail-LeI -*- Uniform mat with shear wall-LeZ
-.- Non-uniform mat with ali-Lei ---+-- No - iform mat with no wall -LC2
--+- Non-uniform mat wit wall-Lei ____ No -u ann mat with shear wall-LCZ
E 2000
~
z
""
~ 1500
-
c:
'"
E
~ 1000
Cl
c:
'C
c:
~ 500
o
o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
200
---<>-- Uniform mat with no wall-Lei ___ Uniform mat with no wall-Lel
-.- Uniform mat with shear wail-Lei --*-'Uniform mat with shear wall-LC2
-.- Non-uniform mat with no wall-Lei __ Non-uniform mat with no wall-LC2
o -+- Non-uniform mat with shear wail-Lei _ Non-uniforn1 mat with shear wall-LC2
~,
z -200
""
)(
-
~
c:
'5"
-400
-600
::;:
Cl
~ -800
c:
'"
III
-1000
-1200
o 2 4 6 8 10
12 14 16 18 20

500
~ Uniform mat with no wall-Lei ____ Uniform mat with no wall-LC2
-.-Uniform mat with shear wail-Lei -*- Uniform mat with shear wal1-LCl
400 -*- Non-uniform mat with no wail-Lei ___ Non-uniform
___ Non-uniform
mat with no wal1-LC2
mat with shear wall-LC2
-+- Non-uniform mat with shear wall-Lei
-
E
E,
z
.><
300
200
X
:;
:o:t
c: 100
Q)
E
0
:; 0
:a'"
c:
c: -100
Q)
al
-200
-300
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
. Fig.D-A9 Variation in Bending Moment along line 11 for mat of Model-A.
400
.->- Uniform mat with no wall -LeI ___ Uniform mat with no wall':LC2
--...- Uniform mat with shear wail-Lei ~ Unifornl mat with shear wall-LCl
----.- Non-uni mat with no II-Lei Non-uniform with no wall -LC2
300 -+- Non-uni mat with she vail-Lei Non-uniform with shear wall -LC2
E
E, 200
z
.><
r;f
-
~
c:
Q)
E
100
0 0
:;
'"c:
"alc:
Q)
-100
-200
-300
o 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Fig.D-AlO Variation in Bending Moment along line 12 for mat of Model-A.

t
-200
E
~ -400
z
""
N -600
-
~
C
'E" -800
o
::;:
Cl
=a -1000
c ___ Uniform mat with no wall-LeI ___ Uniform mat with no wall-Lel
'"
ell --..-...- Uniform mat with shear wall-Lei ---*"- Uniform mat with shear wall-Lel
-1200 -*- Non-uniform mat with no wall-Lei ---+- Non-uniform mat with no wall -Lel
mat with shear wall -Lel
-+- Non-uniform mat with shear wail-Lei ___ Non-uniform
-1400
o 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Fig.D-All Variation in Bending Moment along line 13 for mat of Model-A.
3000
2000
E
~
~ 1000
N
-
~
~
E
0
::;:o
g' -1000
'0
Uniform mal with no wall ~LCI _____ Uniform mat with no wail-Lel
c
Uniform mat with shear wall-Lei ~ Uniform mat with shear wall-Le2
'"
ell Non-uniform mal with no wall-Lei ---+- Non-uniform mat with no wall-Lel
-2000 -+- Non-uniform mat with shear wall-LeI ___ Non-uniform mat \I,'ith shear wall-Lel
-3000
o 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

2000
-0- Uniform mat with no wall-LCl ___ Uniform mat with no wall-LC2
1500 ---.- Uniform mat with shear wall-Let ----*- Uniform
mat with shear wall -Le2
----*'- Non.unifonn mat with no wall-Lei -+- Non-uniform mat with no wall-Le2
--f- Non-uniform mat with shear wall -Lei _ Non-uniform mat with shear wall-Le2
~
~ 1000
N
~
~ 500
Cl>
E
o
~
Cl
l: o
'6
l:
Cl>
III
-500
-1000
o 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
3500
-0- Uniform mat with no wall-Lei ___ Uniform mat with no wall-LC2
---.-Uniform mat with shear wall-Lei ~ Uniform mat with shear wall -LC2
3000 ___ Non-uniform mat with no wail-LeI ___ Non-uniform mat with no wall-LC2
--f- Non-uniform mat with shear wall-LeI _ Non-uniform mat with shear wall-Le2
E
E, 2500
z
.><
.; 2000
~
.".~ 1500
E
o
~ 1000
l:
'6
~ 500
III
-500
o 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
0

o
~ Uniform mat with no wall ~LCI ___ Uniform mat with no wal1-LC2
---+- Unifornl mat with shear wail-Lei ~ Uniform mat with shear wall -LC2
~ Non-uniform mat with no wall -Lei -+- Non-unifornl mat with no wall-LC2
--t- Non-uniform mat with shear wall-Let __ Non-uniform mat with shear wall-LC2
-200
~ -400
Z
-'"
N
~
-••
c:
E
-600
o
::E -800
Cl
.!:
"t:l
c:
~ -1000
-1200
o 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
400
-+- Uniform mat \vith no wall-Lei ___ Unifornl mat with no wall-LC2
---.-Uniform mat with shear wall-Lei niform mat with shear wall-LC2
~ Non-un" m mat with no I-Lei on-uniform ma ith no wall-LC2
300 --f- Non-un "m mat with she vall-Lel lon-uniform rna ith shear wall -LC2
200
E
~ 100
z
-'"
N
-••
:;;
c:
E
o
~ -100
Cl
c:
'0
c: -200
••
lD
-300
o 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

1500
___ Uniform m with no wall-LC2
~ Uniform mat with no wall-Lei
-....-
Uniform mat with shear \Val Lei ----*- Uniform m "th shear wall -LC2
~ Non-uniform mat with no -Lei .........- Non-unifo t with no wall-Le2
1000 -+- Non-uniform mat with sh I-LeI _Non-uni~ 1 with shear wall-LeZ
.E
z 500
-"
~
til
Ul o
~
-:u.,
til
-500
8 14
.s::
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-1000
-1500
Fig.D-A17 Variation in Shear Stress along line 3 for mat of Model-A.
300
--0-- Uniform mat with no wail-Lei ______Unifoml mat with no wall -Le2
---+- Uniform mat with shear wail-Lei ---*- Uniform mat with shear wall-Le2
----7K-Non-uniform mat with no wall-Lei -+- Non-unifoml mat with no wall -Le2
-l-- Non-uniform mat with shear wail-Lei __ Non-uniform mat with shear wall-Le2
200
N
E
Z 100
-"
>:
)(
til
Ul 0
Ul
E
Ul
.,
•• -100
.s::
til
-200
-300
r'\
';.'
1500
_____ Uniform with no wall-LC2
--0-- Unifonn mat with no wall-
-6-- Unifoml mat with shear w ----*"- Uniform ith shear wall-LC2
-----..- Non-uniform mat with n -...- Non-uni t with no wall-LC2
1000 -t-- Non-uniform mat with s ____ Non-uni t with shear wall-LC2
E
Z 500
""
~
(J)
Ii)
II)
o
-
E
(J)
~
ll: -500
8 12 14
J:
(J)
-1000
-1500
Fig.D-AI9 Variation in Shear Stress along line 5 for mat of Model-A.
300
Unifoml mat
--0-- with no wail-LeI ___ Uniform mat with no wall-LC2
-.- Uniform mat with shear wail-Lei ~ Uniform mal ith shear wall-LC2
~ Non-uniform mal with no wall -LC 1 ___ Non-unifor with no wall -LC2
200 -+- Non-uniform mat with shear wall-LeI _ Non-unifi ith shear wall-LCl
-
N
E
z 100
""
>':
)(
(J)
Ii) 0
II)
- Q)
~
(J)
~
14
ll: -100
J:
(J)
-200
-300

1500 ____ Uniform mat with no wall-LC2
~ Uniform mat with no wail-Lei
--a- Unifonn mat with shear wall-LeI -*"- Unifonn mat with shear wall-LC2
---*'- Non-unifoml mat with no waIl-LeI -.- Non-uniform mat with no wall -LC2
-+- Non-uniform mat with shear wall-LeI _ Non-uniform mat with shear wall-LC2
1000
N
E
Z
'" 500
>:
x
!!!.
o
'E'"" 12 14
iii
~
:g -500
..c:
'"
-1000
-1500
300
--0-- Uniform mat with no ' ••..
all-LC I ____ Uniform mat with no wall-LC2
-Ir- Uniform mat with shear wail-Lei ~ Uniform mat with shear wall-LC2
~ Non-uniform mat with no \vall-Lel ____ Non-uniform mat with no wall.LC2
-+-- Non-uniform mat with shear wall -Lei ___ Non-uniform mat with shear wall-LC2
200
N
E
Z 100
'>:
"
x
!!!.
'" 0
'"
CI>
~
~
:g-100
..c:
'"
-200
-300

1500
1000 -4- Uniform mat

h\
with no wall-Lei ___ Uniforn1 mat with no wall-LCZ
___ Uniform mat with shear wall-Lei ~ Uniform mat with shear wall-LC2
---.- Non-uniform mat with no wall-LeI --+- Non-uniform mat with no wall-LC2
N
--+- Non-uniform mat with shear wall-Lei __ Non-uniform mat with shear wall-LC2
.E 500
z
""
~
!Q. 0
III
III
6 8 14
-:u
en
Q)
~
-500
Q)
.c:
en
-1000
-1500
200
~ Uniform mat with no wall-Lei ____ Uniform mat with no wall -LC2
---+- Uniform mat with shear wail-LeI -X- Uniformmat with shear wall-LC2
--..- Non-uniform mat with no wail-Lei --+- Non-uniform mat with no wall-LC2
150 -+-- Non-uniform mat with shear wall-Lei __ Non-uniform mat with shear wall-LC2
N 100
.E
z
"" 50
>;
><
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III 0
III
-~
e~n -50
•••
2 14
Q)
.c:
en -100
-150
-200

1500
--+- Uniform mat with no wall -Let ____ Unifonn mat with no wall-LC2
---+- Uniform mat with shear wall-Lei -----*"-
Uniforn1 mat with shear wall-LC2
----*- Non-uniform mat with no wail-LeI ___ Non-uniform mat with no wall-LC2
-t- Non-uniform mat with shear wall-Let _ Non-uniform mat with shear wall -LC2
1000
E
Z 500
-"
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><
~
Ul 0
Ul
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en
~
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-500
en
-1000
-1500
1500
1000
'E
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Ul 0
Ul
-
~
VI
~
4
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.s;;
-500
VI
-1000
-1500
.-
. '"""
\
400
---0- Uniform mat with no wail-Lei Unifornl mat with no wa11-LC2
----.- Uniform mat with shear wall ~LCI ~ Unifornl mat with shear wall-LC2
300
----*'- Non-uniform mat with no wall-Lei --4-- Non-uniform mat with 0 wall-LC2
-+-- Non-uniform mat with shear wall-Lei Non-uniform mat wit ar wa1l-LC2
1
z
200
.>:
>:
N
100
!!!.
III
III
0
-
'"
h
rn
h
10 o 25
''""
.<:
-100
rn
-200
-300
-400
2000
--+- Uniform mat with no wall-Lei ___ Uniform mat with no wall .LC2
----.- Uniform mat \\'ith shear wail-Lei ---*"- Uniform
1500 ----*""- Non-uniform mat with no wail-Lei -+- Non-uniform
___ Non-uniform
mat
mat
with no wa1l-LC2
with shear wall-Lel
-+- Non-uniform mat with shear wall-Lei
N 1000
E
Z
.>:
500
N
>-
!!!.
III
III
0
-'"
~
<Il
~ -500
''""
.<:
<Il
-1000
-1500
-2000
FigD-A28 Variation in Shear Stress along line 14 for mat of Model-A.

1500
---0- Uniform mat with no wall-Lei ___ Uniform mat with no wall-LC2
---+- Uniform mat with shear wall-Lei --*-Uniform mat with shear wall-LC2
-.- Non-uniform mat with no wall-LeI -+- Non-uniform mat with no wall -LC2
-f- Non-uniform mat with shear wail-Lei ___ Non-uniform mat with shear wall-LC2
1000
N
E
Z
""
,.,
N" 500
~
<II
<II
-
~
en'"
~
0
••
en'"
..c:
-500
-1000
3000
~ Unifoffil mat with no wall-Let ____ Uniform mat with no wall -LC2
---+- Uniform mat with shear wall-LC I ~ Uniform mat with shear wall-LCZ
2500 ----.- Non-uniform mat with no wall-Lei -.- Non-uniform mat with no wall.LC2
-+-- Non-uniform mat with shear wall-Lei _ Non-uniform mat with shear wall-LC2
N 2000
E
Z 1500
""
~1000
~
::l
500
E
iil 0
~
••
~ -500
en
-1000
-1500
-2000
H
400
---0-- Uniform mal with no wall ~LCI -a--- Uniform mat with no wall-LCl
Uniform mat with shear wall-Lei ~ Uniform mat with shear wall-LC2
Non-unifonn mat with no wall ~LCI ___ Non-uniform mat with 0 wall-LC2
300 Non-uniform mat with shear wail-LeI __ Non-uniform mal wit ar wall-Lel
N
200
E
Z
-'" 100
~
en
VI 0
-e
III
10 1 o 25
~ -100
I1l
Q)
.<:
en
-200
-300
-400
1500 ___ Uniform mat with no wall-Le2

--+- Uniform mal with no waIl-Lei
---+- Uniform mat with shear wall-Lei -)f- Uniform mat with s wall-LCl
___ N n-unifoml mat w no wall-LC2
----.- Non-unifo 1 mat with no \V Lei
1000 -+-- Non-unifi 1 mal with shear. \ Il-LCI -unifornl mat \ t shear wall-LC2
E 500
Z
-'"
N
'"
!!!.
III
0
4
-
III
Q)
.... 10
en
•... -500
I1l
Q)
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en
-1000
-1500
o
0
-+- ~on-uniform mat with no wall-Lei ---0- Non-uniform mat with no wall -LC2
-2
-+- Non.uniform mat with shear wall-Lei --*- Non-uniform mat with shear wall -LC2
~ Uniform mat with no wall.LCI ---+- Uniform mat with no wall-LC2
-+- Uniform mat with shear wall-LeI ___ Uniform mat with shear wall-LC2
-4
-6
E
E -8
..;
r::
.,-•••• -10
Q)
E
-12
Vl
-14
-16
-18
-20
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Fig.D-A33 Variation in Settlement along line 3 for mat of Model-A.
0
-+- Non-uniform mat with no wail-Lei --0- Non-uniform mat with no wall-LC2
Non-uniform
---.Ir--- mat with shear wall-Lei -X- Non-uniform mat with shear wall-LC2
-2 ~ Uniform mat with no wail-LeI ---+- Uniform mat with no wall-LC2
-+- Uniform mat with shear wall-Lei _ Uniform mat with shear wall-LC2
-4
-6
E -8
E
..;
r::
-10
E••
E
•• -12
••
Vl
-14
-16
-18
-20
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

o
---+- Non-uniform mat with no wail-Lei -0- Non-uniform mat with no wall ~LC2
----..- Non-uniform mat with shear wall.LCI -7E- Non-uniform mat with shear wall-LC2
~ Uniform mat with no wall-Lei --+- Uniform mat with no wall MLC2
-+- Uniform mat with shear wall-Lei ____ Uniform mat with shear wall-LC2
-5
E
E -10
--
<:
Q)
E
Q)
~ -15
tJ)
-20
-25
o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
0
---+- Non-uniform mat with no wall -LC I --0- Non-unifonn mat with no wall -LC2
---+-- Non-uniform mat with shear wail-Lei -X- Non-uniform mat with shear wall -LC2
-2 ~ Unifoml mat with no wall-LeI -+- Uniform mat \vith no wall-LC2
-f- Unifoml mat with shear wail-Lei ____ Uniform mat with shear wall -LC2
-4
-6
E
E -8
..,.<:
Q) -10
E
Q)
~-12
tJ)
-14
-16
-18 c
-20
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Distance fom end, m

o
--+- Non-uniform mat with no wail-LeI -0- Non-unifonn mat with no wall -Lel
-10- Non~uniform mat with shear wail-LeI -*- Non-uniform mat with shear wall -Lel
~ Uniform mat with no wall-LeI ---+-- Uniform mat with no wall-Lel
-+-- Unifoml mat with shear waIl-Lei ___ Uniform mat with shear wall ~LC2
-5
~ -10
,.;-
<:
Q>
E
Q>
E
Q>
-15
Vl
-20
-25
o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
0
Non-uniform
---+-- mat with no wail-Lei -0- mat with no wall -Lel
Non-unifoml
-.- Non-uniform mat with shear wall-Lei -*- Non-uniform mat with shear wall -Lel
-2 -..-Uniform mat with no wall-Lei -+- Unifornl mat with no wall-Lel
-+- Uniform mat with shear wall-Lei ___ Unifornl mat with shear wall-Lel
-4
-6
E -8
E
,.;-
<:
Q> -10
E
Q>
EQ> -12
Vl
-14
-16
-18
(
-20
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Fig.D-A38 Variation in Settlement line 8 for mat of Model-A.

•
o
-+- Non~unifonn mat with no wall-Lei -0- Non-uniform mat with no wall -LC2 .
Non-unifonn mat with shear wall ~LCI -X-
---+- Non-uniform mat with shear wall-LC2
~ Uniform mat with no wall-Lei -0- Unifonn mat with no \vall-LC2
-+- Uniform mat with shear wall-Lei ___ Uniform mat with shear wall-LC2
-5
E
E -10
.:
<:
'"
E
E'" -15
'"
(J)
-20
-25
o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
o
--+-Non-unifornl mat with no wall-Lei -0- Non-uniform mat with no wall -LC2
Non-uniform
---+- mat with shear wall -LC J -X- Non-uniform mat with shear wall -LC2
-2. -*- Unifornl mat with no wall-Lei _ Uniform mat with no wall-LC2
-+- Unifornl mal with shear wall -LCl _ Uniform mal with shear wall-LC2
-4
-6
E
E
~ -8
<:
'~" -10
~
(J) -12
-14
-16
-18
o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

...•..•....':~'
o
--+-- Non-unifomll11atwith no wall-LeI -0- Non-uniform mat with no wall-LC2
-.- Non-uniform mat with shear wall-LC I -X- Non-uniform mat with shear wall-LCZ
~ Unifonn mat with no wall -LeI __ Uniform mat with no wall-LC2
-5 -+-- Uniform mat with shear wail-Lei _ Uniform mat with shear wall-LC2
o
-10
E
E
~
c:
Ql -15
E
Ql
EQl
en -20
-25
-30
o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Fig.D-A4l Variation in Settlement along line 11 for mat of Model-A.
-5
-10
E
E
~
g -15
E
Ql
~
en -20
-25 Non-uniform mat with no wall-LC2

-+- Non-uniform mat with no wall-Lei -0-
---+-Non.uniform mat with shear wail-Lei ~ Non-uniform mat with shear wall-LC2
~ Uniform mat with no wail-LeI --+- Uniform mat with no wall-LC2
-t-- Unifornl mat with shear wall-LeI _ Uniform mat with shear wall-LC2
-30 .... "]"
C
• • • • •• • 1 1--'" 1'"
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

o
-5
E
E -10
..•.
"E
Ql
Ql
'EQl -15
rJ)
-20
--+- Non-uniform mat with no wall-Lei -0-- Non-uniform mat with no wall-LC2
---..- Non-uniform mat with shear wail-LeI ~ Non-uniform mat with shear wal1-LCl
---.- Uniform mat with no wall-Lei -.- Uniform mat with no wall-LC2
-.......f- Uniform mat with shear wall-LeI _ Uniform mat with shear wall-LC2
-25 -
o 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
-5
E
E -10
..•.
"E
Ql
Ql
'E -15
Ql
rJ)
-20
--+- Non-uniform mat with no wa11-Lel -0- Non-uniform mat with no wall-LC2
---.- Non-uniform mat with shear wail-Lei -i'E- Non-uniform mat with shear wall-LC2
---iIf- Uniform mat with no wall-Lel ___ Uniform mat with no wall-LC2
-t- Uniform mat with shear wail-Lei _ Uniform mat with shear wall-LC2
-25
o 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

o
---+- Non-unifornl mat with no wall-LeI -0- Non-uniform mat with no wall-Le2
-+- Non-uniform mat with shear wail-Lei -X- Non-unifon11 mat with shear wall -Le2
~ Unifoml mar with no wall-LeI -..- Uniform mat with no wall-Le2
-5 --f- Uniform mal with shear wall-LeI _ Uniform mat with shear wall-Lel
-10
E
E
~
<::
••E -15
••
-
;:;
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Vl -20
-25
-30
o 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
o Non-uniform mat with no wall -Le2

--+- Non-uniform mal with no wall -LC 1 --0-
---+- Non-unifonn mat with shear wall -LC 1 --)E- Non-uniform mat with shear wall-Lel
---4IE- Uniform mal with no wall-Lel -+- Uniform mat with no wall -Lel
-5 -+- Uniform mal with shear wall-LeI ____ Uniform mat with shear wall-Lel
-10
E
E -15
~
<::
••E
••
E
-20
••
Vl
-25
-30
-35
o 5 10 15 20
25 30 35 40
c
. .•..
o
-+- Non-uniform mat with no wall ~LCI -0- Non-unifornl mat with no wall -LC2
--.-.- Non.uniform mat with shear wall -LeI ---*- Non-unifonn mat with shear wall -LC2
-*- Uniform mat with no wall-Lei ---+- Uniform mat with no wall-Le2
-+- Uniform mat with shear wall-LCl __ Uniform mat with shear wall-Le2
-5
-10
E
E
..,.
c:
-15
E'"
E'"
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tJl
-20
-25
-30
o 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
0
~ Non-uniform mat with no wall-LeI -0- Non-unifornl
mat with no wall -Le2
--...-
Non-uniform mat with shear wall -LC I --*'"- Non-unifonn
mat with shear wall -Le2
~ Uniform mat with no wall-Lei -+- Unifornl mat with no wall -Le2
-5 -+- Uniform mat with shear wall-LC J __ Unifonn mat with shear wall-Lel
-10
E
..,.E -15
c:
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-'"
;:;
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-20
-25
-30
-35 (
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

1200
Uniform mat
-<>-- with no wall-Lei -g- Uniform mat with no wall-LC2
Uniform mat
---+- \vith shear wall-Lei -X- Uniform mat with shear waJl-LC2
~ Non-uniform mat with no wall-Lei ---+- Non-uniform mat with no wall -LC2
-+- Non-uniform mat with shear wall-Lei ____ N . ifonn mat with shear wall -LC2
700
X 200
::;;
-'"
c
E
o
::;; -300
Cl
C
"0
C
Cl>
III -800
-1300
o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Fig.D-B 1 Variation in Bending Moment along line 1 for mat of Model-B.
2800
-<>--Uniform mat with no wall-Lei _______Uniform mat with no wall -LC2
---.-Uniform mat with shear wall-Lei -X- Uniform mat with shear wall-LCl
~ Non-uniform nm! with no wall-LCl ---+- Non-uniform mat with no wall -LC2
2300
--+- Non-uniform mat with wall-Lei ___ Non-u III mat with shear wall-LC2
~ 1800
z
.l<
x
-
~ 1300
c
Cl>
E 800
o
::;;
Cl
c
"0 300
C
Cl>
III
-200
-700
(
o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Fig.D-B2 Variation in Bending Moment along line 3 for mat of Model-B.

2500
~ Uniform mal with no waIl-Lei ---&- Uniform mat with no wall-LC2
----..- Uniform mat with shear wall -Lei ---*- Uniform mat with shear wall-LC2
----*'- Non-uniform mat with no wall-Lei -..- Non-uniform mat with no wall-LCZ
--+- Non-uniform mat wit wall-Lei Non-u mat with shear wall-LC2
2000
)( 1500
-"
~
E
t:
~ 1000
'"
.E
"tl
t:
"
III 500
o
o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
200
---0-- Uniform mat with no wall-LeI --+- Uniform mat with no wall-LC2
-..- Uniform mat with shear wall-LeI ----*- Uniform mat with shear wall-LC2
100 ~ Non-uniform mal with no wail-LeI -+- Non-uniform mat with no wall-LC2
--t- Non-uniform mat with shear wall-Lei __ Non-uniform mat with shear wall -LC2
-
E 0
E,
~100
)(
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t:
6300
0
::;:
glloo
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t:
~500
(
-{l00
-700
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

1200
--0-- Uniform mat with no wall-Lei ___ Uniform mat with no wall-LC2
---.- Uniform mat with shear wail-Lei -*- Uniform mat with shear wall -LC2
___ Non-uniform mat with no wall -LC2
1000 ~ Non-uniform mat with no wail-LeI
-....- Non-uniform mat with shear wall-Lei __ Non-uniform mat with shear wall -LC2
E
800
~
Z
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N 600
~
-"
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E
400
o
::;: 200
OJ
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III
a
-200
-400
a 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
-200
E
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z
.l< -400
-;f
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-600
"E
Ql
0
::;:
OJ -800
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III Uniform mat with no wall-LeI ____ Uniform mat with no wall-LC2
-1000
Uniform mat with shear wail-Lei -*- Uniform mat
___ Non-uniform
with
mat
shear wall-LCl
with no wall-LC
Non-uniform mat with no wail-Lei
Non-uniform mat with shear wall-Lei _ Non-uniform mat with shear wall-L
-1200
a 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

t~_~
2500
2000
E 1500
E,
z 1000
""N
500
-••
~
c
E
0
0
:E -500
'" -1000
.!:
"c•• -1500
III ___ Uniform mat with no wall-LC2
-+- Uniform mat with no wall-LCI
-..- Unifonn mat with shear wall-LCI Uniform mat
--)E- with shear wall-LC
--.- Non-uniform mat with no wall-LCI -+- Non-uniform mat with no wall -L
-2000 ___ Non-uniform mat with shear wall-
-+-- Non-uniform mal with shear wall-LCI
-2500
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
2000
-->-- Uniform mat with no wall-LCI ___ Uniform mat with no \\'al1 -LC2
-..- Uniform mal with shear wall -LC I Uniform mat
--)E- with shear wall -LC2
Non~uniform mat With no wall-LCI -+- Non-uniform mat with no wall-LC
1500 Non-uniform mat with shear wall-LCI ___ Non-uniform mat with shear wall
E
~
z
1000
""
N
-••
~
c
E
500
o
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o
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c
'0
c
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III
-500
{
-1000
o 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Fig.D-B8
Variation in Bending Moment along line 15 for mat of Model-B.

().
1500
___ Uniform m with no wall-LC2
----<:>-- Uniform
Illat with no wall.
-t- Uniform mat \'lith shear wa ---*-Uniform . h shear wall-LC2
-.- Non-uniform mat with no --+- Non~uni(; with no wall -LC2
1000 -+- Non.uniform mat with sh --- Non~uni~ with shear wall -LC2
E
Z 500
"'"
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IJ)
~
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-1000
-1500
Fig.D-B9 Variation in Shear Stress along line 3 for mat of Model-B.
300
-0--Unifornl mat with no wall-Lei ___ Unifornl mat with no wall -LC2
___ Uniform mat with shear wail-Lei ~ Uniform mat w' shear wall-LC2
~ Non-uniform mat with no wall-LC I __ ?\on-uniform 'th no wall -LC2
-+- Non-uniform mat wilh shear wall-LeI ___ Non-unifo h shear wall -LC2
200
E
Z 100
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IJ)
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III
0
-~
IJ)
~
14 16
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-100
IJ)
-200
-300
Fig.D-BIO Variation in Shear Stress along line 4 for mat ofModel-B.

1500
---0-- Uniform mat with no wall-LC I t with no wall-LC2
-r- Uniform matwith shear w Il.LCI ith shear wall-LC2
~ Non-uniform mat with n 11.LCI 1 lat with no wal1-LCl
1000 -+- Non-uniform mal with sail-Lei n at with shear wall -LC2
E
Z 500
""
>;
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Ul 0
III
-
CIl
~
<n
~
8 14
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-500
<n
-1000
-1500
Fig.D-B II Variation in Shear Stress along line 5 for mat of Model-B.
300
----0- Unifornl mat with no wall-LC I Unifonn mat with no wall -LC2
----.- Uniform mat with shear wall.LeI -*- Uniform mat \ 'ith shear wall-LC2
----.- Non-uniform mat with no wall-LeI -+- Non-unifo a vith no wall-LC2
200 -+- Non-uniform mat with shear wall.Lel -- Non-unifo ith shear wall-LC2
E
Z 100
""
>;
)(
<n
Ul 0
III
-
CIl
~
<n
~
14 16
••
CIl
.c
-100
<n
-200
-300
Fig.D-BI2 Variation in Shear Stress along line 6 for mat of Model-B.
(j
1500 _____ Uniform mat with no wall-LC2
~ Uniform mat with ar wal1-LCZ
n-uniform mat \ h no wall -LC2
n.unifonn mat "' shear wall-Lel
1000
-
N
E
z 500
""
~
~
Ul 0
Ul
-••
~
en
~
'••"
.r:
-500
en
-1000
-1500
400 _____ Uniform mat \\lth 110 \\all -LC'2

---<>-- Uniform mat v.ith no wall -Lei
---*- Uniform mat v..ithshear "all -Lei
---iIf- Non-uniform mat ",,;th no wall -Lei
-X- Uniform mat with shear \vall.LC2
-+- Non-uniform mat with n all -Le2
300 -+-- Non-uniform mat with shear "<Ill-LeI _ Non-wliform mat with \vall-Le2
E 200
Z
""
>; 100
~
~ 0
e 10 25
til
~-100
(II
.r:
en
-200
-300
(
-400
(-
o j
2000
---+- Uniform mat with no wail-Lei ___ Uniform mat with no wall-LC2
---...- Uniform mat with shear wall-Lei ~ Uniform mat with shear wall-LC2
---?IE-Non-uniform mat with no wall-LeI --.- Non-uniform mat with no wall-LCZ
1500 -+- Non-uniform mat with shear wail-LeI ___ Non-uniform mat w' shear wall-LC2
N 1000
.E
z
-'" 500
~
!!!.
C/)
C/)
o
-
~
~
-500
10
'"
'"
J:
<J) -1000
-1500
-2000
1500
-0--Uniform mat with no wail-Lei ___ Uniform mat with no wall-LC2
---.-
Uniform mat with shear wall-Lei ~ Uniform mat with shear wall-LC2
~ Non-uniform mat with no wall -LCl _____ Non-unifornl mat with no wall-LC2
-+- Non-uniform mal with shear wail-Lei ____ Non-uniform mat with shear wall -LC2
1000
N
E
Z 500
-'"
N
>.
!!!.
C/)
C/)
0
-'"
<J)
~
~
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-500
J:
<J)
-1000
-1500
(
0
-+- Non-uniform mat with no wall-Lei -0- Non-uniform mat with no \WII -LC2
--+- Non-uniform mat with shear wall -Lei ~ Non-uniform mat with shear ooll-LC2
-2
-..... Uniform mal with no ""all -LeI -+- Uniform mat with no 'Mill -LCl
-+- Uniform mat with shear v.all -Lei _ Uniform mal with shear ""all -LCl
-4
-6
E
E -8
•••l:
Q> -10
E
Q>
EQ> -12
Vl
-14
-16
-18
-20
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
FigD-BI7 Variation in Settlement along line 3 for mat of Model-B.
0
--+- Non-uniform mat with no wall-Lei --0-Non-uniform mat with no wall -LC2
--+- Non-unifonn mat with shear wall-Lei ---*-
Non-uniform mat with shear wall -LC2
-2 ----.- Uniform mal with no wall -LC I -+- Uniforn1 mat with no wall-LC2
-+-- Unifonn mat with shear wall-Lei _ Uniform mat with shear wall -LC2
-4
-6
E -8
E
•••l:
Q> -10
E
-
Q>
:;:;
Q>
-12
Vl
-14
-16
-18
-20
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Fig.D-BI8 Variation in Settlement along line 4 for mat of Model-B.

o --+- Non-uniform mat with no wall ~LCI -0- Non-uniform mat with no wall -LC2
---+- Non-uniform mat with shear wall-LeI ~ Non-uniform mat with shear wall-Le2
~ Uniform mat with no wall-Lei ___ Uniform mat with no wall-Lel
-+-- Uniform mat with shear wall-LeI _ Uniform mat with shear wall-Le2
-5
E -10
E
.w-
"'"E
'" -15
E
'"
II)
-20
-25
o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Fig.D-B19 Variation in Settlement along line 5 for mat of Model-B.
0
--+- Non-uniform mat with no wail-Lei --0- Non-unifonn mat with no wall-Lel
---+- Non-uniform mat with shear wail-Lei ~ Non-uniform mat with shear wall-Lel
-2 ___ Uniform mat with no wall -LeI ___ Uniform mat with no wall-Lel
-+-- Uniform mat with shear wail-Lei _ Uniform mat with shear wall-Lel
-4
-6
E -8
E
.w-
'""E -10
-'"
;::
'"
II)
-12
-14
'16
-18
-20
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Distance fom end, m

5
-+- Non-uniform mat with no wall-Lei --0-Non-uniform mat with no wall-LC2
----..- Non-uniform mat with shear wail-Lei ~ Non-uniform mat with shear wall.LC2
~ Uniform mat with no wall-LeI -+- Uniform mat with no wall-LC2
o -+-- Uniform mat with shear wail-Lei _ Unifoml mat with shear wall-LC2
-5
E
E -10
.;-
c:
<l>
~ -15
~
tJ)
-20
-25
-30
o 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
-5
E
E-10
.;-
c:
<l>
E
<l>
~-15
tJ)
-20 Non-uniform mat with no wall-LC2

--.- Non-uniform mat with shear wail-Lei
-7IE- Uniform mat with no wail-LeI
""""*-
--0-
Non-uniform
---+-- Uniform mat
mat
with
with shear wall-LC2
no wall-LC2
--+- Uniform mat with shear wall-LeI _ Uniform mat with shear wall-LC2
-25
o 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
cr.;
o
-5
E
E -10
~
c:
'"
E
'" -15
'E
'"
(/)
-+- Non-uniform mat with no wail-Lei -0- Non-uniform mat with no wall-LC
-20 ---.- Non-uniform mat with shear wail-LeI ~ Non-uniform mat with shear wall.L
~ Unifornl mat with no wall-Lei __ Uniform mat with no wall-LC2
--+- Uniform mat with shear wail-Lei _ Uniform mat with shear wall-LC2
-25
o 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
-5
-10
E
E
~
~ -15
E
'E'"
'" -20
(/)
-+-- Non-uniform mat with no wall-Lei --0- Non-uniform mat with no wall -LC2
--.-. Non-uniform mat with shear wail-LeI -----*"- Non-uniform
---+- Uniform mat
mat with shear wall -L
with no wall-LC2
~ Uniform mat with no wall.Lel
-25 -+-- Uniform mat with shear wall-Lei _ Uniform mat with shear wall-LC2
-30
o 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Fig.D-B24 Variation in Settlement along line 15 for mal of Model-B.

500 ____ Uniform mat with no wall-LC2
--<>-- Uniform mat with no wall.LCI
----.- Uniform mat with shear wall-LeI ----*"- Uniform mat with shear wall-Le2
----.- Non-uniform mal with no wall-Lei _____ Non-uniform mat with no wall-Lel
400 with shear wall-Le2
-+- Non-uniform mat with shear waH-Lei __ Non-uniform mat
E
300
~
z
.>:
X 200
-'"
~
c: 100
E
0
::;; 0
01
.!:
"C
c: -100
'"
llJ
-200
-300
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Fig.D-CI Variation in Bending Moment along line 1 for mat of Model-C.
2500 ____ Uniform mat with no wall-Lel

--<>-- Uniform mat \\'ith no wall-Lei
----.- Uniform mat with shear wail-LeI ~ Unifoml mat with shear wall-Lel
~ Non-uniform mal wi wall-Lei __ No I oml mat with no wall-Lel
2000 -+-- Non-uniform mat th sh wail-LeI -uni fm mat with shear wall-L
E
E 0 1500
z
.>:
X
1000
-'"
~
E
c:
0
500
::;;
01
£ 0
"C
c:
'"
llJ
-500
-1000
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
FigD-C2 Variation in Bending Moment along line 3 for mat ofModel-C.
• J
o
-100
~
Z
.>:
-200
)(
-
~-300
<:
Q>
E
~ -400
:g'" -500
<:
Q>
lD Unifornl mat with no wall-LC2
--+- Uniform mat with no wail-LeI -II--
______Uniforn1 mat with shear wail-Lei ~ Uniform mal with shear wall-LC2
-600 ---+- Non-uniform mat with no wall -LC2
-1IE- Non-uniform mat with no wall-Lei
--+- Non-uniform mat with shear wail-Lei ____ Non-uniform mat with shear wall-LC2
-700
o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Fig.D-C3 Variation in Bending Moment along line 4 for mat of Model-C.
2500 ___ Uniform mat with no wall-LC2

-0-- Unifornl mat with no wail-Lei
---+- Unifonn mat with shear wail-LeI -*- Uniform mat with shear wall-LC2
_____ Non-uniform mat with no wall -LC2
~ Non-uniform mat with no wail-Lei
--+- Non-uniform mal with shear wall-LeI __ Non'-uniform mat with shear wall -LC2
E 2000
~
z
.>:
)( 1500
-
~
<:
Q>
E
o 1000
:;:
.!:'"
."<:
Q>
lD 500
o
o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
f
500
400
E
E, 300
z
-" 200
N
-'"
~
c:
E
100
0
::;: 0
Cl
c:
"0
c: 1 mat WI ith no w
-100 ith shear
m'" 1 mat wi
niform mat mat with n
n-uniform mat Wit m mat with shear
-200
-300
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
o
-100
E
~ -200
z
-" -300
N
::;:
.,. 400
c:
g'" -500
::;:
Cl
.1: -600
"0
c:
~ -700
---+- Uni~m m t with no wall-Lei -+- Uniform mat ith no all.LC2
-800 -.- Unifo t with shear wail-Lei -X- Uniform mat "ths ear wall-LC2
----.-
Non-u rm mat with no wall-LeI --+-- Non-uniform In Ith no wall -LC2
-+- Non-uniform mat with shear wall-Lei _ Non-uniform rna with shear wall -LC2
-900
o 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
, (
2500
___ Uniform mat with no wall ~LC2
~ Uniform mat wit ear wall-LCZ
2000 n.uniform mat th no wall-LCl
on-uniform mat w th shear wall ~LC2
-
z
E
~ 1500
-'"
N 1000
-••
:;;
c:
E
500
0
:;; 0
Ol
c:
"c:•• -500
al
-1000
-1500
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Fig.D-C7 Variation in Bending Moment along line 14 for mat ofModel-C.
2000
~ Uniform mat with no wail-Lei ___ Uniform mat with no wall -LC2
-+- Uniform mat with shear wall-LeI ~ Unifoml mat with shear wall-LC2
~ Non-unifi mat with no wall -LC 1 --+- Non-uniform mat w. a wall.LC2
-+-- Non-uni r 1at with shear wall-LeI __ Non-uniform mat t ear wall -LC2
1500
E
~
~ 1000
N
-a;
~
E
500
o
:;;
g> 0
".
c:
al••
-500
-1000
o 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
f
1500
~ Uniform mat with no wall-Lei _____ Uniform mat with no wall-LC2
-.- Unifoml mat with shear waH-LeI -:x- Uniform mat with shear wall-LC2
----*'-
Non-uniform mat with no wall-LCl -+- Non-uniform mat with no wall-LCZ
--+- Non-uniform mat with shear wall-LeI ___ Non-uniform mat with shear wal1-LCl
1000
-
N
E
z 500
"'"
>;><
en
VI 0
CJ)
-
••
~
en
~
-500
••"
.<:
en
-1000
-1500
Fig.D-C9 Variation in Shear Stress along line 1 for mat of Model-C.
300
-0-- Uniform mat with no wall-Lei ____Uniform mat with no wall-LCl
---+- Uniform mat with shear wall-Lei -X- Uniform.mat with shear wall-LC2
----.- Non-uniform mat \....ith no wall-Lei -+- Non-uniform mat with no wall-LC2
--+- Non-uniform mat with shear wail-Lei __ Non-uniform mat with shear wall-LC2
200
, E
Z 100
"'"
~
en
VI 0
CJ)
-••:g
~
en
~
-100
.<:
en
-200
-300
oo
Fig.D-CIO Variation in Shear Stress along line 4 for mat of Model-C.
1500
---0-- Uniform mat with no wall-Lei ___ Uniform ma with no wall -LC2
--A-- Uniform mat with shear wal -Lei ~Uniformrn ,. h shear wall -LC2
-.-. Non-uniform mat with no -Lei ---+-- Non-unifo with no wall -LC2
1000 --+- Non-unifonn mat with sh I-Lei --Non-uni~ la with shear wall-LC2
E
Z 500
""
>; )(
en
u; l/l
0
••~
en -
~
8 12 14
J:
•••• -500
en
-1000
-1500
Fig.D-Cll Variation in Shear Stress along line 5 for mat of Model-C.
250
----0-- Uniform mat with no wall-LeI ___ Uniform mat \ ith no wall -LC2
200 --.- Uniform mat with shear wail-Lei ~ Uniform mat shear wall-LC2
-*- Non-unifonn mat with no wall-LeI -+- Non-unifo ith no wall-LC2
-+-- Non-uniform mat with shear wall -LeI --- Non-unifo "th shear wall-LC2
150
N
.E 100
z
""
>;
)(
50
en
u; 0
-
l/l
••~ 14 16
en -50
~
••••
J:
en-1OO
-150
-200
-250
Fig.D-CI2 Variation in Shear Stress along line 6 for mat ofModel-C.

1500
~ Uniform m wall-Lel
---+- Uniform a ar wall-LC2
~Non-uniD n-uniform mat \ I no wall -Le2
1000 --+- Non.uniD I n-uniform mat it shear wall -Le2
E
Z 500
""
-;;f
>-
~
0
'~
''"""
-
en
~
III
-500
10
'"
.l:
(J)
-1000
-1500
Fig.D-C13 Variation in Shear Stress along line 12 for mat of Model-C.
400 _____ Uniform mat with no wall-Le2

--0-- Unifoml mat with no wall-LC I
---...-Uniform mat with shear walt -Lei -X- Uniform mat with shearwall -Lel
----*- Non-uniform mat with no waIl-LeI --+- Non-uniform mat with no wall -Le2
300 --+- Non-uniform mal with shear wall-LC I __ Non-uniform mat wit shear wall-Le2
.E 200
z
""
~ 100
~
~ 0
e 4
iii
•..-100
III
Q)
.t:
(/)-200
-300 r
-400
I
Fig.D-CI4 Variation in Shear Stress along line 13 for mat of Model-C.

, •
2000
----+-- Uniform mat with no wail-Lei ____ Uniform mat with no wall-Le2
-.- Uniform mat with shear wall-Lei ---*"-
__
Uniform mat
Non-uniform
with shear wall-Le2
mat with no wall-LeZ
-r- Non-uniform mat with no wall -LeI
1500 -+- Non-uniform mat with shear wail-Lei _ Non~uniform mat with shear wall-Le2
1000
-
N
E
z
"'" 500
N
~'"
III
0
III
Q)
~~
III -500
~
nl
Q)
.s=
lIl-1000
-1500
-2000
Fig.D-CI5 Variation in Shear Stress along line 14 for mat of Model-c'
2000
Uniform mat
----<>- with no wail-Lei Uniform mat with no wall-Le2
---.- Uniform mat with shear wail-LeI ---¥- Uniform mat with shear wall-Le2
~ Non-uniform mat with no wail-Lei Non-uniform mat v.'ith no wall-Lel
1500 ---+- Non-uniform mat with shear wall-Lei __ Non-uniform mat \.•..ith shear wall-Le2
E 1000
Z
"'-" 500
~
1/1
1/1
o
-e
e~n -500
nl
Q)
J::
en-1000
-1500 c
-2000
Fig.D-CI6 Variation in Shear Stress along line 15 for mat of Model-c'

••
o
--+- Non-uniform mat with no wall-Lei ---0- Non-uniform mat with no wall-LCZ
---.-Non-uniform mat with shear wall-Lei ~ Non-unifornl mat with shear wall -LC2
---.-Uniform mat with no wall-Lei ---+- Uniform mat with no wall-LC2
-+-- Uniform mat with shear wall-LCl _ Uniform mat with shear wall-LC2
-5
E -10
E
•••c:
CIl
ECIl
-
;:
CIl -15
In
-20
-25
o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Fig.D-Cl7 Variation in settlement along line 1 for mat of Model-C.
0
--+- Non-unifonn mat with no waIl-Lei -0- Non.uniforrn mat with no wall -LC2
---+- Non-unifornl mat with shear wall ~LCJ -*- Non-uniform mal with shear wall -LC2
-2 ----*""- Uniform mat with no wall-LeI ---+- Uniform mat with no wall-LC2
-+-- Uniform mat with shear wall-Lei _ Unifornl mat with shear wall-LC2
-4
-6
E
E
•••c: -8
CIl
ECIl-10
ECIl
In -12
-14
-16
-18
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Fig.D-Cl8 Variation in settlement along line 4 for mat of Model-C.
•.... ,
0
--+- Non-uniform mat with no wall-LeI -0- Non-uniform mat with no wall-Le2
---+- Non-uniform mat with shear wall-LeI -*- Non-uniform mat with shear wall-Lel
-2 ~ Uniform mat with no wall-Lei -.- Uniform mat with no wall-Lel
---+- Uniform mat with shear wall-Lei _ Uniform mat with shear wall-Lel
-4
-6
E
E -8
.;-
l:
Ql -10
E
Ql
EQl -12
II>
-14
-16
-18
-20
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Fig.D-C19 Variation in settlement along line 5 for mat of Model-C.
0
--+- Non-uniform mat with no wail-LeI -0- Non-uniform
mat with no wall-Lel
---.- Non-uniform mat with shear wall-Lei --*- Non-uniformmat with shear wall-Lel
-2 ----*"- Uniform mat with no wail-Lei -+- Uniform mat with no wall-Lel
-+-- Uniform mat with shear wail-LeI _ Uniform mat with shear wall-Lel
-4
.{)
E
E
.;- -8
l:
Ql
E
Ql -10
E
Ql
II>
-12
-14
-16
-18
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Distance fom end, m

0
-+- Non-uniform mat with no wall-Lei -0--- Non-uniform mat with no wall-LC2
---.- Non-uniform mat with shear wall-Let --*- Non-uniform mat with shear wall-LC2
-2 """""*- Uniform mat with no wall-LeI -..- Uniform mat with no wall-LC2
-+- Uniform mat with shear wail-Lei _ Uniform mat with shear wall-LC2
-4
-6
E
E -8
""c:
-10
'"E
E'" -12
'"
en
-14
-16
-18
-20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Fig.D-C2l Variation in settlement along line 12 for mat ofModel-C.
0
~Non-uniform matwith nowaIl-Lei -0- Non-uniform mat with no wall-LC2
---+- Non-uniform mal with shear wail-Lei -X- Non-uniform mat with shear wall-LC2
~ Uniform mat with no wall-LeI -+- Uniform mat with no wall-LC2
-2
-t-- Un. mat with shear wail-LeI _ Uniform mat with wall-LC2
-4
E -6
E
""c:
-8
'"
E
E'" -10
en'"
-12
-14
-16
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
•
2
-+-- Non-uniform mat with no wall-Lei -0- Non-uniform mat with no wall-LCZ
-6- Non~uniform mat with shear wall-LCl ---x- Non-uniform mat with shear wall-LC2
"""'*- Uniform mat with no wall-Lei -.- Uniform mat with no wall.LC2
--+- Uniform mat with shear wall .LCI _ Uniform mat with shear wall-LC2
-3
E -8
E
..:
c:
'E"
E'" -13
'"'"
-18
-23
o 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
,.
Fig.D-C23 Variation in settlement along line 14 for mat ofModel-c'
0
-+- Non-uniform mat with no wall-Lei -0- Non-uniform mat with no wall-LC2
-.- Non.unifonn mat with shear wall-Lei ~ Non-uniform mat with shear wall-LC2
-2 -*- Uniform mat with no wall-Lei ___ Uniform mat with no wall-LCZ
-+-- Uniform mat with shear wail-Lei _ Uniform mat with shear wall-LC2
-4
-6
E -8
E
..:
c:
-10
'E"
E'" -12
'"'" -14
-16
-18
-20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Fig.D-C24 Variation in settlement along line 15 for mat of Model-c'

500
~ Uniform mat with no wall -Lei ___ Uniform mat with no wall-LCZ
-..-Unifornl mat with shear wall-LeI ----*- Uniform mat with shear wall-LC2
400 ~ Non-uniform mat with no wall-LeI ---+- Non-uniform mat with no wall -Le2
-+- Non-uniform mat with shear wall-Lei ____ Non-uniform mat with shear wall-L
~ 300
z
"")( 200
~
~
iii 100
E
o
:E o
Cl
c:
'6
~ -100
m
-200
-300
o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Fig.D-Dl Variation in Bending Moment along line 1 for mat of Model-D.
2500
~ Unifornl mat with no wall-Lel _____ Uniform mat with no wall-LC2
---.--
Uniform mat with shear wall-Lei --¥- Uniform mat with shear wall-LC2
-*- Non-uniform mat with no wall-Lei ___ Non-uniform mat with no wall-LC2
____ No u 'fonn mat with shear wall-LC2
--t- Non-uniform mat t hear wall-Lei
2000
~
z
"" 1500
~
:E
~
c:
Q)
E
~ 1000
Cl
c:
'6
c:
Q)
m 500
o
o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Fig.D-D2 Variation in Bending Moment along line 3 for mat of Model-D.

2500
-<>-- Uniform mat with no wail-LeI ___ Uniform mat with no wall-LC2
-..-Uniform mat with shear wall-Lei ~ Uniform mat with shear wall-LC2
~ Non-uniform mat with no wall-LeI n- niform mat with no wall-LC2
2000 -+- Non-uniform mat hear wall-LCl . ann mat with shear wall-LC2
E
~
~ 1500
><
:;:
~ 1000
E
o
:;:
g> 500
:c
c:
'"
III
o
-500
o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
0
--<>- Uniform mat with no wall-Lei ___ Uniform mat with no wall-LC2
---....- Uniform mat with shear wall-Lei -X- Uniform mat with shear wall-LC2
~ Non-uniform mat with no wall-Lei ---+- Non-uniform mat with no wall-LC2
-100 -+- Non-u ith shear wall-Lei __ Non-uniform mat with shear wall -LC2
E
~ -200
z
""
><
:;: -300
~
c:
'g" -400
:;:
01
c:
:cc: -500
'"
III
-600
-700
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
I'
\
••
500
----0-- Uniform mat with no wall-Lei ____ Uniform mat with no wall -LC2
----.- Uniform mat with shear wall-LeI -*- Uniform mat with shear wall-LC2
400 -.- Non-uniform mat with no wall -LeI ---+- Non-uniform mat with no wall -LC2
-+- Non-unifonn mat with she all -Let on-uniform mat with shear wall-LC2
E
E• 300
z
'"
N 200
-'"
~
c:
E
100
0
:;; 0
Cl
c:
:;:;
c: -100
'"
III
-200
-300
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
-100
E -200
~
z -300
'"
N -400
-'"
~
c:
E
-500
0
:;; -600
Cl
c:
:;:; -700
c:
'"
III
-800
-+- Uniform mat with no wa iform mat with no wall-LC2
-.- Uniform mat with shear nifonn mat with shear wall -LC2
___ Non-uniform mat with no t on-uniform mat with no wall-LC2
-900 _ Non-uniform mat with shear wall-LC2
-t- Non-uniform mat with shear wail-LeI
-1000
0 5 10 15 20
25 30 35 40
c
2500 ___ Uniform mat with no wall.LC2
-)of- Uniform mat wi hear wall.LC2
2000 on-uniform rn ith no wall-LCZ
on-uniform m ith shear wall -LC2
E 1500
~
~ 1000
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500
0
o
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-1500
-2000
o 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
2000
1500
E --0-- Uniform mat with no vall- Uniform mat with no wall-LC2
----..- Uniform mat with sh wa Uniform mat with shear wall -LC2
~ _________
Non-uniform mat wit no Non-unifornl mat with no wall -LC2
~1000 -+- N on-uniform mat wit s Non-uniform mat with shear wall -LC2
N
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E
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-1000
c
r [
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1500
---9- Unifonn mat with no wail-Lei ___ Uniform mat with no wall-LC2
___ Uniform mat with shear wall-Lei ~ Uniform mat with shear wall-LC2
-.- Non-uniform mat with no wall-Lei -+- Non-unifonn mat with no wall-LC2
1000 -+- Non-uniform mat with shear wall-Lei _ Non-uniform mat with shear wall-LCZ
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Fig.D-D9 Variation in Shear Stress along line 1 for mat of Model-D.
250 ___ Uniform mat with no wall -LC2

---0-- Uniform mat with no wail-LeI
---.- Uniform mat with shear wall-Lei ~ Uniform mat with shear wall-LC2
~ Non-uniform mat with no wail-Lei --+- Non-uniform mat with no wall-LC2
200 -+- Non-uniform mat with shear wall-Lei __ Non-uniform mat with shear wall-LC2
150
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Fig.D-DlO Variation in Shear Stress along line 2 for mat of Model-D.
>
1500
-0- Uniform mat with no wail-LeI at with no wall -LC2
---t-- Uniform mat with shear w 11~LCI t with shear wall-LC2
~ Non-unifornl mat with nail-LeI at with no wall-LC2
-f- Non-uniform mat with sail-Lei 1 at, with shear wal1-LCZ
1000
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Fig.D-Dll Variation in Shear Stress along line 3 for mat of Model-D.
400
-0- Uniform mat with no wail-Lei Uniform mat with no wall-LC2
Unifonn mat with shear wall-Lei
---.- ~ Uniform mat with shear wall-LeZ
300 ~ Non-unifornl mat with no wall-LeI Non-uniform ith no wall -LC2
-+- Non-uniform mat with shear wall-LeI _ Non-unifo t w shear wall-LC2
200
N
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100
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Fig.D-DI2 Variation in Shear Stress along line 6 for mat of Model-D.

,
1500
-0-- Uniform mat with no wall-LCl
---...- Uniform mat with shear wa11-
~ Non-unifo mat with no \Va
1000 -+-- Non-unifo mat with shear
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400 -0-- Uniform mat with no wail-Lei Uniform mat with no wall-LC2
---.....- Uniform mat with shear wail-LeI -)E- Uniform mat with shear wall-LC2
---1tE-Non-uniform mat with no wall .LCI ---+- Non-uniform mat with no wall ~LC2
300 -+-- Non-uniform mat with shear wail-LeI __ Non-uniform mat with shear wall-LC2
E 200
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(
-400

2000
-+- Uniform mat with no wan ~LCI ___ Uniform mat with no wall-Le2
-.- Uniform mat with shear wail-Lei ---*- Uniform mat with shear wall-Lel
1500 ~Non-uniform mat with no wail-Lei -.- Non-uniform mat with no wall-Le2
-+- Non-uniform mat with shear wall-LeI ___ Non-uniform mat with shear wall-Le2
"E 1000
Z
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~
~
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-
~
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(1)-1000
-1500
-2000
2000
----0-- Uniform mat with no wail-Lei ___ Uniform mat with no wall-Le2
---.-- Unifoml mat with shear waIl-Lei ~ Uniform mat with shear wall-Le2
1500 ~ Non-uniform mat with no w II-LeI on-uniform mat with no wall-Le2
--+- Non-uniform mat with sh ali-Lei on-uniform mat with shear wall-Lel
-
N
E 1000
z
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-
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o
~ Non~unifonn mat with no wall -LeI -0- Non-uniform mat with no wall ~LC2
-.- Non-uniform mat with shear wall-LeI ---*- Non-uniform mat with shear wall-LC2
~ Uniform mat with no wall-Lei -........ Uniform mat with no wall -LC2
-+- Uniform mat with shear wail-Lei _ Uniform mat with shear wall-LC2
-5
E
E -10
~
r::
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rn
-20
-25
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Fig.D-Dl7 Variation in settlement along line 1 for mat of Model-D.
o
~ Non-uniform mat with no wail-Lei -0- Non-uniform mat with no wall-LC2
-*- Non-uniform mat with shear wall-Lei
_____ Uniform mat with no wall-LC I
-2 -e- Uniformmat with no wall-LC2
-4
E -6
E
~
:ii -8
E
CI>
~
rn -10
-12
-14 (
-16
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Fig.D-DI8 Variation in settlement along line 2 for mat of Model-D.

0
-+- Non-uniform mat with no wall-Lei -0- Non-uniform mat with no wall-LC2
-r- Non-uniform mat with shear wall -LeI ~ Non-uniform mat with shear wall-LCZ
-2 ----...- Uniform mat with no wail-Lei --.- Uniform mat with no wall-LC2
-+- Uniform mat with shear wall-LeI __ Uniform mat with shear wall-LC2
-4
-6
E
E
.,E
,.;-
<:
-6
.,
E.,
-10
l/l
-12
-14
-16
-18
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Fig.D-DI9 Variation in settlement along line 3 for mat of Model-D.
0
-+- Non-uniform mat with no wall ~LCI -o-Non-uniform mat with no wall-LC2
---+- Non-uniform mat with shear wall-LeI ~ Non-uniform mat with shear wall-LC2
-2 ~ Uniform mat with no wail-Lei ___ Uniform mat with no wall-LC2
-+- Uniform mat with shear wall-Lei __ Uniform mat with shear wall -LC2
-4
-6
E
E
.,E
,.;-
<:
-8
.,
E.,
-10
l/l
-12
-14
-16
-18
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Fig.D-D20 Variation in settlement along line 4 for mat of Model-D.

0
-+- Non-uniform mat with no wail-Lei -0- Non-uniform mat with no wall-LC2
-2
---..- Non-uniform mat with shear wail-Lei -*-
-..-
Non-uniform
Uniform mat
mat
with
with shear wall-LC2
no wall-LC2
--+- Uniform mat with shear wall-LeI _ Uniform mat with shear wall-LC2
-4
-6
E -8
E
..:
c -10
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E
••E -12
••
VI
-14
-16
-18
-20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
o
--+- Non-uniform mat with no wail-Lei -0- Non-uniform mat with no wall-Lel
-e- Non-uniform mat with shear wall-LeI ~ Non-uniform mat with shear wall -Lel
--*- Uniform mat with no wail-Lei ____ Uniform mat with no wall-Lel
-2 -+- Uniform mat with shear wail-LeI _ Uniform mat with shear wall-Lel
-4
E -6
E
..:
~ -6
E
E
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-12
-14
-16
o 5 10 15 20
25 30 35 40
c
•
.~
0
-.- Non-uniform mat with no wail-Lei --0- Non-uniform
mat with no wall .LC2
--.- Non-uniform mat with shear wail-Lei ----*- Non-uniform
-2 ---.- Uniform mat with no wail-LeI -+- Uniform mat with no wall-LC2
-+-- Uniform mat with shear wail-LeI __ Uniform mat with shear wall-LC2
-4
-6
E -6
E
~
~ -10
E
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~ -12
en
-14
-16
-18
-20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
0
-+-- Non-uniform mat with no wail-Lei Non-uniform
--0--- mat with no wall-LC2
---+--- Non-uniform mat with shear wall -Lei ~ Non-uniform mat with shear wall-LC2
-2 ________
Uniform mat with no wail-Lei -+- Uniform mat with no wall-LC2
-+- Uniform mat with shear wail-LeI _ Uniform mat with shear \\'all -LC2
-4
-6
E -8
E
~
c: -10
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E
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en
-14
-16
-18
-20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 (
,- ...
. -"
r
500
---<>-- Uniform mat with no wall -LC 1 ___ Uniform mat with no wall-LC2
Uniform mat with shear wall ~LCI
---..- -*- Uniform mat with shear wall.LC2
____ Non-uniform mat with no wall-LC2
~ Non-uniform mat with no wall-Lei
400 -+- Non-uniform mat with shear wail-LeI _ Non-uniform mat with shear wall -LC2
~ 300
z
"" - 200
X
-
~
~ 100
E
o
:;: 0
Cl
c:
:0
c:
~ -100
-200
-300
o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Fig.D-E! Variation in Bending Moment along line 1 for mat of Model-E.
2500
Uniform mat
---0-- with no wail-Lei __ Uniform mat with no wall-LC2
___ Unifonn mat with shear wail-Lei -*- Uniform mat with shear wall -LC2
___ N n. nn mat with no wall-LC2
----*-
Non-uniform mat wi wall-Lei
2000 --+- Non-uniform mat w th sh wall-LeI o uni~ 1 mat with shear wall-LC
E
~ 1500
z
""
~ 1000
-'"
c:
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:;:
500
Cl
c:
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-500
(
-1000
o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Fig.D-E2 Variation in Bending Moment along line 3 for mat of Model-E.

100
---+-- Uniform mat with no wail-Lei ___ Uniform mat with no wall-LeZ
-.- Uniform mat with shear wall.LCl -*- Uniform mat with shear wall-Le2
~ Non-uniform mat with no wall-Lei --.- Non-uniform mat with no wall-LeZ
0 mat with shear wall-Le2
--+- Non-uniform mat with shearwall-LCI __ Non-uniform
-
z
E
~-100
""
><"'-200
-
~
c:
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E-300
0
::;:
g'-400
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c:
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IIL500
-600
-700
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
2500
-0--Uniform mat with no wail-Lei _____ Uniform mat with no wall-Le2
Uniform mat with shear wall-Lei
---.- --*- Uniform mat with shear wall-Le2
~ Non-uniform mat with no wall-Lei -+- Non-uniform mat with no wall -Le2
-+- Non-uniform mat with shcarwall-LCI __ Non- iform mat with shear wall -Le2
2000
~
Z
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,; 1500
::;:
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c:
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E
~ 1000
C>
:cc:c:
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III 500
o
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2500
Uniform mat
----0-- with no wall-LeI ___ Uniform mat with no wall-Le2
---.--
Uniform mat with shear wail-LeI ~ Uniform mat with shear wall-Lel
----*'"-
Non-unifornl mat with no wall-Lei ____ Non-uniform mat with no wall -Le2
-+-- Non-unifornl mat with shear wail-LeI _ Non-uniform mat with shear wall -Le2
E 2000
~
z
""
~ 1500
-••
r::
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~ 1000
Cl
.!:
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r::
m
•• 500
o
o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Distance from end. m
0
-0-- Uniform mat with no wall -LC I _______
Uniform mat with no wall-Le2
---.-Uniform mat with shear wall-Lei '"""'*- Uniform mat with shear wall-te2
_____ Non-uniform mat with no wall-Lel
---.-Non-uniform mat with no wall-LeI
-100 -+-- Non-uniform mat with shear wail-Lei __ Non-uniform mat with shear wall -te2
E
E.-200
z
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m
-600
-700
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

2500
---0- Unifonn mat with no wall-Let ___ Uniform mat with no wall-LC2
---+- Uniform mat with shear wail-Lei ~ Uniform mat with shear wall-LC2
~ Non-uniform mat with no wall-Lei -.- Non-uniform mat with no wall-LC2
-+- Non-uniform mat with r wall-Lei ___ No . ann mat with shear wall-LC2
2000
E
E,
z
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~
c:
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0
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Cl
c:
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c:
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500
o
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o ___ Uniform mat with no wall-LCZ

-<>- Uniform mat with no wail-Lei
---+- Unifoml mat with shear wall-Lei ~ Uniform mat with shear wall -LC2
---.- Non-uniform mat with no wail-Lei ---+- Non-uniform mat with no wall-LC2
---t- Non-uniform mat with shear wail-Lei _ Non-uniform mat with shear wall -LC2
-200
~
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E
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m
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c:
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-1200
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.~-
Fig.D-E8 Variation in Bending Moment along line 10 for mat of Model-E. •
500
~ Uniform mat with no wall ~LCI Uniform mat with no wall-Lel
-.- Uniform mat with shear wail-Lei ---*- Uniform mat with shear wall-LC2
400 --..-
Non-uniform mat with no wall-Lei Non-umform mat with no wall-LCZ
-+- Non-uniform mat with shear wail-Lei __ Non-uniform mat with shear wall-Lel
-
z
E
E, 300
"" 200
X
~
~
.,
c
E
100
0
::E
Cl 0
.=
"1Ilc., -100
-200
-300
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
500
----()-- Unifornl mat with no wall-Lei ___ Uniform mat with no wall-Le2
---.- Uniform mat with shear wall-Lei ---*-
_____
Uniform mat
Non-uniform
with shear wall-Lel
mat with no wall -Le2
-----*'- Non-uniform mat with no wail-LeI
400 -+- Non .form mat with shear wail-LeI __ Non-uniform mat with shear wall-Lel
~ 300
z
""
N
::E 200
~
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c
:!il 100
Cl
c
"
c.,
1Il
0
-100
-200
o 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Q
Fig.D-ElO Variation in Bending Moment along line 12 for mat of Model-E.

100
-+- Uniform mat with no wall-Lei ___ Uniform mat with no wall-LC2
-.- Uniform mat with shear wall ~LCI ~ Uniform mat with shear wall-LC2
0 ~ Non-uniform mat with no wail-Lei -.- Non-uniform mat with no wall-LC2
--+-- Non-uniform mat with shear wall-Lei __ Non-uniform mat with shear wall -LC2
-100
-
z
E
~-200
""
-;;1'-300
:;:
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iii-400
E
0
:;: -500
Ol
c::
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1ll_700
-BOO
-900
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Fig.D-Ell Variation in Bending Moment along line 13 for mat of Model-E.
2500
-+--- Uniform mat with no wail-Lei __ Uniform mat with no wall-LC2
--+- Uniform t with shear wall-Lei ---*- Uniform mat wit car wall-LC2
2000 ---.- Non-uni n mat with no -Lei on-uniform rna ith no wall -LC2
--+- Non-uni mat with she ail-Lei on-uniform rna \ ith shear wall-LC2
~ 1500
z
"" 1000
.-:.
N
-
~
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E
o
:;: o
Ol
.S:
."
iii -500
III
-1000
-1500
o 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
o
Fig.D-EI2 Variation in Bending Moment along line 14 for mat of Model-E. !II>.
2000
1500
E ___ Uniform mat with no wall -Le2
-*- Uniform mat with shear wall-LeZ
~ -.- Non-uniform mat with no wall-LeZ
~ 1000 ___ Non-uniform mat with shear wall-Le2
-
~
r::
CI>
E
500
o
:;;
Cl
r:: o
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r::
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-500
-1000
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2500
-0-- Uniform mat with no wall-Lei ______Uniform mat with no wall-Le2
--+- Uniform mat with shear wall-Lei -----*- Uniform mat with shear wall-Le2
~ Non-uniform mat with no wall-Let -.- Non-uniform mat with no wall -Le2
-t- Non-uniform mat with shear wall-Lel ___ Non-uniform mat with shear wall-Le2
2000
E
~
~ 1500
N
:;;
~
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o
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CI>
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-500
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Fig.D-EI4 Variation in Bending Moment along line 16 for mat of Model-E.

o
----0-- Uniform mat with no wall-Lei ___ Uniform mat with no wall-LC2
-..- Uniform mat with shearwail-LCI ---7(- Uniform mat with shear wall-LC2
-100 -.- Non-uniform mat with no wall-Let --+- Non-uniform mat with no wall-LC2
-+- Non-uniform mat with shear wail-Lei ____ Non-uniform mat with shear waJl-LC2
-200
~ -300
z
"'" -400
~
c:., -500
g --600
:;:
.~ -700
"tl
a;
III
--600
-900
-1000
o 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Fig.D-EI5 Variation in Bending Moment along line 17 for mat of Model-E.
500
-+- Uniform mat with no wail-LeI _______
Uniform mat with no wall-LCl
~ Uniform mat with shear wall-LeI --*- Uniform mat with shear wall-LC2
---.-Non-uniform mat with no wail-Lei -.- Non-uniform mat with no wall-LCl
400 -t-- Non-uniform mat with shear wall-Lei ___ Non-uniform mat with shear wall-LC2
E
~ 300
z
"'"
N 200
-.,"
~
E 100
o
:;:
g> 0
:0
.," -100
III
-200
-300
o 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Fig.D-EI6 Variation in Bending Moment along line 18 for mat ofModel-E.

1500
---0-- Uniform mat with no wall-LeI ____ Uniform mat with no wall-LeZ
---+-- Uniform mat with shear wall-LeI ~ Uniform mat with shear wall -Le2
~Non-unifonn mat with no wail-LeI -..- Non-uniform mat with no wall-Le2
-+- Non-uniform mat with shear wail-LeI _ Non-uniform mat with shear wall -Le2
1000
E
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-"
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til
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0
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~
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-500
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-1000
-1500
Fig.D-EI7 Variation in Shear Stress along line 1 for mat of Model-E.
300
---0-- Uniform mat with no wall-Lei ______Uniform mat with no wall-Le2
_____ Uniform mat with shear wall-Lei --*"- Uniform mat with shear wall-Le2
____ Non-uniform mat with no wall -LC I --+--- Non-uniform with no wall -Le2
--+- Non-unifoml mat with shear wail-Lei __ Non-unifo . h shear wall-Le2
200
E
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-"
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til
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-
III
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~ 2 14
til
~
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1!-100
til
-200
-300

1500
-'>- Uniform mat with no wall-Lei ____ Uniform mat with no wall-LC2
-r- Uniform mat with shear wal -Lei ~ Uniform m ith shear wall-LC2
---7If- Non-uniform mat with no I-LeI ___ Non-unifo with no wall-LC2
--+- Non-uniform mat with she I-Lei __ Non-unifo with shear wall-LC2
1000
.€
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"'"
~
lil
Ul
0
8 14
~
..:g -500
J::
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-1000
-1500
250
~ Uniform mat with no wall-Lei ___ Uniform mat with no wall-LC2
-.- Uniform mat with shear wail-Lei ---*- Uniform rna °th shear wall-LC2
200 ---7If- Non-uniform mat with no wall-LeI -+- Non-unifo with no wall-LC2
-t-Non.uniform matwith shearwall-LCI ____ Non-uni~ vith shear wall-LC2
150
-
"'E
Z
....::
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100
>- 50
><
en
iii 0
III
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en
l!!
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.50
14 16 18
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en
-150
-200
-250
Fig.D-E20 Variation in Shear Stress along line 6 for mat of Model-E.

1500
--e-- Uniform mat with no wall-LeI ___ Uniform mat with no wal1-LC2
---+- Uniform mat with shear wall -LC 1 ~ Uniform mat with shear wall -LC2
-*- Non-uniform mat with no wall-Lei -e- Non-uniform mat with no wall-LC2
-+-- Non-uniform mat with shear wall-Lei ___ Non-uniform mat with shear wall -LC2
1000
.E
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~
Iii' 0
III
E 14
..
en
:ll-500
~
III
-1000
-1500
Fig.D-E2l Variation in Shear Stress along line 7 for mat of Model-E.
300
-0-- Uniform mat with no wail-Lei ~ Uniform mat with no wall-LC2
---.-Uniform mat with shear wail-LeI -*- Uniform mat with shear wall-LCZ
--*- Non-uniform mat with no wall-Lei ---+--- Non-uniform mat with no wall-LC2
-+-- Non-uniform mat with shear wail-Lei ___ Non-uniform mat with shear wall-LC2
200
E
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,
1500
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---+- Uniform mat with shear wall-Lei ~ Uniform mat with shear wall-Lel
----*- Non-uniform mat with no wall-Lei Non-uniform mat with no wall-Le2
1000 -+- Non-uniform mat with shear wall-Lei Non-uniform mat with shear wall-Lel
-
N
E
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8
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VI
-1000
-1500
200
-0-- Uniform mat with no wail-Lei _______Uniform mat with no wall-Le2
---+- Uniform mat with shear wall-Lei ----*- Uniform mat with shear wall-Le2
--*- Non-uniform mat with no wall-Lei -+- Non-uniform mat with no wall -Lel
150 -+- Non-uniform mat with shear wall-Lei ___ Non-uniform mat with shear wall -Lel
N 100
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E
50
>;
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VI
~
III 0
-•..••
III
~
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-150
-200

1500
~ Uniform mat with no wail-LeI ___ Uniform mat with no wall-LC2
-....- Uniform mat with shear wail-LeI -*- Uniform mat with shear wall -LC2
-----*'- Non-uniform mat with no wail-LeI -+- Non-uniform mat with no wall -LC2
1000 -+-- Non-uniform mat with shear wall-Let _ Non-uniform t with shear wall-Le2
E
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0
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VI
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14 16
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VI
-1000
-1500
1500
---0--- Uniform ___ Uniform mat with no wall-LC2
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-*- Non-un! n-unlform mat \ h no wall-LCZ
1000 -+-- Non-uni n-uniform mat i shear wall -LC2
E
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~
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VI
~
-500
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-1000
-1500
FigD-E26 Variation in Shear Stress along line 12 for mat of Model-E.

400
~ Uniform mat with no wall ~LCI -.- Uniform mat with no wall-Le2
-...-Uniform mat with shear wall -LeI ---*"- Uniform mat with shear wall-LeZ
300 --..-Non-uniform mat with no wall -LeI --.- Non-uniform mat with no wall-Le2
--+- Non-uniform mat with shear wall-Lel __ Non-uniform mat with shear wall-Le2
'"
E200
Z
..I<
-"100
~
::: 0
-E
en
:'100
o 25
'"
..c:
en
-200
-300
-400
2000
-+- Uniform mat with no wall-LeI ___ Uniform mat with no wall-Le2
-.- Uniform mat with shear wail-LeI ~ Uniform mat with shear wall-LeZ
___ Non-uniform mat with no wail-Lei _____ Non-uniform mat with no wall-Le2
1500 --+- Non-uniform mat with shear wail-LeI ___ Non-uniform mat with shear wall-Le2
1000
-
'"E
Z
..I<
500
~
!!!.
en 0
en
'"-
~
Q)
~ -500
co
Q)
..c:
'" -1000
-1500
-2000

2000
~ Uniform mat with no wall-LeI ~ Uniform mat with no wall-Lel
---.-
Uniform mat with shear wall-LeI -)f- Uniform mat with shear wall -LC2
1500 ~ Non-uniform mat with no wall -LeI -4- Non-uniform mat with no wall -LC2
-+- Non-u orm mat with shear wall-LeI ____ Non-uniform mat with shear wall-LC2.
'"E 1000
Z
"" 500
N
>.
~
VI
VI
o
~
'"
~ -500
'"
'"
.s:
en
-1000
-1500
-2000
2000
--0-- Uniform mat with no wail-Lei ___ Uniform mat with no wall-LCl
---+- Uniform mat with shear wall-Lei ~ Uniform mat with shear wall -LC2
___ Non-uniform mat with no wail-LeI -+- Non-uniform mat with no wall -LC2
1500 -+- Non-uniform mat with shear wall -Lei _ Non-uniform mat . h shear wall -LC2
'" 1000
-
E
~ 500
~
~ 0
'"
~
~ -500
'"
'"
.s:
en -1000
-1500
-2000

400
~ Unifoml mat with no wall.LCI , ___ Uniform mat with no wall-LCZ
-..- Uniform mat with shear wall-Lei ~ Uniform mat with shear wall-LC2
300
-*- Non-uniform mat with no wall-Lei ---+- Non-uniform mat with no wall-LC2
-+- Non-uniform mat with shear wail-Lei __ Non-uniform mat with shear wall-LCZ
200
-
N
E
z
"" 100
t:i'
>-
III
Vl
lJ)
0
-
CIl
~
III
~ -100
o 25
'"
CIl
..c:
III
-200
-300
-400
1500
--+- Uniform mat with no wall-Lei ______Uniform mat with no wall-LC2
-..- Uniform mat with shear wall-LeI -*- Uniform mat with shear wall -LC2
~ Non-uniform mat with no wall-LeI -.- Non-uniform mat with no wall -LC2
-+-- Non-uniform mat with shear wall-Lei -- Non-uniform mat with shear wall-LC2
1000
E
Z 500
""
~
!!!.
lJ)
lJ)
o
~
en~
ill -500
..c:
III
-1000
-1500

o
-+- Non-uniform mat with no wall-LeI -0- Non-uniform mat \vith no wall ~LC2
-r- Non-uniform mal with shear wall-Lei ~ Non-uniform mat with shear wall -LC2
~ Uniform mat with no wall-Lei -.- Uniform mat with no wall-LC2
-5
E
E -10
.,.c:
"
E
"
~ -15
en
-20
-25
o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Fig.D-E33 Variation in Settlement along line 1 for mat of Model-E.
0 Non-uniform mat with no wall-LC2

-+- Non-uniform mat with no wail-Lei --0-
-.- Non-uniform mat with shear wail-Lei -X- Non-uniform mat with shear wall -LC2
---...- Uniform mat with no wall-Lei ---4- Uniform mat with no wal1-LCl
-2 --+- Uniform mat with shear wail-Lei _ Uniform mat with shear wall-LC2
-4
-6
E
E
.,.c: -6
"E
-
~ -10
en"
-12
-14
-16
-18
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Distance from e~d, m

0
--+- Non-uniform mat with no wall-LCl -0- Non-uniform mat with no wall-LC2
-2
----..- Non-unifoml mat with shear wail-Lei --*- Non-uniform
_____ Uniform mat
mat
with
with shear wall-Le2
no wall-LC2
-.- Uniform mat with no wail-Lei
~ Uniform mat with shear wail-Lei _ Uniform mat with shear wall-LC2
-4
-6
E
E -6
~
~ -10
E
CIl
E
CIl
-12
en
-14
-16
-18
-20
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
FigD-E35 Variation in Settlement along line 5 for mat ofModel-E.
o
-+-Non-uniform mat with no wail-Lei -0- Non-unifoml
mat with no wall-Le2
--+- Non-uniform mat with shear wall -Lei --*- Non-uniformmat with shear wall-LC2
-2 ___ Uniform mat with no wall-Lei -+- Uniform mat with no wall-Le2
-+- Uniform mat with shear wall-Lei _ Uniform mat with shear wall-Le2
-4
-6
E
E
..: -8
l:
CIl
E
CIl -10
~
en
-12
. -14
-16
-18
o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 (
Distance fom end, m
\
(
\
0
-+- Non-uniform mat with no wall-LCl -0- Non-uniform mat with no wall-LC2
-r- Non-uniform mat with shear wail-LeI ---¥- Non-unifonn mat with shear wall-LCl
-2 ~ Uniform mat with no wall-Lei -4- Uniform mat with no wall-LC2
-+- Uniform mat with shear wail-Lei __ Uniform mat with shear wall -LC2
-4
-6
E
E -8
,.;-
c:
CIl -10
E
CIl
ECIl -12
(fl
-14
-16
-18
-20
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
FigD-E37 Variation in Settlement along line 7 for mat of Model-E.
0
-+- Non-unifonn mat with no wall-Lei Non-uniform
---0- mat with no wall-LC2
___ Non-uniform mat with shear wail-Lei ~ Non-uniform mat with shear wall -LC2
-2 ----.- Uniform mat with no wall-Lei -+- Uniform mat with no wal1-LCZ
-+- Uniform mat with shear wall-LeI __ Uniform mat with shear wall-LC2
-4
-6
E
E
.; -8
l:
CIl
E
CIl -10
ECIl
en
-12
-14
-16
-18
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Fig.D-E38 Variation in Settlement line 8 for mat of Model-E.

C2'
.. ~
r
(.
o
-+- Non-uniform mat with no wall -Lei ~ Non-uniform mat with no wall-LC2
-r- Non-uniform matwith shear wall-Lei --*- Non-uniform mat with shear wall-Le2
~ Unifoml mat with no wall-Lei -4- Uniform mat with no wall-Le2
-+- Uniform mat with shear wall-LeI _ Uniform mat with shear wall-Le2
-5
E
E
i
•• -10
E
••
~
en
-15
-20
o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
0
-+- Non-uniform mat with no wall-Lei -0- Non-uniform mat with no wall -Le2
-.- Non-uniform mat with shear wail-Lei ~ Non-uniform mat with shear wall -Le2
~ Uniform mat with no wail-Lei -.- Uniform mat with no wall -Le2
-2 -+- Uniform mat with shear wail-Lei .- Unifoml mat with shear wall-Le2
-4
E -6
E
.;'
"••E -8
E
••
••en -10
-12
-14
-16
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
~
(
o Non-uniform mat with no wall-LC2
-+--- Non-uniform
mat with no wall-Lei -0-
--..-
NonMuniform mat with shear wall MLCI ----*"- Non-uniform
mat with shear wal1-LCZ
~ Uniform mat with no wall-LeI ---+- Uniform mat with no wall-LC2
-+- Uniform mat with shear wall.Lel _ Uniform mat with shear wal1-LCZ
-5
~-10
..•.
c:
Q)
E
Q)
E-15
Q)
en
-20
-25
o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Fig.D-E41 Variation in Settlement along line 11 for mat ofModel-E.
0
-+- Non-uniform mal with no wail-LeI -0- Non-uniform mat with no wall -LC2
______Non-unifornl mal with shear wail-Lei ---7oE- Non-uniform mat with shear wall-LC2
-2 ~ Uniform mat with no wail-Lei -.- Uniform mat with no wall-LC2
~ Uniform mat with shear wall-Lei _ Uniform mat with shear wall-LC2
-4
-6
E -8
E
..•.
a; -10
E
Q)
E -12
Q)
en
-14
-16
-18
-20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
)
0
-+- Non~unifonn mat with no wall-Lei --0- Non-uniform mat with no wall-Le2
---.- Non-uniform mat with shear wail-Lei ---*- Non-uniform mat with shear wall-Le2
---+-- Uniform mat with no wall-Le2
-2 ~ Uniform mat with nowall-Lel
-+- Uniform mat with shear wall-LeI _ Uniform mat with shear wall -Le2
-4
E -6
E
.,E
.:
c
., -8
E.,
en -10
-12
-14
-16
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
0
---.-- Non-uniform mat with no wall-LeI -0- Non-uniform mat with no wall-Lel
-w- Non-uniform mat with shear wail-LeI -*- Non-uniform mat with shear wall-Lel
-2 ---.- Unifornl mat with no wall-Lei --+- Uniform mat with no wall-Le2
-+- Uniform mat with shear wail-Lei _ Uniform mat with shear wall -Le2
-4
-6
E
E -8
'E
E
.,
~ -10
.,-12
en
-14
-16
-18
-20
0 5 10 15 20
25 30 35 40 (
,f
0
~ Non-uniform mat with no wall-Lei -0--- Non-uniform mat with no wall -LC2
-2
-...- Non-uniform mat with shear wail-LeI -*- Non-unifoml mat with shear wall-LC2
--7l- Uniform mat with no wall-LeI -.- Uniform mat with no wall-Le2
-+- Uniform mat with shear wall -LC 1 _ Uniform mat with shear wall.LC2
-4
-6
E
E -8
.:
c:
Q) -10
E
Q)
E -12
Q)
en
-14
-16
-18
-20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
0
--+--- Non-uniform mat with no wall-LeI -0- Non-uniform mat with no \vall -Le2
--.- Non-uniform mat with shear wail-LeI ~ Non-uniform mat with shear wall -Le2
-2 -.- Uniform mat with no wall-Lei ---+- Uniform mat with no wall -Le2
---+- Uniform mat with shear wall-LeI __ Uniform mat with shear \vall-Le2
-4
-6
E -8
E
.:
c:
Q) -10
E
Q)
E -12
Q)
en
-14
-16
-18
-20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

0
~ Non-uniform mat with no wall -Lei -0- Non-uniform mat with no wall-Le2
---..- Non-uniform mat with shear wall-Lei ~ Non-uniform mat with shear wall.LC2
-2 ______Unifonn mat with no wail-Lei -+- Uniform mat with no wall-Le2
~ Unifonn mat with shear wall-Lei - Uniform mat with shear wall-LC2
-4
E -6
E
.:
c:
Ql -6
E
Ql
EQl
-10
IJ)
-12
-14
-16
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
o
-+- Non-uniform mat with no wail-Lei -0- Non-uniform mat with no wall-Le2
-.- Non-uniform mat with shear wall.Lel ""'-*- Non-uniform mar with shear wall-Le2
______Uniform mat with no wail-Lei --.- Uniform m3t with no wall-Le2
~ Uniform mat with shear wall-Lei - Uniform mal with shear wall-Le2
-5
.:
c:
Ql
E
Ql
~ -15
IJ)
-20
-25
,(
o 5 10 15 20 25 ~35. 40
Fig.D-E48 Variation in Settlement along line 18 for mat ofModeli~\'

ft' ~;823.1
.• ~,.;jr:.u-. :;,0::3-
••
"trir,~

751

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EFFECT OF SHEAR WALL

SYED ZUBAIR IMAM

EFFECT OF SHEAR WALL ON

SYED ZUBAIR IMAM

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the

DI:PARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

1111111111111111111111111 111111 III

Dr. Abdul Muqtadir Member

Dr. Md. Wahhaj U Member

List of Contents i-iii

List of Symbols VII

Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 9

Chapter 4 COMPARATIVE STUDY AND SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS 31

5.8 Discussion on Findings of Shear Wall Effect 63

Chapter 6 DESIGN OF MAT FOUNDATION WITH SHEAR WALL 66

A Plan area of mat

Pmax Maximum steel ratio

The various advantages of mat foundations are:

•r-' • •r.'-----,, •r',

1- _ :-J L •• _ ••I L ...• -J '- __ J

Illustrations of several mat foundation configurations,commonly used for buildings, are

1.2 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

At BUET, Hossain (1993) conducted a comparative study of the available analysing

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE PRESENT STUDY

The present research has the following objectives:

To investigate the sensitivity of mat behaviour to different parameters, a thorough

I.S ORGANIZAnON OF THE THESIS

The common methods for analysis of mat foundation are

Generally, the analysis of bending of beams on elastic foundations is dependent on the

2.3.2 Winkler Model

Fig. 2.1 Surface displacements of Winkler model due to (a) a non-uniform

2.4 METHODS OF ANALYSIS

2.4.1 Conventional Method of Analysis

Applicability And Limitations

b) The relative stiffuess factor Kr is found to be greater than 0.5, where

An approximate value of ElB can be found by summing flexural rigidity of footing

2.4.2 ACI Approximate Flexible Method

The effect of a concentrated load on a flexible infinite slab resting on continuous

2.4.3 Baker's Method

2.4.4 Finite-Difference Method

84w 284w 84w q P

E, = modulus of elasticity of mat material,

11, = Poisson's ratio of mat material.

2.5 COMPARISON BETWEEN WIDELY USED METHODS

Results obtained by Conventional Method and ACI Approximate Flexible Method

In between. Column. Cannot Calculate Underestimates

-ve moment between Overestimates

Thickness Whole Mat Compatible, Overestimates,

Economic In terms of concrete & Overestimates

2.6 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF MAT FOUNDATION FOR COLUMN

Positive Negative Flexnral Punching

Decreases. Decreases. More Increases. More Flexural Punching

2.7 PRESENCE OF SHEAR WALL ON MAT FOUNDATION

2.8 MAT WITH NON-UNIFORM THICKNESS FOR BETTER

2.9 RESEMBLANCE BETWEEN MAT WITH NON-UNIFORM

In a mat foundation of non-uniform thickness, a thick slab type mat rests on an

IDEALISATION OF MAT FOUNDATION AND

3.2 IDEALISATION OF MAT FOUNDATION ON WINKLER MODEL

3.2.1 Structural Idealisation

Mat foundation is a three-dimensional thick plate structure. In case of mat transverse

3.2.2 Idealisation of Soil

3.2.3 Selection of Element

Mat foundation, a three-dimensional thick plate structure, is subjected to transverse