The revision grammar notes for people in Latin divisions 2-5 (Division 1 sit

a different trial) is available below.

There are also some pieces of quizlet vocabulary available here.

Latin notes

Verbs

 In Latin, the ending of a verb changes depending on the person who

is doing the verb

 Verbs in the present (I ____) tense are formed by taking the stem of
the verb (for instance ‘am’ from ‘amo’) and add one of the endings below

 Verbs in the perfect tense (I _______ed) are formed by taking the

present stem, adding some middle letters (‘av’ for the first conjugation; ‘u’
for the second conjugation; ‘x’ for the third conjugation and ‘iv’ for the fourth
conjugation) and add the perfect endings below

 Verbs in the imperfect tense (I used to _____) are formed by taking

the present stem; adding the associated vowel (‘a’ for the 1st conjugation;
‘e’ for the second conjugation; ‘e’ for the third conjugation and ‘I’ for the
final conjugation) and then the ending below

 Verbs in the future tense (I will _____) are formed by taking the
present stem; adding the associated vowel (‘a’ for the 1st conjugation; ‘e’ for
the second conjugation; ‘e’ for the third conjugation and ‘I’ for the final
conjugation) and then the ending below (they are different for different
conjugations as shown below)

 Verbs in the pluperfect tense (to having had done something) are
formed by taking the present stem; adding the associated vowel (‘a’ for the
1st conjugation; ‘e’ for the second conjugation; ‘e’ for the third conjugation
and ‘I’ for the final conjugation); then the associated letters (‘v’ for the first
conjugation; ‘u’ for the second conjugation; ‘x’ for the third conjugation and
‘v’ for the fourth conjugation) and then the endings below

 To from an imperative (instruction) add the associated vowel in the

singular (‘a’ for the 1st conjugation; ‘e’ for the second conjugation; ‘e’ for the
third conjugation and ‘I’ for the final conjugation) to the end of the present
stem. In the plural you add ‘te’ to the end of the associated vowel and the
present stem
 To form an infinitive (to _____), add the associated vowel (‘a’ for the
1 conjugation; ‘e’ for the second conjugation; ‘e’ for the third conjugation
st

and ‘I’ for the final conjugation) and then add ‘re’

The verb endings are as follows:

Active verb endings Notes

Pres Perf Imperf Future Future Pluper Englis Note
st rd
ent ect ect (1 and (3 and fect h s
nd th
(past (also 2 conjugat 4 conjugat
) past) ions) ions)
-o -i -bam -bo -am -eram I First
perso
n;
singu
lar
-s -isti -bas -bis -es -eras You Seco
(singul nd
ar) perso
n;
singu
lar
-t -it -bat -bit -et -erat He/Sh Third
e/It perso
n;
singu
lar
-mus - - -bimus -emus - We First
imus bamus eramus perso
n;
plura
l
-tis -istis -batis -bitis -etis -eratis You Seco
(plural nd
) perso
n;
plura
l
-nt - -bant -bunt -ent -erant They Third
erun perso
t n;
 plura
l

Nouns

 In Latin there is no direct translation for the word ‘the’ or ‘a’. Instead
you must use your judgement of context

In Latin, each noun also has a case and they follow fixed patterns
(declensions). Nouns decline depending on which declension they are in.
There are several cases in Latin, with different meanings

1stDeclensio Case Meaning of Latin Meaning Endin

n Feminine Case of Latin g
Singular Nominativ Subject of Puella Girl -a
e sentence
Vocative Someone Puella (calling -a
who is being someone)
spoken to Girl!
Accusative Object of Puellam Girl -am
sentence
Genitive Of the ___ Puellae Of the girl -ae
Dative To/For the Puellae To the -ae
_____ girl/For
the Girl
Ablative By/With/Fro Puella By the -a
m the Girl/With
_______ the
Girl/From
the girl
1stDeclensio Case Meaning of Latin Meaning Endin
n Feminine Case of Latin g
Plural Nominativ Subject of Puellae Girls -ae
e sentence
Vocative Someone Puellae (calling -ae
who is being someone)
spoken to Girls!
Accusative Object of Puellas Girls -as
sentence
Genitive Of the ___ Puellaru Of the -arum
m girls
 Dative To/For the Puellis To the -is
_____ girls/For
the Girls
Ablative By/With/Fro Puellis By the -is
m the Girls/Wit
_______ h the
Girls/Fro
m the
girls

2stDeclensi Case Meaning of Latin Meaning of Endin

on Case Latin g
Masculine
Singular Nominati Subject of Dominus Master -us
ve sentence
Vocative Someone Domine (calling -e
who is being someone)
spoken to Master!
Accusativ Object of Dominum Master -um
e sentence
Genitive Of the ___ Domini Of the -i
Master
Dative To/For the Domino To the -o
_____ Master/For
the Master
Ablative By/With/Fro Domino By the -o
m the Master/Wit
_______ h the
Master/Fro
m the
Master
2stDeclensi Case Meaning of Latin Meaning of Endin
on Case Latin g
Masculine
Plural Nominati Subject of Domini Masters -i
ve sentence
Vocative Someone Domini (calling -i
who is being someone)
spoken to Masters!
Accusativ Object of Dominos Masters -os
e sentence
 Genitive Of the ___ Dominoru Of the -orum
m Masters
Dative To/For the Dominis To the -is
_____ Masters/For
the Masters
Ablative By/With/Fro Dominis By the -is
m the Masters/Wi
_______ th the
Masters/Fro
m the
Masters

2stDeclensio Case Meaning of Latin Meaning Endin

n Neuter Case of Latin g
Singular Nominativ Subject of Bellum War -um
e sentence
Vocative Someone Bellum (calling -um
who is being someone)
spoken to War!
Accusative Object of Bellum War -um
sentence
Genitive Of the ___ Belli Of the -i
War
Dative To/For the Bello To the -o
_____ War/For
the War
Ablative By/With/Fro Bello By the -o
m the War/With
_______ the
War/From
the War
2stDeclensio Case Meaning of Latin Meaning Endin
n Neuter Case of Latin g
Plural Nominativ Subject of Bella Wars -a
e sentence
Vocative Someone Bella (calling -a
who is being someone)
spoken to Wars!
Accusative Object of Bella Wars -a
sentence
Genitive Of the ___ Belloru Of the -orum
m Wars
 Dative To/For the Bellis To the -is
_____ Wars/For
the Wars
Ablative By/With/Fro Bellis By the -is
m the Wars/Wit
_______ h the
Wars/Fro
m the
Wars

3stDeclensio Case Meaning of Latin Meaning Endin

n Masculine Case of Latin g
Singular Nominativ Subject of Rex King None
e sentence
Vocative Someone Rex (calling None
who is being someone)
spoken to King!
Accusative Object of Regem King -em
sentence
Genitive Of the ___ Regis Of the -is
King
Dative To/For the Regi To the -i
_____ King/For
the King
Ablative By/With/Fro Rege By the -e
m the King/With
_______ the
King/From
the King
3stDeclensio Case Meaning of Latin Meaning Endin
n (masc and Case of Latin g
feminine)
Plural Nominativ Subject of Reges Kings -es
e sentence
Vocative Someone Reges (calling -es
who is being someone)
spoken to Kings!
Accusative Object of Regem Kings -es
sentence
Genitive Of the ___ Regum Of the -um
Kings
 Dative To/For the Regibu To the -ibus
_____ s Kings/For
the Kings
Ablative By/With/Fro Regibu By the -ibus
m the s Kings/Wit
_______ h the
Kings/Fro
m the
Kings

3stDeclensio Case Meaning of Latin Meaning Endin

n Masculine Case of Latin g
Singular Nominativ Subject of Nomen King None
e sentence
Vocative Someone Nomen (calling None
who is being someone)
spoken to King!
Accusative Object of Nomen King -em
sentence
Genitive Of the ___ Nomini Of the -is
s King
Dative To/For the Regi To the -i
_____ King/For
the King
Ablative By/With/Fro Rege By the -e
m the King/With
_______ the
King/From
the King
3stDeclensio Case Meaning of Latin Meaning Endin
n (masc and Case of Latin g
feminine)
Plural Nominativ Subject of Reges Kings -es
e sentence
Vocative Someone Reges (calling -es
who is being someone)
spoken to Kings!
Accusative Object of Regesm Kings -es
sentence
Genitive Of the ___ Regum Of the -um
Kings
 Dative To/For the Regibu To the -ibus
_____ s Kings/For
the Kings
Ablative By/With/Fro Regibu By the -ibus
m the s Kings/Wit
_______ h the
Kings/Fro
m the
Kings

Adjectives and Adverbs

Adjectives decline to match the word they are describing and conjugate like
dominus, puella and bellum with a few notable exceptions:

o Miser keeps the e to form miserum or misera

o Pulcher drops the e to make pulchrum

Adverbs form by adding -e in the first 2 declensions and add -iter in the
third delcensions with a few notable exceptions:

o Facilis = easily

o Bene = well is irregular

Pronouns

 Pronouns decline as follows:

Number First Person Second Third Person Declension

Person
Singular Ego tu - Nominative
Me Te Se Accusative
Mei Tui Sui Genitive
Mihi Tibi Sibi Dative
Me Te Se Ablative
Plural Nos Vos - Nominative
Nos Vos Se Accusative
Nostrum Vestrum Sui Genitive
Nobis Vobis Sibi Dative
Nobis Vobis Se Ablative
There are also possesive pronouns which are simelar to 2-1-2 adjectives.
In the first person:
Declension masculine feminine Neuter
Singular Nom Meus Mea Meum
Acc Meum Meam Meum
Plural Nom Noster Nostra Nostrum
Acc nostrum nostram nostrum

In the Second Person:

Declension masculine feminine Neuter
Singular Nom Tuus Tua Tuum
Acc Tuum Tuam Tuum
Plural Nom Vester Vestra Vestrum
Acc Vestrum vestram Vestrum

In the third person:

Declension masculine feminine Neuter

Singular Nom Suus Sua Suum
Acc Suum Suam Suum

 Relative pronouns are also used in relative clauses. They are listed
below:

Qui = Case Meaning of Masculin Feminin Neuter

who/which Case e e
Singular Nominativ Subject of Qui Quae Quod
e sentence
Accusative Object of Quem Quam Quod
sentence
Genitive Of the ___ Cuius Cuius Cuius
Dative To/For the Cui Cui Cui
_____
Ablative By/With/Fro Quo Qua Quo
m the
_______
 3stDeclensio Case Meaning of Masculin Feminin Neuter
n (masc and Case e e
feminine)
Plural Nominativ Subject of Qui Quae Quae
e sentence
Accusative Object of Quos Quas Quae
sentence
Genitive Of the ___ Quorum Quarum Quoru
m
Dative To/For the Quibus Quibus Quibus
_____
Ablative By/With/Fro Quibus Quibus Quibus
m the
_______

Principal Parts

Every verb when defined in Latin has 4 principal parts. The first principal
part is what the verb looks like in first person singular active present
(ie:amo). The second principal part is the infinative (amare) from which you
are able to find the associated vowel and therefore conjugation. The third
principle part is what the first person singular active perfect (amavi) to tell
you the associated letters. The final principle part is the perfect past
participle (amatus) which shows us how to use the participle in Latin (this is
only needed for the extension material when constructing sentences in the
shell)

Direct Questions

In Latin there are two ways are forming a question. The first of which is to
add a question mark to the end of a sentence. If the sentence was 'laeti
estis' meaning you (pl) are happy, you can change this into 'laeti estis?'
which would make it a question (as in 'Are you (pl) happy').

Linking sentences

In Latin, it is possible to link sentences using the following vocaulary:

 enim means for or because

 igitur means and so or therefore
 tamen is used as however
We cannot use linking words at the beginning of a sentence but we can use
it directly thereafter.

Time

There are several different ways to do time in latin. The first of which is to
use the structure 'Time How Long'. This uses the accusative case and
words like annus (meaning year) or hora (meaning hour). This is

used to show how long an action is taking place (eg: They were running for
10 hours). The second structure is 'Time when'. This structure uses the
ablative case and expresses 'Time When' . For example the

sentence 'I left at 6 o'clock' would be time when. The final structure is 'Time
within which' where is shows that you were running within or during a
specified timeframe.

Prepositions

Prepositions are followed by either the accusative or ablative case.

These prepositions are followed by the accusative case:

o Ad (to)

o Circum (around)

o Contra (against)

o In (into, onto)

o Inter (between)

o Per (through)

o Post (after)

o Prope (near)

o Trans (across)

These prepositions are followed by the ablative case:

o A (from)
o Cum (with)

o De (from

o E (out of/from)

o In (in/on)