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A first classification of methods is whether the operation is performed always exposed to the
surface or develops through underground workings. Thus, we must first separate:
Methods Opencast
Underground mining methods
As for underground exploitation methods are distinguished according to the treatment to
make the cavity left by the extraction of mineral. However, in practice, the operation requires
vary and combine the methods presented below, since deposits rarely exactly match the ideal
characteristics of any of the application methods.
• autosoportantes or open caserones Methods: Correspond to those who consider the
extraction of mineral and leave it occupied the empty cavity. For this, the mansion must
remain stable in natural form (be self-supporting) or require few reinforcing elements. These
mansions are left empty once the operation concludes.
Room and Pillar
Stope and Pillar
shrinkage Stoping
sublevel stoping
Vertical Crater Retreat
• supported methods or caserones requiring support elements to remain stable and / or are
filled with some exogenous material.
Cut and Fill Stoping
Excavation Techniques
backfilling Methods
• sinking methods, that is, where the cavities generated by the extracted ore are filled with the
overlaying material (mineral, the duration of the operation, and sterile, upon completion). The
collapse and subsequent filling of the cavities occurs simultaneously ore extraction.
longwall Mining
Sublevel Caving
Block / Panel Caving
INDEX
SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................................ 1
INDEX .................................................................................................................................................... 2
INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................. 3
CLASSIFICATION OF OPERATING METHODS .............................................................................. 4
CAMERAS AND PILLARS. ............................................................................................................. 4
TAJEO sublevel. ................................................................................................................................. 5
Craters INVESTED. ........................................................................................................................... 6
Cut and fill. ......................................................................................................................................... 7
INTERIM STORAGE. ....................................................................................................................... 8
Block caving. ...................................................................................................................................... 9
CONCLUSIONS................................................................................................................................... 10
webgraphy:............................................................................................................................................ 11
INTRODUCTION
Mining is one of the pillars on which is built industrial civilization. This is the extraction of
minerals such as gold, silver, copper, nickel and uranium (metal) as well as salt, potash, coal
and oil (non-metallic) in underground formations that naturally concentrate.
Mining is one of the oldest activities of mankind. Almost from the beginning of the Stone
Age, making 2.5 million years or more, it has come to be the main source of materials for
toolmaking. One can say that since man began using stones to carve as Silux and among
other stones. Like the other activities (agriculture) to be used different materials always need
to make mining tools. To this day it remains one of the very important activities in Peru
Mining always involves physical removal of materials from the earth's crust, often in large
amounts to recover only small volumes of desired product. So it is impossible that mining
does not affect the environment, at least in the mine.
Selection of mining method is the first and most important problem in the design of mine. In
this selection are involved parameters such as geological and geotechnical properties,
economic parameters and geographical factors. Mining engineer must take into account all
these input parameters and select the method that appears to be the most appropriate; the
selection of mining method is both an art and a science. Able to distinguish all the parameters
that have an effect on the selection of mining method and the determination of the weighting
factors is a difficult task in any mine.
The method is suitable mining method technically feasible given the reservoir geometry and
soil conditions, parallel operation is inexpensive.
There is not only an appropriate method for a deposit. Usually you may apply two or more
methods, each of these has its own inherent problems. Consequently the optimal method is
one that offers fewer problems.
The strategy of selecting the same mining method that the neighbor is not always appropriate.
However, this does not mean we can not learn from comparing plans existing mining
operations in the area or in similar deposits.
CLASSIFICATION OF OPERATING METHODS
Once that has been tested and modeling a mineral deposit, and has also collected enough
information to ensure the further analysis can be started with the selection of the method of
operation. At this stage the selection will only preliminary and will be the basis for designing
the project and the feasibility study. Then it may be necessary to review the details, but the
basic principles of mineral extraction should remain as part of the final design.
Selection of mining method in the past was based on the techniques used in other mines and
experiences gained in similar deposits in the near environment. Today to open a mine or to
change the method of operation is paramount the amount of capital investment required; must
likewise perform a selection process of the method of operation by a global systematic
analysis of specific reservoir parameters such as: reservoir geometry, distribution laws,
geomechanical properties of the mineral and the host rock, economic, environmental
constraints , social conditions, etc.
La variabilidad de estos parámetros y las dificultades de cuantificación total de los mismos
impiden el desarrollo de reglas rígidas y esquemas precisos de explotación aplicables a cada
yacimiento particular. Diferentes autores han realizado numerosas clasificaciones desde
varios puntos de vista, por ejemplo:
Desde el punto de vista del sistema de excavación.
Desde el punto de vista del sostenimiento.
Desde el punto de vista del transporte.
Desde el punto de vista del arranque.
Los avances logrados en las diferentes ramas de la ciencia en las últimas décadas han
permitido establecer métodos generales de explotación, los métodos más importantes se
pueden clasificar y comparar como se observa en el siguiente cuadro.
MÉTODOS DE ESPACIOS MÉTODOS CON MÉTODOS POR
ABIERTOS RELLENO DERRUMBES
CONCLUSIONES