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Nitric-HF pickling, (10% HNO3, 2% HF at 49C to 60C (120 to 140F), is the most widely used
and effective method removing metallic surface contamination. Pickling may be done by
immersion or locally using a pickling paste.
Electropolishing, using oxalic or phosphoric acid for the electrolyte and a copper bar or plate
for the cathode can be equally effective. Electro-polishing may be done locally to remove heat
tint alongside of welds or over the whole surface.
Both pickling and electropolishing remove a layer several atoms deep from the surface.
Removal of the surface layer has the further benefit of removing surface layers that may have
become somewhat impoverished in chromium during the final heat treatment operation.
Glass bead or walnut shell blasting are very effective in removing metallic surface
contamination without damaging the surface. It is sometimes necessary to resort to blasting
with clean sand to restore heavily contaminated surfaces such as tank bottoms, but care must
be taken to be certain the sand is truly clean, is not recycled and does not roughen the
surface. Steel shot blasting should not be used as it will contaminate the stainless steel with
an iron deposit.
Stainless steel wire brushing or light grinding with clean aluminum oxide abrasive discs or
flapper wheels are helpful. Grinding or polishing with grinding wheels or continuous belt
sanders tend to overheat the surface layers to the point where resistance cannot be fully
restored even with subsequent pickling.
More information on cleaning and finishing may be found in: "Heat Treating, Cleaning and Finishing", Metals
Handbook, 10th Edition.
ASTM A 380, "Recommended Practice for Cleaning and Descaling Stainless Steel Parts, Equipment and Systems",
ASTM, 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103.
Tuthill, A. H., "Fabrication and Post Fabrication Cleanup of Stainless Steel", NiDI literature, Item 10 004.
Pettibone, J. S., "Burgers, Fries, Coke, and Stainless Steel" NiDI literature, Item 10 009.
AISI, "Cleaning and Descaling Stainless Steel, NiDI literature, Item 9 001.
Minimum Tensile Strength of Cold Rolled Sheet & Strip for 304
The other common 300 series alloys are similar.
Temper Tensile ksi Yield ksi Elong. % Rockwell C
Hardness
1/4 Hard 125 75 23 25
1/2 Hard 150 110 16 32
3/4 Hard 175 135 11 37
Full Hard 185 140 8 41
Extra Full 200 - - 45
Hard
"Heat Treating, Cleaning and Finishing", Metals Handbook, 10th edition, Vol. 4 in the section
entitled "Heat Treatment of Stainless Steels and Heat-Resisting Alloys".
• SA-217 Castings of Martensitic, Stainless & Alloy Steel for Pressure Containing Parts
for High Temperature Service
• SA-351 Austenitic Steel Castings for High Temperature Service
• SA-352 Ferritic & Martensitic Steel Castings for Pressure Containing Parts for Low
Temperature Service
• SA-703 General Requirements - Steel Castings for pressure Containing Parts
• SA-781 Common Requirements of Steel & Alloy Castings for General Industrial Use
• SA-240 Heat Resisting Cr & Cr-Ni Stainless Plate, Sheet & Strip for Pressure Vessels
• SA-264 Stainless Cr-Ni Steel Clad Plate, Sheet & Strip
• SA-412 Stainless & Heat Resisting Steel Plate, Sheet, Strip
• SA=480 General Requirements for Flat Rolled Stainless & Heat Resisting Steel Plate,
Sheet & Strip
• SA-192 Alloy & Stainless Steel Bolting Materials for High Temperature
• SA-484 General Requirements for Stainless & Heat Resisting Bars, Billets & Forgings
• SA-705 Age-Hardening Stainless & Heat Resisting Steel Forgings
• SA-745 Ultrasonic Examination of Austenitic Steel Forgings
Guidelines for relative resistance of stainless steels to crevice attack in natural waters
The 4 1/2% Mo and duplex stainless steels are more resistant than type 316, but suffer
varying degrees of crevice attack in brackish water and seawater.
The 6% Mo stainless steels have excellent resistance to crevice attack in seawater.
For further information: NiDI 11 003 "Guidelines for Selection of Stainless Steels for Marine
Environments, Natural Waters and Brines"
Plate Finishes
FINISH FOR PLATE: See also ASTM A 480
Hot-Rolled, or Cold-Rolled and Annealed, or Heat Treated - Scale not removed.
Hot-Rolled, or Cold-Rolled and Annealed, or Heat Treated, and Blast Cleaned or
Pickled. - Essentially a No. 1 finish.
Hot-Rolled, or Cold-Rolled and Annealed, or Heat Treated, and Surface Cleaned and
Polished - Like a No. 4 sheet finish.
Hot-Rolled, or Cold-Rolled and Annealed, or Heat Treated, and Descaled and Temper
Passed - A smoother finish.
Hot-Rolled, or Cold-Rolled and Annealed, or Heat Treated and Descaled and Cold-
Rolled and Annealed, or Heat Treated and Descaled and Optionally Temper Passed -
Smooth finish with greater freedom from surface imperfections.
Intergranular Corrosion
When austenitic stainless steels are heated or cooled through the temperature range 425-
900C (800-1650F), chromium tends to combine with carbon to form chromium carbides. The
carbides precipitate preferen- tially at grain boundaries depleting chromium from the adjacent
areas. This reduces the corrosion resistance of the chromium depleted areas, sensitizing the
alloy to Intergranular Attack (IGA). The extent of carbide formation is dependent upon time at
temperature and the carbon content of the alloy. Thus, exposure in the temperature range
stated does not automatically mean that sensitization, or IGA will occur.
Sensitization may also result from slow cooling from solution annealing temperatures, or
stress relieving - after welding - in the 425 to 900C (800 to 1650F) temperature range. In
welded fabrications, sensitization and IGA may occur in corrosive environments in a rather
narrow band on either side of or on the side opposite the weld, known as the heat affected
zone (HAZ).
It is important to note that even if sensitization does occur, it is not of significant consequence
unless the alloy is exposed to a corrosive environment. Sensitized stainless steel performs in
a normal manner and safe manner in non-corrosive applications.
Order of Resistance
904L Highest This table lists some of the common
stainless steels as to general
317L resistance to pitting or crevice
329 corrosion in aqueous environments
where corrosive conditions may
316/316L exist.
304/304L
430
410
420 Lowest
II. Ferritic - This group of alloys generally containing only chromium, with the balance mostly
Fe, are based upon the type 430 composition of 17% Cr. These alloys are somewhat less
ductile than the austenitic types and again are not hardenable by heat treatment.
III. Martensitic - The members of this family of stainless steels may be hardened and
tempered just like alloy steels. Their basic building block is type 410 which consists of 12%
Cr, 0.12% C, and balance mostly Fe.
IV. Precipitation-Hardening - These alloys generally contain Cr and less than 8% Ni, with
other elements in small amounts. As the name implies, they are hardenable by heat
treatment.
V. Duplex - This is a stainless steel alloy group, or family, with two distinct microstructure
phases -- ferrite and austenite. The Duplex alloys have greater resistance to chloride stress
corrosion cracking and higher strength than the other austenitic or ferritic grades.
VI. Cast - The cast stainless steels, in general, are similar to the equivalent wrought alloys.
Most of the cast alloys are direct derivatives of one of the wrought grades, as C-8 is the cast
equivalent of wrought type 304. The C preceding a designation means that the alloy is
primarily used for resistance to liquid corrosion. An H designation indicates high temperature
applications.