1.

Do the link analysis for single channel point to point system and
WDM channel system?


 Point to point system :

Point to point fiber optic lines are the simplest transmission line. This type of link
places the least demand on optical fiber technology and thus sets the basis for examine
more complex system architecture. A simple point to point link is shown in the following
Fig.

Fig: Simple point to point link

The link has primarily 4 components to design.

(1) Optical Transmitter.

(2) Optical Fiber

(3) Repeater

(4) Optical receiver

Link analysis:

Two types of analysis are usually carried out to ensure the required system
performance is achieved:

– Link Power Budget

– Rise-Time Budget
 αf (dB/km): fiber loss coefficient, lc (dB): connector insertion loss, lsp (dB): splice loss

 Link power budget:

The transmission range of the system is obtained taking into consideration:

a. Power margin between the coupled power at transmitter and minimum

required power at the receiver.
b. Loss present in the link.

Ps (dB): coupled power into the fiber by the optical source

Pr (dB): Sensitivity of the receiver

PT (dB): Total loss

PT = Ps − Pr

= 2lc + αf × L + system margin (Pm)

Where, L is transmission distance.

 Rise-time budget :

The dispersion analysis in digital systems is equivalent to assessing the rise time of
the link.

In the power budget we neglect the dispersion effect, which is the same as
consider the bandwidth of the system to be large enough to be able to transmit the
required bit rate 𝞽. The dispersion reduces the available bandwidth which may limit
not only the transmission rate, but also the sensitivity of the receiver and consequently
the power budget due to inter-symbol interference.
 Where, ttx- transmitter rise-time

tGVD – group-velocity dispersion (GVD) time

tmod – modal dispersion rise time of fiber

trx – receiver rise time

where, BM is bandwidth (MHz)

L is length of fiber (km)
q is a parameter ranging between 0.5 to
1.
B0 is bandwidth of 1 km length fiber.

where, D is dispersion [ns/ (nm.km)]

σλ is half-power spectral width of source
L is length of fiber (km)

where, Brx is 3 dB – BW of receiver (MHz)

All times are in nanoseconds.

The system bandwidth is given by

 WDM system:

In fiber-optic communications, WDM is a technology which multiplexes

multiple optical carrier signals on a single optical fiber by using different wavelengths
(colours) of laser light to carry different signals.

Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) involves the transmission of a number

of different peak wavelength optical signals in parallel on a single optical fiber.
Wavelength division multiplexing in IM/DD optical fiber systems can be implemented
using either LED or injection laser sources with either multimode or single-mode fiber.
Most WDM systems operate on single mode fiber optical cables, which have a core
diameter of 9 μm.

Very high-capacity, long-haul optical communication systems are made

possible by the extremely wide bandwidth of optical fibers, which is best exploited by
wavelength division multiplexing (WDM). WDM is the key technology of optical
networking. Since wavelength and frequency are closely related to each other, this
form of multiplexing is often called Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM). Each
WDM fiber has a certain bandwidth, the range of frequencies it can carry.

 Link Analysis:

In the transmitter section a number of transmitters are provided which

corresponds to different component wavelengths. Amplified signal is then fed into a
De-Multiplexer (DMUX) for splitting it into different component wavelengths.
At the receiving section a number of receivers are also provided for proper
reception. Total transmission capacity can be enhanced by increasing. Total
transmission capacity can be enhanced by increasing the number of WDM
channels. Channel spacing and core effective area the main factors to be considered
while designing a WDM optical communication link. WDM key features include
capacity upgrade and transparency. Capacity upgrade means WDM increases
the capacity of a fiber network Transparency means in WDM, each optical
channel can carry any type of information (analog or digital) in any
transmission formats simultaneously over the same fiber.