1.

0 Introduction
Engineering geology is a subfield of geological study concerning about the
geological inputs and the uses of the information to solve the engineering problems.
Over the past thousand million years of earth history the crust of the earth has been
mobile. As a consequence many of the rocks that we see now near of at the surface, no
matter what their origin have been squashed, stretched or fractured. Faults are
fractures which have had displacement of the rocks along them. The adjacent rock
masses slipped past one another in response to tension, compression or shearing
stress.

2.0 Objective

To plot ground profile and rock formations from geological map – faulted bedding.

3.0 Learning Outcomes

At the end of the course, students should be able to apply the knowledge and skills
they have learned to:

i. Students should able to plot subsurface profile.

ii. Students should able to understand the geological structure in subsurface
profile.
iii. Students should able to understand a history of the geological area.

4.0 Theory

A geological map is one, which shows in the first place, the occurrence and
distribution of the rocks at the surface of the ground. Conventional sign may show
certain facts of observation about them. The geological map allows the geological
structure of the country to be inferred.
 Beds of rocks are bounded by bedding surfaces, which may be horizontal,
tilted or bent in any form or direction. A series of beds which have been laid down
regularly one on the other, and which may be treated as a whole, form a conformable
series. It follows that the lower beds are the older. In such a series of bedding surfaces
are parallel. Each bedding surface is usually common to two beds of rock, being the
top of one and the bottom of the one next above. In the simplest case, these surfaces
are planes: bedding planes.

Beside that, Faults are fractures in the earth’s crust along which slippage or
displacement has occurred. As a result, formerly continuous beds have been
dislocated in a direction parallel to fault’s surface. The displacement may vary from a
few inches or less, to many miles. When subjected to great pressure, the earth’s crust
may have to withstand shear force in addition to direct compression. If the shear
forces so induced become excessive, failure will result, movement will take place
along the plane of failure until the unbalanced forces are equalized and a fault will be
the result.
5.0 Equipment And Materials

1. Geological Map 2. Graph

3. Pencil 4. Colour Pencils

5 Ruler
6.0 Procedure

Students should learn to familiarize and observe the samples according by doing few
physical tests and tabulate the results from the observation in the Table 1.1 attached
for:

i. Plot the cross-section with the horizontal and vertical scales accordingly to the
scale of the geological map on a piece of graph paper or blank sheet. Refer
Figure 1.1. The vertical scale is normally exaggerated to improve visibility of
the profile.

ii. Draw a line to join the line of cross-section on the map, says A - B.

iii. Using a blank piece of paper, mark the points of intersection accordingly
between the lines with the contours respective to its heights.

iv. Transfer the points to the cross-section profile respective to the heights of the
contours.

v. Join the points to form the profile of the ground elevation

7.0 Result And Analysis

By referring to Map B,

i. Determine the dip and strike of the coal seams.

ii. Determine the thickness of sandstone outcrop.

iii. Determine the dip and strike of the fault.

iv. Plot the rock outcrop and fault on the cross-section profile.

8.0 Question And Discussion

Explain types of fault (with the aid of diagram) and discuss how this structure
occurred.

The three common types of faults are normal faults, reversed fault and strike-
slip fault. In a normal fault the hanging wall is displaced downward relative to the
footwall. In the reversed faults the hanging wall is displaced upwards relative to
footwall. If the faults dip at angles less than 45 degree the term high thrust fault is
applied. Strike slip faults are the high angle fractures in which displacement is
horizontal, parallel to the strike of the fault plane. There is little or no vertical
movement.

Normal faults rarely are isolated fractures. Typically, a group of parallel

normal faults develops a step like arrangement, or a series of fault blocks. A narrow
block dropped down between two normal faults is called graben, and an upraised
block is called a horst.

Strike-slip faults have a different type of movement than normal and reverse
faults. You probably noticed that the blocks that move on either side of a reverse or
normal fault slide up or down along a dipping fault surface.
9.0 Conclusion

As the result, we can describe from this experiment is at the end of this, we will
knew a categories of fault was happen in our earth. From the diagram in the graph, we
can see more details about the fault were occurred in the earth crust. Faults are fractures
which have had displacement of the rocks along them.

A detailed geological map shows what it is you are standing on, where similar
rocks or sediments may be found, how old they are, what they are composed of, how they
formed, how they have been affected by faulting, folding or other geological processes
and what existing or potential mineral resources and geological hazards are nearby.
Geologic information shown on maps is necessary for countless reason, from finding
natural resources (water, minerals, oil and gas) to evaluating fundamental part of the
environment that controls distribution of plants and animals. General purpose geological
maps address all of these themes.

The adjacent rock masses slipped past one another in response to tension,
compression of shearing stress. Fault plane is the plane of dislocation along which
movements occur during faulting. Fault commonly create zones of broken ground weaker
and lass stable than the adjacent rock. Sudden movements along fault may cause
earthquakes.

The creation and behaviours of faults, in both an individual small fault and within
the greater fault zones which define the tectonic plates, is controlled by the relative
motion of rocks on either side of the fault surface. Because of friction and the rigidity of
the rock, the rocks cannot simply glide or flew past each other. Rather, stress builds up in
rocks and when it reaches a level that exceeds the strain threshold, the accumulated
potential energy is released as strain, which is focused into a plane along which relative
motion is accommodated.