Artificial Intelligence

CS F407/ BITS F444

 Human Intelligence
• What is intelligence?
• When do we say we are intelligent?
• What is knowledge?
• How do we think?
• Is the ability to express ourselves an
intelligence?
• How do humans reason?
• Can we say that machines think?

Vandana, BITS Pilani, BITS F444/ CS

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 Common attributes of Human mind
• Perception/Vision/Recognition,
• Reason,
• Imagination,
• Memory,
• Emotion,
• Attention, and
• A capacity for communication

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 Human brain

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 What is Artificial Intelligence?
• It is the computational intelligence of
computers that enables them to behave and
act human like.
• An artificial intelligent system possesses one
or more of the human capabilities of
reasoning, thinking, planning, learning,
understanding, listening and responding.

Vandana, BITS Pilani, BITS F444/ CS

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 Artificial Intelligence: An intelligent car
navigation system [An Example]
 A system to navigate a car to the airport works on its
vision enabled using camera mounted at the front of
the car.
 The system “sees” the lane limits, the vehicles on the
way and controls the car from colliding. [Vision]
 It follows the road directions.
 It also follows the road rules.
 The system learns to handle unforeseen situations. For
example if the traffic flow is restricted on a portion of
the road temporarily, the system takes the alternative
path.[learning]
Vandana, BITS Pilani, BITS F444/ CS
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 More intelligence can be expected
• The system “listens” to the person sitting in the car to
stop at a nearby hotel for a tea and “sees” around to
find a hotel, keeps travelling till it finds one and stops
the car. [speech Recognition, Vision]
• Understands the mood of the person and starts music
to suit the mood of the person. [Facial Expression]
• Can answer the queries, such as “how far is Pilani?”,
“What is the time”, “can I sleep for an hour?”, “Please
wake me up when it is 11:00 in the morning?” [Natural
Language Processing]

Vandana, BITS Pilani, BITS F444/ CS

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 Some of the Existing intelligent systems

• Watson : Question Answering Machine

• Deep Blue: A chess program that defeated the
world chess champion Gary Kasparov

Vandana, BITS Pilani, BITS F444/ CS

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 Vandana, BITS Pilani, BITS F444/ CS
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 Deep Blue : Chess Program

Source : Google Images

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 Other intelligent systems
• Smart home
– Lights switch off if there is no one in the room
– Curtain pull off at the sun rise
– Dust bin is emptied before it is overflowing
– Smart water taps, toilets etc.
• Smart office
– Automatic meeting summary
– Speaker recognition and summary generation
• Automatic answering machine
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 Other intelligent machines
• An airplane cockpit can have a intelligent system
that takes automatic control when hijacked
[context and speech understanding, NLP, vision]
• Medical diagnosis systems trained with expert
guidance can diagnose the patients disease based
on the Xray, MRI images and other symptoms
• Automated theorem proving
• General problem solver

Vandana, BITS Pilani, BITS F444/ CS

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• Based on Similarity with human reasoning and
thought process
– Machine With Minds [Haugeland, 1985]
– Decision Making, Problem Solving, Learning
[Bellman, 1978]
– Study of mental Faculties [Charniak and
McDermott, 1985]
– Study of computations to percieve, reason and act
[Winston, 1992]
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• Based on Similarity with human behavior
– Study of how to make computers do things at
which, at the moment, people are better [Rich &
Knight, 1991]
– The art of creating machines that perform
functions that require intelligence when
performed by people [Kurzweil, 1990]
– Study of the design of Intelligent Systems [Poole,
et al, 1998]
– Intelligent behavior in artifacts [Nilsson, 1998]

Vandana, BITS Pilani, BITS F444/ CS

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 AI Techniques
• The general problem of simulating (or creating)
intelligence has been broken down into a number
of specific sub-problems
– Reasoning and deduction
– Knowledge Representation
– Planning
– Learning
– Natural Language Processing
– Motion
– Perception
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 Intelligent Agent
• An intelligent agent is a system that perceives
its environment and takes actions which
maximizes its chances of success.
• Artificial Intelligence aims to build intelligent
agents or entities.

Vandana, BITS Pilani, BITS F444/ CS

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 Intelligent agent
 An agent is anything that can be viewed as
perceiving its environment through sensors and
acting upon that environment through actuators
 Human Agent Vs. Machine Agent
 Differ in sensor technology
 Ear, nose, eye, touch, smell (HUMAN)
 Speaker, camera, infrared sensors, smoke sensors,
etc
 Differ in their capacity to perceive the environment
 Differ in acting upon the environment through
actuators

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 Environment

 The parameters that are required for reasoning,

thinking, perception and so on
 Example (for humans)
 A one year old child’s environment: Home, family members, toys
 A 10 year old child’s environment : Home, family members,
school, teachers, books, play mates
 Example (for machines)
 Washing machine intelligent agent’s environment: dirt, clothes,
detergent etc
 Intelligent Automobile Robot: parts of automobile and their exact
description

Vandana, BITS Pilani, BITS F444/ CS

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 How does an intelligent agent work in given
environment?
• It perceives the environment.
• Acts based on the experience and query.
• Responds in terms of adding to the knowledge
base
• Thus must Learn from the history of percepts

Vandana, BITS Pilani, BITS F444/ CS

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 Some Definitions
 Percept: agent’s perceptual inputs at any given
instant
 Percept Sequence: Complete history of
everything the agent has ever perceived
 Action: Depends on the Percept history
 Agent Function: describes agent’s behavior
mapping the percept sequence to an action
[tabular description-external characterization]
 Agent Program: actual implementation of the
intelligent agent

Vandana, BITS Pilani, BITS F444/ CS

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 Understanding the agent’s
behavior
• Environment: A tiled floor with only two tiles
A and B, of which one or both may be dirty
• Actuator: A Vacuum Cleaner arm
• Machine: Intelligent Vacuum Cleaner
• Percept: Which tile? Whether clean or dirty
• Actions:
– If A is dirty, suck the dirt
– If A is Clean, Move to the right tile
– If B is clean, Move to the left
– If B is clean, no operation

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 Percept Sequence

Sensors to perceive the environment:

•Camera to perceive the tile by its color
•Dirt sensor (Camera may not be the right choice)
•A digital framework to recognize tiles by their x,y
coordinates

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 Rational Agent
• The intelligent agent that does the right thing
• What do you think should a rational agent
need to know to act rational?
– Knowledge of the environment
– Criterion that defines what is “right” for the agent.
– The actions that the agent can perform
– The percept sequence (Most updated)

Vandana, BITS Pilani, BITS F444/ CS

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 How rational are humans?
• Example:
– A pedestrian wishes to cross the road and “perceives” that no vehicle
is approaching from the left.
– Also perceives that no vehicle is coming from the right
– Crosses successfully (Without meeting an accident!)
– Perceive: needs clarity in terms of distance ????

Vandana, BITS Pilani, BITS F444/ CS

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 Class Assignment

• Describe an intelligent
agent that can play chess
game with human.
– Environment?
– Percepts?
– Percept Sequence?
– Actuators?
– Action
– Agent Function?

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 Solution
– Environment: state/Position <row, col>
– Percepts? <piece, state, move>
– Percept Sequence: sequence of states and actions
– Actuators: state change
– Action: Move-One step forward, 2 steps forward
with one move left and so on,
– Agent Function: f(piece, state,action) = new state

Vandana, BITS Pilani, BITS F444/ CS

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 • Was designed by Alan During
(1950) to provide a satisfactory
operational definition of
intelligence.
• The human interacts with a
machine and the machine passes
the Turing test if the interrogator
cannot tell whether it is a human Figure adapted from wikipedia
or machine.

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Parent disciplines of AI

Philosophy and Computer

Mathematics Psychology
Cognitive Science Science

Artificial
Intelligence

Reasoning, Learning, Planning, Perception,

Knowledge Acquisition, Intelligent Search,
Uncertainty Management, others

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 Some non-algorithmizable problems
• Understanding meaning of sentences (queries), all problems related
to natural language analysis.
• Perception: recognition of signals, phoneme recognition, olfactory
signals – first step in robotics.
• Visual perception: face recognition, object recognition and many
computer vision problems.
• Hand-written characters recognition for PDAs or security.
• Control and planning problems in robotics and control of non-linear
complex systems with many degrees of freedom.
• Medical diagnostics, interpretation of medical images and biomedical
signals (EEG, ECG ...), therapy planning.
• Playing complex games, like go or strategic war games.
• Solving untypical problems, or problems requiring creativity.
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 Approaches to Non Algorithmizable
Problems
• No algorithm is needed. Machine learns from
data
– Artificial Neural Networks
– Evolutionary Algorithms

Vandana, BITS Pilani, BITS F444/ CS

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 Programming Languages for AI
• Prolog
• LISP
• Python
• Java
• Matlab script

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 Limitations of AI
• An AI system can have single intelligent
attribute. [Knowledge is huge to represent for
handling one attribute]
• The working domain of an AI system is limited
and constrained. [Knowledge is huge to
represent for handling one attribute]
• Computationally Expensive

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 Current Challenges
• Efficient Representation of Knowledge
• Fast Algorithms
• Adaptive methods
• Unconstrained Environments

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 Course Outline
• This course provides a general introduction to
artificial intelligence and its techniques.
• An overview on the main sub-fields of artificial
intelligence will be given.
• The main focus will be on the common
underlying ideas, such as knowledge
representation, search, rule based systems,
and learning.

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 Broad Topics to be covered
• Problem Solving by search
• Knowledge Representation and Reasoning
• Planning
• Uncertain Knowledge Representation and
Reasoning
• Machine Learning

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Text Book
T1. Stuart Russell and Peter Norvig.
Artificial Intelligence A Modern Approach

Prentice Hall, Second Edition (Indian

reprint: Pearson Education).

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 Course website and Contact
• Nalanda
• Email: vandana@pilani.bits-pilani.ac.in
• Chamber consultation:
Chamber : 6121-Z
Wednesday: 5:00 p.m. to 6:00 p.m.

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