3

Student: ___________________________________________________________________________

1. The overwhelming predominance of _________ suggests that it is the typical manner in which
people have made sense out of sex.

A. the two spirit model

B. the two-gender model
C. the gender transformation model
D. the hermaphrodite model

2. In sociological terms, gender is considered a __________ creation, while sex is considered a

_________ creation.

A. social/biological
B. biological/social
C. social/psychological
D. psychological/biological

3. "Two-spirited" females were most likely to be found in societies

A. where sex roles overlapped.

B. where there was a female-dominated lineage.
C. where homosexuality was tolerated and expected.
D. where men had less control over women.

4. The play of boys and girls, even those who are older (fifth grade and above), differs in that boys
are more likely to play __________, while girls are more likely to play __________.

A. baseball; volleyball
B. in small groups with a goal; in large groups without a goal
C. in large groups with a goal; in small groups without a goal
D. alone; together
5. According to the interactionist approach, gender differences between men and women exist
primarily because of

A. inherent differences present from birth.

B. everyday behavior that reinforces gender distinctions.
C. parental socialization.
D. rigid social structures that reinforce gender appropriate behavior.

6. The feminist-influenced branch of men's studies believe that male aggressiveness is

A. a social construct
B. a biological factor
C. an evolutionary factor
D. hormonally influenced

7. The central mechanism of the socialization approach to explaining male/female differences is

__________ while that of the interactionist approach is __________.

A. internalization; learning
B. learning; behavior
C. activity; memorization
D. unconscious; conscious

8. Of the following which is "gendered"?

A. housework
B. child care
C. work for wages
D. all of the above

9. A study in 2001 on television programs found that there were more ________ characters who
show themselves to be __________?

A. male; romantic.
B. female; independent
C. male; independent
D. female; nurturing
10. A consistent finding across all studies of the play behavior of young girls and boys is that

A. boys, on average, show more competitive behavior than girls.

B. prenatal hormones affect how boys and girls behave.
C. only socialization affects their behavior.
D. only biology affects their behavior.

11. Sex chromosomes, reproductive organs, and physical characteristics are all __________
characteristics that distinguish us humans by __________.

A. social; sex
B. social; gender
C. biological; gender
D. biological; sex

12. Which of the following is not a factor in gender socialization of children?

A. books
B. parents
C. ancestors
D. schools

13. Boys' toys, such as blocks and tools, and girls' toys, such as dolls, are examples of

A. the socialisation approch

B. the biosocial approach
C. the interactionist approach
D. the structural approach

14. Social science research provides evidence that most children develop a gender identity during

A. middle childhood.
B. preschool years.
C. the first few years of life.
D. their teens.
15. Psychologist Eleanor Maccoby suggests that same sex peer groups reinforce a(n) __________
interaction style in boys and a(n) __________ interaction style in girls.

A. reserved; straightforward
B. dominance oriented; cooperative
C. cooperative; competitive
D. expressive; emotional

16. Socialization research is focused on the affect of ________ on influencing children's beliefs of
proper behavior for boys and girls.

A. the media
B. parents
C. peer groups
D. all of the above

17. Matching Quiz

1. theory that gender identification and

behavior are based on children's learning that
they will be rewarded for a set of behaviors
considered appropriate for one sex but not for
the other socialization ____
2. social and cultural characteristics that interactionist
distinguish men from women approach ____
3. based on the sociology of gender espoused
by West and Zimmerman Berdache ____
4. Tendency for attitudes and values to
change more slowly than the circumstances
that underlie them sex ____
5. in Native-American culture, a man who
dressed and behaved like a woman gender ____
6. The greater change in women's lives than socialization
in men's lives approach ____
7. biological characteristics that distinguish
men and women cultural lag ____
8. learning to take on behaviors and attitudes asymmetry of
that are culturally appropriate gender change ____

18. The gender identity of a male or female is seldom altered once the person is past adolescence.

True False
19. Hormone influences of the mother on her fetus in the second trimester of pregnancy can fully
determine children's behaviors.

True False

20. According to interactionist theory proponents such as West and Zimmerman, the way to change
contemporary male and female differences in infant caretaking is to involve men equally with
women in the early caretaking of their young.

True False

21. Two-spirit-like gender categories have been documented in many Native American cultures.

True False

22. Societal gender differences can be influenced by the degree of power men have over women in a
society.

True False

23. The sharp distinctions between what men and women do in families in the United States is
unique compared with most societies.

True False

24. The interactionist approach system is the theory that gender identification and behavior are based
on the day-to-day behavior that reinforces gender distinctions

True False

25. When do most children develop a gender identity?

26. What does the concept of two-spirited people tell us about the two sexes?

27. How does gender stratify society into more and less powerful groups?

28. What brought about the growing movement centering around masculinity in the 1990s?

29. Why, according to those who would use the interactionist approach in explaining male and female
differences, would gender distinctions need to be reinforced and reproduced each day in
families?
30. How do unconscious influences play a role in gender socialization?

31. Why might it be difficult in the United States to implement a policy of comparable responsibility
within job classifications? That is, why don't we have a system in this country that more evenly
distributes monetary rewards for jobs such as liquor store clerk (a relatively well-paid, mostly
male position in many states) and elementary school teacher (a relatively underpaid, mostly
female position in many states)?

32. Discuss the difference between sex and gender. Why is it important to examine gender roles in
the context of a certain society and period of time?

33. Why should one look at gender, race and class in studying social stratification instead of just race
and class?
34. What criticisms have sociologists of gender received and why?

35. Why would feminists be loath to attribute male and female differences in contemporary U.S.
society mostly to biology?

36. What have the popular writings on masculinity tried to accomplish and how have they done so?

37. What cross-cultural evidence supports the thesis that male domination of females and the
economic system of a country are independent of each other?
38. Your textbook's author, Cherlin, presents a number of theoretical approaches to the study of
gender differences: socialization, biosocial, and interactionist. Choose one of these and explain
how, within this approach, gender is constructed. Give an example along with your answer.
 3 Key

1. The overwhelming predominance of _________ suggests that it is the typical manner in which
(p. 85) people have made sense out of sex.

A. the two spirit model

B. the two-gender model
C. the gender transformation model
D. the hermaphrodite model
Cherlin - Chapter 03 #1

2. In sociological terms, gender is considered a __________ creation, while sex is considered a

(p. 84) _________ creation.

A. social/biological
B. biological/social
C. social/psychological
D. psychological/biological
Cherlin - Chapter 03 #2

3. "Two-spirited" females were most likely to be found in societies

(p. 85)

A. where sex roles overlapped.

B. where there was a female-dominated lineage.
C. where homosexuality was tolerated and expected.
D. where men had less control over women.
Cherlin - Chapter 03 #3

4. The play of boys and girls, even those who are older (fifth grade and above), differs in that
(p. 90) boys are more likely to play __________, while girls are more likely to play __________.

A. baseball; volleyball
B. in small groups with a goal; in large groups without a goal
C. in large groups with a goal; in small groups without a goal
D. alone; together
Cherlin - Chapter 03 #4
5. According to the interactionist approach, gender differences between men and women exist
(p. 92-93) primarily because of

A. inherent differences present from birth.

B. everyday behavior that reinforces gender distinctions.
C. parental socialization.
D. rigid social structures that reinforce gender appropriate behavior.
Cherlin - Chapter 03 #5

6. The feminist-influenced branch of men's studies believe that male aggressiveness is

(p. 102)

A. a social construct
B. a biological factor
C. an evolutionary factor
D. hormonally influenced
Cherlin - Chapter 03 #6

7. The central mechanism of the socialization approach to explaining male/female differences is

(p. 103) __________ while that of the interactionist approach is __________.

A. internalization; learning
B. learning; behavior
C. activity; memorization
D. unconscious; conscious
Cherlin - Chapter 03 #7

8. Of the following which is "gendered"?

A. housework
B. child care
C. work for wages
D. all of the above
Cherlin - Chapter 03 #8
9. A study in 2001 on television programs found that there were more ________ characters who
(p. 89) show themselves to be __________?

A. male; romantic.
B. female; independent
C. male; independent
D. female; nurturing
Cherlin - Chapter 03 #9

10. A consistent finding across all studies of the play behavior of young girls and boys is that
(p. 90)

A. boys, on average, show more competitive behavior than girls.

B. prenatal hormones affect how boys and girls behave.
C. only socialization affects their behavior.
D. only biology affects their behavior.
Cherlin - Chapter 03 #10

11. Sex chromosomes, reproductive organs, and physical characteristics are all __________
(p. 83) characteristics that distinguish us humans by __________.

A. social; sex
B. social; gender
C. biological; gender
D. biological; sex
Cherlin - Chapter 03 #11

12. Which of the following is not a factor in gender socialization of children?

(p. 89)

A. books
B. parents
C. ancestors
D. schools
Cherlin - Chapter 03 #12
13. Boys' toys, such as blocks and tools, and girls' toys, such as dolls, are examples of
(p. 103)

A. the socialisation approch

B. the biosocial approach
C. the interactionist approach
D. the structural approach
Cherlin - Chapter 03 #13

14. Social science research provides evidence that most children develop a gender identity
(p. 84) during

A. middle childhood.
B. preschool years.
C. the first few years of life.
D. their teens.
Cherlin - Chapter 03 #14

15. Psychologist Eleanor Maccoby suggests that same sex peer groups reinforce a(n)
(p. 90) __________ interaction style in boys and a(n) __________ interaction style in girls.

A. reserved; straightforward
B. dominance oriented; cooperative
C. cooperative; competitive
D. expressive; emotional
Cherlin - Chapter 03 #15

16. Socialization research is focused on the affect of ________ on influencing children's beliefs of
(p. 88-89) proper behavior for boys and girls.

A. the media
B. parents
C. peer groups
D. all of the above
Cherlin - Chapter 03 #16
17. Matching Quiz
(p. 83)

1. theory that gender identification and behavior

are based on children's learning that they will
be rewarded for a set of behaviors considered
appropriate for one sex but not for the other socialization 8
2. social and cultural characteristics that interactionist
distinguish men from women approach 3
3. based on the sociology of gender espoused
by West and Zimmerman Berdache 5
4. Tendency for attitudes and values to change
more slowly than the circumstances that
underlie them sex 7
5. in Native-American culture, a man who
dressed and behaved like a woman gender 2
6. The greater change in women's lives than in socialization
men's lives approach 1
7. biological characteristics that distinguish men
and women cultural lag 4
8. learning to take on behaviors and attitudes asymmetry of
that are culturally appropriate gender change 6
Cherlin - Chapter 03 #17

18. The gender identity of a male or female is seldom altered once the person is past
(p. 85) adolescence.

TRUE
Cherlin - Chapter 03 #18

19. Hormone influences of the mother on her fetus in the second trimester of pregnancy can fully
(p. 86) determine children's behaviors.

FALSE
Cherlin - Chapter 03 #19

20. According to interactionist theory proponents such as West and Zimmerman, the way to
(p. 94) change contemporary male and female differences in infant caretaking is to involve men
equally with women in the early caretaking of their young.

TRUE
Cherlin - Chapter 03 #20

21. Two-spirit-like gender categories have been documented in many Native American cultures.
(p. 82)

TRUE
Cherlin - Chapter 03 #21
22. Societal gender differences can be influenced by the degree of power men have over women
(p. 85) in a society.

TRUE
Cherlin - Chapter 03 #22

23. The sharp distinctions between what men and women do in families in the United States is
(p. 85) unique compared with most societies.

FALSE
Cherlin - Chapter 03 #23

24. The interactionist approach system is the theory that gender identification and behavior are
(p. 92) based on the day-to-day behavior that reinforces gender distinctions

TRUE
Cherlin - Chapter 03 #24

25. When do most children develop a gender identity?

(p. 84-85)

Answer will vary

Cherlin - Chapter 03 #25

26. What does the concept of two-spirited people tell us about the two sexes?
(p. 82-85)

Answer will vary

Cherlin - Chapter 03 #26

27. How does gender stratify society into more and less powerful groups?
(p. 95-98)

Answer will vary

Cherlin - Chapter 03 #27

28. What brought about the growing movement centering around masculinity in the 1990s?
(p. 101-
102)

Answer will vary

Cherlin - Chapter 03 #28

29. Why, according to those who would use the interactionist approach in explaining male and
(p. 93-94) female differences, would gender distinctions need to be reinforced and reproduced each day
in families?

Answer will vary

Cherlin - Chapter 03 #29

30. How do unconscious influences play a role in gender socialization?

(p. 88-91)

Answer will vary

Cherlin - Chapter 03 #30

31. Why might it be difficult in the United States to implement a policy of comparable responsibility
(p. 96-98) within job classifications? That is, why don't we have a system in this country that more evenly
distributes monetary rewards for jobs such as liquor store clerk (a relatively well-paid, mostly
male position in many states) and elementary school teacher (a relatively underpaid, mostly
female position in many states)?

Answer will vary

Cherlin - Chapter 03 #31

32. Discuss the difference between sex and gender. Why is it important to examine gender roles
(p. 83-85) in the context of a certain society and period of time?

Answer will vary

Cherlin - Chapter 03 #32

33. Why should one look at gender, race and class in studying social stratification instead of just
(p. 100- race and class?
101)

Answer will vary

Cherlin - Chapter 03 #33

34. What criticisms have sociologists of gender received and why?

(p. 102-
103)

Answer will vary

Cherlin - Chapter 03 #34

35. Why would feminists be loath to attribute male and female differences in contemporary U.S.
(p. 86-87) society mostly to biology?

Answer will vary

Cherlin - Chapter 03 #35

36. What have the popular writings on masculinity tried to accomplish and how have they done
(p. 101- so?
102)

Answer will vary

Cherlin - Chapter 03 #36

37. What cross-cultural evidence supports the thesis that male domination of females and the
(p. 98- economic system of a country are independent of each other?
101)

Answer will vary

Cherlin - Chapter 03 #37

38. Your textbook's author, Cherlin, presents a number of theoretical approaches to the study of
gender differences: socialization, biosocial, and interactionist. Choose one of these and
explain how, within this approach, gender is constructed. Give an example along with your
answer.

Answer will vary

Cherlin - Chapter 03 #38

 3 Summary

Category # of Questions
Cherlin - Chapter 03 38