TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE

PHILIPPINES
938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City

WATER AND WASTE WATER ENGINEERING

CE 503

JOURNAL AND REFLECTION

Submitted by:
BAGSIK, MA. ANGELICA F.

Submitted to:
Engr. Ma. Analin Fajaro
Anaerobic-aerobic Treatment of Industrial & Municipal Wastewater
Reflection
Over the last century, continued population growth and industrialization have resulted in the degradation of
various ecosystems on which human life relies on. In the case of ocean and river quality, such pollution is
primarily caused by the discharge of inadequately treated industrial and municipal wastewater. Anaerobic–
aerobic systems have been remarkably employed in industrial and municipal wastewater treatment for
many years.
The treatment systems developed by industry are frequently regarded as a regulatory obligation, increasing
capital and running costs and yielding negative economic returns. In the treatment of wastewater, biological
treatment appears to be a promising technology to attain revenue from Certified Emission Reduction (CER)
credits, more commonly known as carbon credits from the CDM as methane gas is generated from
anaerobic digestion and can be utilized as renewable energy.
Aerobic biological processes are commonly used in the treatment of organic wastewaters for achieving high
degree of treatment efficiency, while in anaerobic treatment, considerable progress has been achieved in
anaerobic biotechnology for waste treatment based on the concept of resource recovery and utilization
while still achieving the objective of pollution control.
The advantages of anaerobic treatment outweigh the advantages of aerobic treatment when treating
influents in higher concentrations than the cross over values, and generally anaerobic treatment requires
less energy with potential bioenergy and nutrient recovery.
Highly polluting industrial wastewaters are preferably treated in an anaerobic reactor due to the high level
of COD, potential for energy generation and low surplus sludge production.
In most applications, despite the efficiency of the anaerobic process is high, complete stabilization of the
organic matter is impossible anaerobically due to the high organic strength of the wastewater. The final
effluent produced by the anaerobic treatment contains solubilized organic matter.
The simplest approach for the anaerobic–aerobic treatment is the use of conventional systems such as
aerated stabilization ponds, aerated and non-aerated lagoons, as well as natural and artificial wetland
systems. Aerobic treatment occurs in the upper part of these systems while anaerobic treatment occurs at
the bottom end.

Wet Air Oxidation of Hazardous Organics in Wastewater

Reflection
Recent awareness of the potentially harmful effects of hazardous organic substances present in many
industrial wastewaters have generated interest in establishing effective treatment technologies for these
wastes.
Technologies used for treatment of such wastes should preferably accomplish destruction of the hazardous
waste components to innocuous end products.
Wet Air Oxidation refers to the aqueous phase oxidation of organic and inorganic materials at elevated
temperatures and pressures. Oxidation takes place through a family of related oxidation and hydrolysis
reactions at temperatures of 347 to 608°F (175 to 320°C) and at pressures of 300 to 3000 psig (2169 to
20708 kPa).
Air or oxygen is introduced at the high pressure pump discharge or injected directly into the wet oxidation
reactor. The reactor is a vertical I)ubble column which provides holding time for the oxid. a t' ion reactions.
Wet oxidation is intrinsically energy conservative. Heat released in the oxidation process can be harnessed
to produce steain or hot water. Mechanical energy can be produced when off-gases are expanded.
For wet oxidation to proceed autogenously (selfsustaining, with no auxiliary fuel), feed chemical oxygen
demand (COD) concentrations of approximately 15,000 milligrams per liter are required cornpared to
300,000 to 400,000 mglliter for autogenous incineration.
The primary products of oxidation are carbon dioxide and water. Sulfur is oxidized to sulfate which remains
in the aqueous phase. Organic nitrogen is converted primarily to NH,,. No SO, or NO, is formed

Optimization of the electrocoagulation process for the removal of copper, lead and cadmium in
natural waters and simulated wastewater
Reflection
Historical effluent discharges from a variety of anthropogenic activities have resulted in contamination of
rivers, lakes and other water-bodies. The explosive population growth and expansion of urban areas has
exacerbated the adverse impacts on water resources.
Each treatment method has advantages and disadvantages. Ion exchange, for example, while highly
effective in removal of certain charged contaminants, requires resin regeneration or replacement at a high
cost.An effective technology that meets the requirements of process cleanliness, ease of manipulation, and
low operational and investment costs is electrocoagulation. The electrocoagulation technologies are
essentially electrolytic processes that involve the destabilization of suspended, emulsified or dissolved
pollutants in an aqueous medium, by the application of an electric current.
During electrocoagulation, the coagulant is generated in situ by electrolytic oxidation of an anode of
appropriate material. Charged ionic species are removed from wastewater by allowing ions to react with
oppositely charged ions, or with flocs of metallic hydroxides generated within the effluent.Because
electrocoagulation is being satisfactorily used to treat wastewater, the need for additional physical
chemistry studies is indicated (Mollah et al., 2001). Many studies have been designed to evaluate only the
efficiency of the process as a function of fluctuations in critical variable

Nutrient recovery from wastewater streams by microalgae: Status and prospects

Reflection
Disposal of wastewater often results in high nutrient loading into aquatic environments, which may lead to
favorable conditions for undesirable phytoplankton blooms. Microalgae are efficient in removing nitrogen,
phosphorus, and toxic metals from wastewater under controlled environments.
Large amounts of water used for agricultural, municipal, and industrial purposes result in issues due to the
large volumes of wastewater generated. Excessive nutrients in the wastewater, such as nitrogen and
phosphorus, may cause eutrophication in lakes and upset the balance of the ecosystem.
A major requirement in wastewater treatment is the removal of nutrients and toxic metals to acceptable
limits prior to discharge and reuse. However, most conventional wastewater treatment technologies are
based on chemical and physical methods that are not economical for the treatment of agricultural
wastewater.
Microalgae have been proven to be efficient in removing nitrogen, phosphorus, and toxic metals from a
wide variety of wastewaters. Microalgae, which have the potential to be an environmentally friendly biofuel
feedstock, have attracted increasing interest for commercial production.
The cultivation of microalgae for biofuel production has been conducted at both laboratory and commercial
scales. Tremendous efforts have been invested in algae strain selection and development of efficient
cultivation systems.
The harvesting of microalgae typically employs methods such as filtration, sedimentation, centrifugation, or
flocculation, which can be technically and economically challenging when considering larger production
scales

Natural zeolites as effective adsorbents in water and wastewater treatment

Reflection
Nowadays, the world is facing water crisis due to lacking of clean drinking water. With the fast development
of various industries, a huge quantity of wastewater has been produced from industrial processes and was
discharged into soils and water systems.
Removal of these contaminants requires cost effective technologies and a variety of techniques have been
developed in the past decades in dealing with wastewater treatment.
Since the original discovery of zeolitic minerals in a volcanogenic sedimentary rock, zeolitic tuffs have been
found in many areas of the world. In the past decades, natural zeolites have found a variety of applications
in adsorption, catalysis, building industry, agriculture, soil remediation, and energy.
Natural zeolites are hydrated aluminosilicate minerals of a porous structure with valuable physicochemical
properties, such as cation exchange, molecular sieving, catalysis and sorption.
There are many natural zeolites identified in the world. Clinoptilolite, mordenite, phillipsite, chabazite,
stilbite, analcime and laumontite are very common forms whereas offretite, paulingite, barrerite and
mazzite, are much rarer.
The adsorption characteristics of any zeolite are dependent upon the detailed chemical/structural makeup
of the adsorbent. The Si/Al ratio, cation type, number and location are particularly influential in adsorption.
These properties can be changed by several chemical treatments to improve separation efficiency of raw
natural zeolite.
Acid/base treatment and surfactant impregnation by ion exchange are commonly employed to change the
hydrophilic/hydrophobic properties for adsorption of various ions or organics.
At-source domestic wastewater quality
Reflection
As the principles of sustainable development begin to permeate through society, the individual parts of the
urban water system are coming under more detailed scrutiny.
As wastewater is transported in sewers, medication of its characteristics is caused by various processes,
namely: attenuation of lows, dispersion of pollutants, biodegradation by suspended and attached biomass,
dilution due to nitration, and deposition and resuspension of solids.
The accurate measurement of flow and quality determinands for single or small numbers of dwellings is
difficult due to the intermittent nature of flows from these sources. The origin of wastewater volumes and
pollutant loads can be identified clearly for individual appliances and modes of usage. And effluent from a
household or group of households is made up of contributions from the various appliances.

Waste Water Treatment by Effluent Treatment Plants

Reflection
Water is one of the most vital natural resources on Earth. The availability and quality of water always have
played an important part in determining not only where people can live, but also their quality of life.
Effluent treatment plants are used by leading companies in the pharmaceutical and chemical industry to
purify water and remove any toxic and non-toxic material.
As well all know as the population rate increases, we failed to maintain the cleanliness of water. Since we
use water in our daily lives, it has to be treated because there are chemical hazards in the use of water.
When maintaining the plants we needed clean water. Just like how farmers used effluent for irrigations,
resulting to healthy crops, we can reuse it to our own garden.

Sustainable operation of a biological wastewater treatment plant

Reflection
We know that human activities, such as agricultural including livestock, as well as urban and
industrial development, create large quantities of waste water that have to be treated prior discharge in
water bodies because If they are not treated properly, their pollutant load can cause serious environmental
deterioration, with direct impact on human health.
Sustainable management of sludge and less energy consumption are the two principal aspects that
determine the operational cost of wastewater treatment plants..This study presents a biological wastewater
treatment plant with almost zero biomass production, less energy consumption and a practical way for
operation control through microbial manipulation and microscopic examination.
As the operational parameters are linked to microbial population, a practical way of wastewater
treatment plants’ controlling is the microscopic examination of sludge, which is proved to be an important
tool for evaluating plants’ performance and assessing possible problems and symptoms
Removal of Cryptosporidium by wastewater treatment processes

Reflection

The main purpose of advanced wastewater treatment is to reduce the levels of pathogens in order
to prevent their environmental transmission. The wastewater treatment applied is governed by the planned
application of the effluents and the public health risks involved. Wastewater treatment consists of physical,
biological, and chemical processes for the removal of suspended solids, organic materials, and pathogenic
microorganisms.
The environmental stability and the low infectious dose of Cryptosporidium facilitate its
transmission by water and food and the occurrence of outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis has increased
awareness concerning the public health significance of Cryptosporidium
Activated sludge is inefficient for the removal of Cryptosporidium oocysts from wastewater and
similar results were observed for high-rate sand filtration.

Treatment of Simulated Waste Water Containing Methyl Red by Advanced Oxidation Process

Reflection

We know that 70% percent of earth’s surface is covered water and looking at the world’s population
increasing rate the water will be very scare soon. Human behavior of using the water is not going to help to
overcome this problem, misuse of watering being reported every day and on all forum including the forms
of its miss use, and it appears by looking at the wasteful manners of humans mainly in emerging countries
where the charts, point lack and scarcity of this resource So by using advanced oxidation process, it can
helps eliminate the toxic pollutants in waste water treatment.

Anaerobic–aerobic Treatment of Industrial and Municipal Wastewater

Abstract
Anaerobic–aerobic systems have been remarkably employed in industrial and municipal wastewater
treatment for many years. While previously most treatment of wastewaters have been carried out in
conventional anaerobic–aerobic treatment plants, in recent years, high rate anaerobic–aerobic bioreactors
have been increasingly employed for wastewaters with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). This paper
provides a review of the various types of high rate anaerobic–aerobic water treatment techniques currently
available including high rate bioreactors and integrated anaerobic–aerobic bioreactors. The integrated
bioreactors are classified into four types, which are (i) integrated bioreactors with physical separation of
anaerobic–aerobic zone, (ii) integrated bioreactors without physical separation of anaerobic–aerobic zone,
(iii) anaerobic–aerobic Sequencing Batch Reactors (SBR), and (iv) combined anaerobic–aerobic culture
system. The integration of aerobic and anaerobic degradation pathways in a single bioreactor is capable of
enhancing the overall degradation efficiency. The merits of different integrated anaerobic–aerobic
bioreactors are highlighted and comparison made to identify possible future areas of research to fully utilize
these methods of wastewater treatment. The comparison demonstrates that using an integrated bioreactor
with stacked configuration in treating high strength industrial wastewaters is advantageous due to minimal
space requirements, low capital cost and excellent COD removal efficiencies (in excess of 83%)

Wet Air Oxidation of Hazardous Organics in Wastewater

The Wet Air Oxidation refers to the aqueous phase oxidation of organic and inorganic materials at elevated
temperatures and pressures. Oxidation takes place through a family of related oxidation and hydrolysis
reactions at temperatures of 347 to 608°F (175 to 320°C) and at pressures of 300 to 3000 psig (2169 to
20708 kPa). The enhanced solubility of 0, in aqueous solution at elevated temperature provides a strong
driving force for oxidation.
The source of oxygen is compressed air or high pressure pure oxygen. Elevated pressures are required to
keep water in the liquid state. Liquid water catalyzes oxidation so that reactions proceed at relatively lower
temperatures than would be required if the same materials were oxidized in open flame combustion. At the
same time water moderates oxidation rates by providing a medium for heat transfer and removing excess
heat by evaporation.
The feed stream is preheated by heat exchange August, 1985 171 with hot oxidized effluent. Air or oxygen
is introduced at the high pressure pump discharge or injected directly into the wet oxidation reactor. The
reaction time varies from a few minutes to several hours depending on the type of the wastewater and the
treatment objectives. The heat of oxidation raises the reactor temperature to the desired operating level.
Injection of steam into the reactor may be necessary to maintain the operating temperature for systems not
generating enough heat due to low degree of oxidation. Hot oxidized effluent is cooled by heat exchange
with the feed before pressure letdown through a control valve.
Liquid and non condensable gases are disengaged in a separator drum and discharged separately. Wet
oxidation is intrinsically energy conservative. Heat released in the oxidation process can be harnessed to
produce stain or hot water. Mechanical energy can be produced when off-gases are expanded. Wet
oxidation consumes fur less fuel than other forms of thermal oxidation. In incineration, for example, one has
to supply not only the sensi1)le heat and heat of vaporization of the liquid, Init also heat for elevating the
water vapor, combustion products, and excess air to combustion temperatures of1)between 1500" and
2000°F (816" and 1093°C). With WAO, however, the only energy required is the difference in enthalpy
between the incoming and outgoing streams. For wet oxidation to proceed autogenously (self-sustaining,
with no auxiliary fuel), feed chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentrations of approximately 15,000
milligrams per liter are required corn pared to 300,000 to 400,000 mg/liter for autogenously incineration.
The wet oxidation process is simple, exceptionally adaptable to changes and variations in feed
characteristics and can process wide variety ofoxidizable materials. The oxidation products are innocuous.
The primary products of oxidation are carbon dioxide and water. Sulfur is oxidized to sulfate which remains
in the aqueous phase. Organic nitrogen is converted primarily to NH, No SO, or NO, is formed.
Metals generally are converted to their highest oidation state ant remain in the aqueous phase as
dissolved or suspended solids. Halogens also stay in the aqueous phase. The gas discharged from a WAO
unit consists mainly of spent air and CO, and is essentially free of any air polluting constituents. There is
extensive published literature describing wet oxidation
Optimization of the electrocoagulation process for the removal of copper, lead and cadmium in
natural waters and simulated wastewater
Abstract
Chemical, electrochemical and flow variables were optimized to examine the effectiveness of the electro
coagulation process for the removal of copper, lead and cadmium. The electrochemical process, which
uses electrodes of commercial laminate steel, was applied to simulated wastewater containing 12 mg dm3
of copper, 4 mg dm3 of lead and 4 mg dm3 of cadmium. The optimum conditions for the process were
identified as pH ¼ 7, flow rate ¼ 6.3 cm3 min1 and a current density between 31 and 54 A m2 . When the
electrode geometric area and time of electrolysis reached critical values, the copper removal reached a
maximum value of 80%. A linear relationship was identified between the current density and the mass of
generated sludge. In addition, a linear relationship was found between specific energy consumption and
current density. The results of this investigation provide important data for the development of an industrial-
scale electrolytic reactor
Nutrient recovery from wastewater streams by microalgae: Status and prospects

Abstract
Disposal of wastewater often results in high nutrient loading into aquatic environments, which may lead to
favorable conditions for undesirable phytoplankton blooms. Microalgae are efficient in removing nitrogen,
phosphorus, and toxic metals from wastewater under controlled environments. If key nutrients in the
wastewater stream can be used to grow microalgae for bio fuel production, the nutrients can be removed,
thus significantly reducing the risk of harmful phytoplankton overgrowth. This review paper summarizes the
major nutrient components of different wastewater streams, the mechanisms of algal nutrient uptake,
nutrient removal performance of various species of microalgae when cultured in wastewater, and current
microalgae production systems. Finally, new algae cultivation technologies applicable for bio fuel
production and nutrient recovery in polluted water bodies are discussed.

Natural zeolites as effective adsorbents in water and wastewater treatment

Abstract
Natural zeolites are abundant and low cost resources, which are crystalline hydrated aluminosilicates with a
framework structure containing pores occupied by water, alkali and alkaline earth cations. Due to their high
cation-exchange ability as well as to the molecular sieve properties, natural zeolites have been widely used
as adsorbents in separation and purification processes in the past decades. In this paper, we review the
recent development of natural zeolites as adsorbents in water and wastewater treatment. The properties
and modification of natural zeolite are discussed. Various natural zeolites around the world have shown
varying ion-exchange capacity for cations such as ammonium and heavy metal ions. Some zeolites also
show adsorption of anions and organics from aqueous solution. Modification of natural zeolites can be done
in several methods such as acid treatment, ion exchange, and surfactant functionalisation, making the
modified zeolites achieving higher adsorption capacity for organics and anions.
At-source domestic wastewater quality
Abstract
Accurate measurement of flow and quality determinands for single or small numbers of dwellings is difficult
due to the intermittent nature of flows at source. In this paper, at-source pollutographs are calculated using
an alternative approach based on survey data of domestic appliance usage together with measured flow
and loads per use. The wastewater pollutograph is built up from the contributions of various appliances.
The individual usage of each appliance has been characterised by its frequency together with discharge,
duration and loads. The proposed methodology can be used to derive dry weather flow inputs to water
quality models, and to assess the impact of changes in local water use and treatment

Wastewater Treatment by Effluent Treatment Plants

Abstract
Most of the river basins are closing or closed to severe water shortages, brought on by the simultaneous
effects of agricultural growth, industrialization and urbanization. Performance of state owned sewage
treatment plants, for treating municipal waste water, and common effluent treatment plants, for treating
effluent from small scale industries, is also not complying with prescribed standards. Thus, effluent from the
treatment plants, often, not suitable for household purpose and reuse of the waste water is mostly restricted
to agricultural and industrial purposes. The development of innovative technologies for treatment of
wastewaters from various industries is a matter of alarming concern for us. Although many research papers
have been reported on wastewater pollution control studies, but a very few research work is carried out for
treatment of wastewater of steel industries, especially in reference to development of design of industrial
effluent Treatment Plants (ETP) system. Another beneficial aspect of this research work will be recycling,
reuse of water and sludge from steel industry The whole technologies for treating industrial wastewater can
be divided into four categories: - Chemical, Physical, Biological and mathematical approached

Sustainable operation of a biological wastewater treatment plant

Abstract.
The sustainable operation of a biological wastewater treatment plant is significantly linked to its removal
efficiency, cost of sludge management, energy consumption and monitoring cost. The biological treatment
offers high organic removal efficiency, it also entails significant sludge production, which contains active
(live) and inactive (dead) microorganisms and must be treated prior to final disposal, in order to prevent
adverse impact on public health and environment. The efficiency of the activated sludge treatment process
is correlated to an efficient solid-liquid separation, which is strongly depended on the biomass settling
properties. The most commonly encountered settling problems in a wastewater treatment plant, which are
usually associated with operating conditions and specific microorganisms growth, are sludge bulking,
floating sludge, pin point flocs and straggler flocs. Sustainable management of sludge and less energy
consumption are the two principal aspects that determine the operational cost of wastewater treatment
plants. Sludge treatment and management accumulate more than 50% of the operating cost. Aerobic
wastewater treatment plants have high energy requirements for covering the needs of aeration and
recirculations. In order to ensure wastewater treatment plants’ effective operation, a large number of
physicochemical parameters have to be monitored, thus further increasing the operational cost. As the
operational parameters are linked to microbial population, a practical way of wastewater treatment plants’
controlling is the microscopic examination of sludge, which is proved to be an important tool for evaluating
plants’ performance and assessing possible problems and symptoms. This study presents a biological
wastewater treatment plant with almost zero biomass production, less energy consumption and a practical
way for operation control through microbial manipulation and microscopic examination

Treatment of Simulated Waste Water Containing Methyl Red by Advanced Oxidation Process
Abstract
Advanced oxidation process is one of the promising technologies to eliminate the toxic pollutants, total
organic contents etc. from waste water. Attempts are being made from previous few years on treatment of
waste water using various advanced oxidation treatment methods like Fenton process. In Fenton process
the reaction of FeSO4 and Fenton reagent H2O2 at low pH, involves the decomposition of Fenton reagent
and results in Fe2+ generation, produce hydroxyl radicals which oxidize tough to decompose organics
compounds due to its high oxidizing ability, in very short time. In this study, the application of Fenton
process for the degradation of organic component from the water contaminated with methyl red an azo dye,
has been inspected to present the assessment of Fenton process in waste water treatment. Concentration
of Fenton reagent, ferrous sulphate and other process parameters like contact time and PH has been
studied. H2SO4 and NaOH solution is used for pH adjustments. Different combination of experiments to
check the COD removal, respect to the doses of H2O2 and FeSO4 has been performed. The optimdoses
of which are 3.5 ml and 0.50 gm respectively, the best result (81.1% reduction) is obtained at pH of 3.0 ±
0.2, and reaction time of 30 min, and it is also proved that Fenton process is inefficient in alkaline and
neutral medium.