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This document provides guidance on the design of holding down bolts for attaching
steel or precast concrete stanchions to reinforced or un-reinforced concrete
(1)
foundations, using Eurocode 2 . Concrete Advice sheet 5 covers the design of
(3)
holding down bolts to BS 8110-1 . Design approaches are given for resisting the uplift
on the bolts and for the allowable bearing pressure underneath the stanchion base
plate. This document only covers bolts in tension or compression and does not cover
bolts in shear. A method for the design of dowels in shear is included in Concrete
(4).
Society Technical Report No 34 Proprietary fixings are not included in this
document. The manufacture’s technical literature should be consulted for the load
capacity of proprietary fixings.
In most foundations the horizontal stresses will be hole for bond calculations purposes.
low, thus the allowable shear stress becomes equal to
vmin. In all cases if bond stress exceeds the allowable
bond stress it will be necessary to deepen and/or
If the cone shear stress exceeds the allowable shear increase the number of bolts.
stress then the bolts will need to be deeper and/or
more bolts provided. Method 2 - Anchor plate pull out
Check bond stress: Cast-in bolts This method assumes that the anchor plate
If the shear stress is less than the relevant allowable embedded in the concrete tries to pull out of the
shear stress the bond anchorage of the individual concrete by a punching shear failure. The anchor
bolts should be checked. The method for calculating plate effectively becomes the loaded area for
the anchorage bond stress around a reinforcement punching shear design, which is undertaken in
bar in Section 8.4 of Eurocode 2 should be used. accordance with Section 6.4 in Eurocode 2, with the
However Eurocode 2 only covers the anchorage of section depth h shown in Figure 6.12 being taken as
ribbed bars; the anchorage of plain bars is not the depth of embedment to the top of the anchor
covered. If the embedded section of the bolt is plate. The anchor plate must be stiff enough so that
threaded full length or consists of a length of ribbed the uplift forces in the bolt(s) produce an even
reinforcement, the allowable bond strengths in distribution of compressive stress on the top face of
Eurocode 2 are appropriate. If the embedded length the plate. The majority of stanchion holding down
of the bolt is a non-ribbed plain bar then the bolts will fall into this category, because in practice
calculations in Eurocode 2 are theoretically not the grouting up of the bolt cones around the bolts
applicable. Engineering judgement will be needed if cannot be assumed to be fully effective in
the embedded bolts are of plain round bars. There are transferring shear from the bolt into the surrounding
two possible alternatives. The method in Eurocode 2 concrete.
could be used, but with the bond strengths reduced to
55%. (This 55% relationship is based upon Table 3.26 Design procedure
in BS 8110-1). Alternatively the bond calculations for Check the shear stress around the perimeter of the
plain bars in BS 8110-1 could be used. anchor plate. If the shear stress exceeds the
allowable value it will be necessary to increase the
If the actual bond stress exceeds the allowable bond size of the anchor plate. The plate may require
stress the bolts will need to be deeper and/or more stiffening if increased in size.
bolts provided.
Then check the shear stress on the first critical
Check bond stress: Post-grouted bolts perimeter. If the shear stress exceeds the allowable
In the cases where bolts are grouted into drilled holes value there are a number of options available:
it may be prudent to check two anchorage bonds:
• Lengthen the bolts, thus setting the anchor plate
On the grout/bolt interface: The calculation will be as deeper into the concrete.
for cast-in bolts, except that a value of allowable bond • Increase the size of the anchor plate. The plate
stress will need to be determined for the grout may require stiffening if increased in size.
material, based upon the grout characteristic strength • Increase the amount of top reinforcement to
or the manufacturers’ technical information. increase the allowable shear stress.
• Provide punching shear reinforcement. This
On the grout/drilled hole interface: The calculation will would be regarded as a last resort due to the
be similar to that for cast-in bolts except that the practical difficulties and cost of installing shear
effective diameter will be the hole diameter and the links in foundations. In this instance the shear
allowable bond stress will be the lesser of that for the would have to be checked on the next punching
foundation concrete or the grout. An assessment of shear perimeter, and if necessary subsequent
the bond characteristics of the perimeter of the drilled shear perimeters.
hole will need to be made. This will depend on the
roughness of the inside of the hole. For a ‘rough’ hole Overall design
(e.g. produced by percussive drilling) the bond stress
appropriate for deformed bars could be assumed. For The bolts themselves should also be checked for
a ‘smooth’ hole (e.g. produced by diamond drilling) direct tension stresses. Also the foundations should
the bond stress values appropriate to plain bars be designed to resist the uplift.
should be used. If there is any doubt about the
potential roughness of the hole assume a ‘smooth’
Licensed copy: nottinghamtrent, Nottingham Trent University, 29/03/2012, Uncontrolled Copy, © Concrete Soc
X (mm)
D 100 150 200 300 450 600 750 1000
(mm) EFFECTIVE CONICAL AREA OF TWO CONES
3 2
( ×10 mm )
100 71.5 82.5 88.9 88.9 88.9 88.9 88.9 88.9
150 141.6 160.8 178.0 199.9 199.9 199.9 199.9 199.9
200 233.7 260.5 28.59 329.8 355.4 355.4 355.4 355.4
300 484.3 525.8 566.4 643.4 742.0 799.7 799.7 799.7
450 1027 1090 1152 1274 1448 1602 1728 1799
600 1769 1853 1937 2103 2345 2574 2784 3072
750 2711 2817 2922 3131 3439 3737 4021 4451
1000 4726 4867 5008 5288 5705 6114 6513 7149
REFERENCES
1. BS EN 1992-1-1: 2004 Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures – Part 1-1: General rules and rules
for buildings
2. Holding down bolts, suggested design procedures using BS 8110-1, Concrete Advice Sheet 5,
Concrete Society 2009
3. BS 8110-1: 1997 Structural use of concrete, Part 1: Code of practice for design and construction,
4. Concrete industrial ground floors – A guide to design and construction, Concrete Society Technical
Report No. 34, Third Edition, 2003
5. Holding down systems for steel stanchions, Concrete Society, Cement and Concrete Association and
CONSTRADO, 1980
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