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(0-100mA) 1K
Circuit Diagram:
A
TYN- A
604 IA
1k (0-30mA)
G K V VAK
A (0-30V) VAA
0-30V
VGG
IG
0-30V

Tabular Column:

IG1 = …..……. mA IG2 = …..……. mA

Sl. No VAK IA(mA) Sl. No VAK (Volts) IA(mA)

(Volts)

Internal construction of SCR:

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Experiment No. 1 Date: -----------

STATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF SCR
Aim (i) To study the V-I characteristics of SCR.
(ii) To determine the latching current, holding current and forward resistance of SCR.
Apparatus required:

Sl. No Equipments / Components Range Quantity

1 Variable Regulated Power Supply 0-30V 2
2 SCR TYN – 1
604/612
3 Resistor 1KΩ 2
4 Ammeter 0-30 mA 1
0-100mA 1
5 Voltmeter 0-30V 1

Theory:
An SCR is Silicon Controlled Rectifier. Its operation as a rectifier (very low resistance in
the forward direction and very high resistance in the reverse direction) can be controlled.
An SCR is a 4 layer, 3 junctions, and 3 terminal devices. The 3 terminals of an SCR are
anode, cathode and gate. When anode is made positive with respect to cathode, the curve between
VAK and IA is called forward characteristic. During forward biased condition, the junction J2 will
have avalanche breakdown at a voltage called forward breakover voltage (VFBO). At this voltage,
thyristor changes from OFF-state (high voltage with low leakage current) to ON-state characterized
by low voltage across thyristor with large forward current. The forward current is limited mainly by
the load impedance. The forward voltage drop across SCR during the on-state is of the order of 1 to
1.5 V and increases slightly with the load current. Therefore, when SCR conducts the forward
current, it can be regarded as a closed switch.
Latching current is defined as minimum value of anode current required to latch or trigger the
device from OFF state to its ON-state, when the gate signal is removed.
Holding current is defined the minimum value of anode current below which it must fall for
turning-OFF the thyristor.

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V-I (Static) Characteristics of SCR

IA Forward
Conduction
Region
IG3 > IG2 > IG1
IG2 > IG1
IG1 = 0
IL
VKA VRBO IH

Reverse Blocking Region VFBO VAK

Breakdown Forward Blocking Region
Region

-IA

Calculation :

1. Forward Resistance RF = ∆V/∆I = ------------------Ω

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Procedure:

I Static Characteristics
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Use multimeters in proper ranges for IG, IA and VAK. Keep the voltage control knobs in power
supplies to minimum position and current control knobs to maximum position.
3. Switch on the power supplies and the meters. Adjust the output voltage of V AA so that VAK reads
15V.
4. Gradually increase the voltage of power supply (VGG)
5. Monitor the current as read on IG and also the reading on VAK. The current IG increases as VGG is
increased. Initially IA will be reading leakage current (< 1 mA) and VAK remains at 15V, but at a
particular value of IG , VAK suddenly reduces to less than 1V and IA will increase suddenly. The
SCR is now conducting. Note down this value of the gate current IG in the tabular column.
6. Reduce the voltages VGG & VAA to zero. Switch off power supplies.
7. Switch on the power supplies. Vary VGG so that IG reads the gate current as noted in point 5,
above.
8. Gradually increase VAA and note down the readings of VAK and IA. Initially the SCR is in the
blocking mode and only leakage current will be flowing through it. After a particular voltage the
device suddenly conducts i.e. VAK will be < 1.0V and IA will be > 2.0mA. This voltage is the
forward Break-over voltage. Note down the readings. Further increase voltage VAA and note down
the readings. Reduce the voltages and switch off the power supplies.
9. Draw the static characteristics and find the on – state resistance of the device.

II Latching Current:
1. Switch on the power supplies and adjust the output voltage of VAA so that VAK reads 15V. Adjust
VGG such that the device just conducts.
2. Switch OFF VGG to disconnect Gate. It may be observed that the device goes into blocking mode
(i.e. VAK will be 15V and IA will be < 1 mA). If the gate is reconnected the device again conducts
i.e. the gate is having control on the conduction state of the device.
3. Increase VAA in steps and at each step checks the control of the gate current.
4. At a particular value the Gate loses control on the device. The minimum anode current IA to hold
the device in the on state immediately after switching on with the Gate open is “Latching Current “.
Note down this value. Switch off Power Supplies.

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III Holding Current:

1. Switch ON the power supplies and set VAK to 30 V by varying VAA. Adjust VGG such that the
device just conducts.
2. Switch OFF VGG to disconnect Gate. It may be observed that the device stays in the ON
condition.
3. Reduce VAA so that IA reduces. After a particular value of IA the device switches off i.e. IA will
be < 1 mA. The minimum Anode current required to hold the device in the ON state below which
the device goes to blocking state ( OFF state) is the “Holding Current “. Note down the value.
.

.
Result :
1. Latching Current = ------------------mA.
2. Holding Current = ------------------mA.
3. Forward Resistance = ------------------Ω

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Circuit Diagram:

Tabular column:
(A) Transfer characteristics

Sl.No VDS = V
VGS (Volts) ID( mA)

Expected Graph:

Trans-conductance (gm) =  ID (mA) /VGS (volts)

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Experiment No 2A Date: --------------

STATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF MOSFET

Aim: To obtain Transfer Characteristics and Output Characteristics for the given
MOSFET and to determine Trans-conductance (gm) and output resistance (rd).
Apparatus required:

Sl. No Equipments / Components Range Quantity

1 Variable Regulated Power Supply 0-30V 2
2 MOSFET IRF 840 1
3 Resistor 1KΩ 2
4 Ammeter 0-100mA 1
5 Voltmeter 0-30V 2

Theory:

The Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET) is a voltage controlled
device having very high input impedance and works at high switching frequency(several tens of
kilohertz). The MOSFET are majority carrier devices. In general MOSFET are of two types.
1. Depletion.
2. Enhancement.
The MOSFET has three terminals: Gate(G), Drain(D), and Source(S).
When the MOSFET is turned on the current flows from Drain to Source. The voltage is applied
between Gate-Source to turn on MOSFET. The MOSFET can be turned off by removing the Gate
to Source voltage. Thus Gate has full control over the conduction of MOSFET. The turn-on and
turn-off times of MOPSFET’s are very small. Hence they operate at very high frequencies and are
preferred in applications such as choppers and inverters.

Procedure:

(A) Transfer characteristics:

(1) Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.
(2) Keep the Drain–source voltage (VDS) constant (say at 10V).

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(B)Output/Drain characteristics:

Sl.No VGS1 = V VGS2 = V

VDS (Volts) ID(mA) VDS (Volts) ID(mA)

Expected Graph:

Drain resistance (rd) =  VDS (volts) /  ID (mA)

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(3) Vary the Gate supply voltage VGG in steps and note down the corresponding Drain
current (ID), Gate-Source voltage (VGS).
(4) The value of VGS at which ID start increasing is noted down.(this value of VGS is
threshold voltage)
(5) From the readings draw the transfer characteristics & calculate the trans-
conductance gm, which is given by gm =  ID (mA) /VGS (volts).
(A) Output characteristics:
(1) Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.
(2) Keep the Gate–Source voltage (VGS) constant (Slightly above the threshold voltage).
(3) Vary the supply voltage VDD in steps and note down the corresponding Drain current
(ID), Drain-Source voltage (VDS) and tabulate the result.
(4) Repeat the above procedure for different values of Gate–Source voltage (VGS).
(5) From the readings draw the output characteristics & calculate the Drain resistance rd,
which is given by, rd =  VDS (volts) /  ID (mA).

Result :
1. Trans-conductance = ------------------mho
2. Drain resistance = ------------------
3. Threshold voltage (VGS (th)) = ------------------V

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Circuit Diagram:

Tabular column:
(A)Transfer characteristics Expected Graph:

Sl.No VCE = V
VGE ( Volts) IC(mA)

Trans-resistance (rm) =  VGE (volts) / Ic (mA)

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Experiment No 2B Date: -------------

STATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF IGBT

Aim: To obtain Transfer Characteristics and Output Characteristics for the given
IGBT and to determine Trans-resistance (rm) and collector resistance (rc).

Apparatus required:
Sl. No Equipments / Components Range Quantity
1 Variable Regulated Power Supply 0-30V 2
2 IGBT IRG4BC200 1
3 Resistor 1KΩ 2
4 Ammeter 0-100mA 1
5 Voltmeter 0-30V 1
6 Voltmeter 0-10V 1

Theory:
The insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) is the latest device in power
electronics. It is obtained by combining the properties of BJT and MOSFET. The gate circuit of
MOSFET and collector emitter circuits of BJT are combined together to form new device. This
device is called IGBT. The IGBT has three terminals: Gate (G), Collector(C) and Emitter(E).
Current flows from Collector to Emitter whenever a voltage between Gate and Emitter is applied.
The IGBT is said to be turned on. When Gate Emitter voltage is removed IGBT turns-off. Thus
Gate has full control over the conduction of IGBT. An IGBT has high input impedance like
MOSFETs and low on state conduction loses like BJTs. An IGBT is inherently faster than BJT. The
switching frequency can be up to 20 KHz.
Procedure:
(A) Transfer characteristics:
(1) Make the connections as shown in the circuit diagram.
(2) Keep the Collector–Emitter voltage (VCE) constant (say at 10V).
(3) Vary the Gate supply voltage VGG in steps and note down the corresponding Collector
current (IC), Gate-Emitter voltage (VGE) in the tabular column.
(4) From the readings draw the transfer characteristics & calculate the trans- resistance rm.
Trans-resistance (rm) =  VGE (volts) / Ic (mA)

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(B)Output/Drain Characteristics:

Sl.No VGE1 = V VGE2 = V

VCE (volts) IC( mA) VCE (volts) IC(mA)

Expected Graph:

Collector resistance (rc) =  VCE (volts) / Ic (mA)

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(B) Output characteristics:

(1) Keep the Gate–Emitter voltage (VGE) constant (slightly above the threshold voltage).
(2) Vary the supply voltage VCC in steps and note down the corresponding Collector current
(IC) & the Collector-Emitter voltage (VCE) and tabulate the readings.
(3) Repeat the above procedure for different values of Gate–Emitter voltage (VGE).
(4) From the readings draw the output characteristics & calculate the Collector resistance IC.
Result:
1. Trans-resistance =------------------
2. Collector resistance =------------------
3. Threshold voltage (VGS (th)) = ------------------V

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Circuit Diagram & Tabular column:

Firing angle
(α) in Vo(Practical) Vo (Theoretical)
degrees

Ideal Graph:

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Experiment No 3 Date: --------------

SCR TURN-ON CIRCUIT USING SYNCHRONIZED UJT RELAXATION
OSCILLATOR
Aim: To generate trigger pulses using Line Synchronized UJT Relaxation Oscillator and use
them to trigger an SCR.

Apparatus required:

Sl. No Equipments / Range Quantity

Components
1 Transformer 230/12-0-12 V 1
2 Diodes BY127 or 1N4001 4
3 Zener Diode 9V 1
4 Resistors 1KΩ, 2
470Ω 1
5 Capacitor 0.1μf 1
6 UJT 2N2646 1
7 SCR TYN 604 1
8 Pulse Transformer 1:1 1
9 Power Resistor 100E ,5W 1
10 Potentiometer 100KΩ/10K 1
11 CRO - 1
12 Multimeter - 1
Theory:

The UJT is commonly used for generating triggering signals for SCRs. It has 3 terminals
Emitter, Base1,Base 2 .When the DC supply voltage is applied the capacitor is charged through
resistor .When the capacitor voltage becomes equal to peak voltage, the peak of voltage the UJT
turns ON and capacitor discharges. Since the current flows through the primary of pulse
transformer, a pulse is generated. When the capacitor discharges to a voltage called valey voltage
the UJT turns-off and again capacitor starts charging. This mode of working of UJT is called
relaxation oscillator.
Procedure:
1. Circuit connections for synchronous mode are made as per the circuit diagram and supply is
switched ON.
2. Output of bridge rectifier, the voltage across zener diode and capacitor are observed.
3. Potentiometer is varied and variation of the frequency of triggering pulses is observed at
pulse transformer output terminals.
4. Gate signal to the SCR is applied and firing angle is varied from 00 to 1800. Graph between
α and Vo is drawn.

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Waveforms:

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Calculation:
1. Vo (Theoretical) = [Vm /] (1+ Cos α0)

Result:

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Digital S.C.R firing module Block Diagram

Test Circuit Diagram with digital triggering pulses

(A) Half wave rectifier Tabular column

Firing
Formula for Half wave rectifier: angle(α)

Votheoritica l=Vm(1+cosα)/2π Vopractical (

volts)

Votheoritical
(volts)

Formula for Full wave rectifier:

Vo=Vm(1+cosα)/2π

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Experiment No 4 Date: --------------

SCR DIGITAL TRIGGERING CIRCUIT FOR A SINGLE PHASE
CONTROLLED RECTIFIER OR AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLER

Aim: To generate trigger pulses using SCR Digital Triggering Circuit. Use these pulses to
Trigger SCRs used in a single – phase controlled rectifier or AC voltage controller.

Apparatus required:

Sl. No Equipments / Components Range Quantity

1 Digital firing module - 1
2 Transformer 230/12 V 1
3 SCR TYN 612 4
4 CRO with Probes - 1
5 Digital Multi meter - 1
6 Resistor 1K 1

Theory:

SCR circuit use digital firing scheme. Normally pulsed firing method is used to trigger the
SCR. The pulsed firing reduces gate power dissipation. The width of the pulse is more than turn
ON time of the SCR. Digital circuit is highly flexible, not affected to noise and failure rate of
digital circuit is less. Some of these advantages of digital firing circuit have made popularity over
other firing scheme.
Procedure:

1. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. Power supply to the digital firing module is switched ON.
3. Pulses at the Gate terminals of the firing module are observed for different firing angles.
4. The voltage across test circuit is noted down for different firing angles.

Digital triggering circuit module details:

1. The firing angle can be varied from 0 to 180 degree using thumb wheel switch varied 0-9
steps.

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B) Full wave rectifier

Tabular column

Firing angle(α)

Vo(volt)

Vo therotical

Formula for Full wave rectifier:

Vo=Vm(1+cosα)/π

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2. The firing scheme is based on ZCD (Zero Cross Detector) fixed frequency line
synchronized clock generate up/down counter flip flop and pulse transformer.
Tp= Train of pulses for positive cycle
Tn= Train of pulses for negative cycle
3. Pulse transformer provides isolation between logic circuit and power circuit.
4. Selector switch is adjusted to 180(converter mode) with the help of thumb wheel. Firing
angle can be varied from 0 to 180 degree.

Result:

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Circuit Diagram:

1. Bridge Converter with R load:

2. Bridge Converter with R-L load

3 .Bridge Converter with Free Wheeling Diode

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Experiment No 5 Date: --------------

SINGLE-PHASE FULL-WAVE RECTIFIER WITH R AND R-L LOADS

Aim: To Study the performance of a Single Phase full wave Controlled Rectifier connected to
resistive and resistive – inductive loads. To plot the variation of output voltage versus delay
angle.

Apparatus required:

Sl.No Equipments / Components Range Quantity

1 Thyristor 4
2 Decade resistance box 1
3 CRO 1
4 Multimeter 1
5 Decade Inductance Box 1

Theory:
Controlled rectifiers are basically AC to DC converters. The power transferred to the load
is controlled by controlling triggering angle of the devices ‘alpha’ by the control circuit. The input
to the controlled rectifier is normally AC mains. The output of the controlled rectifier is adjustable
DC voltage. Hence the power transferred across the load is regulated. The controlled rectifiers are
used in battery charges, DC drives, DC power supplies etc. The controlled rectifiers can be single
phase or three phase depending upon the load requirement.
Procedure:

1. Rig up the circuit as shown in diagram.

2. Apply the firing pulses to all the SCRs correctly.
3. Switch on the supply with resistive load, view the O/P waveform across the load
resistor.
4. By varying the frequency of firing pulses note firing angle and output voltage.
5. Connect inductance in series with resistor for R L load and the above procedure is
repeated.
6. Connect a Freewheeling diode across the R L load to remove the extra charge during
the negative cycle and above procedure is repeated.
7. Plot the graph between output voltage (Vo) and firing angle(α).

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Tabular Column:

Firing angle(α) Vo(theoretical) Vo (Practical)

Vo=Vm(1+cosα)/π (R-
load)

Ideal Graph:
Vo

Firing Angle(α)

Waveforms:
Vin
Vm

Ig1

t
Ig2

t
VLoad
R – Load and RL load with freewheeling diode
t
VSCR
t

Vload
RL - Load
t
α

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Calculations:

Vo=Vm(1+cosα)/π (R-load)

Result:

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Circuit Diagram:
CRO

LOAD
56KΩ,
2W MT2

470KΩ
230V, 1-Φ TRIAC
50Hz AC
supply DIAC G MT1

0.1µF

Tabular Column: Ideal Graph:

Sl.No Vo (AC) Delay Angle (α0)

VO (V)

Delay Angle α in degrees

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Experiment No 6 Date: ---------------

AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLER USING TRIAC AND DIAC COMBINATION
CONNECTED TO R AND R-L LOADS.

Aim: To control the AC voltage applied to a resistive load and a resistive – inductive load
using TRAIC and DIAC combination.

Apparatus required:

Sl. No Equipments / Components Range Quantity

1 TRIAC BT 136 1
2 DIAC DB-32C 1
3 AC capacitor 0.1μF 1
4 Resistor 56KΩ, 2W 1
5 R-Load or Bulb,R-L Load 40 Watt 1
6 Power Scope - 1
7 Potentiometer 470KΩ

Theory:

A.C Voltage controller is also known as A.C Regulator, which converts constant R.M.S
voltage and frequency input to variable output R.M.S voltage with same frequency as Input.
A TRIAC is a 3 terminal semiconductor switching device used for A.C application and
DIAC is used as gate triggering of TRIAC.

Procedure:

1. Rig up the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. Set the potentiometer to the maximum value and switch on the AC input voltage
3. Vary the potentiometer and thus observe the wave form across the load (R/RL).
4. Connect the probes across the load. As the pot is varied the delay angle and voltage
varies.
5. At each step delay angle and output voltage is noted in tabular column.
6. Plot the graph between delay angle and output voltage graph.

Note: The output waveform is viewed in power scope and not in normal oscilloscope.

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Wave Forms:

Vo

VTRIAC
( +)
  2 (2 +) wt

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Result:

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Circuit Diagram:

Tabular column:

Sl.No V ( volt) Frequency Duty cycle Vo (volt) Io( Amp) Speed(RPM)

( Hz) ( %)
1 48 50 10

2 48 50 20

3 48 50 30

4 48 50 40

5 48 50 50

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Experiment No 7 Date: --------------

SPEED CONTROL OF A SEPARATELY EXCITED DC MOTOR USING AN
IGBT OR MOSFET CHOPPER

Aim: To control the speed of a separately excited DC motor using a MOSFET (OR) IGBT
Chopper circuit. To plot the variation of i) speed Vs duty cycle and ii) Chopper output
voltage Vs duty cycle.

Apparatus required:

Sl. No Equipments / Components Range Quantity

1 Chopper Module 0.5hp/220v 01
2 DC Shunt Motor - 01
3 Digital Tachometer - 01
4 CRO with probes - 01

Theory:

DC to DC converters are known as choppers. It is required to convert a fixed DC voltage

to a variable DC voltage. DC converters are widely used for traction motor control, trolley cars, DC
motor speed control etc.

Procedure:

1) Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.

2) Now keep the voltage select switch at position 2 (48volts) and measure the voltage at Vdc
terminal. It should be 48 volts.
3) Armature winding motor is connected as shown in circuit diagram where as the field
windings are connected to 220v supply which is provided within the module itself.
4) Set the frequency by pressing INC or DEC soft key provided in module.
5) Vary the duty cycle by pressing INC button.
6) Note down the voltmeter, ammeter reading and speed of DC motor at different duty cycles.
7) Plot the graph between speed and duty cycle.

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Ideal Graph

Out put wave form

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Theory:

MOSFET/ IGBT chopper module details

This trainer kit consists of 2 parts
1) Power circuit
2) Control circuit
Power circuit
Power circuit mainly consists of power MOSFET/ IGBT, Free wheeling diode and built in DC
source, digital meters are provided.
Control circuit
Control circuit is microcontroller based to accurately generate the control output duty cycle can be
varied from 0-100%, frequency of the chopper can be varied from 50Hz to 500Hz. Soft keys are
provided for INC and DEC of chopper frequency or duty cycle and to run/stop the output.

Result:

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Circuit Diagram:

Tabular Column:

(A) To find error

Ra Actual Ri Indicated
Sl.No % Error
(in degree) (in degree)

(B) Programming for 10 to 20 steps

Sl.No NO of STEPS ANGLE in degrees
1
10
2 20

3
30

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Experiment No 8 Date: --------------

SPEED CONTROL OF A STEPPER MOTOR

Aim: To study the stepper motor operation and to calculate

1. Error in speed.
2. Programming for 10, 20 steps.
3. Verify truth table.
Apparatus required:

Sl.No Equipments / Components Range Quantity

1 Stepper motor module - 01
2 Stepper motor - 01
Procedure:
1. Make connections as shown in the circuit diagram.
(A)To find error:
1. The power supply is switched ON.
2. Press set button, select RPM/step mode by pressing INC/DEC, and press ENT button.
3. Adjust the RPM required say 5 by pressing INC/DEC, and press ENT button.
4. Choose direction forward/reverse by pressing INC/DEC, and press ENT button.
5. Choose rotation in half or full step by pressing INC/DEC, and press ENT button.
6. Press RUN and switch on stop watch.
7. Note down the angle rotated in one minute.
(B) Programming for 10 or 20 steps
1. Select step control.
2. Select 10 step by adjusting INC/DEC.
3. Select forward/reverse.
4. Select full/reverse.
5. Press RUN and observe number of step moved.(Note: 1step =1.80 ).
(C) TO verify the truth table
1. Select STEP control.
2. Set number of STEP to one.
3. Select forward/reverse.
4. Press RUN and observe A1, A2, A3,A4 LED and verify truth table.

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(C) To verify the Truth Table

( i ) Half STEP
A1 A2 B1 B2
1 0 1 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 1
0 0 0 1
0 1 0 1
0 1 0 0
0 1 1 0

( ii ) Full STEP
A1 A2 B1 B2
1 0 1 0
1 0 0 1
0 1 0 1
0 1 1 0

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Calculation:
1. % Error=(Ra-Ri)/Ra

Result:

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Circuit Diagram:
V0

M
56KΩ,
2W
MT2

470KΩ
230V, 50Hz, TRIAC

DIAC G MT1

0.1µF

Tabular Column: Ideal Graph:

Sl.No Vo (AC) Speed (R.P.M)

Speed

Vo

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Experiment No 9 Date: --------------

SPEED CONTROL OF A UNIVERSAL MOTOR USING AC VOLTAGE
CONTROLLER.

Aim: To control the speed of Universal Motor/Single phase Induction Motor using
TRIAC- DIAC combination and to plot the graph of speed VS output voltage.

Apparatus required:

Sl. No Equipments / Components Range Quantity

1 TRIAC BT 136 01
2 DIAC DB-32C 01
3 AC Capacitor 0.1μF 01
4 Resistor 56k, 2W 01
5 Universal Motor/Single phase I.M - 01
6 Power Scope - 01

Theory:
AC Voltage controller is also known as AC Regulator, which converts constant RMS
voltage and frequency input to variable output RMS voltage with same frequency as input.
A TRIAC is a 3 terminal semiconductor switching device used for AC application and
DIAC is used as gate triggering of TRIAC.
Procedure:
1. Rig up the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Set the potentiometer to the maximum value and switch on the AC input voltage
3. Vary the potentiometer. The motor speed varies.
4. Connect the probes across the load. As the pot is varied, the delay angle and voltage
varies.
5. At each step, speed and output voltage are noted in tabular column.
6. Plot the graph between speed and output voltage.
Note: The output waveform is viewed in power scope and not in normal oscilloscope.

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Waveforms:

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V sem Power Electronics Lab (15EEL58)

Result :

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POWER ELECTRONICS LAB - VIVA QUESTIONS

(01) What is an SCR?

(02) Why Silicon is used in SCR?
(03) What are Latching & Holding currents? Distinguish them.
(04) What is Break over voltage (VBO)?
(05) Explain the procedure used for finding Latching & Holding currents?
(06) Give the applications of SCR.
(07) What are the current & voltage ratings of SCR?
(08) What is the difference between Converter grade & Inverter grade SCRs?
(09) Explain the regions in which SCR can be operated.

(10) What is TRIAC? How it differs from SCR?

(11) In how many modes TRIAC can be operated?
(12) How many layers are there in TRIAC?
(13) Give the applications of TRIAC.

(14) What is MOSFET?

(15) What are the types of MOSFETs we have?
(16) What are Drain resistance, trans-conductance & amplification factors of
MOSFET.
(17) What is the meaning of Negative temperature coefficient of resistance?
(18) Give the applications of MOSFET.

(19) What is an IGBT?

(20) Compare its features with MOSFET & BJT.
(21) Give the advantages & applications of IGBT.
(22) How many types of IGBT’s are available?
(23) Why we call IGBT as majority carrier device?

(24) What is Triggering?

(25) What are the methods of triggering an SCR?
(26) What is the limitation of R triggering?
(27) How RC triggering is better than R triggering?
(28) What is the range of R triggering & RC triggering?

(29) What is meant by synchronized triggering?

(30) What is relaxation oscillator?
(31) What is UJT? How it differs from BJT?
(32) What is the range of  in case of UJT triggering?
(33) What is the advantage of UJT triggering over other triggering circuits?
(34) What is the role of Zener diode in this circuit?
(35) What is a pulse transformer? Why it is used in UJT triggering circuit?
(36) What is the role of resistor connected in series with the POT?
(37) What is Commutation?
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(38) What is Natural Commutation & Forced Commutation.

(39) How the commutation can be achieved practically?
(40) What are the circuit elements required for Commutation?
(41) What is the difference between current & voltage Commutation?
(42) Give the types of Forced Commutation circuits.
(43) What is the advantage of Class-B Commutation over Class-A Commutation?
(44) What is the advantage of Class-C Commutation over Class-B Commutation?
(45) What is the advantage of Class-D Commutation over Class-C Commutation?
(46) What is Auxiliary voltage commutation?

(47) What is an AC voltage controller? Give its application.

(48) What is the role of Diac in AC voltage controller?
(49) What are the factors on which the charging of the capacitor depends?
(50) What are the different types of AC voltage controllers we have?
(51) What is the difference between on off controller & phase controller?

(52) What is a Converter? What is the difference between converter & rectifier?
(53) What is the difference between Fully controlled & Half controlled converters?
(54) What is the effect of inductance on the load circuit?
(55) What is Free wheeling/ Fly wheeling diode?
(56) What is the effect of Free wheeling diodes on the load?
(57) What is a Dual Converter? Give its applications.
(58) What is a Series Converter? Give its applications.
(59) In what way the Free wheeling diodes are different from ordinary diode?
(60) Give the classification of converters based on the quadrant operation
(61) Give the applications of controlled rectifiers?

(62) What is a DC Chopper? Give its applications.

(63) What is the principle of a Chopper?
(64) Give the classification of choppers based on quadrant operation.
(65) What are the types of controlling we have for choppers?

(66) What is meant by separately excited DC motor?

(67) What are methods of speed control of DC motor?
(68) What method is implemented in this experiment?
(69) What are the applications of DC motor?
(70) What are the different types of DC motors?

(71) What is an Universal motor?

(72) What are the methods of speed control of universal motor?
(73) What are the applications of Universal motor?
(74) What is a stepper motor?
(75) Give the applications a stepper motor.

(76) What is an Inverter?

(77) What is the principle of an Inverter?
(78) What is the difference between series & parallel inverters?
(79) What is the use of Fly back diodes used in the Inverters?
(80) Give the applications of inverters.
(81) Which inverter circuit gives a square wave output?
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(82) Which inverter gives an approximate sine wave output?

(83) Compare a series inverter with parallel inverter?
(84) How the Inverters are classified?
(85) What is meant by dv/dt & di/dt ratings?
(86) What is a Snubber circuit? How it eliminates voltage & current transients?
(87) How do you protect SCR against high voltage & currents?
(88) What is the purpose of a Fuse? How does it protects a circuit?
(89) What is PIV rating of a Thyristor?
(90) What is GTO? How it differs from SCR?
(91) Give the advantage & disadvantages of GTO.
(92) What are Harmonics? Why they will get introduced in power electronic circuits
(93) What is a Cyclo-converter? Give its applications.
(94) What is the difference between Un-controlled, Controlled & Fully controlled
devices. Give examples for them.

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COMPONENTS & DEVICES USED IN THE POWER ELECTRONICS LAB:

(1) Thyristor (SCR-Silicon controlled rectifier): TYN-410 /TYN-610 / TYN-612/TYN 604

G (Gate) SCR
A K
(Anode) (Cathode)
K A G

(2) Triac: BT-136 / BT-139 TRAIC

G (Gate)
MT2 MT1
(Main (Main
terminal-2) terminal-1) MT1 MT2 G

(3) MOSFET: IRF-450 / IRF-740 / IRF-840/ IRF-42 MOSFET

D (Drain)

G
Gate S (Source)
G D S

(4) IGBT (Insulated Gate Bipolar transistor): IRG4BC200 / IRG4BC20S

C (Collector) IGBT

G
Gate
E (Emitter) G C E

(5) Diac: DB-32C

MT2 MT1 MT2 MT1
(Main (Main OR
terminal-2) terminal-1)

(6) Diodes: IN-4007 A K

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(7) Zener diodes: DZ-15 A K

(8) UJT (Uni Junction Transistor): 2N2646

B2 (Base-2)
2N264 Notch
6

E B2 B1 E
(Emitter) Bottom view
B1 (Base-1) In order to identify the terminals go in clockwise after the notch

(9) Isolation Transformer:

230V/115V-60V-30V-0-30V-60V-115V with 2A 115V
60V
30V
Primary Secondary windings
0
winding with different tapings
230V 30V
60v
115V
(10) Pulse Transformer-1:1 and 1:1:1
1:1:1 pulse
1:1 pulse
Transformer
Transformer

In order to identify the primary & secondary windings, check the continuity.

(11) Power (Wattage) resistors: 100/5W, 500/5W, 1K/5W

Green coloured
500
(Thick) Resistors

(12) Potentiometers (POTS): 4.7K, 10K, 100K, 1M

(13) Rheostats: 50/25W, 100/25W, 200/25W.

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(14) Capacitors: Disc type:0.1F, 0.01F,

Polarity will
Electrolytic type:1F, 10F,47F, 6.8F/100V & 100F/100V be there
- +
High voltage handling capacitor: 100nF/200V, 100nF/600V

(15) Single stand wire (For low current application) :

Multi stand wire (For High current application):

(16) Step down Transformers: 12V

230V / 12V-0-12V (500mA), Primary Secondary
230V / 24V-0-24V winding 0 winding
230V
12V

(17) Inductors: 10mH, 100mH, 250H, 500H:

Mutual inductor coil:

10mH - 5mH - 0 - 5mH - 10mH

(18) Fuses: 1A, 2A, 5A & 6A

Symbol Physical appearance

(19) Single phase converter Triggering unit: 1 Converter Triggering unit:

900
0
ON / OFF 120 600

Trigger O/Ps
1500 300

G K
T1 1800 00
T1’ Test Points
T2 Gnd 1 2 3
T2’ 4 5 6 7
POWER

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(20) DC Chopper Triggering unit:

DC Chopper Triggering unit:

10% 90% Min

Max DUTY CYCLE

FREQUENCY

ON / OFF

Trigger O/Ps

(21) DC Motor: Separately Excited Dc Motor:

G K Test
Points Field side
Armature
side TMAIN M Gnd 1 2 3

TAUX 4 5 6 7
(22) Induction Motor:
POWER
M

(23) Universal Motor:

M

(24) Auto Transformer (Dimmer): 230V

230V / 0-230V: Primary
winding Secondary winding
230V
0-230V (Variable)
0V

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