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Y D-H-D=1?&*1V? ,-9 B-D1A,A ,- D-HAD?A: Ł? -9 *A?HDA9 ,- &/J&G G- ,-'- HA=&D -?


*J-?H& 9& *A?G1,-D&*1V? ,- D1-G/A, P& CJ- BJ-,- .&99&D G1 9& =&/?1HJ,
*A?G1,-D&,& -? -9 ,1G-UA -G -N*-,1,A ,JD&?H- GJ K1,& WH19. !AD H&?HA -9 B-D1A,A
,- D-HAD?A G- BJ-,- *&9*J9&D -? .J?*1V? ,- -GH- D1-G/A 01,DA9V/1*A ?&HJD&9 A
1?0-D-?H- ,- .&99& P ,- 9& K1,& WH19 ,- 9& -GHDJ*HJD&‚ Ł9 B-D1A,A ,- D-HAD?A G-
,-H-D=1?& *A?G1,-D&?,A BD1?*1B&9=-?H- 9AG -.-*HAG ,- 9& BAG1'9- ,-GHDJ**1V? ,-
9& -GIDJ*IJD& ,JD&?I- GJ K4,& XI5<. #4 -GI& ,-GIDJ**4V? BJ-,- *&JG&D B-D,4,&G ,-
K1,&G 0J=&?&G¡ -9 D1-G/A ,-(-DT& *A?G1,-D&DG- *&G1 *-DA, ,- 1/J&9 >&?-D&
,-'-DQ ,- H-?-D J? K&9AD B-CJ-UA B&D& B-D,1,&G -*A?V>1*&G *J&?H1AG&G.
!&D& ,-*1,1D -9 B-D1A,A ,- D-HAD?A ($D) ,- 9& &K-?1,ó ,- ,1G-UA, BD1=-DA
BF-*6G&=AG :& L7,& WH7: ,- ;& A)F& ÇJ), ;J-/A &GJ=6>AG J? BAF*-?H&8- &,-*J&,A
,- D1-G/A ,- .&99& (") P A'H-?-=AG $D ,- 9& G1/J1-?H- -*J&*1V?s

D nde:
Vr = Pe"i d dc 1e% m (a( #)
1
‘r= —— J = Vida *&i1 de 1a e$&"'c&'!a (a) $).
= R¡e$g de hú11a Ç%)
R
1—(1—K]r

Y !&D& 9& ,-H-D=1?&*1V? ,-9 B-D1A,A ,- D-HAD?A %-? $- C0AM (I988) BDABA?-
H&='1R? 9A G1/J1-?H-: -? .J?*1V? & 9& 1=BADH&?*1& ,- *&,& BDAP-*HA P -9 *&J,&9
,- &K-?1,& CJ- G- 9- &G1/?-, &GT BJ-G H-?-=AG:

ªacfi, fios ¼uuªSılua»a(a 5ego DIS£4O D£ D£F£4SA RIB£R£4A


PagcJ6 3
G2lV£ªSlDAD 2AClO2At Dß l2G£2l£ªÍA
FACGt7AD D£ l2G£2lߪÍA ClVlt

4abGa 2,3= Crctercos de Dcseño CeueraGczado Para £strvctvras de CoutroG


de Agva,
£iyo de kstructur Periodo de Retorno ŁL7
(afios)
Alcan(a$illa de Ca%%e(e%a'
V f4ßene' de (%.fic baj S—IO
V l4ßene' de (%.fic in(e&ßedi IO—3S
V f4ßene' de (%.fcc al( ' SO ^ IOO
P*en)e' de ca%%e(e$a'
3i'(eßa 'ec*nda$i IO–SO
3i'(eßa !%ißa%i SO~IOO
0%enaje ag$0c la
Alcan(a$illa' S—SO
3*%c ' S~SO
0%enaje F$ban
Alcan(a%clfa' en ci*dade' 3–3S
!e"*e2a'
Alcan(a%clfa' en cc*dade' 3S—SO
g%ande'
Ae% !*e$( '
V l4ßene' baj ' S–IO
V l4ßene' cn(e$ßedc ' IO–3S
V f4ßene' al( ' SO– IOO
0i#*e'
ßn l1nea 3–SO
Af%eded $ de ci*dade' SO–3OO
P%e'a' c n ! ca !$ babilidad de
!e$dida' de +ida' (baja aßena,a)
P$e'a' !e#*e3a' SO—tOO
P$e'a' in(e%ßedia' IOO›
P$e'a' g%ande' SO—IOO%

P$e'a' cn !$ babif¡dad de
!e$dida' de +ida'
(aßena,a 'ignifccada)
P$e'a' !e"*e3a' IOO › SO % SO–
P%e'a' cn(e%ßedia' ,_ IOO %
P$e'a' g%ande' .. IOO %
P%e'a' c n !% babclidad de
!/%dida' de +cda' (al(a aßena-a)

&a‹™ fos: Ganue4†fiuarca3a Scgh DlS£ffO Dß D£Fß2SA ªl8ߪFffA


P&gina v
FLlVEªSlDAD LAClOLAF DE lLGELlEªÍA
FACFFYAD DE lLGELlEªNA ClVlF
fil
Pjesas peqıeñas .. ³O~IOO %
9resas ¡nfernedias .. tOO %
9resas grandes .. IOO %
%]6L[6: (?2WN '?4WNFN:i0 !OF?3040= /6L .6 "<Na ÇI988ß.02F0 I3.I.I

6. OtS†Rt&WCtOK1S O1 PRO&A&tLtOAO
(NX JN46DNX PRN202ADlXZA3NX 40M 2]6MNX R6X]DZ04NX XA X6 3]6MZ0 3NM ]L JjMAJN 46 I‘
0mNX 46 S6:?X[SN. $M[S6 E0X PS?M3?P0E6X 4?X[S?2]3?NM6X OSN202?EkX[?30X Q]6 X6 0B]X[0M
2?6M 0E 30]40E Jgb?JN ?MX[0M[gM6N [6M6JNX:
#?X[S?2]3?nM +NSJ0E
#@X[T?2]3?nM )N;+NUJ0H.
#?X[S?2]3?nM &]J26I.
#?X[S?2]3?nM *N: ,60SXNM III¸

s OtS†Rt&WCtOK KORÆAL
(0 4?X[S?2]3?nM MNSJ0E 6X ]M0 4?X[S?2]3?nM X?Jh[S?30 6M 9NSJ0 46 30JP0M0, [0J2?hM
3NMN3?40 3NJN "0JP0M0 46 &0]XX. !]MQ]6 J]3=0X _636X MN X6 0B]X[0 0 ENX 40[NX
>A4VNFn:A3NX 1iene 0KOFA0 apGisasión ONV 6C6KOFN 0 FNX 40\NX \V0LX7NVK05NX Q^6 XA:^6L
E0 4?X[S?2]3?nM MNSJ0E‚
Función de densidad:
(0 8]M3?nM 46 46MXA404 6X[g 4040 PNS

l
ƒ¯ (z−µ) P ∫

ƒ(×) = ; ezq 3в


~œcccœ
1 ,2n
#NM46 GNX P0SgJ6[SNX 46 E0 4?X[S?2]3?nM XNM E0 J64?0 y ( cß e 46X_?03?nM 6X[gM40S
1 ÇX), X6 469AL6 D0 `0RA02D6 6XZ0M40RAf040 f 3NJN:

=„ x−y
1
-?6M4N E0 4?X[SA2]3?nM MNSJ0D 6X[0M40S?f040
=C
ƒ{=) s c ²
G³¥
£stimación de garámetros:

Y
ı 3» ,c, −d)²}²
r~ß ‡^f

&a!ı †tse ™a»let!larsafa ”e§t½u DlSELO DE DEFELSA ªl8EªELA


Pbgina 7
UTl7£ªSlOAO TACfOTAL O£ lTG£Tl£ªÍA
IACUtYAO O£ lTG£Tl£ªÍA Cl7lt

FacLor de frecvercia:
3- ;
S. @( A>"%"3" &;: 8;@ I @.: A>":@);>9"> (8 O @( &"8&D8" &;9;

E7 F"7;> O &;>>(@<;:'-(:B( " D:" <>;%"%-72'"' '( (I&('(:&-" '( < Ç<=IJN), ';:'( N (@
(5 <(>.;'; '( >(A;>:;) <D('( &"6&D6">@( (:&;:A>":'; (5 F"6;> '( 6" F">."%5( Hs

Oc µ C +¸2+

L 5D(,; &$6&D6":'; O &;: 5" "<>;I/9"&.U:s


2˛5h55h‘ + O,8O2853u + O,OlO328u7
,‚ ,
– w˛
h+ h.G32‘‘88u + O,l89269u5 + 0,00h208wt
D( "55S @( <;'>Q &"5&D6"> (5 F"5;> '( F(I) = FÇO) " <">A.> '( &"'" F"5;> '( "O", (@A":'; O
(: *D:&0U: '(7 <(>S;'; '( >(A;>:;
R(@D8A":'; I= J cP@

s DlS7RlBUCl9W LOCWORMAL DŁ DOS PARÁMŁ7ROS


E: (@A" *D:&.U: 6;@ 6;,">.A9;@ :"AD>"6(@ '( 6" F">0"%5( "6("A;>." @( '.@A>0%DL(:
:;>9"59(:A(˛
S. 6;@ 5;,">.A9;@ ! '( D:" F">."%5( "6("A;>." @( '.@A>.%DL(: :;>9"59(:A( @( '.&( =D(
@( '0@A>.%DL( :;>9"89(:A(
E@C" '-@C?.%D&.U: (@ 9DM D@"'" <">" (7 &"7&D7; '( G"7;>(@ (KC>(9;@ <;> (4(9<7; Oµg.⁄ı
е¡çjµ ç, P µg.±, P µçµjµg¸ T0(:( 5" F(:A"3" =D( ^ > 0 L =D( 6" A>":@*;>9"&.U: k;, A.(:'(
" >('D&.> 5" "@.9(A>T" <;@.A.F" L" =D( "5 @"&"> 5;,">.A9;@ @( >('D&(: (: 9"L;>
<>;<;>&.U: 6;@ '"A;@ 9"L;>(@ =D( 6;@ 9(:;>(@
l090A"&0;:(@: A0(:( @;6"9(:A( ';@ <">Q9(A>;@, N >(=D.(>( =D( 5;@ 5;,">0A9;@ '( 6"@
F">0"%5(@ (@AR: &(:A>"';@ (: 7" 9('."
FD:&.U: '( '(:@.'"':
˜''’¯Er’
1 3o t
= e»μ I> 0
UJ‘h ’

3Ð ç 2w

L= I: I
';:'( E G ; L #G : @;: 5;@ <">Q9(A>;@ '( 7" '.@A>.%D&.U:, @. &;9<">"9;@ &;: 5;@ '( 5"

'.@A>0%D&0U: :;>9"6, 5;@ 9(:&.;:"';@ &;>>(@<;:'(: " 5" 9('." L " 6" '(@F."&0U:
(@AQ:'"> '( 8;@ 8;,">1A9;@ '( 8" F">1"%8( "8("A;>." >(@<(&A.F"9(:A(, '(+.:1R:';@( 8"
F">0"%6( (@A":'">0O"'" &;9;

&a4 $jx: 4a»ı™!ıa»%afia Ssgjı›α OlS£ÑO O£ O£I£TSA ªl8£ª£TA


P&gira V
UM'UłRS‡DAD MAC'OMAF Dł 'MGłM'łRÍA
VACUfTAD Dł lMGłM'łRÍA C'U'F

HL s 4ed"a de /9C /9ga?#E49C de /a ;9b/as"U5 (;a?R4eE?9 eCsa/a?), eCE#4ad9 M

:N ? 0eCJ"as"U5 eCER5da? de /9C /9ga?"E49C de /a ;9b/as#U5 D ?

ŁCE#4as"U5 de ;a?R4eE?9C:
μ ‡‡
Ifl(s,) ß={
μ ‡‡
(¹fl(sfi– ß)
3
µ›
»
=

t
Jt ˙
μ 6s J ˙
μ(

Factor de frec enc¡a:


PIede E?aba,a?Ce e5 e/ sa4;9 9?"g"5a/ P e5 e/ sa4;9 E?a5CI9?4ad9,
Sa4<9 E?a5CI9?4ad9: S# Ce E?aba-a e5 e/ sa4;9 E?a5CI9?4ad9 Ce E?aba-a s95 /a 4ed$a
O 0a deCJ%as%U7 eCFR7da@ de 09C 19ga@&G49C, aCS:
= c =fi˛,,
finÇE,r ) u,‚
ŁCEa5d9 Q e5 II5s#U5 de/ ;e?"9d9 de ?eE9?59 (7?), Ea/ s949 Ce deCs?"b"U e5 /a
d#CE?"bIs"U5 59?4a/
Ca4= 9?" "5a/; S' Ce EBaba.a s95 /9C K C'5 EBa5C ?4a? e/ HE Ce sa/sI/a s949

= eC e/ s9eI+s(e5Ee de
H eC /a Ja?#ab/e 59?4a/ eCEa5da?"Qada ;a?a e/ 7? dad9, Š›

Ja?#as#U5, K 4ed"a de /9C daE9C 9?"g"5a/eC P C deCJ"as"U5 esER5da? de /9C daE9C


9A)g)8a2eC

x DlSfRl8UClO2 GUE8kL O kXfRkEA flPO T


75a Ia4*3#a *4;9?Ea5Ee de d#CE?*bIs#95eC ICadaC e7 e/ a5R/*C"C de I?esIe5s*a
!#d?9/Ug#sa eC /a d#CE?"bIs"U5 ge5e?a/ de Ja/9?eC eKE?e49C, /a sIa/ !a C"d9 a4;/"a4e5Ee
IE"/#Qada ;a?a ?e;?eCe5Ea? e/ s94;9?Ea4"e5E9 de s?es#e5EeC P Ce>ITaC (4RK"49C P
4T5"49C)
JGGCcÓG 69 69G³c666!

½(×)=es
ƒ~esp(-s–»
^)
t ‡

®a4t˛ ose ½a»»eF »arcªa Se$»½w D'SłMO Dł DłVłMSA R'8łRłMA


P&gina ³
FUl¥ŁªSlDAD UAClOUAf DŁ lUGŁUlŁªÍA
FACFfTAD DŁ lUGŁUlŁªÍA Cl¥lf

ŁX 8ZX89 2 p h cZX KZc \1_tV9e_Zc 89 L1 8@ce_@4h5>wX‚


Estimación 6e garámetros
$ 6
a= fi h =s ^0‚€CC2a

8ZX89 x q c cZX M1 V98?1 r M1 89ck@15@wX 9cetX81^ 9ce?V181c 6ZX M1 Vh9ce^1‚


'9 89;@X9 M1 k1_@14M9 _98h5@81:
fi~»
;=

c@9X8Z \1_1 9ce9 51cZ M1 ;hX5@wX 89 89Xc@818: (m)s9m\/−9m\(−p)0


%9cZMk@9X8Z \1_1 r:

; = —Ln| ln(
t(ç)
l
µ
#1 \_Z414@N@818 89 Z5h__9X5@1 89 hX 9k9XeZ 9X 5h1M]h@9_ Z4c9_k15@wX 9c 9M @Xk9_cZ 89
ch \9_vZ8Z 89 _9eZ_XZ(():
O 1 f
$(mS * )= CI-$(m<nf )= , * I− (n ) =
E f
) [ )

=
)-t
Nh9<Z: (n`)

%9chMe1X8Z

oE c9 _9P15AZX1 5ZX ,E V98B1Xf9 P1 95i15BwX

* 7 ” h + 2 -7

¿ 0JS†RJBFCJ9N LOC CAMMA O LOCPŁARSON 0Ł ¥ PARÁMŁ†ROS


&C QZc QZ<1_CgVZc . 89 hX1 k1_C14Q9 1R91gZ_C1 + c9 1Ihce1X 1 hX1 8Ccg_C4h5CwX $91_cZX
e@\Z III, c9 8@59 ]h9 N1 k1_@14M9 1N91eZ_@1 + c9 1Jhce1 1 hX1 8@ce_@4h5@wX #Z< $91_cZX
(@\Z III˛ Łce1 8@ce_@4h5@wX 9c 1V\M@1V9Xe9 hc181 9X 9N VhX8Z \1_1 9M 1XtS@cDc 89
;_95h9X5@1 89 C1h81M9c Vtm@VZc. Łce1 c9 e_141J1 @<h1M ]h9 \1_1 M1 $91_cZX (@\Z III
\9aZ 5ZX +Y p 'Y 5ZVZ S1 V98E1 p 89ckF15FxX 9cetX81a 89 SZc SZ<1aEeWZc 89 S1 k1aF14S9
Z_C<@X1M +‚
Junción 6e 6ensi6a6:

l ln(x)– y" ln(x)— y"


f(s) = –
s)a|½(þ† ( a
¡
d~j esμ(—
a
)

®37G. ![du ªYj:T"Uj3b3s3 5:=[lH DlSŁUO DŁ DŁFŁUSA ª)BŁªŁUA


P&gina J»
Fh'U7ªSGD9D h9C'Oh9l D7 'hG7h'7ªÍ9
F9CFtN9D D7 'hG7h'7ªÍ9 C'U't

d43de.

?µ S ç < a 6a:a a >0

aSçS µ 6a:a a<O


m E þ =43 ,4= 6a;H2e>;4= de e=ca,a E f4;2a, ;e=6ec>!Ba2e3>e, E μ5 e= e,
6a:I2e>:4 de -4ca-"Gac#L3.

Estcmacc6r de qar&metros:
ì
e 1 ¡²
s

¤” î , ı t = c , ~aþ
"

Cs e= e- c4eI(c#e3>e de a=#2e>:Ka, ç y - 3y =43 .a 2ed#a E -a de=B#ac#L3 e=>H3da: de -4=


/4 a:$>24= de /a 2@e=>:a :e=6ec>%Ba2e3>e.

factor de frecvercca:
¹M(S,¸) = #? + K ³ !,,

d43de G e= -a Ba:#ab-e 34:2a- e=>a3da:#Gada


1=>e Ba/4: de 5 =e e3c@e3>:a >ab@/ad4 de ac@e:d4 a/ Ba/4: de Cs ca/c@/ad4 c43 /a
2@e=>:a.

e· A1UST1 O1 OlSTRl8UCßOK1S
Deb#d4 a 8@e a Bece= -4= :e=@->ad4= de -a= d#=>:"b@c"43e= de=c:#>a= a3>e:#4:2e3>e,
a::4)a3 :e=@.>ad4= d"Ie:e3>e=, eD"=>e3 d"Be:=4= 2J>4d4= 6a:a e=c4 e: -a 2e*4:
d&=>:#b@c#L3, a/ @34= de /4= c@a/e= de=c:#b&:e24= a c43>#3@ac&L3.

An$)i"i" G $fico 1=>e 2J>4d4 c43=#=>e e3 :aI'ca: .a= d#Be:=a= d"=>:'b@c"43e= E -4=
6@3>4= 2ed"d4=, E =e e=c4 e .a d#=>:"b@c'L3 de 6:4bab#-"dad 8@e 2e*4: =e a*@=>e a -4=
da?4= 2ed"d4=. S=?e 2J?4d4 ?"e3e A3 a0?4 <ad4 de =Ab+e?"C"dad Fa 9Ae de7e3de de1

&agfi fgs¾ £a»usFKuu»»a3a Ss$gt¼ D'S7ffO D7 D7F7hS9 ªlB7ª7ff9


P&gina JJ
U2lK£RSlDAD 2AClO2Al D£ l2G£2l£RÍA
FACUh†AD D£ fLG1Lf1RÍA ClKll

M.T1QX,0MQ˛

Pruebas de Ajuste
%,Q, 01U1QI9J,Q PW1 U,J ,01/W,0M 1T 1D ,BWTU1 01 EMT 0,UMT , WJ, 09TUQ9.W/9`J 01
OQM.,.:D90,01T T1 6,K ORMOW1TUM WK, T1R:1 01 OQW1.,T 1TU,0\TU9/,T PW1 01U1QI:K,K T:
1T ,01/W,0M 1D ,BWTU1. ",T I,T /MJM/90,T TMJ D, 01 çs Z D, 01 !MDMIM5MQMX ~
&I9QJMX˛

Prueba de Smirrov lo‡rrogorov


b &1 /,E/WD, D, %QM.,.9D90,0 tIO]Q9/, ( %emp .] + D, %QM.,.9E90,0 '1`Q9/, ( %teO]ı
T15aJ E, 2WJ/9`J 01T1,0,.
b &1 01U1QI9J, D, 01TX9,/9`J I[Y9I,;

b &1 1T/M51 WJ J;X1 01 sign¡fisansia "-” ( $. 0‘, $ $ I) Z /MJ - Z M T1 obtiene W


J
X,DMQ c U,.WE,Q 01 E, U,.D, 01 ),DMQ1T CQ]U9/MT 01 !MDIM5MQMX ^ &I<QJMX
b CMJ/DWT9`J:
3¡= ^ max < k tabllar tG ,BWTU1 1T BW1JM ,D J=X1G 01 T>5J?4=/,J/>, ,0MOU,0M
² max > k tabu1ar tD ,BWTU1 JM 1T BW1JM ,D J9X1D 01 T95J929/,J/9,
,0MOU,0N

Prueba Chc Cuadrado


(J, I1090, 01 E, 09T/Q1O,J/9, 1JUQ1 D,T 2Q1/W1J/9,T M.T1QX,0,T Ç 3d] Z D,T

2Q1/W1J/9,T /,D/WD,0,T ( ) OMQ I109M 01 WJ, 09TUQ9.W/9`J U1`Q9/, 1TU, 0,0, OMQ 1D
1TU,0^TU9/M * 3c

&9 1D 1TU,0]TU9/M ²2 =O T95J929/, PW1 D,T 09TUQ9.W/9MJ1T U1`Q9/, Z 1IOAL/, ,BWTU,J


1Y,/U,I1JU1, I91JUQ,T PW1 T9 1D 1TU,0]TU9/M ²2 >O, 1DD,T 09291Q1J ", 09TUQ9.W/9`J 01D
1TV,0_TV@/M * 2 T1 OW101 ,T@I@H,Q , WJ, 0@TVS@.W/@`J C7@-/W,0S,0M /MJ (C×J-I] 5S,0MT 01
D9.1QU,0, 0MJ01 C 1T 1D JaI1QM 01 9JU1QX,DMT Z J 1T 1E JaI1QM 01 DMT O,Q[I1UQMT 01 D,
09TUQ9.W/9`J U1`Q9/,. ", 2WJ/9`J *2 T1 1J/W1JUQ, U,.WE,0, &WO`J5,T1 PW1 WJ,
89O`U1T9T M 1T ,/1OU,Q PW1 WJ, 09TUQ9.W/9`J 1IO^Q9/, T1 ,BWTU, , WJ, 09TUQ9.W/9`J
#MRI,E‚ &9 1D X,DMR /,D/WD,0M 01 *3 OMQ D, 1/W,/9`J ,KU1Q9MQ 1T I,ZMQ PW1 ,D5aK X,DMQ

®a4j, {»s ½aut™”ıNta%a fa ?cq»nα D¢S£2O D£ D£F£2SA Rl8£R£2A


P&gcga J3
GNl¥7ªSlO9O N9ClON9L O7 lNG7Nl7ªN9
N9CGL†9O O7 lNG7Nl7ªÍ9 Cl¥ll

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Soca<ación kocaL en PiLares·· c&endo #e co¡oce &n pi¡er de &n p&en$e en ¢e corrien$e
de &n r,o #e prod&ce &n cembio en ¡e# condicione# hidr+&lice# de e#$e, ) por lo $en$o, en
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ero#i'o e# de f&ndemen$el impor$encie en el di#e.o de cimen$ecione# poco prof&nde
pere p&en$e#, p&e# &ne felle prod&cide por &ne prof&ndided de cimen$eci/n menor
con¡le'er-e te de#%r&cci/n $o$el de le e#$r&c$&re De o$ro ledo‚ le edopci/n de
prof&ndidede# en$iecon/mice# * e(ce#i'e#, comp¡ice #eriemen$e lo# procedimien$o#
de con#$r&cci/n‚
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Ss »tssr<a ta sr»sión sn t»s ¿itarss Łs jn ¿jsnts,

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Se ob!e a ‡a degradacc.n en e‡ ca%ce de %n r+o

Agradaccón d@ Cauc@s.
Ł! %n fen.meno m%( op%e!"o a ‡a degradacc.n de‡ ca%ce de %n r*o.
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Tuente= Manual de O¡se o de Obras C¡viłes


Com¡s¡!n Tederal de Łlectricidad-Mé×ico

C!adro L❑ 3.Ðx6xdc3
Coef¡c¡en e de Con racc¡#n µ

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Tuente: Manual de Oise o de Obras Civiles


Comisi!n Tederal de Ł¡ectr¡cidad−Mé×ico

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P&gin6 Ðu
ILIUER3IDAD LAClOLAL DE ILGELIERfA
FACILTAD DE ILGELIERNA CIUIL

3. Mefo6oJogca 6e £sfv6io
3,ßt OEIEKSA ª)BEªEUA V)PO EKªOCAOO
Para eIect ar Ga protecci(n de riberas e"isten di!ersas metodoGog&as, siendo no de
Gos m%todos mas empteados para proteger Gas riberas de tos r&os eG so de rocas
ang 1osas 11amados enrocados
En Ga fotograI&a L ❑ S.√.a # S.√.b iG stra eG empGeo de enrocado como medida de
protecci(n de riberas.
IofograIía K❑ 3¸ß¸a

DeIensa ribere'a tiGi$ando Enrocado


IofograIía K❑ 3.ß.b

FtiGi$aci(n de Enrocado como protecci(n de Riberas


@ocfi fior„ ¼»ucF½uorro/o Scg»ıtã DI3ELO DE DEFEL3A RIBERELA
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3,f,f, Factores Para Consc6erar


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9edrisco de Refleno UeGocidad UeGocidad 5


Łspesor D¡mensibn
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c. CONFROL DE DEfORMAClONES EN EL COLCL0N


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JNlVßRSlOAO NAClONAl Oß lNGßNlßRÍA
FACJL7AO Oß lNGßNlßRÍA ClVll

Ð.Ð˛2˛ C!JcuJo Œe Socavaci"n GeneraJ


6Frgn)
>ohhLXp = &2 ‚ d C/n
6d (k•g) = 0,00 dd‚

;F ikgTtfMYMFM MQ ngKFuFKZ‚ f Qn KF_Kt_FMF dQMZFfrQ _F Fi_YKFKZ‚ f MQ_ d}rgMg MQ


<:C59DE2=;7E76:7E, YfMZKFMg Qf Q_ KFiZrtag 2.!‚$‚M‚

CÁ1C51O 0ł 1A 9ROf5N0!0A0 0ł SOCAVAC! N.

6Qa Ff|_ZnYn QTQKrtFMg Qf rgMFn _Fn nQKKYgfQn MQ_ rkFdg Qf QnrtMZg‚ nQ WF MQrQkdYfFMg F
`F nQKKZ‚ f 0€!"0 Kgdg `F nQKK[‚ f d|n Kl€ r\KF Qf `F KtF` nQ ilQnQfrFl| `F d|v\dF
ngKFuFKZ‚ f. (EQk kQntarFMgn KtFMkg N o !. ˛!‚F x !‚ .!.J)

G- @N
ł ı²ıı'” 3R{

ƒ 8Fnrg MQ MYnQ˜g‚ Qd / &2 . e3 J q


ƒ DZkFfrQ dQMYg MQ _F nQKKZ‚ f (d), nQ gJrZQfQ MZuYMZQfMg Q_ |kQF WZMk|t_ZKF QfrkQ
Qa FfKWg QTQKr]ug. (EQk kQnt_rFMgn KtFMkgn N o !, ˛!,F x !, .!,J)‚
‚Md . I$", &/2"(,(!.0‚$ $ d

ƒ 2fKWg QTQKrZug MQ _F nQKKZ‚ f (d), 4e= 2"(‚(!


ƒ 5gQT]KYQfrQ jtQ rgdF Qf KtQfsF Qb QUQKsg MQ KgfskFKK^‚ f ikgMtK^Mg igk bFn i^cFn
Qf Qa KHng MQ QwZnrYk tf itQfrQ (EQk KtFMkg N o 2‚!‚$‚M.2).

{/0‚((
BQdi_FyFfMg
AN Qf _F QKtFKZ‚ f*
G0
O zj 1%,'02

»ıJ? 3S
?FkF ntQ_gn VkFftaFkQn+

ID# ? Lcz
Mn ˜ (
+,6ðLß, ¸ 3t µ ¡
MgfMQ,
ƒ Pç Qn _F imgTtfMYMFM MQnit~n MQ ikgMtKZknQ _F ngKFuFKZ‚ f MQ_ TgfMg‚ nQ dZMQ

ða4Jç fos fianu™C“uar»afa 5eq»· OlSßNO Oß OßFßNSA Rl&ßRßNA


Pagina JDD
FNl7ŁªSlDAD NAClONAh DŁ lNGŁNlŁªÍA
VACULTAD DŁ lNGŁNlŁªNA C¢7lL

+.Z+. .@ J6d.@ +.@ %3`% %@ P%Z%S, @% %d.J7,% 5%Z\% .A K7d.B +.@ 2J+N .SNZ8NJ%+N.
m #9T%J]. +. %3a% %C N(`UU7T D% %d.J:,% +. +7Z.kN .J ÇG[‚ Ç$.S (`%+UN N o 4.3.4‚'[
,Os0.65 G
m 0:hG.]TN H/+6O +. A% 3T%J`CNH.]Vj% +.C H%].U7%C +.A 0NJ+N ÇGG[.
0GsS0 GG
n CN.0:(6.J\. R`. ]NG% .J )`.J]% .@ Q.VjN,N +. S.]NSJN (NJ R`. Z. QU/Z.K\% /C
3%Z]N +. +7Z.kN‚ Ç$.S (a&+TN N o 2 4 6‚, I µ.
8sI 05
n SfQNL.L^. d%W;%'D. P&T% Za.ENZ MO *N5.Z<dNZ‚ ç$.X (b%,WN N o 3,Ð 6 + I3.5
5=0,30
".GQD%g%K+N .J @% .(`%(:lJ:

S
( ª O '“ ¹+‘
+Z = »ıt = I 47 G
;
¡
O.68J5 D˜
% QVN0cJ,=,%+ +. ZN)&d%(>lM [.Yi
Pºf 3OC=d3^dO = f,47^0,6³=0,83 m ~> f,00 m

!NT DN _&J_N P%S% .C ]T%HN .K .Z\`-:N, Z. (NJZ:+.S% Q&V% .F +:Z.kN `J% PTN1`J+?+%+ +.
ZN(%e%(7lJ 4.J.V&@ +. I‚00 I‚

’6acfi $os: »ucl†ıFta» afia Scø ¾ DlSŁUO DŁ DŁVŁNSA ªß8ŁªŁUA


Pagcua t”t
JNlVŁªSl0A0 NAClONAL 0Ł ‡NGŁN‡ŁªJA
FACJLFA0 0Ł ¡NGŁN¡ŁªJA ClVlL

\. A'1%$*$* - C1% ,%(*


\.f, OŁJŁNSA RI8ŁRŁ0A †IPO ŁNROCAOO
\.f.f A' #( !" Ł' a,.a&$"'+(t
a) 2/†OOO OŁ CŁRALO LACŁ†
% = 8 OtJ2/3
'>=34:
. = 4= ?3lS
& " 4= ?‚
-1A1 =F4DEA> 21D>:
. " 823·33 <3/D " 2907€˛6€ ?3/D 8"8/3* Ç2907€,6€) tJ2 "4€4.7h ? "h38,60<,
b) 2/†OOO OŁ 8LŁNCH
8 = 3.26 .O˙S
8 " 1=27> 34; 21=1; 4= <
. " 21F31; 34 38D4K> 4= <3/D
-1A1 =F4DEC> 21D> ."823,33 <3/D
8 " 3‚26*823,33O S
8"93,€4 <
) 2/†OOO OŁ AL†FNIN PARA 2A†ŁRIAL CRANFLAR
B = A ÐOC tsO¯²

$" Ç= H * ²'² |“˙²”’

= " 2>458294=E4 34 AF6>D9313 34 +1==9=6"0,03€


K " 2>45:294=E4 @F4 34?4=34 34 ;1 A4D8DE4=281 34 ;1D >B8;;1D"I ,
< " h.0 Ç 21F24 1;FG81;), 4=E>=24D D4 E94=4 @F4

$" Ç0˛03€ 0 h0GJC) t +s‘h


" h.h99
-1A1 =F4DEA> EA1<> 4= 4DEF39> E4=4<>D!
. " 823,33 <3/D / # 0‚0h3
8 " h.h99* (823.33) IJ2 / 0‚0h30 J 2 " 82‚00 <,
(8=1;<4=E4 ?1A1 4; EA1<> 34 4DEF39> 4;468<>D F= 1=27> 34 4=21FI1<84=E> 34 h38‚60
<4EA>D.

\.ft£ O$*"2( !" %a S" $3' !"% Ł')( a!( !" P)(+" $3' ˛
\.f.£.f A%+,)a !"% "')( a!(
) " 7 + 8µ

ªacfi (ox: Ua„lcFfila»aya Sc$t 0‡SŁNO 0Ł 0ŁFŁNSA ªlBŁªŁNA


P&þtG6 4“2
7LlKERSlDAD LAClOLAl DE lLGELlERÍA
FAC7lFAD DE lLGELlERÍA ClKll

.QP<=%
1 * ,KXZT9 <=K /PTQ;9<Q ( O ),
A * 6BT9PX= <= K9 O_\BO9 9[=PB<9 ( O ).
-2 * -QT<= 3H:T= ( O ).
0K :QU<= KD:T= =VXCO9<Q ;QOQ =K 2 % <=K O_\DOQ XDT9PY= <= 9@Z9, =K ;Z9K V=
@=P=T9 =P L9 RTQ@T=VB[9 O+2O+ ([=T ;Z9<TQ N o 4.3,4,:), =V &
8l = O.2 (3.t3) = 0¸ 78m
.= 9;Z=T<Q 9K ;9Z<9K <= <BV=bQ ;QPVB<=T9<Q =P =K RT=V=PX= BP>QTO= ] <=
9;Z=T<Q 9 K9V T=;QO=P<9;DQP=V BP<B;9<9V =P =K ;Z9<TQ N o 3.I.3.I.9, =K :QT<=
KB:T= ;QTT=VRQP<D=PX= 9 ZP ;9Z<9K <= #23.33 OS†V =V =SZB[9K=PX= 9 O.#O O. 5QT
KQ X9PXQ V= 9VZODT_ ZP :QT<= KD:T= R9T9 =K RT=V=PX= BP?QTO= <= O.#OO‚ .=:B<Q 9
K9 [9TE9;FcP <=M XET9PX= <= 9@Z9, Q:X=PE<Q <=M OQ<=M9OE=PXQ AF<T_ZMF;Q y
OQVXT9<Q =P =K ;Z9<TQ N o 4.3.4.:, V= A9 QRX9<Q RQT <=X=TOEP9T ZP XBRQ <=
V=;;BcP R9T9 =K =PTQ;9<Q <= RTQX=;;BcP , ;QTT=VRQP<D=PX= 9K O_\DOQ XBT9PX= <=
9@Z9 RTQ<Z;D<Q <ZT9PX= K9 O`\GO9 9[=PE<9) XQO9P<Q ;QOQ T=?=T=P;G9 =K XGT9PX=
<= 9@Z9 RTQ<Z;D<Q =P K9 V=;;BcP O+2OO.
K = ß + 8l K = 3‚t3 + O,#O = 3,$3O ----------+ 3.$O O

Stßt2.2 †aG$b beG Łn ocabo


0P =K RT=W=PX= DP?QTO= V= A9 ;QPVD<=T9<Q ZP X9KZ< <= =PTQ;9<Q <= t 7' 21, <=
9;Z=T<Q 9 K9V ;QP<B;BQP=V XQRQ@T_?I;9V =\DVX=PX=V =P =K X=TT=PQ. (7=T ;Z9<TQ N o
3‚t.3.2).

Stßt2t3 †ama&o be Ga Roca ga!a eG Łn!ocabo


A) MŁ†O0O 0Ł ŁS†ABILI0A0 0Ł MOMŁN†OSt
ApGicaci'n aG #!amo en e"#%biot
d .= KQV T=VZKX9<QV Q:X=PB<QV 9K =J=;ZX9T =K RTQ@T9O9 1=;-T9V, =K O_\BOQ
=V?Z=T^Q <= ;QTX= V= RTQ<Z;= =P K9 V=;;BcP O+4 O <= 9;Z=T<Q 9 NQ BP<D;9<Q
=P KQV ;Z9<TQV N o 4‚3.4‚9 8 N o 4‚3,4.:, =VR=;a?B;9O=PX= Q;ZTT= =P K9 O9T@=P
B^SZD=T<9 <= <D;A9 V=;;BcP =P <DT=;;DcP 9@Z9V 9:9JQ ] =V B@Z9K 9 t"O,!t
4†O2
´ /K X9KZ< <=M =PTQ;9<Q <=V;TBXQ 9PX=TBQTO=PX= =V <= t7(21, RQT KQ SZ=.

8 s krsEy( ½) s 26.26c

6a‹“ )tse ™a»tcf tajcvfaSc$ t DlSELO DE DEFELSA Rl&ERELA


P&gi~a l¦,P
THlUłRSlDAD HAClOHAL Dł lHGŁHlŁRJA
4ACTLFAD Dł lHGŁHlłRÍA CGUlL

† >kZxbS VX qXplsl, pSqS gSuXq]Sc VX qlUS SkZxblsS2

;<)"»
+ Ec YSUulq VX XsuSTac^VSV UlqqXsplkV^XkuX Sc XkqlUSVl sXq•9
fi.Ï,=I.3
† ?•cUxcl VX Nh, gXV^SkvX dS XUxSU^ƒ k3

”½’)" ‘
D
fifiS 8 O = = t .00C0
μłj ”
I¿© .[Ç"-,+-U )
† ?•cUxcl VXc k… gXql VX XsuSTac]VSV.

½#˛(½G†$
u=’ μμj
S !8=O.l@K3‘’`

Çfi‰.)fi¸¹¸
+ Ec V_•gXuql gXV_l VX cS qlUS sX UScUxcS VXcS s_\x_XkwX YoqgS4
"1’m
A
’¹ (fi" ~1)˛z~• .»
"1*1/0.-1
Bn = = e ."1i
(1˛-+)*1000 *K.10"+
Por 'o tanto: Dm = f.20n

B) VORh7tA D1 hAFUORD.

ClkVX6
Ctn5 Xs Xc 6cámetjo me6io VX cSs qlUSs (g).
? = O '% PScxW !Q:%H
@# =! &, PqSjl qXUul (QXq ?Sp. '.!.'.')
{6 P]qSkuX g•y_gl pqlVxU]Vl (g)
R7 QXflU`WSV IXV`S WXf r‚ l (n¢s).
Fk cS sXUUa„ k O+%OO˛ sX pqlVxUX Xc g•yagl u]qSkuX (QXq UxSVrls J ❑ *.'.*.S | *.'‚*.T)
y = ³. f³n V = 2, ³6 n /s
, "€ (- = 0 +(
MXXgpcS}SkVl Ï = I.23#
1 01*( 1(

DSD ='.!'* O '%*0.+( I =O !, g


Llq bl vSkvl8 D9g = A˛ f\n

6a4u fose Ua»t™ tarrafa S»q»u¾ DlSŁffO Dł Dł4łHSA Rl&łRłNA


P&piv6 ½4
7VlVEª3l090 V9ClOV9L 0E lVGEVlEªf9
F9C7LF9O 0E GVGEVlEªI9 ClVlL

C) FOª†FLA 0E kSBASK,

t = e· ( ,? b · Y · J) rj b = ”«»‹c>t−E¿rtzii·,>t
'’f½f 5

V: JVbkS\UPU f{x\fP UVb o~k ). (JVo SvPUoks C o ", −",P y ", .",Q) ",,,
X / 8SVbVoPS^€ h UV bP XoPwVUPU ( g > t3 ) -,&I
P qq3g ! UVhs\UPU UV cP okSP (Ë»» J ½ x) 2,6S
P g3çg: UVhs]UPU UVc PXvP ( ͦ»u L mŞ ) I, OO
b 6I.&$
Dko bk uPhuk0 fiSO 6 0. 53 m

0) FOª†FLA 0E LA 0kUkSk'L 0E CA†kLOS 0EL ESfA0O 0E CALkFOªLkA¸


¸ 2,lC¯’.5 6 ¸fi
=
''' fiä»Çt−“){4−P)

”’m» == J #,%!%% (!− ¹"¯·O ˙ Km¼ t Ş

Km» 1 DVsk f•h\fk UV bP okSP Vh b\QoPs.


D 6 )O❑ 2 9khsuPhuV UV okuvoP UV bPs pkSPs,
F3 <oPwVUPU VslVS\W^SP UV bPs okSPs Hlf³ ‚ G 6 2 6S†v l f³
M 4 IPbvU UVb VhokSPUk, J 6 3.OO V= I,OO (N 6 3&,$&$d)
V: JVbkS^UPU f{x^fP UVb o•k Vh l^Vls,
AP f{x]fP wVbkS^UPU kSvooV Vh cP sVSS\€h O’"$O3
v 6 ",,, * .3* 6 I6.37pce Js
EVflbPzPhUk Vh bP W€ ofvbP, L,¸„, = Ł.+l..+,,,lR = +'2,(2@Y
Dko bk uPhuk5 : m _i 7 0¸ 69m

;h SkhSbvs\€ h UV PSvVoUk P cks U\WVoVhuVs f|ukUks VflbVPUks lPoP Vc S{cSvbk UVc


U]{fVuok fVU\k UVb VhokSPUk UV lokuVSS]€ h y ZPQ^VhUk kQuVh]Uk vhP wPo\PQ\b\UPU Vh Vb
U`{fVuok UVb f`sfk, sV [Po{ vsk UV dks qVsvbuPUks kQuVh`Uks lko Vb f}ukUk UV
;suPQ\b]UPU UV BkfVhuks. Dko bk nvV Vh Vb hWkofV sV PUkluP Skfk Ua{fVuok
fVU]k(:ç¢| 6 I,3O f,
Dçg = It3O m

S,I,2,Ð 0i$%#ib&ci)! de %a a(" de la ª"ca del E!#"cad"


;b VhokSPUk UVQV VsuPo SkflvVsuk mko. okSPs nvV lokUvzTPh vhP QvVhP

'ðasfi oru fia»vef½îrca /a Seg» 0l3EffO 0E 0EFEV39 ªl8EªEÑ9


P&gina l»3
Fff¡5EªSY0A0 ffAC¡OffAL 0E GffGEff¡Eª¡A
FACFL†A0 0E ¡ffGEff¡EªÍA C¡5fL

\xfh3 łS†A8LLL0A0 0łL łWROCA0O

Ş.S”

ßa
l "toı&L
t
Eg
S.³O,
i

a) AL 0łSLL3AMGłW†O
C5a%-5¡e. e23.5c35.a 25$e3a a d¡Ie.e)3e2 ,.e2¡*)e2 %a3e.a%e2, 3¡e)e -5e 2e. ca,a9 de
.e2¡23¡. a %*2 de2,%a9a(¡e)3*2. La .e2¡23e)c¡a a% de2%¡9a(¡e)3* e2 ,.*d5c¡da ,*/ %a
I5e.:a c*.4a)3e a %* %a.g* de %a 25,e1 c e de c*)3ac3* e)3.e %a ba2e de %a e23.5c35.a 7
%a I5)dac¡=)
Se 52a 5) c*eI#c¡e)3e de de2%¡9a(¡e)3* Cd (a8*. * ¡g5a& a I,³.

Cd = ² ½*‘ ? l. z
ΣNh
Donde.
Fv*I =K j = S5(a3*.¡a de %a2 f5e.9a2 6e.3¡ca%e2 ac35a)d* ,e.,e)d¡c5%a.(e)3e
a% ,%a)* de de2'¡9a(¡e)3* a25(¡d*,
Fh = Ka = S5(a3*.¡a de %a2 I5e.9a2 h*.¡9*)3a%e2 ac35a)d* ,a.a%e%a(e)3e a%
,%a)* de de2%¡9a(¡e)3*.
I = C*eI¡c¡e)3e de I.¡cc¡=) -5e de,e)de de %a2 ca.ac3e.<23¡ca2 de 25e%*,

łMPFJł AC†LVO

! Hg
( s»ç8−Çs»ç 8− s»ç @
S S
µ
1a = ‘ * ½ *y. * ß = cos&
2 ‘ ^’ f “ 8 − s»ç“
S"S8 + flS"S
$ ˙`
‘ ¡

S¡= Œ = + (3a%5d h*.¡9*)3a%), e)3*)ce2

D*)de: Ø = ;)g5%* de I0!cc!=) ")3e0)a

ða4u fos ½a»uePSPua»ayv 5e¶ 0¡SEffO 0E 0EFEffSA ª¡8EªEffA


P&gina t»s
F2lVEªSJO9O 29ClO29L OE J2GE2lEªÍ9
F9CFLf9O OE l2GE2fEªfi9 CfVfŁ

C5O4554lL
$;$ )*)&@B$; 0$ 9;8@)&&-H6 ()0 5$@);,$0 %$?) E )C,@$; 0$ *B+$ ()0 5$@);-$ $ @;$CG? ()0
)6;8'$(8 ?) &86?-();$ )6 )0 ,6*8;5) )0 B?8 () +)8@)D@,0)?, ()?&;-@8 E$ $6@);,8;5)6@)
(#); 3˛I˛3,6)
70 +)8@)DA-0 B?$(8 )? 9$;$ )*)'@B$; )2 '87@<81 9)<5$7)7@) () 0$ );8?.H7 ?B9)=.'.$2, )2
&B$0 )? *B6&-H6 ()0 98;&)6@$/) () ?B)08 $ ;)@)6); 98; )0 +)8@)DA,0 E :B) 9$?$ 0$ 5$03$
No 200.
") &87?-();$ )7 )0 9;)?)7@) -7*8;5) , :B) )4 98;')7@$/) () ?B)08 $ ;)@)7); 98; )0
)6;8&$(8, :B) 9$?$ 0$ 5$00$ No 200 )? &87?-();$(8 )0 3S% ()0 @8@$0˛ 8; 08 :B):
C)8@)DA-0 @)/,(8 &86 B6$ ł086+$&,H6> S0%
);5,@,C,($( = 0˛20 "łC (−I)
99)>B;$ 99$;)7@) (9O") = 0.2S 55.
!)?-?@)6&-$ C!9" =700 N.
!)?,?@)6',$ $0 B7F87$5-)7@8 = 2S0N˛
!)?,?@)7&,$ 8B;?@ =I300 K9?

GasK †gse Ua»ue1½uursa$a 5eqg OlSE2O OE OEFE2S9 ªlBEªE29


P&gina ½’
FN!KŁªS!O9O N9ClON91 OŁ !NGŁNlŁªÍ9
F9CFLI9O OŁ !NGŁNlŁªÍ9 C!K!L

%*/+>+9)0% +9D>+ +62%?, ":> 2: D%9D: 9: *+(+9 ?+> *+ D%7%L: E90->7+, G9 +2


)E%*>: N❑ S,h,2.Ð., ?+ =>+?+9D% 2% *0?D>0(E)0M9 .>%9E2:7KD>0)'. $+90+9*: ):7:
*%D: D@; = h,20 7

C7ADRO Ko \,t.2.Ð.
D!S†R!B7C!(K CRAK7LOWE†R!CA
9ORCŁKTAJŁ DŁ FLKO3 ”G2!NtH+ ”N K2 H" 2 (n)

O: 0,2SOA;=0,S0

9r0 O.³’K9¦sO G²

930 , S0DB&= ,60

9so 0.65D3g=0. 38

9ø 4, 80D g.s ,96

!B< I. DB<. =I.20

Dag I,20 !C= I.44

9‹0 I.60 D g=I.92

9eg I.80D g=2 I6

9r00 2.009ç0, =2.40

O+ %)E+>*: % 2% *0?D>0(E)0M9 .>%9E2:7KD>0)% =2%9D+%*% ?+ D0+9+s


9r00 (D%7%L: 7JG07:) = 2.Ð07
!B< = h,207
930 = 0.608
Dg = 0,S07

\.†.2.\ E&$e&#% de E"%#cad#


$ = 2 G 0 S0 #+?E3D%9*: E9 +?=+?:> *+ +9>:)%*: *+ 2˛Ð0 7.

\.t.2.6 Di&e)# de Gi!'%#


t9 +?D:? D0+7=:? H% 9: ?+ E?%9 4:? ,14D>:? *+ .>%F%, =:> +5 E?: *+ 7%9: *+ :(>% 7EH
09D+9?: 2: )E%2 +2+F%9 %2 ):?D:,
":> D%9D: ):7: 7%D+>0%2 *+ ,03D>: ?+ ED030I%>J G+:D+GD03.

@a c $ns »»fi“t»ar«a/a 5egn@ O!SŁNO OŁ OŁFŁNS9 ª!8ŁªŁN9


P&gina l¦u
U2lVEªS'DAD 2AClO2AL DE l2GE2!EªÍA
FACULNAD DE f2GE2lEªÍA ClV!L

ŁßPUJŁ PASGVO S
( s»fi ¢ t Çs»fi 2 ¢ — s»fi 2 $) †
¹ ?
Kp
łff = *K „ *μ,,ı *fi – cosP ,
} ?
” ”
s»4 – Çí»4 − í»4 $) ˙“
¡

"l: & s + (#%09( -36.=328%0), )2832')7


>
Up = 8%2 ’‘ ’ %)

!%6% )0 '?0'903 () )78%&/0.(%( 7) 8.)2) 037 7.,9.)28)7 (%837:

; = I.8O $1³ & =

= 3Oo * = O.6

AL DŁSLGZAßGŁN†O

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