DNV Standard 2-22 - Lifting Appliances

STANDARD FOR CERTIFICATION
No. 2.22
LIFTING APPLIANCES
OCTOBER 2008
This Standard for Certification includes all amendments and corrections up to April 2009.
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FOREWORD
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erty and the environment, at sea and onshore. DNV undertakes classification, certification, and other verification and consultancy
services relating to quality of ships, offshore units and installations, and onshore industries worldwide, and carries out research
in relation to these functions.
Standards for Certification
Standards for Certification (previously Certification Notes) are publications that contain principles, acceptance criteria and prac-
tical information related to the Society's consideration of objects, personnel, organisations, services and operations. Standards
for Certification also apply as the basis for the issue of certificates and/or declarations that may not necessarily be related to clas-
sification.
A list of Standards for Certification is found in the latest edition of Pt.0 Ch.1 of the ”Rules for Classification of Ships” and the
”Rules for Classification of High Speed, Light Craft and Naval Surface Craft”.
The list of Standards for Certification is also included in the current “Classification Services – Publications” issued by the Society,
which is available on request. All publications may be ordered from the Society’s Web site http://webshop.dnv.com/global/.
The Society reserves the exclusive right to interpret, decide equivalence or make exemptions to this Standard for Certification.
Amendments and Corrections
This document is valid until superseded by a new revision. Minor amendments and corrections will be published in a separate
document normally updated twice per year (April and October).
For a complete listing of the changes, see the “Amendments and Corrections” document located at:
http://webshop.dnv.com/global/, under category “Standards for Certification”.
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corrections.
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Standard for Certification of Lifting Appliances, October 2008
Page 3
Main changes to a great extent, carefully avoiding repetition of text and

tables found therein.
This Standard shall replace “Rules for Certification of Lifting
Appliances” (January 2007 reprint of the 1994 issue) and will — The fatigue calculations necessary are now based on the
enter into force 15 November 2008. presently valid 1998 edition of the Inter-European Crane
Standard (F.E.M), whereas the present "crane rules" are
The main changes are: based on the 1970 edition.
— The requirements for system equipment and system safety
— Detailed explanation regarding scope and procedures as are completely new: More extensive, less prescriptive, and
well as necessary documentation/calculations to be sub- thus leave the designers with a choice of how they will ar-
mitted for certification, have been added. range the safety goals to be met.
— The important material section has been completely re-or- — Five new appendices, in addition to the present two, have
ganized and made shorter. The Classification of Ship been added to enhance information and support for the us-
Rules, often referred to as the "ship rules", are referenced ers.
DET NORSKE VERITAS

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DET NORSKE VERITAS

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CONTENTS
CH. 1 GENERAL ............................................................. 9 B 200 Impact test temperatures .................................................26
B 300 Testing.............................................................................26
Sec. 1 General Information .......................................... 11
C. Rolled Steel not for Welding ................................................26
A. Objectives and Principles ..................................................... 11 C 100 General ............................................................................26
A 100 Introduction .....................................................................11 C 200 Bolts and nuts .................................................................26
A 200 Hierarchy of documents ..................................................11 C 300 Rolled rings .....................................................................26
A 300 Principles for application of requirements ......................11 C 400 Shafts and plates..............................................................26
A 400 Deviation from the requirements ....................................11
A 500 Conflicting codes ............................................................11 D. Steel Forgings .......................................................................26
A 600 Date of reference of applied codes..................................11 D 100 General ...........................................................................26
A 700 Organization of this Standard for Certification...............11 D 200 Forgings for general application .....................................27
D 300 Forged shackles, cargo hooks, swivels,
B. Application ........................................................................... 11 sockets and chains...........................................................27
B 100 Application......................................................................11 D 400 Bolts and nuts..................................................................27
D 500 Forged rings for slewing bearings...................................27
C. Definitions, Abbreviations, Symbols and References .......... 12
C 100 General ............................................................................12 E. Steel Castings........................................................................29
E 100 General ............................................................................29
D. Services................................................................................. 14
D 100 Objectives........................................................................14 F. Iron Castings.........................................................................29
D 200 Regulatory basis ..............................................................14 F 100 General ............................................................................29
D 300 Acceptance by National Authorities ...............................14 G. Steel Tubes, Pipes and Fittings.............................................29
E. Parts, Systems and Features covered by the Standard for G 100 General ............................................................................29
Certification .......................................................................... 15 H. Aluminium Alloy Structures.................................................29
E 100 General ............................................................................15 H 100 General ............................................................................29
E 200 Design assessment...........................................................15
E 300 Survey during fabrication and installation ......................15 I. Steel Wire Ropes ..................................................................29
E 400 Testing and marking........................................................15 I 100 General ............................................................................29
E 500 Extension of scope of work.............................................15 I 200 Materials..........................................................................29
E 600 Safe means of access and personnel safety devices ........15 I 300 Construction ....................................................................29
E 700 Reduced scope of work ...................................................15 I 400 Testing.............................................................................30
F. Type of Services ................................................................... 16 J. Crane Manufacturing and Construction................................30
F 100 Basic certification ...........................................................16 J 100 General ............................................................................30
F 200 Class covered cranes .......................................................16 J 200 Welding procedure specifications...................................30
F 300 Assignments completed before installation ....................16 J 300 Welding consumables .....................................................30
F 400 Verifications....................................................................16 J 400 Forming of materials.......................................................30
F 500 Review in accordance with other standards ....................17 J 500 Welding preparation........................................................31
F 600 Customers who may request certification and J 600 Welding performance......................................................31
verification ......................................................................17 J 700 Repair of welds ...............................................................31
F 700 Written confirmation.......................................................17 J 800 Heat-treatment after forming and welding......................31
F 800 Certificate annotations ....................................................17 J 900 Production weld tests ......................................................31
J 1000 Inspection and testing of welds.......................................31
CH. 2 TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS..................... 19 J 1100 NDT-procedures and NDT-operators .............................32
J 1200 Weld acceptance criteria .................................................32
Sec. 1 Documentation.................................................... 21 J 1300 Material protection against corrosion .............................32
A. Documentation and Information to be Sec. 3 Structural Design and Strength of Cranes ...... 33
Submitted.............................................................................. 21
A 100 General ...........................................................................21 A. Group Classification of Lifting Appliances..........................33
A 200 Documentation ...............................................................21 A 100 General ............................................................................33
A 300 Specifications and information .......................................21 A 200 Fatigue calculations of cranes and
A 400 Material grades and certificates ......................................21 components applicable to strength calculations..............33
A 500 Components and accessories...........................................21
B. Design Loads ........................................................................33
B. Calculations to be Included in the Documentation............... 23 B 100 General ...........................................................................33
B 100 Necessary calculations ....................................................23 B 200 Principal loads.................................................................34
B 300 Vertical Loads due to operational motions .....................34
C. Design and Extreme Temperature ........................................ 23 B 400 Horizontal loads due to operational motions ..................35
C 100 Design temperature .........................................................23 B 500 Loads due to motion of vessel on which
C 200 Extreme low temperature ................................................23 the crane is mounted .......................................................36
B 600 Loads due to climatic effects ..........................................36
D. Design Conditions (environmental, operational) for B 700 Miscellaneous loads ........................................................36
Machinery and Systems........................................................ 23 B 800 Loads for strength analysis of mechanisms ....................36
D 100 General ............................................................................23
C. Cases of Loading ..................................................................37
Sec. 2 Materials and Fabrication ................................. 25 C 100 General ............................................................................37
C 200 Case I: Crane working without wind ..............................37
A. General.................................................................................. 25 C 300 Case II: Crane working with wind ..................................37
A 100 Scope ...............................................................................25 C 400 Case III: Crane subjected to exceptional loadings ..........37
A 200 Required documentation .................................................25
A 300 Steel manufacturing process ...........................................25 D. Strength Calculations............................................................37
A 400 Material manufacture survey, certification and D 100 General ............................................................................37
testing procedures ...........................................................25 D 200 Checking with respect to excessive yielding ..................37
A 500 Retesting..........................................................................25 D 300 Checking with respect to buckling..................................38
D 400 Checking with respect to fatigue.....................................38
B. Rolled Structural Steel for Welding ..................................... 25
B 100 General ............................................................................25 E. Design and Strength of Particular Components....................39
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E 100 General............................................................................ 39 Sec. 7 Testing and Test Certificates Marking............. 60

E 200 Buckling stability of jibs................................................. 39
E 300 Slewing bearing for jib cranes ........................................ 39 A. Functional Testing of Completed Lifting Appliances ..........60
E 400 Flanges ............................................................................ 40 A 100 General............................................................................ 60
E 500 Pedestal and pedestal adapter for jib cranes ................... 41 A 200 Prime movers and fluid power systems .......................... 60
A 300 Governing and monitoring systems ................................ 60
Sec. 4 Conventional Cargo Gear, Cargo Ramps A 400 Electrical installations..................................................... 60
and movable Cargo Decks.................................. 42 A 500 Brakes ............................................................................. 60
A 600 Safety equipment ............................................................ 60
A. General.................................................................................. 42
A 100 Definitions ...................................................................... 42 B. Load Testing .........................................................................60
A 200 Scope............................................................................... 42 B 100 General............................................................................ 60
B 200 Test weights .................................................................... 60
A 300 Classification .................................................................. 42 B 300 Test loads ........................................................................ 60
A 400 Operational limitations ................................................... 42 B 400 Examination after testing................................................ 61
B. Basic Requirements .............................................................. 42 B 500 Certificates...................................................................... 61
B 100 Materials ........................................................................ 42 B 600 Procedure for load testing of a lifting appliance............. 61
B 200 Wire ropes....................................................................... 42 C. Testing of Steel Wire Ropes .................................................62
B 300 Welding and workmanship ............................................. 42 C 100 Cross reference ............................................................... 62
C. Derrick Systems.................................................................... 42 C 200 Certificates...................................................................... 62
C 100 Rigging plan and force diagram...................................... 42 D. Marking and Signboards.......................................................62
C 200 Basic design assumptions ............................................... 42 D 100 General............................................................................ 62
C 300 Allowable stresses........................................................... 42 D 200 Derrick booms ................................................................ 62
C 400 Union purchase arrangement .......................................... 43 D 300 Cranes ............................................................................. 62
C 500 Stayed masts and derrick posts ....................................... 43 D 400 Blocks ............................................................................. 62
C 600 Un-stayed masts and derrick posts.................................. 44 D 500 Slings and lifting tackles................................................. 62
C 700 Derrick booms................................................................. 44
App. A Wind Loads on Cranes....................................... 63
D. Cargo Ramps and Movable Cargo Decks............................. 45
D 100 Structural strength........................................................... 45 A. Wind Load Calculation.........................................................63
D 200 Mechanism and operational safety ................................. 45 A 100 General............................................................................ 63
A 200 Wind force on flat surfaces............................................. 63
Sec. 5 Machinery and Equipment ................................ 46 A 300 Wind force on bodies of flat surfaces ............................. 63
A 400 Wind force on structural members ................................. 63
A. Basic Requirement................................................................ 46 A 500 Air velocity pressure....................................................... 64
A 100 Materials ......................................................................... 46
A 200 Arrangement and general design of App. B Marking of Single-sheave Blocks ...................... 65
components and equipment ............................................ 46
A 300 Ventilation ...................................................................... 46 A. General..................................................................................65
A 400 Strength........................................................................... 46 A 100 Method of marking the safe working load...................... 65
B. Components .......................................................................... 46 App. C Ship Mounted Cranes without
B 100 Winches .......................................................................... 46 Jib Support in Transit Condition ...................... 66
B 200 Drums.............................................................................. 46
B 300 Brakes ............................................................................. 47 A. Example on Checking for Compliance with
B 400 Steel wire rope with fittings and anchorages .................. 48 the Structural Strength Requirements of Sec.3.....................66
B 500 Sheaves ........................................................................... 48 A 100 General............................................................................ 66
B 600 Anti-breakdown device for slewing mechanism ............ 49 A 200 Case of loading to be considered .................................... 66
B 700 Lifting gear, including loose gear and grabs................... 49 A 300 Calculation of vessel motion .......................................... 66
B 800 Chains ............................................................................. 49 A 400 Calculation of loading due to vessel motion................... 66
B 900 Skids ............................................................................... 49 A 500 Calculation of wind load................................................. 66
A 600 Checking with respect to excessive yielding .................. 66
C. Power Systems...................................................................... 49 A 700 Checking with respect to buckling ................................. 67
C 100 Prime movers .................................................................. 49 A 800 Checking with respect to fatigue .................................... 67
C 200 Power independency ....................................................... 49 A 900 Considerations not included in DNV’s approach ........... 67
D. Electrical Installations, Equipment and Systems.................. 49 App. D Examples on Requirements for
D 100 General............................................................................ 49 Documentation for Acceptance of
D 200 Plans and specifications .................................................. 50 Works Certificates .............................................. 69
E. Hydraulic, Pneumatic, Instrumentation, Automation A. Winches* for Shipboard Cranes ...........................................69
and Wireless Remote Control Systems ................................ 50 A 100 Case 1. Designed in accordance with applicable,
E 100 Hydraulic systems........................................................... 50 recognised standard ........................................................ 69
E 200 Testing ............................................................................ 51
E 300 Pneumatic systems.......................................................... 51 B. Winches* for Shipboard Cranes ...........................................69
E 400 Control and monitoring systems ..................................... 51 B 100 Case 2. Designed in accordance with
E 500 Wireless remote control systems .................................... 51 this Certification Standard .............................................. 69
C. Transmission gears for non-critical application ..................70
Sec. 6 Safety and Safety Equipment ............................ 53 C 100 Designed in accordance with this
A. Safety ................................................................................... 53 Certification Standard or other recognised standard ...... 70
A 100 Operator's cabin .............................................................. 53 D. Hydraulic cylinders exempted from DNV certification .......70
A 200 Platforms, access gangways and operator’s cabins ........ 53 D 100 Conditions for use........................................................... 70
A 300 Parking and precautions against wind loads ................... 53
A 400 Protection and precautions against fire........................... 53 App. E Examination of Brackets, Skids and
A 500 Safety functions and equipment, offshore cranes ........... 53 Monorails ............................................................. 71
A 600 Safety functions and equipment for
ordinary shipboard cranes, industrial cranes and A. Purpose .................................................................................71
cargo decks/ramps........................................................... 57 A 100 Questions related to specific lifting appliances and
A 700 Lifting of personnel ....................................................... 58 fundaments...................................................................... 71
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A 200 Brackets...........................................................................71 App. G Verification Guideline for

A 300 Skids................................................................................71 Safety Functions.................................................. 82
A 400 Monorails .......................................................................71
A 500 Testing of standard brackets A. Application, Scope and Objective ........................................82
(lifting lugs, pad eyes) ...................................................72 A 100 Application......................................................................82
A 200 Verification .....................................................................82
App. F Register and Certificate Forms ......................... 73 A 300 Scope...............................................................................82
A 400 Objective .........................................................................82
A. List Forms............................................................................. 73
A 100 General ............................................................................73 B. Verification Procedure .........................................................82
A 200 Relevant forms ................................................................73 B 100 General ............................................................................82
B 200 Explanation of the verification
B. Sample Copies ...................................................................... 73 templates elements ..........................................................83
B 300 Verification sheet templates............................................83
C. Required Documentation and Information ...........................91
C 100 Documentation ................................................................91
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DET NORSKE VERITAS

STANDARD FOR CERTIFICATION OF
LIFTING APPLIANCES
CHAPTER 1
GENERAL
CONTENTS PAGE
Sec. 1 General Information ................................................................................................................. 11
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Veritasveien 1, NO-1322 Høvik, Norway Tel.: +47 67 57 99 00 Fax: +47 67 57 99 11
Ch.1 Sec.1 – Page 11
SECTION 1
GENERAL INFORMATION
A. Objectives and Principles — Chapter 1: General information, application, definitions

and references. Description of applicable services and re-
A 100 Introduction lations to rules and regulation from institutions other than
101 This Standard for Certification provides criteria and DNV.
guidance for certification and verification of the design, mate- — Chapter 2: Requirements and technical provisions.
rials, fabrication, installation, testing and commissioning of — Appendices (included in Ch.2).
lifting appliances.
A 200 Hierarchy of documents
B. Application
201 The Standard for Certification consists of a three level
hierarchy of documents. B 100 Application
— Chapter 1 “General” Provides principles and procedures 101 The Standard for Certification applies to:
of DNV classification, certification, verification- and – — shipboard cranes
consultancy services. — conventional cargo gear derrick systems and other lifting
— Chapter 2 “Technical Requirements” Provides technical appliances (cargo ramps and movable decks) onboard a
provisions and acceptance criteria as well as the technical ship or other floating vessel
basis for the services stated in Chapter 1. — offshore cranes
— Appendices. Provide proven technology and sound engi- — industrial cranes
neering practice as well as guidance for the higher level — various types of lifting gear.
documents mentioned in Chapter 1 and Chapter 2.
102 The application as listed in 101 is to be understood as
A 300 Principles for application of requirements follows:
301 The standard selected for the design of a lifting appli-
ance should be applied consequently from concept design a) Shipboard cranes and conventional cargo gear derricks
through the final construction, including major modifications. are:
302 Requirements presented herein are minimum require- — Lifting appliances onboard ships and offshore units
ments to be satisfied, but shall take into account available tech- intended for cargo handling in harbours, sheltered wa-
nological and technical improvements at the time of ters, within the deck area or below deck (e.g. engine
application for certification. Prescriptive requirements are not room cranes).
intended to inhibit application of practical improvements. — Lifting appliances on non-buoyant offshore installa-
303 The requirements of this Standard for Certification may tions, for cargo handling within the deck area.
be supplemented with additional requirements where installa- Guidance note:
tion of specific design or assessment shows that higher stand- Hose handling cranes intended for operation outside the
ards are more appropriate. deck area in open sea may normally be categorized as ship-
board cranes. However, based on special consideration a
A 400 Deviation from the requirements categorization as offshore crane may be required.
401 Without prejudice to 302, deviations from the require- ---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e---
ments of this Standard may only be substituted where shown
to provide an equivalent or higher level of integrity or safer b) Offshore cranes are:
than under this standard.
— Lifting appliances on offshore installations and ships
402 At the Society’s discretion it can accept equivalent solu- intended for loading and discharging of offshore sup-
tions and exemptions from the requirements of this Standard. ply vessels, barges etc., or from the sea or seabed.
— Lifting appliances based on a bulk carrier or barge lift-
A 500 Conflicting codes ing from another bulk carrier or barge at open sea.
501 In case of conflict between requirements of this Stand- Guidance note:
ard for Certification and a reference document, the require- The information in the requirements in Ch.2 Sec.1 B104 dis-
ments of this certification standard shall prevail. tinguishes between lifts from vessels and lifts from the sea/
seabed.
A 600 Date of reference of applied codes
---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e---
601 Where reference is made to codes other than DNV doc-
uments, the valid revision shall be taken as the revision which c) Industrial cranes are:
was current at the date of issue of this Standard, unless other-
wise noted. — Lifting appliances onshore or offshore and not be-
longing to the categories mentioned in a) or b) above.
A 700 Organization of this Standard for Certification
103 The Standard also applies to mobile cranes, i.e. crane
701 It is a principal object of the certification standard to dis- that are transported by vehicle or other means from one loca-
tinguish clearly between: tion to another, and cranes that can move long distances by
road by means of their own machinery and wheel arrangement.
— information and description of services In the latter case the moving machinery and its arrangement as
— requirements. well as the overturning stability of the mobile crane are not
Consequently, these two subjects are separated, and the Stand- covered by the certification.
ard for Certification is divided into three parts: 104 The Standard does not apply to cable cranes, personnel
DET NORSKE VERITAS

Page 12 – Ch.1 Sec.1
lifts (elevators), jacks, overhead drilling equipment, fork lifts, sary to obtain a unit deflection at the hook level.
portable hoisting gear etc. 110 Customer
105 Personnel lifting with cranes otherwise designed for lift- Signifies the party who has requested the Society’s service.
ing of loads/cargo may be covered upon agreement.
111 Dead loads
106 Lifting appliances rated to a safe working load of less
than 10 kN will be especially considered. All the loads of constant magnitude and position that act per-
manently on the structure or member and that are not subjected
to inertia forces. The working load is not included in the dead
load.
C. Definitions, Abbreviations, Symbols and 112 Designer
References Signifies a party who creates documentation submitted to the
C 100 General Society for approval or information.
101 Active cable tensioning system (ACT) 113 Design approval
System keeping the tension of the hoisting wire to a given set Verifying that a design, represented by a drawing or set of
point value. drawings, is found to comply with all requirement of a speci-
fied standard or regulation.
Guidance note:
Guidance note:
A supply of external energy is required.
Only drawings are subject for design approval. Descriptions,
---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e--- specifications, calculations, etc. are not considered for approval.
102 Active heave compensation system (AHC) ---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e---
System that maintains the position of the load to a given set Guidance note:
point value. In DNV’s business procedures design approvals are valid for one
Guidance note: order only. One order, however, may include a specified number
of units for specified locations/vessels.
A supply of external energy is required.
114 Design approval letter
103 Actual hook load
Written confirmation of a design approval.
The static weight of the load attached to the hook; includes the
useful load lifted plus any loose gear used, such as slings, lift- 115 Design Assessment for Type Approval
ing beams, etc. Examination and acceptance of a design for Type Approval.
104 Additional Equipment and System Notation The Type Approval will be assigned first after a prototype test
also has been successfully carried out.
Code used by the classification societies to confirm that a ves-
sel possesses certain systems, equipment or features covered 116 Design dynamic factor
by the classification. (Examples are HELDK, CRANE, E0 The dynamic factor applied to the working load for a specific
and F-AMC). SWL
Guidance note: Guidance note:
E0 means that the vessel complies with requirements for having For an offshore crane the design dynamic factor is normally re-
unattended machinery space and F-AMC means that the vessel ferred to the still water condition for determining the SWL at still
complies with requirements for additional fire protection, in this water. The design dynamic factor may, however, be defined also
case both for Accommodation, Machinery space and Cargo to refer to a specified significant wave height.
space.
117 Design Verification Report (DVR)
105 Additional Service and Type Notation
Formalized report confirming the result of a completed verifi-
Code used by the classification societies to define a type of cation assignment.
vessel related to its most typical service. (Tanker for Oil, Pas-
senger Vessel and Crane Vessel are typical examples). 118 Dynamic factor
106 Automatic overload protection system (AOPS) Also named dynamic coefficient. A variable factor represent-
ing the dynamic effects that the working load is exposed to.
A system that automatically safeguards and protects the crane
against overload and “over-moment” during operation by al- 119 Dynamic load
lowing the hook to be pulled away from the crane in order to The working load when subjected to (multiplied with) a dy-
avoid significant damage. namic factor.
107 Certificate of Conformity 120 Dynamic load chart
A document attesting that a product or service is in conformity Diagram or table showing rated capacity depending on sea
with specific standards or technical specifications. (ISO “Cer- state and on radius or boom angle.
tification - Principles and practice.”, 1980).
121 Heavy lift crane
108 Competent Person/Body
Crane with SWL above 200 tons.
Person or body possessing knowledge and experience required
for performing thorough examination and test of lifting appli- 122 Inertia forces
ances and loose gear, and who is acceptable to the competent The forces induced by change of velocity.
authority. 123 Inspection Release Note (IRN)
109 Crane stiffness Report confirming survey work/results of a provisional phase
Coefficient defined as the weight attached to the hook neces- completed. Often used for a component partially completed by
DET NORSKE VERITAS

one manufacturer before it is sent for completion by another. Document issued under the rules of a certification system, in-
Classification Societies will normally use a Survey Report, but dicating adequate confidence is provided that a duly identified
IRNs are sometimes preferred, for example by the offshore in- product is in conformity with a specified standard or normative
dustry. document.
124 Lifting appliance 139 Product Certificate (DNV’s)
Machine or appliance used for the purpose of lifting goods and Det Norske Veritas Product Certificate is a document signed
materials, or in special modes, personnel. by a surveyor of the Society stating:
125 Lifting accessories — conformity with rule or certification standard require-
As for lifting gear, see below. ments
126 Lifting equipment — that tests are carried out on the certified product itself
— that tests are made on samples taken from the certified
General expression including lifting appliances, lifting gear, product itself
loose gear and other lifting attachments; used separately or in — that tests are performed in presence of the surveyor or in
combination. accordance with special agreements.
127 Lifting gear
140 Purchaser
Load carrying accessories used in combination with a lifting
appliance, however, that are not necessarily a part of the per- Company or person who orders the lifting equipment from a
manent arrangement of the lifting appliance, such as: manufacturer. This standard does not necessarily require that
the purchaser will need to have any direct relationship to or
— attachment rings, shackles, swivels, balls, pins communication with DNV.
— sheaves, hook-blocks, hooks, load cells 141 Rated capacity
— loose gear.
Actual hook load that the crane is designed to lift for a given
Guidance note: operating condition (e.g. boom configuration, reeving arrange-
Lifting gear, considered as separate components, shall be de- ment, offlead/sidelead, heel/trim, radius, wave height, etc.)
signed and tested in accordance with the provisions for loose 142 Recognised manufacturer
gear.
A manufacturer that DNV’s local survey station accepts as
competent to produce the product in question. If found neces-
128 Load chart sary, DNV’s local survey station may initiate investigation re-
garding the manufacturer’s competence and quality control
Diagram or table showing rated capacity depending on radius regime.
or boom angle.
143 Risk
129 Loose gear
Combination of the probability of occurrence (frequency) of
Loose gear are equipment used to attach the useful load to the harm and the severity (consequence) of the harm.
hook, such as slings, nets, baskets, chains, links, rings, shack-
les, lifting beams and frames, spreaders, grabs, loading pallets, 144 Risk control measure (RCM)
skids, etc., but which do not form a part of the useful load, A means of controlling a single element of risk; typically, risk
which is normally not permanently attached to the hook, and control is achieved by reducing either the consequence or the
which may be stored separately from the crane. frequencies.
130 Man riding winch 145 Running rigging
Device specially designed for hoisting/lowering of a person. Wire ropes passing over rope sheaves of guide rollers, or
131 Manual overload protection system (MOPS) wound on winches, irrespective of whether or not the ropes are
moved under load.
System, activated by the crane operator, protecting the crane
against overload and “over-moment” by reducing the load-car- 146 Reference SWL
rying capacity and allowing the hook to be pulled away from A theoretically increased SWL used for determining of over-
the crane. load for load tests. Used when the design dynamic factor (see
132 Mean time to failure (MTTF) above) exceeds 1.33. (See Ch.2 Sec.7 B301).
The mean value of service time until failure occurs. 147 Safe Working Load (SWL)
133 Overload Also called rated load or rated capacity. The actual hook load
permitted for a given operating condition (e.g. configuration,
Load which exceeds the Safe Working Load (SWL). position of load).
134 Over-moment 148 Significant wave height Hsign
Load moment which exceeds the maximum load moment Average height of the highest one third of the individual wave
(Safe Working Load (SWL) multiplied by radius). heights in a short-term constant seastate, typically 3 hours.
135 Passive cable tensioning system (PCT) 149 Standing rigging
System keeping the tension of the hoisting wire between pre- Ropes that are not turned round or wound on to winches (e.g.
defined limits, using stored energy. guided wires, pendants, stays).
136 Passive heave compensation system (PHC) 150 Subsea cranes
System that maintains the position of the load between prede- Cranes intended for handling submerged loads.
fined limits, using stored energy.
151 Type Approval
137 Probability of failure on demand (PFD)
Approval of conformity with specified requirements on the ba-
Probability of failure on demand. sis of systematic examination of one or more specimens of a
138 Product Certificate (general) product representative of the production.
DET NORSKE VERITAS

152 Verification D. Services

A service that signifies a confirmation through the provision of
objective evidence (analysis, observation, measurement, test, D 100 Objectives
records or other evidence) that specified requirements have 101 The objective is to present an overview of possible com-
been met. See also the Note in the introduction to F400. binations of the different services offered. Furthermore, vari-
153 Working load (suspended load) ous alternatives are described for DNV confirmation of the
various services. See also Table F1.
The static weight of the useful load lifted, plus the weight of
the lifting gear. The working load is subjected to inertia forces. 102 The purpose of the objectives in 101 is to enable the gen-
eral objectives to be met as described in A200.
103 Documentation of Services are shown in Fig.1
SERVICES DOCUMENTS
requested that may be issued
DESIGN ASSESSMENT
Design
Verification
Report
Design Approval Letter
MANUFACTURING
SURVEY Manufacturing
Survey
Report
Manufacturing Survey Report
” Certificate of
TESTS Conformity”
at the
or if loose gear
MANUFACTURER
(Optional ) DNV Product Certificate
Type CG3
or
Survey Report
confirming
Design Approval ,
SURVEY Manufacturing Survey
OF and Tests
INSTALLATION
AT
FINAL LOCATION
DNV
Product Certificate
Type CG2
for Lifting Installations
FINAL
TESTS (complies with ILO )
Mandatory if class
coverage is requested
Figure 1
Documentation of Services
Alternatives for documentation that may be issued to Custom- Health and Safety Authorities require that lifting appliances
ers depending on type and combination of services requested. and loose gear shall be certified. Normally, DNV’s certifica-
tion in accordance with this certification standard will satisfy
D 200 Regulatory basis the authorities’ requirements.
201 The Standard for Certification is based on DNV’s under- 302 In cases where requirements laid down by the pertinent
standing and interpretation of the ILO Convention No.152 of body exceeds the DNV requirements described in Ch.2, DNV
1979. may, as a voluntary service, include the additional require-
ments in the examination and confirm whether or not they are
D 300 Acceptance by National Authorities found to be fulfilled
301 A number of bodies, such as Port Authorities, Maritime 303 The conditions for review in accordance with other bod-
Authorities, Shelf Authorities and Municipal or Governmental ies’ requirements are as set out in F500.
DET NORSKE VERITAS

E. Parts, Systems and Features covered by the 203 The design approval may be obtained either on a case-
Standard for Certification by-case basis or as a general approval, Type Approval.
The Type Approval means that the design as approved can be
E 100 General applied for identical units to be fabricated, i.e. requested docu-
101 The following parts, components and systems are cov- ments need not be submitted for each unit.
ered by the Standard of Certification: The Type Approval will be based on certain conditions and its
period of validity will be limited.
— all load-carrying structural members and components of
the lifting appliance Reference is made to DNV Certification Note No. 1.2 “Type
— cargo hooks, chains, rings, blocks, sheaves, shackles, lift- Approval” December 1996 or later issue.
ing beams, swivels and ropes
— structural integrity of grabs, hydraulic dampers or other E 300 Survey during fabrication and installation
load transferring components 301 Normally, a survey during manufacture of each separate
— rope drums lifting appliance shall be carried out by the Society's surveyor
— slewing bearing including fasteners in order to ascertain compliance with the approved drawings,
— power systems (for hoisting, derricking, slewing and trav- other requirements of this certification standard as well as gen-
elling) eral good workmanship.
— brakes and braking systems 302 As an alternative to survey during manufacture of each
— safety equipment separate lifting appliance, modified survey procedures and sur-
— protection against fire vey arrangements may be accepted provided the manufacturer
— seating and fasteners for prime movers, winches and for operates a quality-assurance system approved and certified by
bearings of power transmitting components the Society.
— instrumentation and automation
— electrical installation, see Ch.2 Sec.5. 303 After a lifting appliance has been installed on its perma-
nent foundation, and before testing can take place, it is to be
102 The following activities are covered by the Standard for subjected to a survey by a surveyor of the Society.
Certification:
E 400 Testing and marking
— design assessment 401 Components and each completed lifting appliance shall
— survey during fabrication and installation be subjected to functional testing and load-testing as specified
— witness testing and marking. in Ch.2 Sec.7.
E 200 Design assessment E 500 Extension of scope of work
201 Load-carrying and other important components of a lift- 501 Upon request from the Customer, the scope of work may
ing appliance are subject to design assessment with respect to be extended beyond the subjects and aspects covered in this
strength and suitability for its purpose. A design approval is certification standard.
granted when the design assessment has been concluded with-
out detection of non-compliances. 502 Extensions shall be agreed in writing. DNV may, if
found necessary, require that the Customer presents reference
The design assessment may be substituted, partly or complete- documents for the extended scope of work, such as authority
ly, by enhanced manufacturing survey and/or testing. In cases regulations, norms and standards.
where the substitutions are applied for by the Customer, agree-
ments shall be made between the Customer and the Society re- 503 In case of disputes regarding interpretations of require-
garding possible reductions of documentation to be submitted ments on which extended work is based, the Customer must
for approval/information. contact the publisher/owner of the requirements and obtain
their written interpretation.
Upon special agreement, the design assessment may be substi-
tuted by a strength evaluation based upon testing until failure. If the publisher/owner is not willing to interpret the disputed
requirement, or an interpretation for other reasons cannot be
Strength examination of components related to power supply acquired, the respective extension of the scope of work must be
and safety equipment is normally not carried out by the Socie- omitted.
ty.
Guidance note: E 600 Safe means of access and personnel safety devices
The Society’s splitting of the certification process in the sequenc- 601 Personnel safety protection devices such as guard rails,
es design approval, manufacturing survey (including installation shielding, safety of ladders, etc. are not covered by this certifi-
survey) and testing, shall be considered as a part of the Society’s
internal scheme to organize its work. cation standard and the scope of work. If the Customer re-
quests that such aspects shall be covered, the provisions set out
The Society’s reports covering the separate phases is considered in E 500 shall be followed.
internal documents, and information enabling the progress of the
certification project. E 700 Reduced scope of work
The Society’s formal documentation of the certification to the
Customer will be the product certificate CG2 issued upon com- 701 Upon request from and agreement with the Customer,
pletion of the project. parts of the scope of work, components, systems or specific as-
An exemption to this principle is the below described Design As- pects or requirements may be excluded from the scope of work
sessment for Type Approval, which is a document completed for, specified in the certification standard. This will be annotated in
and which will be delivered to, the Customer who has ordered the the documentary evidence of the completed assignment (certif-
Type Approval. icate).
---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e--- 702 DNV will not agree to limit the scope of work or parts of
the suggested services if they are of the opinion that this may
202 Each lifting appliance is normally given a separate de- lead to hazards or unacceptable lowering of the safety stand-
sign approval. ard.
DET NORSKE VERITAS

F. Type of Services completion of the tests.

— Provisional certification after FAT-test. For instance, if fi-
F 100 Basic certification nal destination is not decided, or if the manufacturer is
101 The basic requirements presented in Ch.2 are considered producing for stock. Or the Customer has requested FAT-
to cover the requirements of the ILO Convention No.152 of tests and a documentary confirmation of the Society’s
1979 specified in D201. Lifting appliance and loose gear found service rendered until a certain point. A Manufacturing
to comply with these basic requirements are qualified for DNV Survey Report, Certificate of Conformity or Inspection Re-
product certification, whereupon the product certificate may lease Note (often preferred in the offshore industry) may
be issued, and the Cargo Gear Register (CG1 if published by be assigned.
the Society) may be endorsed.
See also Fig.1.
102 The basic requirement covers the three basic types of
cranes a), b) and c) defined in B102 as well as loose gear com- F 400 Verifications
ponents allocated the same types of cranes, as well as person-
Guidance note:
nel lifting as denoted in B105.
Verification constitutes a systematic and independent examina-
103 Some details of the basic requirements in Ch.2 are dif- tion of the product itself or its design and/or manufacturing to de-
ferent for the different types of cranes a), b) and c). Further- termine whether it is in compliance with some or all of the
more, some specific requirements are stated for cranes also specifications. Verification activities are expected to identify er-
used for personnel lifting. rors or failures in the work and to contribute to reducing the risks
to the operation of the product and to the health and safety of per-
F 200 Class covered cranes sonnel associated with it or in its vicinity or other unwanted sit-
uations.
201 On a voluntary basis, cranes installed onboard DNV
classed vessels and offshore installations may be included in Verification shall be complementary to routine design, construc-
the class. In such cases the vessel/ offshore installation will be tion and operations activities and not a substitute for the work,
and the assurance of that work, carried out by the Customer and
assigned the Additional Equipment and System Notation its contractors, it is inevitable that verification will duplicate
CRANE. some work that has been carried out previously by other parties
In order to obtain this notation at least one of the cranes on- involved.
board must have been certified in accordance with the basic re- The Society’s verification may be based on risk evaluation. This
quirements of Ch.2 as well as having been assigned the product is founded on the premise that the risk of failure can be assessed
certificate CG2. in relation to a level that is acceptable and that the verification
process can be used to manage that risk. The verification process
202 Vessels, barges and offshore installations whose main is therefore a tool to maintain the risk below the acceptance limit.
purpose is to support a crane, may be assigned the voluntary Verification based on risk aims to be developed and implemented
Additional Service and Type Notation Crane Vessel if the in such a way as to minimise additional work, and cost, but to
crane has been certified in accordance with the basic require- maximise its effectiveness. Society’s verification level will be
ments of Ch.2 and as well as having been assigned the product chosen based on experience combined with engineering judge-
certificate CG2. ment and the findings from the examination of documents and
production activities.
Guidance note:
DNV classed crane units fulfilling the requirements as specified ---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e---
in 202 will get the combined class notation:
401 The Society may upon request carry out specified exam-
1A1 Crane Vessel.
ination or combination of separate services referring to the re-
DNV classed crane vessels or crane barges where the crane (ma- quirements in Ch.2 or the related standards and services
jor crane) has not been subjected to DNV certification will have described in D and E and in this item.
the Main Character of Class 1A1.
For further information regarding e.g. the difference between the 402 The depth, thoroughness and completeness of the exam-
notations 1A1, see DNV’s Rules for Ships Pt.1 Ch.2 . inations must be agreed upon for each specific verification as-
In addition to the requirements specified in Ch.2 for cranes to be
signment, and shall be ambiguously described in the contract
certified by DNV, vessels or offshore units having cranes in- and in the documentation of the verification service.
stalled will be subjected to a number of obligatory class require- Guidance note:
ments. These requirements apply independently of whether or
not the cranes are certified by DNV and whether or not they are The Society is flexible in agreeing on type of documentation of
included in the class. They cover such topics as deck support, verification services performed. Normally, the Society’s propos-
foundations (pedestals), boom rests (cradles), electrical and hy- al will be to issue a verification report. For instance, for a com-
draulic power supply, earthing as well as trim, stability and bal- pleted design assessment the Society will suggest issuance of a
lasting conditioned by the cranes or their lifting operations. “Design Verification Report”.
The Society endeavours to find the best solution for issuance of
---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e--- required verification documentation.
203 Some of the requirements in this certification standard ---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e---
have been extended with additional detail requirements for
cranes to be covered by classification. 403 Whereas the scope, standards and acceptance criteria for
a certification or classification assignment is laid down by the
F 300 Assignments completed before installation Society, the scope, standards and acceptance criteria forming
301 Assignments completed at the manufacturers’ premises the basis for a verification assignment may, if requested, be
can be agreed. Such services are normally to be completed adapted to the needs and desires of the Customer. However, the
with monitoring of tests at the manufacturer, (FAT-tests). Ap- Society will decline to carry out a commission that may be
plicable reports or certificates may be issued. See also 302. used, intentionally or unintentionally, to mislead a third party
with regard to the safety of the object.
302 The reason for, or purpose of, such assignments may e.g.
be: 404 A verification report may be edited in accordance with
the Customer’s needs and requests. The Society is, however,
— Completed certification of loose gear or components. not prepared to omit non-conformances or other negative ob-
DNV will normally issue the product certificate CG3 after servations or results detected during the examinations.
DET NORSKE VERITAS

F 500 Review in accordance with other standards F 600 Customers who may request certification and
501 Upon request, additional requirements, other than verification
DNV’s own laid down in Ch.2, may be included in the exami- 601 Certification may be requested by:
nation work.
Examples on additional standards that have been found appli- — manufacturer of a complete lifting appliance
cable are: — manufacturer of components or loose gear
— owner/user of a lifting appliance
— EN13852 Offshore Cranes — owner of a ship, mobile offshore unit or offshore installa-
— EU Machinery Directive tion, etc.
— EU Machinery Directive Annex 4 — shipyard or offshore installation fabrication site, etc.
— NPD
— API 2C. 602 Verification services may be requested by persons/bod-
Applicable combinations of certification/verification assign- ies/institutions/companies possessing legitimate access to the
ments and review of additional requirements are illustrated in documentation forming the basis for the requested verification.
Table F1.
502 It is emphasized that the comparisons are based upon 603 Request for certification and verification shall be made
DNV’s understanding and interpretation of the additional re- in writing as specified in F700.
quirements.
F 700 Written confirmation
In cases where DNV’s interpretation is questioned or it gives
rise to conflicts between involved parties or for other reasons 701 Before a certification or verification assignment is com-
are considered inappropriate, DNV may refuse to carry out the menced, at least following shall be confirmed in writing:
work based on DNV’s own interpretation of the additional re-
quirements. In such cases, the Customer must obtain written — Which of the type a), b), or c) in accordance with B102 the
interpretation from the legislators/standard publishers. lifting appliance or lifting gear belongs to. For type b) it
must also be specified whether the crane is to lift loads
503 Commissions such as described in D302 and F 501 will from decks of other vessels or only from the sea/seabed.
normally be limited to the topics and aspects covered in the — Whether the assignment shall be amended to cover re-
DNV requirements in Ch.2. Upon request, however, the com- quirements for lifting of personnel.
missions may be extended to cover also additional topics. — Whether the assignment shall be amended to cover also re-
Such extensions and amendments of scope of work shall be requirements to qualify the lifting appliance for additional
flected in written agreements. class notations CRANE or Crane Vessel.
504 If it has been agreed to include additional requirements — Whether the assignment shall be amended to cover any of
in the certification work and the additional requirement is not the additional requirements listed in D302 or F501.
complied with, this shall be reported to the Customer in writ-
ing. F 800 Certificate annotations
505 Covering of additional requirements may be limited to; 801 Unless otherwise requested by the Customer, compli-
design assessment, manufacturing survey, installation survey ance with the requirements pertaining to the additional require-
and testing, or to any combinations of these phases. ments review as described in D302 or F501 shall be confirmed
in writing in the relevant documents.
506 The measures applied to demonstrate compliance with
the additional requirements dealt with in D302 and F501 shall Applicable combinations of DNV certification and verification
be documented by the Customer. and additional standards assumed especially relevant.
Table F1 Modular Service Scheme

Loose Industrial Shipboard cranes Offshore cranes lifting from Offshore cranes lifting
gear cranes sea or from seabed from other vessel
Basic certification X X X X X
(ILO)
Certification extended to
cover class X X X
(CRANE or
Crane Vessel)
EN 13852 X X
(verification)
EU Mach. Dir. X X X X X
(verification)
EU Mach. Dir.
ANNEX 4 X X X X
(verification)
NPD Guidelines
(verification) X X X X X
API 2C
(verification) X X
DET NORSKE VERITAS

DET NORSKE VERITAS

STANDARD FOR CERTIFICATION OF
LIFTING APPLIANCES
CHAPTER 2
TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS
CONTENTS PAGE
Sec. 1 Documentation ......................................................................................................................... 21
Sec. 2 Materials and Fabrication......................................................................................................... 25
Sec. 3 Structural Design and Strength of Cranes ................................................................................ 33
Sec. 4 Conventional Cargo Gear, Cargo Ramps andmovable Cargo Decks....................................... 42
Sec. 5 Machinery and Equipment ....................................................................................................... 46
Sec. 6 Safety and Safety Equipment ................................................................................................... 53
Sec. 7 Testing and Test Certificates Marking ..................................................................................... 60
App. A Wind Loads on Cranes ............................................................................................................. 63
App. B Marking of Single-sheave Blocks ............................................................................................ 65
App. C Ship Mounted Cranes Without Jib Support in Transit Condition ............................................ 66
App. D Examples on Requirements for Documentation for Acceptance of Works Certificates.......... 69
App. E Examination of Brackets, Skids and Monorails ....................................................................... 71
App. F Register and Certificate Forms................................................................................................. 73
App. G Verification Guideline for Safety Functions ............................................................................ 82
DET NORSKE VERITAS

Veritasveien 1, NO-1322 Høvik, Norway Tel.: +47 67 57 99 00 Fax: +47 67 57 99 11
SECTION 1
DOCUMENTATION
A. Documentation and Information to be tion Crane Vessel

Submitted — design criteria, including codes and standards etc. applied
for the structure, systems and details. See also B102
A 100 General — limitations of use and design ambient and operational con-
ditions for the lifting appliance
101 The documentation necessary for verification assign-
— type and make of prime mover or specification of other
ments will depend on the scope of work agreed. The documen-
tation and information requirements stated below are main power supply
necessary for design approval and ensuing certification. — emergency power supply, if arranged
— type of power systems applied for the various operations
A 200 Documentation and movements
— lists with functional description of applied hydraulic, elec-
201 For cranes to be certified, plans and supplementary doc- trical and pneumatic components
umentation (e.g. necessary calculations, see B) giving perti- — possible additional services requested. See Ch.1 Sec.1
nent particulars of the technical subjects listed below shall be E500
submitted in duplicate in ample time before fabrication of the — possible reduced scope of work requested. See Ch.1 Sec.1
lifting appliance: E700
— general arrangement of the lifting appliance including any — conflicting codes or standards identified. See Ch.1 Sec.1
hazardous area classification A500
— ratings of the lifting appliance — specific design features such as for instance: lifting with
— rigging plan/reeving plan grab, crane controlled by wireless remote control system,
— structural drawings with pertinent calculations lifting of persons, jib unsupported in transit condition, lo-
— slewing ring and fasteners cated in hazardous areas, etc.
— ropes, thimbles, shackles, swivels, chains, rings, etc. — crane Manual. *)
— hooks and blocks
— pins and sheaves *) To be presented for acceptance to the Society’s surveyor
— drums and brakes who shall monitor and accept the testing at the lifting in-
— gears transmitting braking forces stallation’s final location.
— braking systems 302 In order to implement dynamic amplification of the
— schematic diagram of: hydraulic systems, electrical sys- loads on the structures, dynamic factors are to be specified by
tems, pneumatic systems and instrumentation/automation the designer:
— material specifications. See also 400.
— safety equipment — industrial crane
— fire protection — shipboard crane
— extent, type and acceptance criteria for non-destructive — non-class related offshore crane
testing (NDT) — crane for lifting of submerged load.
— program for functional testing*. See also Sec.7 A
— program for load testing*. See also Sec.7 B For class-related offshore cranes, the determination of the dy-
— load charts and/or load tables. namic factors when lifting in waves is covered by the design
approval. See B104.
* See end of 301.
A 400 Material grades and certificates
A 300 Specifications and information 401 For specification of material grades, see Sec.2 A201.
301 In addition to the drawings, plans, diagrams and calcula-
tions listed in 200, following information and specifications 402 Material certificates shall be presented at the Society’s
shall be submitted: manufacturing survey and are not to be submitted for design
assessment. See also Sec.2 A401.
— name and address of crane manufacturer, vendors, crane
owner (if known) A 500 Components and accessories
— intended location of the crane 501 General requirements to documentation of components
— type of crane. See definitions of Ch.1 Sec.1 B102 and accessories are listed in Table A1. The table is intended as
— possible request for Additional Equipment and System easy reference only, and shall be interpreted in combination
Notation CRANE or Additional Service and Type Nota- with relevant text.
DET NORSKE VERITAS

Table A1 Crane components and accessories - general requirements
Design Inspection Type of Load test Before installation:

approval required material at Required documentation
required certificates 17) manufacturer’s
Survey Type of DNV
report certificates 16)
3.1 3.2
Sheaves 6) x 3)5) x 5) x x 5)
Sheave axles x x x x
Hooks, chains, swivels,
shackles 6) x 3)5) x 5) x x x 5) CG3 9)
Wire end terminations
(sockets, swaged lugs, etc.) x 3) x 4)
Hoisting blocks 7) x 3)5) x 5) x x x 5) CG3 9)
Ropes (steel wire or fibre) 6) CG4 10)
Winches incl. brakes, drum,
support 8) x 5) x 5) x x 5) Prod. Cert.
Transmission gears 8) x 5) x 5) x x 5) Prod. Cert.
Slewing rings x x 12) 1) 2) x 12) Prod. Cert. 11)12)
Slewing ring bolts x x 12) 1) 2) x 12) Prod. Cert 11)12)
Hydraulic cylinders 15) x 13)14) x 13) x 13) Prod. Cert. 13)
Hydraulic system: Design/System review. the scope of certification. See also Appendix D regarding
documentation to be submitted.
Hydraulic Manufacturers’ pressure test
components: certificate. Functional testing required.
Electrical system: Design/System review. If certified by the gear manufacturer or other Competent
Person/Body than DNV, the following shall be complied
Electrical cables and In accordance with DNV’s Rules with:
accessories: (type approval or case by case).
Electrical motors: DNV certificate in case of class no- — A Certificate of Conformity or equivalent document
tations CRANE or Crane Vessel covering functional test shall be submitted.
above 100 kW. Otherwise manufac- — Sectional drawings containing relevant parameters
turers’ test certificate acceptable. including torque capacity shall be submitted for com-
pletion of DNV’s files (1 copy).
Diesel engine: To be in accordance with Ship Rules
Pt.4 Ch. 2. Transmission gears for non-critical application, as for ex-
ample non-hoisting purposes (e.g. slewing units) may nor-
Indexes for Table A1 mally be accepted providing the following is submitted:
1) For Shipboard cranes. — Gear manufacturer’s product certificate covering
2) For Offshore cranes. functional test. See also Appendix D regarding docu-
3) Design and strength to comply with recognised standard. mentation to be submitted.
— Sectional drawings together with calculations docu-
4) A prototype test up to at least the specified breaking load menting necessary torque and available torque for
of the rope used. (Quality control of every rope end termi- completion of DNV’s file (1 copy).
nation to be done in accordance with recognised standard.
Proof loading to maximum 40% of the minimum breaking 9) Or equivalent if certified by other Certifying Authority/
load of the rope is recommended. Body than DNV, e.g. ILO Form No.3.
5) Applicable as basis for certification if carried out by DNV. 10) Or equivalent if certified by other Certifying Authority/
6) Certification by other Competent Person/Body (which Body than DNV, e.g. ILO Form No.4.
may also be the manufacturer) than DNV may normally be 11) Preferably. Survey Report may cover the purpose and may
accepted. In such cases the material certificates shall be suffice.
filed by the manufacturers and shall be presented upon the
Society’s request. 12) For Shipboard cranes not to be covered by class (CRANE
or Crane Vessel), and with a load carrying capacity not
7) Except for lifting appliances categorised as Offshore crane exceeding 20 tons, DNV inspection and survey report/pro-
and/or to be covered by class notations CRANE or Crane duction certificate may be omitted.
Vessel, certification by other Competent Person/Body
than DNV (which may also be the manufacturer) may nor- 13) For Shipboard cranes not to be covered by class (CRANE
mally be accepted. In such cases the material certificates or Crane Vessel), and with a load carrying capacity not
shall be filed by the manufacturers and shall be presented exceeding 20 tons, the cylinders may be accepted with the
upon the Society’s request. manufacturers’ product certificate on the following condi-
tions:
8) Except for lifting appliances categorised as Offshore crane
and/or to be covered by class notations CRANE or Crane — The manufacturer must be considered a recognised
Vessel, certification by the manufacturer or another manufacturer.
Competent Person/Body than DNV may normally be ac- — The cylinder is subject to serial production.
cepted both for winches and winch gears unless otherwise — The exception may be agreed on a case-by-case basis
specified by the Customer. Components in winch gears and shall be agreed in advance.
which are transmitting braking forces shall be included in — The manufacturer shall apply for such exception in
DET NORSKE VERITAS

due time by submitting one copy of documentation on board the vessel.

the cylinder, including all main dimensions and mate- d) As an alternative to the figures required in c) above, the
rial specifications enclosed to the application, ena- vertical velocity components at the boom tip caused by the
bling DNV to carry out an independent review crane-supporting vessel’s heave and roll.
calculation as found appropriate.
— Extent of NDT and pressure testing shall be agreed in e) For lifts of submerged loads, the maximum acceptable dy-
each case. namic coefficient contribution caused by hydrodynamic
effects shall be specified. This includes also hydrodynam-
14) For design approval, see Sec.5 E 115-121. ic effects occurring when the load is lifted through the sea
surface.
15) The DNV certification shall be carried out as described in
DNV’s Standard for certification No.2.9 “Type Approval
Programme 5-778.93 Hydraulic cylinders”, October
2002. C. Design and Extreme Temperature
— (The lower limit of p · Di = 20 000 given in DNV C 100 Design temperature
Rules for Ships Pt.4 Ch.6 Sec.5 H301 is not applicable
for cylinders for lifting appliances). 101 Design temperature is a reference temperature used as a
— The DNV product certificate shall, in addition to the criterion for the selection of steel grades.
items specified in the above Certification Note, state 102 The design temperature TD for lifting appliances is de-
the dynamic design loads, the design pressure, and fined as the lowest mean daily temperature. (The average tem-
that the cylinder is certified for use in lifting applianc- perature during the coldest twenty-four hours of one year.)
es only. The design temperature and/or the minimum
acceptable design temperature shall be stated on the 103 For lifting appliances installed on vessels or mobile off-
product certificate. shore units classified with the Society, the design temperatures
of the appliances and the vessel/unit shall be compatible.
16) Only to be used for certifications carried out by DNV. Cer- 104 If not otherwise specified design temperature according
tifications carried out by Manufacturers may be evidenced to Table C1 shall be applied.
by Works Certificates replacing DNV’s Product Certifi-
cates. Table C1 Design temperature for Lifting Appliances.
17) Designation references in accordance with EN Type of Lifting Appliance Design Corresponding
10204:2004. temperature Extreme Low
Temperature
Shipboard/Industrial -10°C (-30°C)
Cranes
B. Calculations to be Included in the Offshore Cranes -20°C (-40°C)
Documentation Engine rooms and other
similar spaces with con- +10°C (0°C)
B 100 Necessary calculations trolled temp.
101 For structural parts and components specified in A200,
the drawings shall be supplemented with calculations demon-
strating that the structural strength complies with the require- C 200 Extreme low temperature
ments of the Sections 3, 4 and 5.
201 The lowest temperature estimated to appear in an area
102 A complete listing of structural components and parts with a corresponding specified design temperature. Structures
subjected to strength calculations shall be submitted. The list complying with the material requirements for a specified de-
shall include information of sign temperature are considered to maintain the necessary re-
quired mechanical properties down to the extreme low
— types of failures considered (excessive yielding, buckling, temperature.
fatigue fracture)
— elastic or plastic analysis performed Guidance note:
— permissible stress or limit state method used. Values given in brackets to indicate that they shall be considered
for information only. It is DNV’s opinion, however, that crane
See also Sec.3 D. operations shall not take place at temperatures below the extreme
low temperature.
103 The calculations will be used as information during the
design assessment work and will not be approved. They will be
filed by DNV. Consequently, only one copy needs to be sub-
mitted.
Emphasis is made to determination or calculations document-
ing the dynamic coefficients used in the design calculations.
D. Design Conditions (environmental,
operational) for Machinery and Systems
104 For Offshore cranes to be covered by class, the calcula- D 100 General
tions of the dynamic coefficients shall cover:
101 Machinery and systems for lifting appliances shall be
a) The still-water dynamic factor or specification of a possi- designed to operate under the following environmental condi-
ble increased figure chosen as design dynamic factor. See tions if not otherwise specified in the detail requirements for
definition in Ch.1 Sec.1 C. the component or system:
b) Calculations of the dynamic coefficients for all combina- — ambient air temperature between the design temperature
tions of boom angles and Hsign. and 35°C
c) The crane-supporting vessel’s heave- and roll velocities — ambient air temperature inside machinery housing or other
used in the calculations referred to in b) above, as well as compartments containing equipment between 05°C and
a description of the geometrical location of the crane on 55°C
DET NORSKE VERITAS

— relative humidity of air up to 96%. Guidance note:

Consideration should be taken to the heat generated by machin-
102 Where the certification standard stipulates requirements ery or other equipment and also to the heat caused by sun radia-
to capacity or effect of machinery, these shall normally be de- tion on surrounding bulkheads.
termined on the basis of the following: ---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e---
— ambient air temperature: 40°C 103 The effect of ice on an appliance installed in cold weath-
— relative humidity of air: 50%.
er areas shall be considered for the parked/stowed position.
These values will be reconsidered if the crane shall work in
tropical or sub-tropical areas.
DET NORSKE VERITAS

SECTION 2
MATERIALS AND FABRICATION
A. General the required tests. It shall certify that the tests have been carried
out by the manufacturer in the presence of the surveyor accord-
A 100 Scope ing to the Rules or according to special agreement on samples
101 This section stipulates requirements for materials for im- taken from the delivered products direct.
portant structural members and equipment for cranes with de- 404 Inspection certificate 3.1 is a document issued by the
sign temperature TD down to ÷30°C. manufacturer which contains the results of all the required
Materials for cranes with design temperature below ÷30°C will tests. It shall certify that the tests have been carried out by the
be especially considered. For definition of design temperature, manufacturer on samples taken from the delivered products di-
see Sec.l C100 of this Certification Standard. rect.
102 Materials with properties deviating from the require- 405 The materials shall be adequately marked for identifi-
ments in this section may be accepted upon special considera- cation. The marking shall at least comprise name or trade mark
tion. of the manufacturer, material grade, heat number, and when re-
ferred to 3.2 certificates, the stamp of the purchaser’s author-
103 The following categorisation will be used for structural ized representative.
members:
406 Marking and identification of smaller items, e.g. bolts
— Essential where no redundancy and/or no redistribution of and nuts, shall be especially agreed upon between manufac-
stresses are regarded possible. turer and the Society, but must at least comply with fastener
— Primary structures are main load-carrying members and product standard.
components subject to high stresses. 407 Materials without proper identification will be rejected
— Secondary structures are structures other than primary unless renewed testing verifies compliance with approved
structures and essential members. specifications. The number and type of tests will be decided in
each case.
The categories shall be agreed with the Society in each case.
See also detailed categorisation for bolt connections in D501. A 500 Retesting
501 Materials that prove unsatisfactory during delivery test-
A 200 Required documentation ing may be retested. If the standard, with which the materials
201 Specifications of material grades to be used in structural shall comply, gives no directive for retesting, the retesting
members and important equipment of the crane shall be sub- shall be carried out as given in the Society’s Ship Rules Pt.2
mitted to the Society for approval. Ch.1. Provided the new test results are found to satisfy the pre-
scribed specification, the material may be accepted.
Material grade designations shall be stated with reference to
the Society's Rules for Ships Pt.2 “Materials and Welding”, or
with reference to recognised standards as EN/ISO or national
standards. B. Rolled Structural Steel for Welding
A 300 Steel manufacturing process B 100 General
301 Steel shall be made by the basic oxygen process, open 101 In addition to the requirements for structural steels set
hearth process, electric furnace process, or by other process es- out in the following, further requirements may be stipulated in
pecially approved by the Society. special cases depending on the material application. Thus, test-
ing for fracture mechanics analysis and through thickness duc-
A 400 Material manufacture survey, certification and tility properties may be required. Fracture mechanics testing in
testing procedures accordance with an approved procedure will be required for
401 Certificates covering specification of the chemical com- materials and welded joints when the crane manufacturer can-
position and mechanical properties shall be presented for all not document satisfactory experience from previous similar
materials for all load-carrying structures and mechanical com- material application.
ponents. The test values shall show conformity with the 102 Rolled structural steel for welded constructions may be
approved specification. Test specimens shall be taken from the carbon steel or carbon-manganese steel. The steels are divided
products delivered. into three groups dependent on the specified yield strength as
See also the Society’s Rules for Ships Pt.2 Ch.1 “General Re- follows:
quirements for Materials”.
— Normal strength steels, with specified minimum yield
Approved steel manufacturer will not be required. stress 235 N/mm2.
402 Inspection certificate 3.1 will normally be accepted, ex- — High strength steels, with specified minimum yield stress
cept for slewing rings and slewing ring fasteners for offshore of 265 N/mm2 and up to and including 390 N/mm2.
cranes in which case DNV inspection certificate 3.2 is re- — Extra high strength steels with specified minimum yield
quired, unless otherwise agreed. stress of 420 N/mm2 and up to and including 690 N/mm2.
Guidance note:
103 Application of steel with specified minimum yield
The document designation inspection certificate 3.1 and 3.2 are strength above 750 N/mm2 shall be especially agreed.
in accordance with EN 10204: 2004.
104 Steels having through thickness ductility (“Z-steel”)
may be required for primary members which will be signifi-
403 DNV inspection certificate 3.2 is a document signed by cantly strained in the thickness direction.
a surveyor of the Society and accepted by the manufacturer’s 105 The requirements to chemical composition, mechanical
authorized inspection representative, covering the results of properties etc., are given in DNV’s Rules for Ships Pt.2 Ch.2
DET NORSKE VERITAS

Sec.1 B for normal strength steels, Pt.2 Ch.2 Sec.1 C for high- t2 = thickness of the flange.
strength steels, and Pt.2 Ch.2 Sec.1 D for extra high strength However, the impact test temperature for the flange (thicker
steels, plate) shall not be higher than the required test temperature,
106 As an alternative to 105, materials that comply with na- based on t2 according to Table B1, plus 30° C.
tional or proprietary specifications may be accepted provided
such specifications give reasonable equivalence to the require- B 300 Testing
ments of this section or are approved for a specific application. 301 Test samples
Unless otherwise required the test samples shall be taken for
B 200 Impact test temperatures positions as specified in the Society’s Rules for Ships Pt.2
201 Required impact test temperatures are dependent on de- Ch.1 or other recognised standards. The sample of material
sign temperature TD and the material thickness. Impact test from which test specimens are cut shall be treated together
temperatures are given in Table B1 for structural steel for pri- with and in the same way as the material presented. The
mary and secondary applications. For definition of design tem- samples shall be suitably marked for identification.
perature see Sec.1 C100.
302 Test specimens
For structural members subjected to compressive and/or low Test specimens shall be as specified in the approved standards.
tensile stresses, modified requirements may be considered, i.e. The following additional requirements shall apply:
greater material thicknesses for the test temperatures specified.
202 When welding a thinner plate to a thicker plate, e.g. con- — For impact testing of thin materials where the thickness
necting a flange to the supporting structure for the flange, in- makes it impossible to use an impact test specimen of 10
serted reinforcement rings etc., the following apply provided × 10 mm the largest practicable of the following speci-
the thicker plate does not contain butt welds: mens shall be used:
The impact test temperature shall be the lower of the tempera- - 10 × 7.5 mm or l0 × 5 mm.
tures according to Table B1, based on t1 or 0.25·t2 where: By this procedure the required impact values are reduced
to 5/6 and 2/3, respectively, of the value of the standard
t1 = thickness of the thinner supporting plate 10 x 10 mm test specimen.
Table B1 Impact test temperatures for welded structural steel

Impact test temperature in°C 1)
Material thickness t in mm Structural steel for primary members 2) Structural steel for secondary members 2)
Offshore cranes Shipboard cranes/ Offshore cranes Shipboard cranes/
Industrial cranes Industrial cranes
6 ≤ t ≤ 12 3) TD + 10 TD + 20 Test not required Test not required
12 < t ≤ 25 TD TD + 10 Test not required Test not required
25 < t ≤ 50 TD - 20 TD - 10 TD TD + 10
t > 50 TD - 40 TD - 30 TD - 10 TD
1) For normal and higher strength C-Mn steels, the test temperature need not be taken lower than ÷40°C. For extra high strength steel, the
test temperature shall not be taken higher than 0°C and not lower than ÷60°C.
2) See A103 for definitions.
3) For plate thickness less than 6 mm, Charpy V testing will not be required.
C. Rolled Steel not for Welding C 300 Rolled rings

301 Rolled rings for important components such as slewing
C 100 General rings, toothed wheel rims etc. shall comply with the require-
101 Rolled steel for essential and primary components other ments for steel forgings, see D500.
than those mentioned in 200 and 300 (e.g. machinery parts)
shall be specified with reference to a recognised standard. The C 400 Shafts and plates
material shall be delivered in the following conditions: 401 For un-welded load-carrying members, e.g. shafts and/
or plates, an impact test temperature of 20°C may be applied
— carbon and carbon/manganese steel in normalized condi- provided the calculated stresses are less than 50 N/mm2.
tion
— alloy steel in quenched and tempered condition. 402 In cases where calculated stresses are equal to or exceed-
ing 50 N/mm2, the impact test temperature for un-welded
For all materials, impact toughness shall be documented by members shall be as required by Table D1.
Charpy V-notch impact tests. Test temperatures shall be as re-
quired by Table D1 but, in the case of low calculated stresses,
e.g. not exceeding 50 N/mm2, a test temperature of 20°C will
be accepted. Required minimum impact energy shall be as re- D. Steel Forgings
quired for welded parts, ref B105. For carbon and carbon/man-
ganese steel the carbon content shall be less than 0.35%. D 100 General
101 Forgings shall generally be manufactured in accordance
C 200 Bolts and nuts with the requirements of the Society’s Rules for Ships Pt.2
201 Materials for bolts and nuts considered as important for Ch.2 Sec.5 “Steel Forgings”.
the structural and operational safety of the assembly in ques- 102 As an alternative to 101, materials that comply with na-
tion, shall comply with the requirements in D400 for bolts and tional or proprietary specifications may be accepted provided
nuts. This includes requirements for chemical composition and such specifications show reasonable equivalence to the re-
mechanical properties. quirements in 101 or are especially approved. As a minimum
For definition of important bolted connections, see D401. the following particulars shall be specified: manufacturing
DET NORSKE VERITAS

process, chemical composition, heat treatment, mechanical cabin, platforms, stairs and ladders.
properties and non-destructive testing. For machinery compo-
nents, see the Society’s Rules for Ships Pt.4 Ch.2 Sec.3. Bolts and nuts for use in essential or primary connections shall
conform with and be tested in accordance with a recognised
D 200 Forgings for general application standard, e.g. pertinent parts of ISO 898 or other recognised
201 Forgings shall be specified with reference to DNV’s standard.
Rules for Ships Pt.2 Ch.2 Sec.5 “Steel Forgings” or other na- The additional requirements given in 402 - 408 also apply.
tional or proprietary specification. As a minimum the standard Further, additional requirements to testing and inspection of
shall require impact testing and mechanical properties as spec- slewing ring bolts are given in Table D4.
ified in Table D2.
Forgings intended for welded constructions shall comply with Bolt connections considered as secondary shall be made from
the requirements in Table D3. For thicknesses over 100 mm, suitable materials.
smaller deviations from the specified mechanical properties 402 Nuts may be accepted to be in one strength class lower
may be accepted based on specific approval by the Society. For than the bolts of bolt/nut assemblies.
forged shackles, cargo hooks, swivels, sockets, chains, bolts/
nuts and slewing bearings, the special requirements of 300 – 403 Magnetic particle testing shall be carried out at least 48
500 apply. hours after completion of quenching and tempering for bolts
with yield strength above 355 N/mm2. Inspection shall be in
D 300 Forged shackles, cargo hooks, swivels, sockets accordance with ASTM E 709.
and chains Depth of longitudinal discontinuities shall not exceed 0.03 of
301 Carbon and carbon-manganese steel forgings shall be the nominal diameter. Transverse cracks will not be acceptable
made from killed and fine-grain treated non-ageing steel. It irrespective of crack depth and location. Other surface irregu-
may be required that the non-ageing properties are verified by larities will be considered in each case.
tests. The chemical composition and mechanical properties of 404 Testing of Charpy V-notch impact energy is required for
the material, with the exception of the impact test temperature, the following bolt categories:
shall be as given in 200.
Chemical composition and mechanical properties for alloy — for slewing ring bolts, d ≥ 25
steels shall be specified with reference to recognised standard — for bolts in essential connections, d ≥ 25.
and are subject to individual consideration and approval by the
Society. The chemical composition shall be suitable for the 405 The Charpy V requirements to slewing ring bolts are
thickness in question. Alloy steels shall be delivered in specified in Table D4.
quenched and tempered condition. Requirements to impact test For bolts in other essential connections the Charpy V energy
temperatures are specified in Table D1. requirements shall be as specified in Table D4 at test tempera-
tures as specified in Table D1.
Table D1 Impact test temperature for shackles, cargo hooks,
chains, sockets and swivels 406 Bolts and nuts shall be delivered with the following
certificates as per EN10204, verifying compliance with the
Material thickness t Impact test temperature
in in material requirements and other test requirements:
(mm) ( º C)
— DNV Inspection certificate type 3.2 for slewing ring bolts
t ≤ 10 Impact test not required and nuts for offshore cranes.
10 < t ≤ 50 TD + 20º — Works certificate type 3.1 for load-carrying bolts and nuts
50 < t ≤ 100 TD + 10º in essential connections and for slewing ring bolts and
t > 100 TD nuts for cranes other than offshore cranes.
— 2.2 test report for bolts and nuts in primary and secondary
TD = design temperature in °C connections.
D 400 Bolts and nuts 407 Slewing ring bolts for offshore cranes shall have rolled
401 Bolt connections are considered as important if they be- threads, and the rolling shall be performed after final quench-
long to one of the three below defined categories, essential, ing and tempering of the bolts.
primary or secondary. A bolt connection is considered 408 Fasteners (bolts, nuts and washers) in marine environ-
essential ment shall normally be hot-dipped galvanized or sherardized
with coating thickness min. 50 micrometer. If special thread
— where the connection is non-redundant and a breakage of profiles or narrow tolerances prohibit such coating thickness,
one bolt or nut may result in a collapse or a serious mal- bolts/nuts may be supplied electro-plated or black provided
function (lifting not possible, safety functions out of order, properly coated/painted after installation. Pickling and electro-
etc.) plating operations shall be followed by immediate hydrogen-
— or, where a bolt or nut breakage may lead to any other pos- relief (degassing) treatment to eliminate embrittling effects.
sible dangerous situation 409 For 8.8 and 10.9 bolts and nuts corrosion protection by
— or, where they are part of a slewing ring connection. galvanizing is accepted provided the galvanizing is removed
from the contact surfaces prior to assembling.
primary
Note: Zinc on the contact surfaces will reduce the local com-
— where the bolts or nuts are transferring structural load pression strength of the surfaces and contribute to increase of
— and, are elements of a primary load-carrying structure, the bolts’ fatigue load.
however, not necessarily essential. Unless specific measures are taken against absorbsion of hy-
secondary drogen, galvanizing is not accepted for 12.9 bolts.
— where the bolts or nuts are transferring structural load ei- D 500 Forged rings for slewing bearings
ther by tension, by friction or in combination, however, 501 Specifications of slewing rings essential for the struc-
not belonging in the category essential or being part of a tural and operational safety of the crane are subject to individ-
primary structure. Examples are bolts or nuts in driver’s ual approval by the Society. All relevant details shall be
DET NORSKE VERITAS

specified such as chemical composition, mechanical proper- shall be carried out. This means that the Society may impose
ties, heat treatment, depth and hardness of surface hardened additional requirements not specified in this Standard for Cer-
layer and surface finish of fillets. Position of test specimens tification. The results shall be submitted to the Society for con-
shall be indicated. Method and extent of non-destructive test- sideration. The programme for such examination shall be
ing shall be specified and the testing procedures shall be stated. agreed with the Society.
Detailed information about method of manufacture shall be
submitted. 503 All test results shall comply with the approved specifi-
cations.
502 For each new material of which the manufacturer has no
previous experience and for any change in heat treatment of a 504 Steel for slewing rings shall satisfy the requirements of
material previously used, a principal material examination Table D5.
Table D2 Mechanical properties for steel forgings for general application, unwelded
Steel Tensile strength Yield stress Re Elongation Reduction of area Z mini- Charpy V-notch1) Energy (J)
type Rm minimum minimum (N/mm2) A5 minimum (%) mum (%)
(N/mm ) 2
l ta t l ta t l ta t
400 200 26 22 19 50 43 35 - - -
440 220 24 20 18 50 43 35 - - -
480 240 22 19 16 45 38 30 - - -
520 260 21 18 15 45 38 30 - - -
C and 560 280 20 17 14 40 34 27 - - -
C-Mn 600 300 18 15 13 40 34 27 - - -
640 320 17 14 12 40 34 27 - - -
680 340 16 14 12 35 30 24 - - -
720 360 15 13 11 35 30 24 - - -
760 380 14 12 10 35 30 24 - - -
600 360 18 16 14 50 43 35 41 31 24
700 420 16 14 12 45 38 30 32 24 22
800 480 14 12 10 40 34 27 32 24 22
Alloy
900 630 13 11 9 40 34 27 27 22 18
1000 700 12 10 8 35 30 24 25 19 16
1100 770 11 9 7 35 30 24 21 15 13
1) Testing shall be carried out at +20°C.
l = longitudinal, t = transverse, ta = tangentially
Table D3 Mechanical properties for steel forgings for welded structures

Charpy V-notch1)
Steel type Tensile strength Yield stress Re Elongation Reduction of area Z
Rm minimum (N/ minimum (N/mm2) A5 minimum (%) minimum (%) Temperature Energy
mm2) (°C) (J)
l t l t l t
400 200 26 19 50 35 0 27 18
440 220 24 18 50 35 0 27 18
C and C- 480 240 22 16 45 30 0 27 18
Mn 520 260 21 15 45 30 0 27 18
560 280 20 14 40 27 0 27 18
600 300 18 13 40 27 0 27 18
550 350 20 14 50 35 0 32 22
Alloy 600 400 18 13 50 35 0 32 22
650 450 17 12 50 35 0 32 22
1) Testing at +20°C may be accepted subject to compliance with a specific minimum average energy of 45 J longitudinal or 30 J transverse
for all grades.
l = longitudinal, t = transverse
DET NORSKE VERITAS

Table D4 Testing and inspection of slewing ring bolts

Strength Class, Diameter Ultimate Yield Elonga- Required Charpy V en- Fracture me- Surface inspection
ISO 898, or d in mm strength strength. tion A5 ergy 1) at test temp. as chanics testing
equivalent N/mm 2 Minimum. required for rings Table (CTOD)
N/mm2 D5
d < 25 ⎯ ⎯ Visual
8.8 800 - 1000 640 14 Offshore cranes: 42 J Visual and magnet-
d ≥ 25
Other cranes: 25 J
⎯ ic particle (MPI)
d < 25 ⎯ ⎯ Visual
10.9 1000 - 1200 900 12 Offshore cranes: 42 J Visual and magnet-
d ≥ 25
Other cranes: 25 J
⎯ ic particle (MPI)
12.9 (not allowed d < 25 Other cranes: 25 J To be document-
for off-shore 1200 - 1400 1080 12 (10) 2) ed 3) Visual and magnet-
ic particle (MPI)
cranes) d ≥ 25 Other cranes: 25 J To be tested 3)
1) Average value. Single value accepted to be 30% lower.
2) May be accepted on case-by-case basis.
3) Alternatively, a Charpy V notch energy of minimum 55 J at TD may be accepted. If TD is not specified, -10º will be applied.
Table D5 Slewing materials G. Steel Tubes, Pipes and Fittings

Offshore cranes Other cranes
Heat treatment G 100 General
According to approved Spec.
Charpy V-notch test 101 Reference is made to the Society’s Rules for Ships Pt.2
temperature TD Ch.2 Sec.4 “Steel Pipes”, or other recognised standard/code.
Recognition of other standards shall be evaluated by the Soci-
Average 42 25
ety.
Charpy Single
V-notch min. 27 20
value value
Elongation A5 14% 14% H. Aluminium Alloy Structures
Documentation may be required by type
Fatigue properties tests on specimen of ring section H 100 General
Documentation may be required by type 101 Reference is made to the Society’s Rules for Ships Pt.2
Fracture toughness tests on specimen of ring section in question
Ch.2 Sec.9 “Aluminium Alloys”, ECC’s “European Recom-
mendations for Aluminium Alloy Structures” (last valid edi-
tion), or other equivalent recognised standard.
E. Steel Castings
E 100 General I. Steel Wire Ropes
101 Steel castings shall generally be manufactured in ac-
I 100 General
cordance with the Society’s Rules for Ships Pt.2 Ch.2 Sec.7
“Steel Castings”. 101 Steel wire ropes and wire locks for cranes shall generally
be manufactured and tested in compliance with the require-
102 As an alternative to 101, materials which comply with ments stipulated in the following, as well as EN 13414-1 “Steel
national or proprietary specifications may be accepted provid- wire rope slings – Safety” and EN 13411-3 “Terminations for
ed such specifications give reasonable equivalence to the re- steel wire ropes”, respectively.
quirements in 101 or are approved for each specific I 200 Materials
application. As a minimum the following particulars shall be 201 Wire for steel wire ropes shall be made by open hearth
specified: manufacturing process, chemical composition, heat electric furnace, LD process, or by other processes especially
treatment, mechanical properties and non-destructive testing. approved by DNV or other classification society.
For machinery components, see the Society’s Ship Rules Pt.4 Normally, the minimum tensile grade of the wires shall be
Ch.2 Sec.3. 1 570 N/mm2, 1 770 N/mm2, 1 960 N/mm2 or 2 160N/mm2
I 300 Construction
301 The strands shall be made in equal lay construction
F. Iron Castings (stranded in one operation).
302 All wire ropes shall be lubricated and impregnated in the
F 100 General manufacturing process with a suitable compound to thorough-
101 Iron castings shall generally be manufactured in accord- ly protect ropes both internally and externally to minimize cor-
ance with the Society’s Rules for Ships Pt.2 Ch.2 Sec.8 “Iron rosion until the rope is taken into use.
Castings”. 303 The rope lubricant selected shall have no detrimental ef-
fect on the steel wires or any fibres (in the core) and shall re-
102 As an alternative to 101, materials that comply with na- duce the friction in the rope.
tional or proprietary specifications may be accepted provided 304 Certain wire-lay types shall be avoided (f. ex. 4x29). Se-
such specifications give reasonable equivalence to the require- lection of wire type shall be based on manufacturer’s recom-
ments in 101 or are approved for each specific application. mendations (or catalogue specifications).
DET NORSKE VERITAS

I 400 Testing for the structure in question. Supplementary requirements

401 Steel wire ropes shall be tested by pulling a portion of amending the reference documents may be stipulated.
the rope to destruction. 103 Dimensional tolerances specified in the design analysis
The breaking load shall be according to ISO 2408 or other of the crane structures shall be complied with during manufac-
approved standard or specification. turing and construction.
The testing of wire and wire locks shall be carried out accord- 104 All defects and deficiencies shall be corrected before the
ing to EN 13414-1 and EN 13411-3. structural parts and equipment are painted, coated or made in-
accessible.
402 If facilities are not available for pulling the whole rope
to destruction, the breaking load may be determined by testing J 200 Welding procedure specifications
separately 10% of all wires from each strand. The breaking
strength of the rope is then considered to be: 201 Reference is made to the Society’s Rules for Ships Pt.2
Ch.3 “Fabrication and Testing of Ship Structures”.
P = f t k [kN] 202 As alternatives to the requirements stated in 201, the fol-
f = average breaking strength of one wire in kN lowing standards may also be accepted:
t = total number of wires
k = lay factor as given in Table I l or according. — AWS D.1.1, or
— EN ISO 15614 -1 for steel
Table I1 Lay factor k — EN ISO 15614 -2 for aluminium.
Rope construction Rope with FC Rope with IWRC
6 × 19 group 0.860 0.801 J 300 Welding consumables
6 × 36 group 0.835 0.775 301 Welding consumables type approved by DNV or accept-
Non-rotating ropes ed based on welding procedure tests shall be used.
17/18 × 7 0.780 0.758
35/36 × 7 0.750 0.743 Guidance note:
Guidance:
FC = Fibre core Welding consumables type approved by the Society are recom-
IWRC = Independent wire rope core mended. The type approved welding consumables are listed on
the intranet. On intranet: http://exchange.dnv.com/tari under
403 Individual wire tests shall be performed for every wire Type Approval/Type Examination.
dimension represented in the strands. The number of tests for
each wire dimension shall be the same as the number of strands ---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e---
in the rope. The samples shall be taken from a representative
part of the wire rope. 302 Welding consumables shall be selected such as to pro-
duce a weld with mechanical properties at least equal to that
404 The following individual wire tests shall be performed: specified for the structural steel type in question. The weld
metal shall be compatible with the base material regarding heat
— tensile test treatment and corrosion. Only welding consumables specified
— torsion test in the qualified welding procedure shall be used, or same grad-
— reverse bend test ing of different brand.
— weight and uniformity of zinc coating.
303 Manual welding of high-strength and extra high-
These tests shall be made in accordance with ISO 6892, 7800 strength steels shall be performed with low hydrogen welding
and 7801 and shall comply with ISO 2232. processes.
The average tensile value shall not exceed the minimum tensile 304 Welding consumables shall be supplied in sealed mois-
strength 1570 N/mm2, 1770 N/mm2, 1960 ture-proof containers or packages. Routines for storage, han-
N/mm2 or 2160N/mm2 by more than the tolerance values giv- dling and rebaking of consumables as advised by the
en in the Table I2. manufacturer shall be established and followed.
Table I2 Plus tolerance on tensile strength Consumables that have been contaminated by moisture, rust,
oil, grease, dirt etc. shall be discarded.
Nominal diameter in mm Plus tolerance on min. tensile
from to strength J 400 Forming of materials
N/mm2
- 0.5 390 401 Forming of plates, structural shapes, tubes etc. shall be
0.5 1 350 carried out according to a specification outlining the succes-
1 1.5 320 sive and controlled steps.
1.5 2 290
2 - 260 402 If cold-forming results in a permanent deformation ex-
ceeding 5% for primary structural members, thermal stress re-
lieving is normally required unless the notch ductility in the
deformed and artificially aged condition is verified as accept-
J. Crane Manufacturing and Construction able.
403 Hot-forming shall be carried out within the minimum
J 100 General and maximum temperatures advised for post-weld heat treat-
101 The manufacturer shall organize a system for quality ment of the steel in question.
control involving competent personnel with defined responsi- When heat treated steel are hot-formed, the initial heat treat-
bilities that shall cover all aspects of quality control. ment shall be repeated, unless it is demonstrated by suitable
The materials shall be identifiable during all stages of manu- tests that the temperature control during hot forming and sub-
facturing and construction. sequent cooling ensures a treatment equivalent to the initial
102 Manufacturing and construction shall be in accordance heat treatment.
with the approved drawings and specifications The specifica- The specified mechanical properties shall be attained in the fi-
tion shall refer to a recognised code, standards or rules relevant nal worked condition.
DET NORSKE VERITAS

J 500 Welding preparation er than approx. 100 mm.

501 Mill scale, rust etc. shall be removed prior to welding, 705 When repair welding is carried out on heat-treated steel,
and the grooves shall be dry and clean. The fit-up shall be reheat treatment may be required. When post heat-treated parts
checked before welding. Any misalignment between parallel need repair by welding, the post heat treatment (PWHT) shall
members shall not exceed 10% of the material thickness or normally be repeated.
maximum 3 mm. Where materials of different thickness are
butt welded, material tapering shall be in accordance with rec- J 800 Heat-treatment after forming and welding
ognised codes or standards. 801 If heat treatment after forming or welding is specified in
procedures or on drawings, a detailed heat treatment procedure
J 600 Welding performance shall be submitted to the Society for approval.
601 All welding operations, including tack and seal welding, 802 Thermal stress relieving of cold-worked material, if
shall be carried out in accordance with an approved welding found necessary, shall be carried out in accordance with the
procedure specification WPS. The WPS may be supported by conditions stated below for post-weld heat treatment.
a welding procedure qualification test, WPQT, ref. DNV’s
Rules for Classification of Ships Pt.2 Ch.3 Sec.5. 803 Post-weld heat-treatment of C-steels and C-Mn-steels
shall be performed with a soaking temperature in the range
602 Preheating may be required for materials of certain 550—600°C, for a time of 2 minutes per mm thickness. Soaking
thicknesses and chemical compositions. For welding of extra temperature for low-alloyed steel shall be decided in each case.
high-strength steel the preheating and interpass temperature
shall be as advised by the steel manufacturer. 804 Post-weld heat-treatment shall, wherever possible, be
carried out in an enclosing furnace. Where it is not practical to
603 The weld reinforcement shall have a regular finish and heat-treat the whole structure in a closed furnace, local heat-
shall merge smoothly into the base material without significant treatment may be adopted subject to the Society's consent.
undercutting. The height of weld reinforcement shall not ex-
ceed 3 mm for material thickness t ≤ 12.5 mm and max. 4 mm 805 The heat-treatment cycle shall be recorded using ther-
for greater thickness. mocouples equally spaced externally, and whenever possible
internally, throughout the heated region. Heat-treatment
604 Welds which are essentially perpendicular to the direc- records shall be submitted to the Society for consideration.
tion of applied fluctuating stresses in members important to the
structural integrity, shall normally be full penetration type and, J 900 Production weld tests
if possible, welded from both sides. Dressing of welds by 901 Welding Production Test (WPT) may be required to be
grinding may be required. Joint members subjected to high carried out during the production welding under identical con-
stress in the thickness direction shall be of Z-quality, alterna- dition as that of the production welding in order to verify the
tively ultrasonically tested for lamellar tearing before welding. properties of the welds. Number and type of tests will be spec-
605 The use of permanent steel backing strips may be ac- ified in each case.
cepted when properly accounted for in the design analysis. Ce- 902 When a WPT fails to meet the requirements, retesting
ramic and other neutral backing strips may be used when of may be carried out in accordance with the following.
approved type. A test weld for the intended application shall be
produced and subjected to mechanical testing agreed upon in If the impact test (3 specimens) fails to meet the requirements,
each case. 3 additional impact test specimens may be prepared and tested
provided that only one of the below mentioned cases occurred
606 Temporary cut-outs shall be made of sufficient size al- in the first test:
lowing sound replacement. Corners of cut-outs shall be given
appropriate radius minimizing the local stress concentration. — The average value was below the requirement, one value
was below the average requirement but not below the min-
J 700 Repair of welds imum requirement for a single value.
701 For every type of repair, a repair welding procedure — The average value met the requirement. Two values were
specification shall be prepared. In addition to the details men- below the average requirement but not below the require-
tioned in 200 the method for removal of defects, preparation of ment for a single value.
weld area and subsequent non-destructive testing as well as — The average met the requirement. Two values were above
minimum and maximum repair length/depth shall be specified. or equal to the average requirement and one value was be-
low the requirement for a single value.
702 Repairs by welding of essential and primary structural
members and connections of primary to secondary members, The initial 3 impact values and the additional 3 values shall
shall be carried out in accordance with approved WPS. Docu- form a new average of six values. If this new average complies
mentation shall be presented prior to commencement of repair with the requirement and no more than two individual results
welding. of all six specimens are lower than the required average and no
703 Weld defects may be rectified by grinding, machining or more than one result is lower than the required value for a sin-
welding. Welds of insufficient strength, ductility or notch gle specimen, the test may be accepted.
toughness shall be completely removed prior to repair. The 903 Upon special request and at the discretion of the Society,
mechanical properties of repair welds shall satisfy the mini- welding production tests may replace welding procedure qual-
mum specified properties of the steel in question. Repair with ification tests.
arc-air gouging shall be followed by subsequent grinding.
Repair welding in the same area may be carried out twice. Fur- J 1000 Inspection and testing of welds
ther repairs are subject to the Society's consent. 1001 Completed welds shall be subjected to visual inspec-
704 Repair welding shall be carried out with extra hydrogen tion and non-destructive testing as manufacturing and con-
welding consumables applying an appropriate preheating and struction proceeds. For material grade NV 420 and higher,
working/interpass temperature. Generally the preheating and NDT shall not be carried out before 48 hours after completion.
working temperature when making shallow and local repairs When post weld heat treatment is performed, the final non-de-
shall be raised 25°C above level used for production welding, structive testing shall normally to be carried out when the heat-
but is not to be less than 100°C . The working temperature shall treatment has been carried out/completed.
be maintained until the repair has been completed ensure 1002 All welds shall be visually inspected over their full
sound repair welds. The single repair length shall not be short- length.
DET NORSKE VERITAS

1003 Methods for non-destructive testing (NDT) shall be cording to a recognised certification scheme accepted by the
chosen with due regard to the conditions influencing the sensi- Society, e.g. EN 473, ISO 9712. The certificate shall clearly
tivity of the methods. Unless otherwise agreed, structural state the qualifications as to which testing method and within
welds shall be subjected to non-destructive testing to the extent witch category the operator is certified.
stipulated in Table J1. The specified percentages refer to the 1103 The NDT-operators shall issue reports describing the
total length of weld for each structural assembly in question. weld quality. The reports shall clearly distinguish between ac-
The categories of the structural members shall be agreed with cepted and rejected welds, and the number of repairs carried
the Society in each case, ref. A103. out to meet the specified acceptance standard shall be stated.
1004 The non-destructive testing shall include intersection The inspection reports shall specify the NDT-methods and
of butt-welds, cruciform joints and other areas where the stress procedures used including all NDT-parameters necessary for a
level is high, as well as start and stop-points of automatically proper assessment.
welded seams.
J 1200 Weld acceptance criteria
1005 If non-destructive testing reveals defects which indi-
cate unacceptable weld quality, the Society's surveyor may re- 1201 All welds shall show evidence of good workmanship.
quire increased extent of testing until the specified overall For visual inspection and NDT the acceptance level shall nor-
quality level has been re-established. If serious defects (i.e. mally comply with ISO 5817 quality level C, intermediate. For
cracks and other planar defects, excessive slag lines and cluster critical areas more stringent requirements, such as ISO 5817
porosities) occur repeatedly, all welds made with the same level B, stringent, may be applied.
welding procedure during the period in question shall be tested
over their full length. J 1300 Material protection against corrosion
1006 The Society's surveyor shall be the final judge when as- 1301 Steel surfaces exposed to marine atmospheric con-
sessing the weld quality. ditions shall be protected by a suitable coating system.
1007 All non-destructive testing shall be properly docu- 1302 Steel surfaces to which application of coating are not
mented and identified in such a way that the tested areas may possible and which are exposed to internal corrosive condi-
be easily retraced at a later stage. tions shall be protected by other protective systems such as oil,
grease, grouting etc.
J 1100 NDT-procedures and NDT-operators 1303 Bolts, nuts and associated elements shall be protected
1101 NDT shall be performed according to approved pro- by hot-dip galvanizing according to relevant standards, i.e. BS
cedures and, if required, qualified for the work. The approved 729 or ASTM A 153-82. Alternatively they may be fully en-
procedures shall be in accordance with DNV Classification capsulated and the open space be filled with inhibited oil,
Note No.7 or other recognised standard for the test method. grease etc.
1102 All testing shall be carried out by qualified and Other protection methods may be accepted upon special con-
certified personnel. The NDT operators shall be certified ac- sideration by the Society.
Table J1 Minimum NDT of structural welds

Test method
Category of Type of connection
member Visual in- Magnetic Radiography 1) Ultrasonic
spection particle 3)
Essential/ Butt weld 100% 100% 100%
Non- Cross- and T-joints, full penetration welds 100% 100% - 100%
redundant Cross- and T-joints, partly penetration and fillet welds 100% 100% - -
Butt weld 100% 20% 20%
Primary Cross- and T-joints, full penetration welds 100% 20% - 20%
Cross- and T-joints, partly penetration and fillet welds 100% 20% - -
Butt weld 100% spot 2) spot 2)
Secondary Cross- and T-joints, full penetration welds 100% spot 2) - spot 2)
Cross- and T-joints, partly penetration and fillet welds 100% spot 2) - -
1) May be partly or wholly replaced by ultrasonic testing upon agreement.
2) Approximately 2-5%.
3) Liquid-penetrant testing to be adopted for non-ferromagnetic materials.
4) Ultrasonic testing shall not be used for thickness less than 10 mm.
DET NORSKE VERITAS

SECTION 3
STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND STRENGTH OF CRANES
A. Group Classification of Lifting Appliances 104 For mechanisms, the frequency of use may normally be
expressed by assumed average daily operating time (A mech-
A 100 General anism is considered to be in operation during motion).
101 For the purpose of applying requirements concerning The utilisation with respect to magnitude of loads may be ex-
strength of structural and mechanical components, cranes and pressed by a number indicating to what extent the mechanism
components shall be classified into groups according to the operates with maximum load, or only with reduced load.
duty performed.
The group to which a crane as a whole or a component belongs A 200 Fatigue calculations of cranes and components
depends on the utilisation of the crane or component with re- applicable to strength calculations
spect to frequency of use as well as magnitude of loads in rela-
tion to maximum load. 201 For fatigue calculations normally the latest edition of
F.E.M. standard (Federation Europeenne de la Manutention)
102 For the crane as a whole and normally also for several of or equivalent national standards for cranes may be referred to.
the structural components, the frequency of use may be ex-
pressed by the expected (calculated) number of hoist cycles (n) Guidance note:
during the planned life (t1). The magnitude of loads in relation If F.E.M. 1.001 3rd edition Rev.1998.10.01. is used, and if not
to maximum load may be expressed by, for instance, a number otherwise documented by statistical evidence and/or limitation
indicating to what extent the crane lifts the maximum load with respect to operational performance Table A1 applies as
(Safe Working Load), or only a lesser load. guidance. (terminology as in F.E.M. 1.001 3rd edition
Rev.1998.10.01. )
For cranes where the safe working load depends on the allowed
maximum overturning moment or allowed maximum moment ---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e---
on the structure, the group classification may also be based on
the frequency with which the allowed maximum moment can 202 The method of fatigue calculation, for example by using
be expected. group classification in accordance with F.E.M. 1.001 3rd edi-
103 For structural components in which the stress variation tion Rev.1998.10.01. on one side and calculation procedure
is significantly different from the hoist load variation, stress and the specific requirements on the other, shall be consistent.
cycles shall be considered instead of hoist cycles, and stress to See also D 400.
maximum stress ratios shall be considered instead of the load
to maximum load ratios. Otherwise the method of specifying 203 The crane group chosen for the calculation shall also be
utilisation is as given in 102. specified in the Crane Manual.
Table A1 Group classification of lifting appliances

Definition of crane Particulars concerning Appliance
nature of use 1) Group 2)
Cranes for exceptionally low service time, e.g. BOP cranes A2
Workshop and similar industrial cranes with hook A4
Overhead travelling cranes for maintenance purpose A3
Pipe rack cranes hook A3
Pipe rack cranes magnet A6-A8
Store room cranes A4
Jib or gantry cranes for container service A5
Dock side and shipyard jib cranes hook A5
Dock side and shipyard jib cranes grab or magnet A6-A8
Shipboard cranes for cargo-, provision- or hose handling hook A4
Shipboard cranes grab or magnet A5
Offshore cranes, whip hoist A5
Offshore cranes, main hoist A3
For cranes with safe working load more than 250 tonnes, the group-classification can normally be set at the lower alternative or one group
lower, but at least group A2.
1) Only a few typical cases of use are shown, by way of guidance, in this column.
2) See F.E.M. 1.001 3rd edition Rev.1998.10.01. Item 2.1.2.4.
B. Design Loads c) Horizontal loads due to operational motions (see B 400).

d) Loads due to motion of the vessel on which the crane is
B 100 General mounted (see 500).
101 The loads to be considered in the analysis of structures e) Loads due to climatic effects (see 600).
are divided into:
f) Miscellaneous loads (see 700).
a) Principal loads (see 200).
102 The loads to be considered in the analysis of mecha-
b) Vertical loads due to operational motions (see 300). nisms are divided into:
DET NORSKE VERITAS

a) Loads which are directly dependent upon the action of mo- ideal position with zero "heel" and "trim" of the "unit" on
tors or brakes. which the crane is mounted.
b) Loads which are not directly dependent upon motor or The vertical loads due to operational motions shall be taken
brake action, and which in fact are responses to the loads into account by multiplying the working load by a “dynamic
a) through f) in 101. factor”, ψ.
Furthermore, the loads may be considered belonging into two The dynamic factor covers inertia forces and shock.
other groups; those initially specified by the Customer, and 302 The dynamic factor can be assessed by
those determined by the designer.
The determination of the loads specified by the designer shall
be documented with enclosed calculations, references to C
standards, or other justification. ψ = 1 + VR
W ⋅g
103 The loads mentioned in 101 and 102 shall be determined
and applied in accordance with 200 through 800. Clearly, for C = geometric stiffness coefficient referred to hook posi-
many cranes and components some of the defined loads will tion (also called "spring constant" defined as force at
never be present. Note that in the following there is not always hook to produce unit deflection at hook (kN/m))
a clear distinction between loads and responses to loads. A g = standard acceleration of gravity
"load" acting on a component may well be an internal "re- = 9.81 m/s2
sponse" in the crane as a whole. Accordingly, terms like "load W = working load (see 201) (kN)
due to weight" may be used instead of "weight".
VR = relative velocity (m/s) between load and hook at the
B 200 Principal loads time of pick-up.
201 The principal loads are: For the purpose of assessing the C-value, the modulus of elas-
ticity of steel wire ropes shall be as specified by the wire man-
— the loads due to dead weight of the components (SG) ufacturer for an un-used wire rope. The crane stiffness (C-
— the loads due to working load (SL) value) shall be calculated taking into account all elements from
— the loads due to prestressing. the hook to the pedestal support structure.
Working load (suspended load) is the static weight of the use- 303 For shipboard cranes and industrial cranes, the dynamic
ful load lifted, plus the weight of the accessories (sheave factor ψ for design purposes need not be greater than:
blocks, hooks, lifting beams, grab, etc.).
ψ = 1.3 for jib cranes
Safe working load is the static weight of the load lifted (work- ψ = 1.6 for overhead travelling cranes or cranes of similar
ing load exclusive the weight of accessories plus any lifting design.
beam).
Loads due to prestressing are loads imposed on structural items The dynamic coefficient factor shall not be taken less than:
due to prestressing of bolts, wire ropes, etc.
ψ = 1.15 for 10 kN < W ≤ 2 500 kN
202 Except for prestressing, all the principal loads are due to ψ = 1.1 for W > 2 500 kN.
weight which always acts vertically (in the normal sense). This
means that if the crane is mounted on an object which can ob- For hose handling cranes intended for operation outside the
tain inclination (heel and/or trim) in any direction, the princi- deck area in open sea, categorized as shipboard cranes, the dy-
pal loads may have "horizontal" components when referred to namic factor ψ for design purposes shall not be taken less than
a practical coordinate system of the crane. These components 1.3.
shall be taken into account, and shall be considered as principal
loads, also if the angles are due to motions such as rolling and 304 For offshore cranes, sea lifts, the dynamic factor ψ for
pitching of a vessel. Note that the simultaneous inertia forces design purposes shall not be taken less than:
are not considered as principal loads, see 101, item d) and 600.
ψ = 1.3 for 10 kN < W ≤ 2 500 kN
203 For cranes mounted on floating vessels the horizontal ψ = 1.1 for W > 5 000 kN.
components of SG and SL shall be taken into account as ex-
plained in 202. The angles to be considered are the maximum Linear interpolation shall be used for intermediate values of W
angles expected during lifting operation with no wind and between 2 500 kN and 5 000 kN.
waves acting. Minimum values to be used, when decisive, are When the dynamic factor ψ is calculated by the formula given
given in Table Bl. These values are considered as minimum in 302, the following shall be taken into account when assess-
but may be especially considered provided statistically evi- ing the relative velocity between load and hook at the time of
dence or separate means/operational conditions proving that lift-off , VR:
list and trim could be assessed smaller.
Table B1 Minimum heel and trim angles, still water

VR = 0.5 ⋅ VL + Vin + Vt
2 2
Type of vessel Heel Trim
Ships and vessels having shipshape Min. 5° Min 2°
hull properties Where the value VL above is less than VH, as given in 305,
Barges of length less than 4 times
then VH shall be used instead of VL.
Min. 3° Min. 2°
breadth, and catamarans
VL = maximum steady hoisting speed (m/s) for the rated
Semi-submersibles Min. 3° Min. 3° capacity to be lifted.
Submersibles and jack-ups Min. 1° Min. 1° Vin = downward velocity (m/s) of the load at the time of lift
off (due to movement of the deck of a supply vessel
B 300 Vertical loads due to operational motions from which the load is lifted.
301 Vertical refers to the coordinate system of the crane. For Vt = velocity (m/s) from motion of the crane jib tip if the
a crane onboard a floating unit it is assumed that vertical state crane is located on a mobile offshore unit or other
is so defined that it corresponds to physical vertical state in the floating unit.
DET NORSKE VERITAS

Vin is to be determined as a function of sea state and motion pa- Vin is to be documented by calculations, or*) may be taken as
rameters (roll, pitch and heave response) of the vessel/offshore 1/10 · k · Hsign
unit or hydrodynamic response of an underwater object to be Vt is to be documented by calculations, or*) may be taken as
handled. 1/6 · k · Hsign
305 Unless otherwise agreed to by the purchaser, the hoist-
ing speed should normally not be less than *) The two formulas above are valid only for vessels with
DWT between 10 000 and 100 000 tons.
V H = 0.1 ⋅ ( H sign + 1) DWT
k = 5.5 – ---------------
20000
for cranes used for cargo operations towards supply boats.
DWT = the deadweight tonnage in metric tons of the
where barges or bulk carriers used in the operation.
Hsign = Significant wave height (m). 311 For cranes located on the barges or the bulk carriers from
The VL used for calculation of dynamic factors for derating where the load is lifted (picked up), the crane may be consid-
shall be the actual maximum available hook speed attainable, ered as a shipboard crane being operated in harbour.
and shall normally be equal to or larger than VH. For signifi-
cant wave heights where the hoisting speed VL is less than VH, B 400 Horizontal loads due to operational motions
the derating chart will be shaded and giving information that it 401 Horizontal refers to the coordinate system of the crane.
is dependent upon the crane driver’s skill to avoid re-entry of It is assumed that horizontal is so defined that it corresponds to
the next wave. physical horizontal in the ideal position with zero "heel" and
306 For cranes located on crane vessels, semi submersibles "trim" on which the crane is mounted.
units and bottom supported platforms the following values for The horizontal loads (SH) due to operational motions are:
VL and Vin may be used for the calculation of the dynamic fac-
tor when lifting off loads from a supply vessel. 1) inertia forces due to acceleration or deceleration of hori-
VL = Available hoisting speed or 0.6 Hsign zontal motions (see 402)
whichever is the smaller. 2) centrifugal forces (see 403 and 404)
Vin = 0.6 Hsign (m/s) for 0 < Hsign ≤ 3 (m) 3) forces transverse to rail resulting from reeling and skew
motion (see 405)
or
4) buffer loads (ST) (see 406).
Vin = [ 1.8 + 0.3 (Hsign – 3) ] (m/s) for Hsign > 3 (m)
307 For offshore jib cranes, where the operator is placed It should be noted that these horizontal forces act in addition to
above the slewing bearing, the dynamic factor ψ to be applied possible simultaneously acting horizontal components of the
for the design of the crane foundation including pedestal and principal loads, see 202.
slewing bearing with fasteners shall, for structural strength cal- 402 Forces 1) stated in 401 shall be determined on the basis
culations, be taken as minimum 1.3 times the dynamic factor of the maximum possible acceleration with the given machin-
applied for the design of the crane members, but is not to be ery, and on the basis of the maximum possible deceleration
taken less than 2 for cranes with a SWL less than 2 500 kN. with the given brakes. Typically, forces of this type occur by
For cranes with SWL larger than 5 000 kN the additional factor starting and stopping of travelling-, traversing- and slewing
need not be taken greater than 1.3 times the dynamic factor ap- motions. The inertia due to angular acceleration (deceleration)
plied for the design of the crane members. Between 2 500 kN of rotating machinery components shall be taken into account
and 5 000 kN the additional factor may be found by interpola- when this effect is significant.
tion. For travelling cranes (and trolleys) it will normally be suffi-
308 All offshore cranes shall, at it’s operating stand, have cient to consider horizontal forces corresponding to 15% of
dynamic load charts or tables. For offshore cranes operating maximum vertical load on each wheel with brakes, or on each
against supply boats, barges etc., the charts/tables shall give driven wheel.
the safe working load for boom angles or load radii for the var- For revolving cranes except offshore cranes a lateral force of
ious wave heights. For subsea handling cranes, the charts/ta-
bles shall give the safe working load for boom angles or load (W/100) · [ 2.5 + 0.1 · r · n ]
radii for various dynamic amplifications. may be assumed at the jib head where:
309 For grab duty the design dynamic factor shall be in- r = load radius (m)
creased by 20% for use of self-closing grabs (closed by lifting (distance from revolving axis to load W)
wire pull) and with 30% for use of grabs with motor closing.
n = revolution per minute (RPM).
310 For cranes located on barges or bulk carriers unloading
from another barge or bulk carrier, the dynamic factor ψ may 403 Radial force on revolving cranes may be determined on
be calculated as in 302. The hoisting speed VL may be taken as the basis of maximum angular velocity and radius to the con-
given in 306. sidered mass. Except for offshore cranes radial force equal to
(W/1 000) n2 · r may be assumed at the jib head.
The relative velocity VR may be calculated in accordance with
the formula in 304, where: 404 For offshore cranes the following horizontal force at jib
head should be assumed.
Vin = downward velocity (m/s) of the barge or bulk carrier Lateral force (side lead):
from which the load is unloaded at the moment of pick-
up. (It is foreseen that the crane is located on the other (W/100) · [ 2.5 + 0.1 · r · n +Hsign ]
vessel involved.) Radial force (off lead):
Vt = velocity (m/s) of the jib tip of the crane located on the
barge or bulk carrier to which the load is brought at the (W/1 000) n2 · r (when the load is airborne)
moment of pickup from the other vessel. or
DET NORSKE VERITAS

The forces shall be combined to 10-8 probability level to cor-

2.5 + 1.5H sign respond with safety factors as specified for Load Case III.
ψ ⋅ W ⋅ ------------------------------------ (at lift-off)
H W + L ⋅ sin θ 502 Horizontal inertia forces due to motion of the mobile
offshore unit (semi-submersibles, self-elevating units in tran-
which ever is the greater. sit, etc.) shall be calculated, but need normally not be taken
However, for subsea handling cranes special considerations larger than 0.5g [m/s2]
applies.
B 600 Loads due to climatic effects
L = length of jib 601 The possible loads due to climatic effects are
Hw = distance from jib heel bearing to supply boat deck
θ = jib angle to the horizontal. — loads due to wind
— loads due to snow and ice
405 Horizontal forces transverse to rail due to travelling mo- — loads due to temperature variations.
tion occur in two ways, of which the more unfavourable one is
to be considered: 602 Loads due to wind shall be calculated in accordance with
Appendix A or a recognised code or standard.
— Horizontal inertia forces - to be taken as 10% of the weight 603 Snow and ice loads may be neglected in the design cal-
of the travelling unit - balanced by lateral wheel reactions culations except for cranes working under exceptional condi-
(Reeling). tions, or for cranes of special designs being particularly
— A lateral force acting on one of the "forward" wheels (or sensitive to such effects.
bogies) - to be taken as λ times the wheel load - balanced
by other physically possible horizontal wheel reactions 604 Loads due to temperature variations shall be considered
(skew motion). λ is to be taken according to Fig.1. only in special cases, such as when members are not free to ex-
pand. In such cases the maximum temperature fluctuation for
outdoor cranes shall normally not be taken less than 65°C. For
indoor cranes possible special sources of heat shall be consid-
ered. (Note that the maximum and minimum temperatures
shall always be taken into account when selecting the materi-
als).
B 700 Miscellaneous loads
701 Access gangways, driver's cabins and platforms shall be
designed to carry the following concentrated loads in arbitrary
(most unfavourable) position:
— 300 daN for maintenance gangways and platforms where
materials may be placed
— 30 daN as the horizontal lateral force which may act out-
wards or inwards on handrails and toe-boards.
702 The loads given in 701 need not be taken into account in
the strength evaluation of the main structural system of the
crane, except as far as necessary for the connection between
Figure 1
Lateral wheel force this system and the structures mentioned in 701. The dead
weight of the latter structures however, shall be included in the
principal loads, see 201.
406 The following requirements for determination of buffer B 800 Loads for strength analysis of mechanisms
effects are based on the assumption that the buffers are capable
of absorbing the kinetic energy of the crane (or trolley) at a 801 In this Standard for Certification mechanism means the
travelling (or traversing) speed of 0.7 times rated speed. If the devices needed to cause or to stop a relative motion between
suspended load can swing, the kinetic energy of it need not be two rigid parts of the crane, between the crane and its foun-
taken into account. dation, or between the crane and the lifted load. Thus motors
brakes, transmission systems and similar components are de-
Buffer effects need not be taken into account for speeds below fined as mechanisms.
0.7 m/sec.
802 A mechanism will always have to transmit forces when
For speeds in excess of 0.7 m/s the resulting loads set up in the it is in motion, i.e. it shall be considered for the most unfavour-
structure are to be calculated on the basis of the deceleration, able motor or brake action (102, a). The loads of this type are
which in turn shall be based upon the buff characteristics. those associated with:
If automatic decelerating devices are used, the speed of the — vertical displacement of centres of gravity of load and
crane after deceleration upon approach to the end of the track parts moved by the mechanism
may be used, instead of the rated speed, in the determination of
buffer effects. Thus, if the speed is reduced, by the decelerating — friction between moving parts
device, to a value of 0.7 m/sec or less, buffer effects need not — acceleration (or braking) of the motion
be considered — effect of wind acting on the parts moved by the mecha-
nism.
B 500 Loads due to motion of vessel on which the crane
is mounted 803 A mechanism may have to transmit forces even when it
is stationary. In such a case the function of the mechanism is
501 Inertia forces due to ship motion shall be calculated in similar to that of a structural component. Consequently, the
accordance with the Rules for Classification of Ships, Pt.3 Ch.l loads to be considered are the same as those to be considered
Sec.4 B “Ship Motions and Accelerations”. in the analyses of structures.
DET NORSKE VERITAS

C. Cases of Loading — Buffer loads, according to B406 (Symbol ST).

— Inertia forces due to motion of the vessel on which the
C 100 General crane is mounted, according to B500 (Symbol SM). For the
101 For the purpose of making the nominal safety dependent vessel’s transit condition special attention must be given to
upon the probability of occurrence of the loading, three general how the crane is secured. See Appendix C which presents
cases of loading are defined, for which the required safety mar- an example on how this may be dealt with.
gins are different: — Loads due to “out of service” wind according to B600
(Symbol SW).
Case I: Crane working without wind. (See 200).
Case II: Crane working with wind. (See 300). Other forces which necessarily must act together with the
Case III: Crane subjected to exceptional loadings. above exceptional loads are included in Case III.
(See 400). 402 Defined by symbols, the following load combinations
102 For the various types of cranes the detailed loading to be are to be considered in Case III:
considered for each case may be different. For instance, Case
III may include different conditions for stationary cranes, mo- IIIa: S G + S L + ST
bile cranes and ship-mounted cranes.
C 200 Case I: Crane working without wind IIIb: S G + S M + SW max
201 Case I is the main case of loading and includes the loads
that necessarily will occur under normal operation:
For land cranes SM will be zero. For indoor cranes combina-
— The principal loads (SG and SL) according to B200. tion IIIb is not considered. For cranes mounted on floating ves-
— The vertical loads due to operational motions according to sels the horizontal components of SG and SL shall be
B300. considered for estimated maximum rolling and pitching an-
— The horizontal loads due to operational motions (SH), ac- gles, including possible initial heel and trim.
cording to B400. The two most unfavourable effects are
used, excluding buffer loads.
By use of symbols Case I may be defined as follows: D. Strength Calculations
D 100 General
SG +ψ ⋅ S L + S H
101 It shall be shown that structures and components have
the required safety against the following types of failure:
202 For cranes mounted on floating vessels horizontal com-
ponents of SG and SL shall be taken into account as explained — excessive yielding (see 200)
in B202 and B203. — buckling (see 300)
203 With regard to SH the following should be noted: Maxi- — fatigue fracture (see 400).
mum two of the effects mentioned in B 401 (excluding buffer
loads) need be considered simultaneously. Further, in cases 102 The safety shall be checked for the three cases of loading
where travel motion takes place only for positioning the crane defined in C. For each of these cases and for each member or
and is not used for moving loads, the effect of this motion shall cross section to be checked, the most unfavourable position
not be combined with the effect of other motions. and direction of the forces shall be considered.
103 The strength calculations shall be based on accepted
C 300 Case II: Crane working with wind principles of structural strength and strength of materials.
301 Principally, Case II includes the same loads as Case I, When applicable, plastic analysis may be used. If elastic meth-
with the addition of loads (SW) due to “working” wind: ods are not suitable to verify safety, for instance due to pre-
stressing, plastic analysis may be required.
S G + ψ ⋅ S L + S H + SW 104 The verification of safety may be based on the permissi-
ble stresses method or the limit state method. With the factors
SW shall be determined in accordance with B600. The meaning given in this standard there will be only a formal difference be-
of the other symbols is as given in 201, with the exceptions tween the two methods. The relation is
given in 302. Safety Factor = Load Factor times Material Factor.
302 The actual difference between Case I and Case II will
depend on type and use of the crane. For indoor cranes there SF = γ f ⋅γ m
will be no difference, meaning the Case II need not be consid-
ered. For outdoor, stationary, land cranes the difference is nor- For structures with nonlinear behaviour, however, significant
mally SW only. For cranes mounted on floating vessels the differences may occur. In such cases the limit state method
“horizontal” components of SG and SL shall be based on in- shall be used, or the safety factor shall refer to load and not to
creased angles compared with Case I. Minimum angles are to stresses.
be 1.5 times the values given in Table Bl.
D 200 Checking with respect to excessive yielding
303 “Working” wind acting on the suspended load shall be
taken into account if the effect is significant. The wind force 201 For members made of structural steel the requirements
shall be determined by taking into account the largest area for the various cases of loading are given. With reference to
which can face the wind, taking C=1.2 for containers and sim- method of analysis and method of verification of safety given
ilar shapes, and C=1 for more arbitrary shapes. in Table Dl, σy is the guaranteed minimum yield strength (or
0.2% proof stress). If σy is higher than 0.8 times the ultimate
C 400 Case III: Crane subjected to exceptional loadings strength σu use in this connection 0.8·σu instead of σy.
401 Any loading condition where one or more exceptional 202 When using elastic analysis, the permissible stresses (or the
loads are included belongs to Case III. The following loads are required safety factors) given in Table Dl refer in cases of com-
defined as exceptional loads: bined stresses to the equivalent stress according to von Mises.
DET NORSKE VERITAS

203 For components made of other materials than structural D 400 Checking with respect to fatigue
steel, and for other special components, refer to E. 401 The fatigue strength, expressed as the critical amplitude
204 Joints shall not be weaker than the minimum required of a fluctuating or alternating stress, shall be determined on the
strength of the members to be connected. For riveted joints, basis of the following information:
bolted joints, friction-grip joints, and welded joints refer to
F.E.M./I or other recognised codes. — component group according to A200
— the material used and the notch effect at the point being
D 300 Checking with respect to buckling considered
301 The guiding principle is that the safety against buckling — the fluctuation factor = σmin/σmax
shall be the same as the required safety against the yield limit — whether the maximum stress is tension or compression.
load being exceeded. This principle indicates that the factors
given in the second line of Table Dl should represent the nor- With the above data given, the critical amplitude is defined as
mal requirement. However, other values may be required or al- that which corresponds to 90% probability of survival. Regard-
lowed, for instance due to uncertainty in the determination of ing detailed procedure for the determination of the critical
the critical stresses (or load) or due to the post-buckling behav- stress amplitude, see F.E.M./I or other specialized literature.
iour. Required factors are given for various types of structures 402 Fatigue considerations shall be made for Case I for all
and conditions in Table D2. types of cranes. In addition, for ship mounted cranes where the
302 The safety factors given in Table D2 are based on the as- transit condition may be of considerable duration, it may be re-
sumption that the critical stresses (or loads) are determined by quired to consider fatigue effect on certain components in Case
recognised methods, taking possible effects of geometrical im- III. The effect of wind need not be taken into account.
perfections and initial stresses into account. Elastic buckling in 403 The calculated maximum stress amplitude shall not ex-
Table D2 means that elastic buckling stress does not exceed the ceed the permissible stress for fatigue, which is critical stress
yield strength. amplitude divided by a safety factor of 1.33.
303 Calculation methods and corresponding required safety
factors as specified by other crane standards/codes or other
specialized literature may also be used. σ allow = σ crc / 1.33
Table D1 Criteria for the checking with respect to excessive yielding
Method of verification Load Case I Load Case II Load Case III
Safety Elastic analysis 1.50 1.33 1.10
factor Plastic (ult. str.) anal. 1.69 1.51 1.25
Permissi- Elastic analysis σy/1.50 σy/1.33 σy/1.10
ble stresses
Limit Load factor 1.30 1.16 0.96
state Material Elastic anal. 1.15 1.15 1.15
method factor Plastic anal. 1.30 1.30 1.30
Table D2 Safety factors for the checking with respect to buckling

FS or γf · γm
Type of structure or member
Load Case I Load Case II Load Case III
Bars, frames and stiffening systems of plates and shells
Elastic buckling 1.86 1.66 1.38
Elastic-plastic buckling 1.69 1.51 1.25
Plates, redistribution not possible
Plates, redistribution possible
Shells, redistribution not possible
Shells, redistribution possible
DET NORSKE VERITAS

E. Design and Strength of Particular 204 For jibs having solid webs in the considered plane of
Components buckling, the above values of leff may be used without correc-
tion. Jibs that are latticed or battened in the considered plane of
E 100 General buckling leff (or the slenderness ratio) according to 203 shall be
increased due to shear deformation of the jib. recognised, sim-
101 This Standard for Certification does not attempt to make plified methods for this correction may be accepted.
a clear distinction between structural and mechanical compo-
nents. A mechanism, as defined in B801 may well contain The following correction factor may be used for latticed jibs:
components which could be defined as structural components.
Such components shall be checked according to D. The only
difference from an ordinary structural component is that Cases 300 l eff
I and II have to include forces acting on the component when 1+ 2
for > 40
the mechanism to which it belongs is in motion, see B802. The (l eff / i ) i
term “particular components” may mean structural as well as
mechanical components.
102 Components that transmit forces, whether “structural” l eff
or “mechanical”, and that are not directly or completely cov- 1.1 for ≤ 40
ered by this Standard for Certification, shall be designed and i
calculated in accordance with applicable recognised codes or i = radius of gyration, see 205.
standards. To the extent applicable, FEM/I is advised.
205 The overall slenderness ratio leff/i of the jib in each plane
E 200 Buckling stability of jibs may be obtained by dividing the effective length of the jib by
the smallest radius of gyration of the complete cross section of
201 The buckling problems of a jib may be solved by deter- the jib. Correction shall be made for tapering off cross section
mining slenderness ratios and by considering the permissible towards jib ends.
stress as a function of these ratios. Hence the determination of
effective lengths with respect to the possible buckling modes 206 Stresses arising from axial compression and bending
may become a key problem. shall comply with the requirements of recognised combination
formulae.
202 The effective length of the jib depends on its support and
of whether the jib is of latticed design or battened design. E 300 Slewing bearing for jib cranes
203 The effective length of the jib – considering support ef- 301 For slewing bearings of the ball and roller type the fol-
fect at jib head – may e.g. be estimated in accordance with Brit- lowing aspects shall be examined:
ish Standard 2573:Part l:1983.
For a rope supported jib the effective length may, with refer- 1) Plastic deformation of rolling elements and raceways
ence to Fig.2, be taken as (raceway capacities).
2) Bolt capacity.
⎛ B⎞
l eff = L ⎜ 2 − ⎟ for lateral buckling 3) Ultimate carrying capacity of the slewing ring as a whole,
⎝ A⎠ based on the capacities of the bolts and cross sections –
with due regard to the rigidity of the structures supporting
the (fixed and revolving) rings.
4) Fatigue of critical sections of the outer and inner rings, i.e.
the ”nose” for multi-row bearings.
The slewing bearings are specialized components, and the de-
sign criteria for a given type shall as far as practicable be based
on tests carried out for the particular type. Item 2), 3) and 4),
however, will normally be required to be checked by calcula-
tions as indicated/specified in the following.
For design loads see B307.
302 The vertical component of rolling element forces on the
raceway (roller element track) is assumed to vary linearly
across the diameter of the raceway, i.e. a sinuous distribution
with reference to the raceway circumference.
The maximum vertical force per unit length is then
4Mk Fa
qA = ±
π D2 πD
respectively at the front (+) and rear (-) of the crane (front is
regarded the side on which the boom is fitted).
Mk = overturning design moment on the slewing bearing.
Design dynamic coefficient is included.
Fa = axial design force on the slewing bearing. Design dy-
namic coefficient is included.
D = raceway (track) diameter.
Figure 2 303 Slewing ring fasteners (bolts) shall have a yield capacity
Effective length of jib per bolt (i.e. stress area of bolt, As, times the material yield
DET NORSKE VERITAS

stress, fy) not less than β = 0° for “multi-row” bearings

β = 30° for single-row bearings
β = 45° for cross roll bearings
0.75 ⎛ a + χb + c ⎞ m = is number of bolts
( FB ) 0.2 ≥ ⋅ FA ⎜ ⎟
pr ⎝ c ⎠ Fr = radial force on the slewing bearing.
pr = degree of permanent pre-stressing related to yield (Note that Fr is here assumed to act horizontally in the direction
(100% = 1.0) of the jib).
FA = maximum vertical raceway load per bolt sector at the
rear of the ring ---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e---
χ = FR/FA
FR = maximum horizontal (radial) load per bolt sector. 308 Yield limit load (capacity) of the slewing bearing shall
be evaluated considering equilibrium between rolling element
a, b and c as per Fig.3. forces and the following “reactions” acting on an “element” of
the ring:
— Bolt forces acting on the considered “element” possible
shear included.
— Possible interface pressure between the considered “ele-
ment” and the structure supporting the ring.
— Forces acting in the cross section of the ring (i.e. the “end
surfaces” of the considered "element".
309 The ratio between the ultimate carrying capacity (ring
and bolts) and calculated load on the slewing bearing shall not
be less than 1.5.
310 Penetration of aggressive materials into the raceways
must be prevented. For bearings that are often exposed to
splash and surge water, the use of an adequate seal is recom-
mended.
311 The vertical support in the bearings companion structure
should preferably be in the vicinity of the track diameter in the
heaviest loaded areas (main tension/compression zones). If
Figure 3 this is not the case, DNV will normally require use of bracket
Slewing ring measures plates. DNV may, upon evaluation of each actual bearing and
companion structure design, ask for detailed calculations of
any deflection of the support surfaces under maximum operat-
304 The effective bolt length shall be at least 4.5 times the ing load together with documentation of the permissible limits
bolt diameter. as specified by the bearing manufacturer.
Guidance note: See also comments on desired avoidance of brackets in 402.
Effective bolt length is the part of the bolt that may be free to be Guidance note:
elongated at tension. In other words, it does not include the part Slewing bearings of the ball or roller type are required to be
of the bolt being constrained by the treads. opened up periodically for inspection.
---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e--- However, for cranes on which a retention device (with minimum
capacity equivalent to the slewing bearing) is arranged, or the
305 Bolt material having yield strength exceeding 940 N/ slewing bearing has been specially adapted and approved for
mm2 (10.9 ISO strength class) will normally not be accepted non-destructive crack detection, or a procedure for regular clear-
for offshore cranes. ance measurements, grease sampling and fatigue evaluations are
adopted in agreement with the crane and slewing bearing manu-
306 Slewing ring fasteners shall be pre-stressed according to facturer, the requirement to opening up may be waived.
a written procedure. The degree of permanent prestressing
shall be as high as possible without producing yield in bolt ma- ---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e---
terial during prestressing. The degree of permanent prestress-
ing shall at least be 65% but normally not more than 80% of E 400 Flanges
bolt material yield strength. If documented by testing, pro- 401 The thickness of connecting flanges shall be checked lo-
cedures claiming a degree of permanent prestressing up to 90% cally according to
of bolt material yield strength may be credited.
307 The holding-down bolts shall - as far as practical - be
equally spaced over the 360° circumference. ⎛ 1 ⎞
6 ⋅ S ⋅ Fx ⋅ ⎜ rb − rx − d h ⎟
t min = ⎝ 2 ⎠
Guidance note: ⎛ 1 ⎞
With equally spaced bolts, FA and FR in 303 becomes ⎜ s − dh ⎟ f y
⎝ 2 ⎠
where
⎛ 4Mk ⎞1
FA = ⎜ − Fa ⎟
⎝ D ⎠m S = required safety factor
Normally, the following formula applies to the rear “element” of Fx = maximum vertical raceway load per bolt at the rear of
all the bearing. the ring, based on pedestal diameter of the lower flange
or kingpost
rb = bolt circle radius for the flange in question
1 ⎡ ⎛ 4Mk ⎞ ⎤
FR = ⎢4 Fr + ⎜ + Fa ⎟ tg β ⎥ rx = pedestal radius or kingpost radius measured to middle
m ⎣ ⎝ D ⎠ ⎦ of plate
where: dh = bolt hole diameter
DET NORSKE VERITAS

s = centre /centre spacing for boltholes 404 Flatness of the connecting flange mating surface to the
fy = yield strength flange material. slewing bearing shall comply with the slewing bearing manu-
facturer's specification.
402 For excessive moments (when the raceway diameter dif-
fers from the diameter of a cylindrical pedestal/kingpost and/ No surface levelling compound shall be used in order to obtain
or radial forces act on the rings), supporting brackets may be required flatness.
required under the flange. E 500 Pedestal and pedestal adapter for jib cranes
Brackets and their welding attachments “will be felt” by the 501 Pedestals and pedestal adapters shall be designed for the
slewing ring when rotating. Consequently, it is preferable to same crane group as that of the crane.
eliminate the difference of the above mentioned diameters as
much as possible (vertical load on ball/rollers in line with ped- For design loads, see also B307.
estal/kingpost plate), thereby minimizing the warping moment 502 Fatigue evaluation of pedestal/pedestal adapter shall be
and contributing to enable the leaving out of brackets. carried out in accordance with FEM or other acceptable crane
403 Normally there shall be a full penetration weld between standard.
the pedestal/kingpost shell and the flanges.
DET NORSKE VERITAS

SECTION 4
CONVENTIONAL CARGO GEAR, CARGO RAMPS AND MOVABLE CARGO
DECKS
A. General Welds". However, scattered porosity according to Group

Green may be accepted.
A 100 Definitions
101 Conventional cargo gear or derrick systems are lifting
appliances comprising:
C. Derrick Systems
— mast or derrick posts
— shrouds and stays C 100 Rigging plan and force diagram
— cargo runners and cargo chains 101 Lay-out of swinging derricks, heavy lift derricks where
— span tackle (topping wire rope systems) union purchase system is intended shall be indicated on the rig-
— guys ging plan.
— hooks, sheaves and blocks 102 Arrangement plan of shroud and stays on stayed masts/
— fittings (shackles, swivels, eye plates, rings, triangle plates derrick posts shall be submitted.
etc.).
103 A diagram of forces for each derrick rig shall be submit-
102 Ramps are movable ramps for vehicles onboard ships. ted containing the following combinations:
103 Movable cargo decks are decks onboard ships for the — number of derricks working simultaneously on hatch
transport of vehicles. — number of derricks working simultaneously outboard to
A 200 Scope one side of the ship
— whether one or two pair of derricks where the derricks are
201 The requirements of this section shall be complied with arranged for operation in union purchase.
in cases where the issue of Forms listed in Sec.7 B500 is re-
quested. See also Appendix F. 104 In the ease of union purchase the following shall be in-
cluded in the rigging plan:
A 300 Classification
301 The structural strength and support of masts, derrick — minimum headroom below the triangle plate
posts, standing rigging and movable cargo decks are class — maximum included angle between the cargo runners.
items and shall always be approved by the Society for ships
classified with the Society. C 200 Basic design assumptions
201 A basic angle of heel of 5° and angle of trim of 2° are as-
A 400 Operational limitations sumed for the ship. Provided these angles are not exceeded the
401 The cargo handling systems are presumed only to be op- effect of heel and trim may in most cases be ignored in the
erated in harbours or within sheltered waters. strength calculations.
For angle of heel and trim exceeding above figures the effect
shall be taken into consideration.
B. Basic Requirements 202 The cargo handling system shall be designed for the
forces exerted in the system from the safe working load, SWL,
B 100 Materials multiplied by a design coefficient.
101 Selection of material grades for plates and section shall k = 1.25 for SWL ≤ 650 kN
be based on material thickness and shall basically comply with k = 1.1 for SWL ≥ 600 kN
Sec.2. However, NV-steel grades as given in Table Bl will nor-
mally be accepted. For intermediate values of the SWL linear interpolation shall
be applied.
Table B1 Plate material grades 203 The most unfavourable position of derrick booms shall
Thickness in mm Normal strength Higher strength be considered in the strength evaluation of the cargo handling
structural steel structural steel system.
t ≤ 12 A A
C 300 Allowable stresses
12 < t ≤ 25 B A
25 < t ≤ 50 D D 301 The total stress at any particular location in the mast
(derrick post) shall not exceed the allowable stress considering
t > 50 E E the following:
B 200 Wire ropes — global overturning moment = Σ (k · SWL · ld · cos α)
201 For wire and rope materials and construction steel wire — vertical (axial) forces
ropes, see Sec.2. — bending moments and torsional moments resulting from
For testing of steel wire ropes, see Sec.7. cross trees (if fitted) and from offset of the forces.
B 300 Welding and workmanship ld = length of derrick boom

α = boom angle to the horizontal
301 Welding and workmanship shall generally comply with k = the design factor
Sec.2. Σ = the vector sum of external moments on the mast result-
Radiographs shall normally meet the requirement Group Blue ing from the SWL and derricks being operated simulta-
according to "IIW Collection of Reference Radiographs of neously.
DET NORSKE VERITAS

302 α is the lowest angle - for practical considerations - of caused by the above mentioned forces. The forces in the stays
the boom to the horizontal, but shall not be less than 15° where may be calculated.
SWL ≤ 100 kN or 25° where SWL > 100 kN. Stays or shrouds of wire rope which will be subjected to a
303 For members made of structural steels the safety factors "negative" force i.e. compression member, shall be ignored in
for load case I of Tables D 1 and D2 in Sec.3 shall be applied. the calculations.
See also Sec.3 D400.
The buckling strength of steel members acting as stays where
Stresses according to load case II of Table D1 and D2 in Sec.3 subjected to compression shall be checked.
may be allowed for SWL > 600 kN provided special detailed
calculations are found acceptable taking into account: 502 The combined stress from bending, compression and
shear in each section of the mast shall not exceed the allowable
— effect of weight of the various members stress.
— effect of heel and trim Further, the overall stability of the mast due to axial compres-
— eccentricities of forces acting sion and bending shall be checked to satisfy:
— preload of any stays and means for controlling the tension
in stays are available.
σ ac σ bc
304 The safety factor for steel wire ropes shall not be less + ≤1
than (σ ac ) allow (σ bc ) allow
where
4
10 1
SF = ⋅ σac = the calculated axial compression stress
0.885 SWL + 1910 k (σac)allow = the permissible compression stress in axially
but shall not be less than 3 or need not be taken more than 5. loaded compression member i.e. the critical
flexural buckling stress divided by the safety
The SWL (kN) applied in the formula shall be the highest SWL factor
for which the derrick system is designed.
σbc = the calculated maximum compressive stress due
305 Where not otherwise demonstrated by testing a com- to bending
bined allowance for friction and bending of the wire ropes (σbc)allow = the permissible compression stress.
equal to:
503 The maximum compressive stress due to bending of the
— 1.5% for each sheave with ball or roller bearings mast may be assessed by:
— 5% for each sheave with plain bearings
C m Δl (l m − H )
shall be considered in the calculation of the load in cargo run-
ner, span tackle and slewing guys.
σ bc =
Zm
(
N / mm 2 )
306 The minimum plate thickness of masts and derrick posts
is normally 7.5 mm. Masts and posts shall be increased in Cm = stiffness of mast (N/mm)
thickness or additionally stiffened at the deck gooseneck and Δl = total deflection of mast and stays (mm)
hounds. lm = length of mast from deck or top of mast house to
hounds (mm)
C 400 Union purchase arrangement H = height of derrick heel above deck or top of mast (mm)
401 Where the derricks are arranged for operation in union Zm = section modulus of mast at the derrick heel fitting
purchase the scantlings and arrangement of the derrick system (mm³).
shall also be suitable for single slewing derricks.
The diameter d0 and the plate thickness t0 of the mast are sup-
402 The maximum load in the system shall be determined posed to be maintained from the deck and not less than 1 m
based on: above the derrick heel fitting. Above this level, the diameter
and the plate thickness may be gradually reduced to 0.75 d0
— minimum operational angle of either derrick but not less and 0.75 t0 at the hounds.
than 15° to the horizontal
— maximum included angle between the cargo runners not The total deflection of mast and stays may be assessed by:
exceeding 120°
— outreach beyond the amidships breadth of the ship. Mini-
PH ⋅ 10 3
mum outreach is 4.0 metres Δl = (mm )
— minimum headroom to the triangle plate from top of hatch Cm + Cw
or bulwark whichever is the higher - of not less than using stiffness of mast,
- 4 metres where SWL(u) does not exceed 20 kN
- 5 metres where SWL(u) exceeds 20 kN.
2 .4 E m I m
403 The working range of the rig shall be indicated on a sep- Cm = 3
(N / mm )
arate plan and be attached to Form No. CG2U. Im
C 500 Stayed masts and derrick posts Em = modulus of elasticity of mast (N/mm2)
501 The mast (derrick post) and stays will share the load act- Im = modulus of inertia of mast (mm4)
ing on the system in the ratio of stiffness of stays, respectively Stiffness of wire rope stays/shrouds:
stiffness of the mast, to the total stiffness of mast and stays.
From the force diagram and/or by calculations the load on the
mast resulting from the cargo runner, span tackle and derrick Cw = Ew ⋅ G
boom including the effect of cross trees, if fitted, are to be es-
tablished by considering the equilibrium between the elastic Ew = modulus of elasticity of wire, 7.5 104 N/mm2
elongation of the stays related to the deflection of the mast G = the smaller of
DET NORSKE VERITAS

The total axial compression force in the mast shall be

f (1.7 a + c )
2 2
fc
Σ and 1 / 4 Σ
ls
3
ls
3
PA = Σ Pstay cos β + Q1
f = area (mm) equal to minimum breaking load of the wire where

rope divided by the tensile strength of the wires β = angle between the stay and the mast
a = athwart ship distance in mm from the mast to the deck Pstay = forces in the stays due to the deflection of mast and
attachment of shroud in question, see Fig.1 stays (kN).
c = longitudinal distance in mm from the mast to the deck
attachment of shroud in question, see Fig.1. With ref-
erence to a transverse plane through the mast, c is to be Σ SWL ⋅ k ⎛ l ⎞
2
taken negative (-) for shrouds fitted on the same side as Q1 = Σ SWL ⋅ k + 1 + ⎜⎜ d ⎟⎟ (kN )
n ⎝ m
l − H ⎠
the derricks in question and positive (+) for those fitted
on the opposite side.
n = 1, 2, 3 etc. for single, double and treble blocks etc.
ls = length of shrouds (mm) respectively.
Σ = summation of:
The forces in the stays due to the deflection of mast stays and
a) Load functions for derricks simultaneously serv- stays may be assessed by:
ing one hatch.
b) Support functions for effective shrouds when Pstay = E w Δl F l s ⋅ 10 −3 (kN )
loads are as indicated in a), i.e. all shrouds forward
or aft of the mast whichever is opposite to the using
hatch in question.
F = the greater of
c) Load functions for derricks simultaneously work-
ing outboard.
fc 1 f (1.7 a + c )
d) Support functions for effective shrouds when 3
and 3
ls 2 ls
loads are as indicated in c), i.e. all shrouds on one
side of the ship; however, the attachment to the 505 Where masthead span blocks are attached to riggers, the
deck is not to exceed 0.3 B forward or aft of the section modulus of the mast at the level of the outrigger shall
mast. not be less than:
Z = 12 r Q mm 3 ( )
r = horizontal distance in mm from mast to masthead span
blocks on outrigger.
2
Σ SWL ⎛ l ⎞
Q = Σ SWL + 1 + ⎜⎜ d ⎟⎟ (kN )
n ⎝ lm − H ⎠
Σ SWL = total load in kN which may be lifted by derricks

on one side of the centre line of ship.
Figure 1 C 600 Un-stayed masts and derrick posts
Arrangement of shrouds
601 Where SWL ≤ 100 kN, and there is no crosstree of ex-
ceptional spread, the sectional modulus of un-stayed masts or
and posts from deck level and to approximately 1 metre above the
gooseneck may be assessed by
3
2.3 ⋅ 10
Z = --------------------- ∑ SWL ⋅ l d (mm )
SWL k l d 3
PH = (kN ) σy
lm − H
ld = length of derrick in mm. Where the working position

of the derrick is such that the angle between the centre (SWL (kN), ld (mm) as defined in 503, σy = material yield
line of the derrick and the horizontal always exceeds strength in N/mm2.)
15°, ld is taken as the greatest horizontal projection of C 700 Derrick booms
the derrick.
701 The derrick booms shall be designed with due respect to:
504 The maximum axial compression stress in the mast may
be assessed by: — compression and bending stresses
— overall stability.
PA ⋅ 10 3 702 The axial thrust in the boom and bending caused by off-
σ ac = set of the forces are to be determined from the force diagram
Am
and/or direct calculation. The vector sum of bending moments
PA = total axial compression force in the mast (kN) shall be taken into account.
Am = cross-sectional area of the mast (mm2). 703 The maximum compression σN = (T/A) and bending
DET NORSKE VERITAS

stress σB = (M/Z) shall satisfy the following equation:

=
1
[ ( )]
for l d / d ⋅ 10 3 >
0.705
σN σB [ (
13.5 l d / d ⋅ 10 3
)]
2
σy
+ ≤1
σ R 1.2 σ y 704 The formulae in 703 apply to derrick booms with con-
stant sectional area. Where the sectional area varies σR should
T = axial force (N) in the derrick boom be corrected.
M = bending moment at derrick head In the case of a boom built up by 3 pipes, the mid pipe being of
Z = sectional moment at half length of derrick length "a" and diameter "d2", the end pipes having diameter
A = sectional area (mm2) at half length of derrick. "d1", σR in 703 shall be multiplied by a correction factor "m"
given in Table Cl.
σR =
[ ( )] for [l / (i ⋅ 10 )] ≤
8σ y − l d / i ⋅ 10 3
2
3 2
Table C1 "m"- factor
3. 6 σ y [l /(i ⋅10 )] + 14
d
3 2 d
σy
a/ld = 0.4 a/ld = 0.6 a/ld = 0.8
(d1/d2)³ = 0.4 0.67 0.85 0.97
(d1/d2)³ = 0.6 0.82 0.92 0.98
(d1/d2)³ = 0.8 0.92 0.96 0.98
=
1
[ (
for l d / i ⋅ 10 3 > )] 2
1.7 [l / (i ⋅ 10 )] σy
3 2
d
D. Cargo Ramps and Movable Cargo Decks

ld = length of derrick boom (mm)
D 100 Structural strength
i = minimum radius of gyration (mm).
101 Requirements to structural strength and design are given
For derricks manufactured from pipes with diameter d (mm) in DNV Rules for Ships Pt.5 Ch.2.
the formulae becomes
D 200 Mechanism and operational safety
201 Requirements to hoisting, fittings, safety devices and
σ y − [l d / (d ⋅ 10 3 ) ⋅ σ y ]
2
σR = [ ( )]
for l d / d ⋅ 10 3 ≤
0.705 testing are covered by Sec.5, 6 and 7.
[ (
3.6 σ y l d / d ⋅ 10 3 )] 2
+ 1.7 σy
DET NORSKE VERITAS

SECTION 5
MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT
A. Basic Requirement
A 100 Materials
101 The materials applied shall be in compliance with Sec.2
or relevant recognised code or standard.
102 Materials with low heat resistance shall not be applied
where a fire may cause unacceptable consequences of damage,
such as collapse, outflow of flammable fluids etc.
Non-metallic materials shall be flame-retardant in accordance
with recognised standard.
A 200 Arrangement and general design of components
and equipment
201 All components in a system shall be adequately matched
with regard to strength, capacity and functional performance.
202 Relative movements due to load variations, thermal ex- Figure 1
pansion, misalignment, vibration and interaction from founda- Wire rope fleet angles
tions shall be allowed to avoid detrimental effects.
203 Bolts and nuts exposed to dynamic forces and vibrations A 400 Strength
shall be properly secured or pre-stressed. 401 The strength of components and equipment shall gene-
204 All operational equipment shall be arranged for easy ac- rally be in compliance with D and E of Sec.3. Specific require-
ments for some important components are given in the
cess. Components and equipment normally subject to inspec- following. Recognised codes and standards may be applied as
tion and maintenance shall be installed so as to provide easy a supplement to this Standard for Certification.
access.
402 If acceptable accuracy cannot be obtained by strength
205 Arrangement for adequate lubrication of bearings and calculations, special tests may be required for determination of
gears shall be provided. the strength of a design.
206 All means of access shall be of a permanent nature and
have to be considered in each case with due respect to type of
crane and its intended service. B. Components
207 Protection against rain, sea-spray, snow, ice and sand B 100 Winches
shall be provided (essential for brakes, clutches etc.). Provi- 101 For design of the support of the winch to its foundation,
sions shall be made to prevent accumulation of water in any relevant forces from crane operations are understood to having
construction. Rapid drainage is to be ensured. been evaluated at their maximum.
208 Crane seatings and their supporting structures shall be of 102 The direction of motion of the operating devices shall be
rigid design. As far as relevant tolerances of travelling cranes such that the load is raised by clockwise movement of a hand-
and gantry cranes and their tracks shall at least comply with wheel or crank handle, or alternatively movement of a hand-le-
ver towards the operator.
FEM/I regulations. Tolerances of mating surfaces of seatings
shall meet the standard required by the manufacturer of the 103 The operating device shall be arranged to return auto-
slewing ring and general engineering standards. matically to the braking position when the operator releases the
control. However, for offshore crane applications – in constant
209 Cranes shall be arranged with emergency escape in ad- tension and active heave compensation modus – the brake shall
dition to the main access. Portable escape equipment may be remain off when the operator releases the control.
accepted.
B 200 Drums
A 300 Ventilation 201 Drum diameters shall be determined with due respect to:
301 Forced ventilation (heating/cooling) shall be provided - — type of reeving
when necessary - to ensure inside temperatures within the — state of loading
range required by Sec.l D101. — daily operating time
302 Higher temperatures inside cubicles, desks etc. will be and shall be suitable for the selected steel wire rope, as directed
accepted provided installed equipment is regarded as suitable by the rope manufacturer.
for such higher temperature. The ratio Dp/d shall normally not be less than 18 where
303 Verification of temperature and final acceptance shall be
Dp = pitch diameter of drum
based on loads and operational sequence relevant to the lifting
d = nominal diameter of steel wire rope.
appliance.
DET NORSKE VERITAS

202 As far as practicable and suitable for the arrangement, The calculated hoop stress σh shall not exceed 85% of the ma-
drums shall be designed with a length sufficient to reel up the terial yield stress.
rope in not more than 3 layers. 208 The drum flanges shall be designed for an outward pres-
More than 3 layers may be accepted if the wire rope has an in- sure corresponding to the necessary support of the windings
dependent wire rope core (IWRC) and one of the following near the drum ends. Unless a lower pressure is justified by
conditions is complied with: tests, the pressure is assumed to be linearly increasing from
zero at the top layer to a maximum value of
— spooling device is provided
— drum is grooved
— fleet angle is restricted to 2° 2 ⋅ t av
pf = ⋅σ h
— split drum is arranged 3⋅ D
— separate traction drum is fitted. near the barrel surface. (The pressure pb acting on the barrel
surface is assumed to be three times this value. D is the outer
However, when the number of layers exceeds 7, special con-
sideration and approval will be required. diameter of the barrel.)
203 For all operating conditions, the distance between the It is assumed proper spooling, avoiding cutting/burying of the
centre of the top layer of the wire rope on the drum and the out- wire rope in the underlying layers. Additional forces due to
er edge of the drum flanges shall be at least 2.5 times the diam- cutting/burying of the wire rope are not taken into account in
eter of the wire rope, except in the cases where wire rope the above specified calculation method. Further, wire rope
guards are fitted to prevent over spilling of the wire. crushing is not covered.
Guidance note: B 300 Brakes
It is advised that the drums have grooves to accept the rope. 301 Automatic braking systems shall be arranged and shall
Where a grooved rope drum is used the drum diameter shall be
measured to the bottom of the rope groove. To avoid climbing of be activated when the operating device is brought to zero or
the rope on the grooves the angles α1 and α2 shall not exceed 4°, braking position However, for offshore crane applications, ref
see Fig.1. The groove shall be smooth. Advised radius of groove 103.
is 0.53 d (d = nominal rope diameter) and should be between For lifting of persons, see Sec.6 A700.
0.52d < r < 0.57d.
302 Brake mechanisms shall be so designed that the brakes
---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e--- are activated upon failure of the power drive or the control sys-
204 Drums shall either be fabricated from steel plates or be tem. Means shall, however, be provided for overriding such
castings. systems at any time.
Ferritic nodular cast iron with minimum elongation (A5) 10% 303 Braking systems shall be such as not to introduce shock
may be accepted. By special consideration a lower elongation loads.
may be acceptable. Impact testing of ferritic nodular cast iron 304 Brakes shall preferably act directly on the drum. Where
will for this application be waived. a brake is arranged in front of a transmission, the components
205 Drums shall be checked with respect to their overall in the transmission subjected to loads due to braking shall be
equilibrium situation and beam action, with the maximum rope designed to comply with the requirements to strength of the
tension acting in the most unfavourable position. The effect of brake itself.
support forces, overall bending, shear and torsion shall be con- Brakes for offshore cranes shall also follow the requirements
sidered. The rope tension shall in this case include any ampli- as specified in Sec.6 A513, i.e. redundancy in case of breakage
fying coefficient and the dynamic factor ψ. If more in the gear transmission.
unfavourable however, the situation with forces directly de- 305 Brakes shall exert a torque not less than 80% in excess
pendent upon motor or brake action shall be considered.
of the maximum torque on the brake caused by the loads being
206 The drum barrel shall be designed to withstand the sur- regarded as static loads. If the dynamic factor exceeds 1.8, the
face pressure acting on it due to maximum number of wind- braking capacity shall be increased accordingly. The lowest
ings. The rope is assumed to be spooled under maximum expected coefficient of friction for the brake lining with due
uniform rope tension. Maximum uniform rope tension means consideration to service conditions (humidity, grease, etc.)
the tension due to safe working load without taken into account shall be applied in the design calculation of braking torque
the amplification factors and dynamic factor. If the rope ten- capacity, but this coefficient of friction shall not be taken high-
sion varies systematically, such as when an object is lifted er than 0.3.
from bottom and out of water, this variation shall be taken into
account. 306 Automatic braking is assumed to be obtained by a spring
force (or equivalent) and that the brake is released by hydrau-
207 Unless comprehensive tests justify a lower value, the lic, pneumatic or electric means. The spring force shall be such
hoop stress in the barrel shall not be taken less than that the braking torque capacity required by 305 will be ob-
S tained.
σh = C⋅
p ⋅ t av Particulars of spring performance shall be submitted.
σh = hoop stress in drum barrel 307 All brake components, except those for slewing brakes,
S = maximum rope tension under spooling shall be designed for a load of at least 1.6 times the maximum
p = pitch of rope grooving (the distance between ropes, unfactored loads, unless otherwise documented by detailed
centre to centre, within one layer) calculations. For winches intended for subsea operations
tav = average wall thickness of drum barrel where the brakes are carrying the submerged dynamic load, the
C = 1 for 1 layer brake components shall be designed for the full dynamic load
= 1.75 for two layers and above, for non-LeBus grooved if larger than the unfactored load times 1.6. Brake components
drums for slewing motions shall be designed for a torque of at least
= 1.75 for two layers, linearly increasing to 3.0 for 5 lay- 1.3 times the maximum unfactored load torque.
ers and above, for LeBus grooved drums. However, 308 Brakes shall be designed with due regard to inspection,
lower factors may be applied provided thoroughly doc- adjustments and maintenance. Brake surface (e.g. on drum)
umented. should not be recessed.
DET NORSKE VERITAS

B 400 Steel wire rope with fittings and anchorages 409 Where wire rope clamps are used, the free length of rope
401 For wire and rope materials and construction of steel end shall be at least 5 times the rope diameter and the rope end
wire ropes, see Sec.2. shall be prevented from fraying. Only properly designed wire
rope clamps with two gripping areas shall be used (the U-bolt
For testing of steel wire ropes, see Sec.6. type is not acceptable). The number of clamps depends on the
402 Length of wire rope for a lifting appliance shall be such diameter of the wire rope and shall comply with maker's spec-
that there is not less than 3 turns of wire rope on the drum with ification. The number of clamps shall in no case be less than 3.
the hook at the lowest position and the boom in the most ad- 410 A thimble or loop splice shall have at least five tucks,
verse position. Normally the ropes for hoisting and derricking three tucks with the whole strand of the rope, and two tucks
shall be in one length. with one-half of the wires cut out of each strand. The tucks
403 Steel wire rope safety factor for running application or shall be under and over against the lay of the rope. Splices shall
forming part of sling and for mast stays, pendants and similar be tightly drawn and neatly made. These requirements will not
standing applications shall be the greater of: prevent the use of another form of splice that can be shown to
Not less than the greater of 3 and be as efficient.
411 Where other connections are fitted, the method of splic-
4 ing shall be according to recognised codes and standards.
10
SF = 412 The efficiency of the applicable wire rope termination
0.885 ⋅ SWL + 1910
shall comply with an EN-or ISO standard or be documented by
but need not exceed 5. the test certificate/report covering the actual wire rope being
SF = 2.3 ψ used. If the efficiency of the end termination is below 80%, the
ψ = design dynamic coefficient for the crane loss shall be compensated for up to minimum 80% efficiency.
SWL = Safe Working Load (kN). 413 Except for offshore cranes taking loads from supply ves-
For cranes with wire rope suspended jibs, the same safety fac- sels and the sea bed, the strength of the anchorage of the hoist
tor will be required for hoisting and luffing. rope to the drum shall have strength not less than the smallest
of 80% of the breaking load of the hoist wire rope or 2.5 times
For subsea operations, where the static submersed load meas- the maximum design tensile force in the rope. The force may
ured at the crane tip (Fsub) exceeds SWL, SWL may be substi- include the friction of the turns remaining on the drum, based
tuted by Fsub. on coefficient of friction of 0.1.
404 For safety factor of wire ropes used for lifting people or 414 For offshore cranes taking load from supply vessels and
manned objects see Ch.2 Sec.6 A703.
the sea bed, the load carrying capacity of the fixed hoist rope
405 The minimum breaking load B of steel wire ropes shall anchorage to the drum shall approximately equal the wire rope
not be less than line pull. However, including the frictional force being applied
through the turns of rope always to remain on the drum, the to-
tal capacity of anchorage shall be equal to the breaking load of
B = SF ⋅ S the rope. In order to achieve this frictional force it may be nec-
where S is the maximum load in the rope resulting from the ef- essary to increase the minimum remaining turns on the drum
fect of the working load (suspended load) and loads due to any to more than 3.
applicable dead weights. The number of parts and friction in
sheaves shall be considered. 415 The rope anchorage of the boom rope to the drum shall
not be taken less than the maximum design rope pull. Anchor-
406 Where not otherwise demonstrated by testing, a com- age including friction of the remaining turns on the drum when
bined allowance for friction and bending of the wire ropes, tak- the boom is in the lowest allowed position shall withstand the
en as breaking load of the hoist wire rope. The friction force shall be
— 1.5% for each sheave with ball or roller bearings based on a coefficient of friction of 0.1.
— 5% for each sheave with plain bearings 416 All wire rope anchorages shall be easily accessible for
inspection.
shall be applied for calculation purpose of S in 405.
Above friction and bending loss may be reduced in proportion B 500 Sheaves
with the wire ropes’ angle of contact with the sheave. 501 Sheaves shall comply with a recognised code or
407 In wire ropes for running application the number of standard. Normally, the sheave diameter for steel wire ropes
wires shall not be less than 114 (6 strands with 19 wires each). shall at least correspond to a ratio Dp/d = 18, where Dp is the
pitch diameter of the sheave and d is the wire rope diameter.
In the case of one part hoist line (whip hoist) non-rotation wire
shall be used or ball bearing swivel shall be provided for pre- Further, the sheave groove shall comply with the correspond-
venting accumulation of twist. ing guidance for grooves in drums as specified in 203.
Guidance note: For non-rotating sheaves (e.g. equaliser sheaves) and similar
A swivel should always be fitted between the hoist rope and the arrangements where the wire is not moving the ratio Dp/d shall
hook or other lifting attachment, and, except in the case of a be at least 10.
ship's derrick, the swivel should be fitted with ball- or roller bear- 502 Sheaves shall either be castings, welded or be gas cut
ings that can be lubricated regularly
and machined from steel plate. However, sheaves made from
---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e--- nylon castings may be accepted after special considerations.
408 For rope anchorage properly designed rope sockets like 503 Castings and plates for sheaves shall comply with Sec.2.
spelter sockets, ferrule secured-eyes (with thimble only) or However, for non-welded sheaves the required impact testing
self-locking wedge sockets shall preferably be used. of the material will be waived.
Socketing of wire ropes shall be carried out in accordance with a 504 All sheaves and blocks shall be so arranged that the wire
recognised standard and the socket manufacturer’s instruction. rope cannot run off the sheave.
DET NORSKE VERITAS

B 600 Anti-breakdown device for slewing mechanism B 800 Chains

601 Slewing mechanism shall be so designed that it will not 801 The safety factor for chains, measured against the min-
be damaged by heavy braking or reversal of the motion. imum specified breaking strength, shall not be less than the
Guidance note: greater of:
This may be achieved either by designing the drive mechanism — 4 × 0.75 ψ × SWL
to resist the torque imposed by the above conditions or by the in- — 4 × SWL
sertion of a torque limiting device (e.g. a slipping clutch) which
will protect the mechanism from excessive shock loading. The where ψ is the dynamic factor for which the crane is designed.
torque limiting device should also allow the brake to slip if the
horizontal load on the boom exceeds the load for which the boom 802 The material of the chains and/or the grade shall be doc-
has been designed. umented with a certificate, for example an inspection
certificate of type 3.1, referring to a recognised standard.
803 Before being taken into use for the first time the chains
B 700 Lifting gear, including loose gear and grabs shall be load tested as for loose gear, and the tests shall be doc-
umented by ILO Form No.3 or CG3 certificate.
701 For definition of lifting gear, including loose gear, see
Ch.1 Sec.1 C. B 900 Skids
702 Material shall be as specified in the applied codes or 901 Skids designed for lifting of varying loads as well as
standards. If the codes or standards used do not cover applica- skids designed for a specific load and/or a specific transport as-
ble material requirements, or a design is not covered by code signment may be certified in accordance with the requirements
or standard, the material requirements given in Sec.2 shall be in 700, however with observation of the conditions outlined in
complied with. Appendix E A300.
Where certification by other Competent Persons (for example
the manufacturer) is accepted, the material certificates shall be
filed by the Competent Person and shall be presented upon the
Society’s request.
C. Power Systems
703 Design and strength of lifting gear shall comply with C 100 Prime movers
recognised codes or standards. Where applicable codes or 101 Prime movers shall be designed to accept normal load
standards are not followed, the safety factor for chain as given conditions such as running at load levels characteristic for the
in 801 will normally be acceptable. expected use of the crane, and to accept frequent and large load
Lifting and spreader beams/frames will normally be accepted variations.
calculated as outlined in Sec.3. Load Case II stress acceptance 102 The crane prime mover shall be such that the full power
level, with dynamic factor not less than the overload test factor demands of any loading and speed combinations associated
as given in Sec.6 shall be satisfied in addition to Load Case I with the various motions are compatible with the operations
and applied ψ. that the crane is designed for.
704 Design load for lifting gear as well as grabs shall be the 103 For operation within hazardous (gas-dangerous) areas,
greater of: prime movers and their installation shall meet additional perti-
nent requirements.
— 0.75 × ψ × SWL , and
— SWL 104 Adequate insulation and shielding shall be provided for
the protection of personnel during performance of their normal
ψ is the dynamic factor for which the crane is designed. duties and to prevent ignition of flammable fluids.
For cranes intended for grab duty the dynamic factor shall in- 105 The internal combustion engines shall normally not be
clude also the additional increase specified in Ch2 Sec3 B310 located in hazardous areas. The exhaust gas outlet of the en-
gines shall have an effective spark arrestor. The outlet shall be
705 The main and auxiliary hook (whip hoist) for offshore led to the atmosphere at a safe distance from any hazardous ar-
cranes shall at least meet the requirements in DIN 15400 ma- ea.
chinery group 1 AM and 2M respectively. However, in cases
where the design hook load corresponds to that caused by the C 200 Power independency
dynamic response for significant wave heights exceeding 3
metres, machinery group 1 AM may also be accepted for the 201 Hoisting and derricking functions shall be independent
auxiliary hook. of travelling and slewing functions.
706 Hooks shall be fitted with a safety latch or be so de- 202 The crane and its load shall be able to remain in un-
signed that the ring or sling cannot fall out. changed position in the event of power failure, see also B302.
Irrespective of design, hooks for offshore cranes shall be fitted
with a safety latch.
707 Hook blocks shall have protective plates and shall be D. Electrical Installations, Equipment and
easy to handle from any side. Systems
708 In cases where, upon special agreement, (See Ch1 Sec1 D 100 General
E700) the damping effect of a hydraulic damper shall be in-
cluded in the approval, the damping effect shall be document- 101 For industrial lifting appliances electrical installation
ed by both calculations submitted and practical tests The test shall comply with relevant and recognised codes or standards
program shall be submitted by the Customer, accepted by pertinent to the location of the crane.
DNV’s approval unit, and monitored by the certifying survey- 102 Electrical installations of lifting appliances onboard
or to the extent agreed before the tests are initiated. ships- and offshore units classed by DNV shall comply with
709 Lifting gear and grabs shall be marked with the safe the Society’s Ship Rules Pt.4 Ch.8 “Electrical installations”.
working load. The crane manual shall contain information of 103 For offshore cranes and cranes covered by relevant class
necessary specifications for ordering replacements. notations; the electrical equipment and systems supporting the
DET NORSKE VERITAS

crane main functions will generically be defined as “essential” 104 Systems shall be designed, constructed and adjusted to
according to Society’s Ship Rules Pt.4 Ch.8. Specifically minimize surge pressures and intensification pressures. Surge
equipment and systems having impact on the Risk Contribu- pressure and intensified pressure shall cause no hazards.
tors listed in Sec.6 A502 shall fulfil requirements with respect 105 Loss of pressure or critical drops in pressure as well as
to essential installations. missing hydraulic refilling shall not cause a hazard.
104 For offshore cranes onboard mobile offshore units (semi 106 Leakage (internal or external) shall not to cause a haz-
submersibles, jack-ups, etc.), additional requirements as spec- ard.
ified by the governing DNV Offshore Codes shall be applied
as far as relevant. 107 Whatever type of control or power supply used (e.g.,
electrical, hydraulic, etc.), the following actions or occurrences
Guidance note:
(unexpected or by intention) shall create no hazard:
The following codes and standards are recognised:
- Norwegian Standard NS 5513 - Cranes and Lifting Applianc- — switching the supply on or off
es. — supply reduction
- DNV Rules (Ships) Pt.4 Ch.8, “Electrical Installations”. — supply cut-off or re-establishment.
- British Standard BS 5345 - Selection, Installation Mainte-
nance of Electrical Apparatus for use in Potentially Explosive 108 Hydraulic systems and other machinery in connection
Atmospheres. with the hydraulic system shall be designed to protect person-
- NEK 420. nel from surface temperatures that exceed touchable limits by
---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e--- either insulating or guarding.
109 To facilitate maintenance, means shall be provided or
Other codes and standards may after special consideration be components so fitted that their removal from the system for
recognised by the Society. maintenance:
D 200 Plans and specifications — shall minimize the loss of fluid
201 For the electrical system the following shall be submit- — shall not require draining of the reservoir
ted: — shall not necessitate extensive disassembly of adjacent
parts.
1) Drawings and specification of:
110 The fluid reservoir shall be designed with respect to:
a) switchboard
b) distribution boards — dissipation of heat from the oil
— separation of air
c) control panels. — settling of contamination in the oil
2) Single line diagram of: — maintenance work.
a) power distribution Indicators showing the fluid level shall be permanently marked
b) lighting distribution showing full load, cable types with system “high” and “low” levels.
and cross sections make-type-rating of fuse and Air breathers on vented reservoirs should be provided which
switchgear. filter air entering the reservoir to a cleanliness level compatible
with the system requirements, taking into consideration the en-
3) Schematic diagrams of: vironmental conditions in which the system is to be installed.
a) control system (with safety system) 111 Effective means for filtration and cooling of the fluid
b) starting arrangement for engines. shall be incorporated in the system.
A means of obtaining a representative fluid sample shall be
4) Arrangement drawings showing: provided to allow for checking fluid cleanliness condition.
a) location of electrical equipment Valves for fluid sampling shall be provided with sealing and
b) cable run. with warning signs marked “System under pressure”
112 Flexible hoses and couplings shall be of approved type
(Type Approval Certificate issued by DNV is recommended).
E. Hydraulic, Pneumatic, Instrumentation, 113 Flexible hoses shall only be used
Automation and Wireless Remote Control — between moving elements
Systems — to facilitate the interchange of alternative equipment
— to support the transmission of mechanical vibration and/or
E 100 Hydraulic systems noise.
101 Hydraulic systems and their lay-out shall satisfy recog-
nised codes or standards and engineering principles and shall 114 Flexible hoses shall be located or protected to minimize
as far as relevant or applicable comply with pertinent rules of abrasive rubbing of the hose cover.
DNV. 115 Hydraulic cylinders and accumulators shall be separate-
102 When designing hydraulic circuits, all aspects of possi- ly approved.
ble methods of failure (including control supply failure) shall 116 Hydraulic cylinders that do not meet the conditions list-
be considered. In each case, components shall be selected, ap- ed in index 13 of Table A1 of Sec.1, or with a load carrying
plied, mounted and adjusted so that in the event of a failure, capacity exceeding 20 tonnes or for offshore cranes or for
maximum safety to personnel shall be the prime consideration, cranes to be included in class (CRANE or Crane Vessel),
and damage to equipment minimized. (Fail-safe concept) are subjected to DNV approval and certification.
103 All parts of the system shall be designed or otherwise The documentation to be submitted for approval shall meet the
protected against pressures exceeding the maximum working approval procedure as described in DNV Standard for
pressure of a system or any part of the system or the rated pres- certification No. 2.9 “Type Approval Programme 5-778.93
sure of any specific component. Hydraulic cylinders.” October 2002.
DET NORSKE VERITAS

See also index 14 -15 of Table A1 of Sec.1. 308 Main pipes shall be inclined relative to the horizontal,
117 The design calculations submitted for approval shall be and drainages are to be arranged.
based on the maximum obtainable pressure. Alternatively, if 309 Piping and pressure vessels shall comply with relevant
the maximum dynamic force applied on the crane is known, recognised codes and shall generally comply with DNV Rules.
this may be used as basis for the design calculations. Different
outreach positions may have to be evaluated. E 400 Control and monitoring systems
118 Based on individual considerations, a buckling safety 401 For offshore cranes in general and all cranes covered by
factor down to 2.3 may be accepted relevant class notations; components and installations shall
119 Materials shall fulfil the requirements in DNV Standard comply with the Society’s Ship Rules Pt.4 Ch.9 "Control and
for certification No. 2.9. monitoring systems".
Control and monitoring systems supporting the crane main
120 Requirements regarding cylinder wall thickness are de- functions will generically be defined as “essential” according
scribed in the Type Approval Programme mentioned in 116. to Society’s Ship Rules Pt.4 Ch.9.
Requirements regarding wall thickness of tubes are described Specifically equipment and systems having impact on the Risk
in DNV’s Rules for Ships Pt.4 Ch.6 Sec.6 A Tables A1, A2 and Contributors listed in Sec.6 A502 shall fulfil requirements with
A3. respect to essential installations.
121 Welds shall normally be full penetration welds. Other 402 For offshore cranes covered by class notations CRANE
than full penetration welds may be accepted on a case-to-case or Crane Vessel, testing at manufacturer’s works and issu-
basis provided that acceptable stresses (both with respect to fa- ance of product certificate will, as addressed in Society’s Ship
tigue and static) can be documented. This will primarily be ap- Rules Pt.4 Ch.9 "Control and monitoring systems", be re-
plicable for cylinders used for pushing only (e.g. jib cylinders). quired.
122 Hydraulic cylinders for cranes other than those men- 403 For offshore cranes onboard mobile offshore units (semi
tioned in 116 may be accepted based on the manufacturer’s submersibles, jack-ups, etc.), additional requirements as spec-
product certificate and consequently do not need DNV’s de- ified by the governing DNV Offshore Codes shall be applied
sign approval. See also index 13 of Table A1 of Sec.1. as far as relevant.
E 200 Testing E 500 Wireless remote control systems
201 Except for mountings, each component of the system Guidance note:
shall be delivered with a Product Certificate documenting that
it has been pressure tested to 1.3 times the design pressure. The principles for wireless remote control should be:
202 The test pressure shall be minimum 70 bar above the de- 1) Safe state for the crane and for the wireless remote control
sign pressure. Consequently the requirement for pressure test- operation should be defined.
ing of the complete hydraulic system of a crane is not Normally we will assume that safe state is immediate stop of
considered satisfactorily complied with by the overload testing all crane movements. The crane brake capacities should be
of the crane. sufficient to hold the crane and the cargo at any position
within a given response time.
203 Hydraulic testing of the assembly shall be performed in (Some cranes are equipped with heave compensation, auto-
the presence of a surveyor, unless otherwise agreed. The test matic overload protection, emergency operation, etc. In
pressure shall be maintained for a time sufficient for check of such cases safe state may not be complete stop).
leakage. The assembly shall exhibit no sign of defects or leak- Furthermore:
age.
- The system should prevent operation if the operator
E 300 Pneumatic systems leaves the normal operating area for the crane.
- The data sent to/from the remote control unit should be
301 Air intakes for compressors shall be so located as to min- subjected to error detection and/or error correction.
imize the intake of oil- or water-contaminated air. - Transmitting of radio data should also be made possible
302 When designing pneumatic circuits, all aspects of possi- by “handshaking”.
ble methods of failure (including control supply failure) shall 2) The wireless communication with the crane should not be
be considered. In each case, components shall be selected, ap- disturbed by any other external communication signals, and
plied, mounted and adjusted so that in the event of a failure, it should be designed in accordance with accepted standards
maximum safety to personnel shall be the prime consideration, for emission.
and damage to equipment minimized. (Fail-safe concept.) 3) If it cannot be proven that the frequencies allocated for the
303 Loss of pressure or critical drops in pressure shall cause wireless communication for a specific crane are unique in all
no hazard. areas where the crane will be operated, and that such com-
munication will never be interrupted by external communi-
304 Leakage (internal or external) shall create no hazard. cation signals, some kind of unique cryptation or ID of the
wireless communication or similar is strongly recommend-
305 Whatever type of control or power supply used, the fol- ed.
lowing actions or occurrences (unexpected or by intention)
The main concern is that such arrangements should prevent
shall not create a hazard: other signals from controlling the crane movements.
— switching the supply on or off 4) Loss of communication with the unique remote control
— supply reduction should cause the crane to go into a safe state as outlined in
— supply cut-off or re-establishment. item 1 above.
5) Additionally an emergency stop independent of the wireless
306 Air supply to instrumentation equipment shall be free remote control should be installed.
from oil, moisture and other contaminants. The dew point shall Furthermore:
be below 5°C for air in pipes located in crane engine room. In
pipes outside the engine room the air shall have a dew point be- - By starting of the remote control unit a self-check must
low (TD-5)°C. be conducted in order to prevent movements if the con-
trol has been left in such mode.
307 Components requiring extremely clean air shall not be - The lifting unit should also be provided with a hardwired
used. emergency stop easily accessible.
DET NORSKE VERITAS

- The remote control unit should be provided with a key- where special hazards and risks should be identified.
switch for closing when not in use. For high-risk operations caused by mal-operation or equip-
- When used for lifting of persons, the remote control unit ment failure, the risk and the safety measures should be doc-
should also be provided with a “dead man button”. umented in a detailed analysis.
6) The planned operation should be subjected to an analysis ---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e---
DET NORSKE VERITAS

SECTION 6
SAFETY AND SAFETY EQUIPMENT
A. Safety A 500 Safety functions and equipment, offshore cranes

501 General
A 100 Operator's cabin
All lifting appliances categorised as Offshore cranes shall be
101 On offshore and shipboard deck cranes an operator's provided with safety functions, reducing the risk connected to
cabin will normally be required. This may also apply to other crane operations. The subsequent safety function requirements
types of cranes. National authorities may require a cabin on are founded on a risk based approach. It is up to the customer
cranes for the protection of the operator against noise and to select the technological platform for the safety functions. In
weather. principle, all alternatives providing equivalent safe operation
102 If required or fitted, the cabin shall satisfy the following will be accepted.
overall requirements: In the following, the safety function requirements are organ-
— Be of adequate size and give adequate protection against ised as follows:
weather and other environmental exposure. — listing of generic (i.e. standard) risk contributors, ref. 502
— Give the operator an adequate view of the area of opera- — description of the generic risk contributors and corre-
tion including hook and hook position. sponding required generic safety functions, ref. 504-519
— Have windows capable of being readily and safely cleaned — monitoring of the safety functions, ref. Table A5
inside and outside and to have defrosting and defogging — documentation requirements to the safety functions, ref.
means. Outdoor cranes shall have windscreen wipers. 520
— Be adequately tempered (heated, cooled) and ventilated — ranking of the safety functions, ref. 521
according to local conditions.
— verification, ref. 522
— Be of fireproof construction, have doors that can be readily
opened from both inside and outside. — handling of deviations and extended risk, ref. 523.
— In the case of a derrick crane access/exit shall not be ob- Additional requirements for lifting of personnel are specified
structed by any boom elevation. in 700.
— Noise and vibration shall remain within acceptable limits.
— Have a comfortable and purpose-designed seat from The corresponding documentation- and verification require-
which all operations can easily be controlled. Foot rests ments are specified in the “Verification Guideline for Safety
shall be arranged where necessary. Functions, Offshore Cranes”, ref. Appendix G.
— Have the crane controls marked and lit to show their re- 502 Generic risk contributors.
spective function.
The following hazards are identified as generic risk contribu-
103 Where the operator's cabin is attached to and travels with tors for offshore cranes:
the crab, the cabin suspension gear shall be so designed that the
cabin cannot fall if the cabin or the crab is accidentally dis- — over-loading (see 504).
placed from its rails. — crane movements outside operational limitations (over
travel) (see 505)
A 200 Platforms, access gangways and operator’s cab- — dangerous lifting gear/cargo movements (see 506)
ins — dangerous crane movements (see 507)
— lack of visibility (see 508)
201 For documentation of satisfactory structural strength, — lack of communication (see 509)
see Sec.3 B700. — slack wire rope at drum (see 510)
A 300 Parking and precautions against wind loads — failure in control systems (see 511)
— failure in safety components/systems (see 512)
301 Lifting appliances shall be provided with means to se- — lack of braking capacity (see 513)
cure the appliance in the "out of service condition" in a safe — lack of load holding capacity (see 514)
manner. The effect of wind and wind gusts and any roll, list — blackout/shutdown of power (see 515)
and trim shall be considered. — unintended activation of safety functions (see 516)
A 400 Protection and precautions against fire — spurious trip of safety functions (see 517)
— hazards due to activation of safety functions (see 518)
401 Necessary protection and precautions against fires and — fire/fire ignition (519).
explosions shall be considered in each case.
The number, capacity and location of fire extinguishers shall The maximum consequence assumed for each of the above
be adequate for the type of crane and its intended service. listed generic risk contributors is one fatality, with the excep-
However, at least one fire extinguisher shall be provided in the tion of “Fire/fire ignition” (519). For lifting appliances where
operator's cabin. the specific risk exceeds one fatality (not including “Fire/fire
ignition”), or where the specific risk contributors deviates from
402 Air pipes from fuel tanks shall be led to open air. the above, ref. 523 “Handling of deviations/extended risk”.
403 Cofferdams shall be arranged at fuel filling pipe. 503 Description of risk contributors and corresponding re-
404 It shall be possible to stop/close the following compo- quired generic safety functions
nents from a central place outside the crane engine room: The following description of the generic risk contributors and
corresponding required generic safety functions applies.
— valves on tanks for flammable fluids
— pumps for flammable fluids For lifting appliances with specific safety functions that devi-
— flaps (shutters) in air ducts to engine room ates from the following generic safety functions, ref. 523
— fans for ventilation “Handling of deviations/extended risk”.
— engines.
DET NORSKE VERITAS

Note: preventing system activation when the load is positioned

The below bold/italic number references in parentheses above the platform. Manual overriding of the AOPS shall
refer to applied numbering in the “Text reference” row of not be possible unless for the purpose of lifting of person-
the tables in Appendix G B300. nel. The AOPS shall be designed with respect to response
time and retaining force in the hoisting rope, protecting the
crane from any structural damage.
504 Over-loading
When the system is activated, the crane shall maintain a
Generic risk contributors: retaining force at the hook sufficient to suspend a load cor-
Over-loading due to crane hook entangled to the supply boat or responding to the rated capacity for platform lift. If the
other moving objects, due to load sucked to the seabed, due to hook load increases beyond this value, the minimum pay-
heave compensation not working properly, or other overload out hook speed due to the increased actual hook load shall
situations, may lead to crane structure collapse. not be less than the velocity given in the expression
(Vin2 + Vt2)0.5, see Sec.3 B304 (the velocities as indicated
Generic risk control measures: in EN 13852-1 Annex B may be used as a simplified meth-
All offshore cranes shall therefore be provided with overload od). When the overload/-moment situation no longer ex-
protection. The safety functions for overload protection shall ists, the system shall automatically deactivate. However,
be implemented by means of an automatic overload protection due to possible oscillation,, delayed deactivation of the
system (504.a and 504.c) and a manual overload protection AOPS shall be considered.
system (MOPS) (504.b). The automatic overload protection d) When subjected to an overload response equal to the acti-
shall be implemented by means of an “Overload limiting de- vation load for the shut-down device or the trigger load for
vice” (504.a) and - additional for supply boat and barge han- the AOPS, an alarm warning all the personnel within the
dling cranes operating in nautical zones with short wave working area, including all personnel onboard the attend-
characteristics - an AOPS (“Automatic Overload Protection ing supply vessel, shall automatically be activated.
System”) (504.c).
e) When the AOPS or the MOPS is activated, the end stop at
a) For cranes intended for supply boat/barge operations and the winch drum (limiting the residual windings to mini-
for subsea handling cranes, an “Overload limiting device”, mum 3) shall be overridden, allowing the wire rope to be
stopping the boom from being luffed further out (504.a) spooled completely off the drum.
will be required. The “Overload limiting device” shall au- f) Both the AOPS and MOPS shall have control indicators in
tomatically be activated when the crane is subject to an the cabin, i.e. a continuous visual signal to indicate wheth-
over-load response close to the crane’s design load (given er the system is operational or not. A different continuous
by the safe working load times the design dynamic factor). visual and acoustic signal shall be given when the system
When activated, the luffing in and load lowering/hoisting is activated. In addition, an external acoustic alarm giving
abilility shall stay intact. a sound level of approx. 110 dB (A) measured at 1 m from
b) MOPS (504.b) will generally be required for all offshore the alarm when the MOPS is activated, shall be provided.
cranes, including subsea operating cranes. The MOPS g) A rated capacity indicator and a crane inclinometer (if the
shall operate under all conditions, including failure in the crane is installed on a floating unit), giving continuous
main power supply and failure in the control system, and information to the operator, shall be provided. The load in-
shall override all other functions when activated. The sys- dicator shall include a display of the selected crane config-
tem shall be arranged for manual activation for all reeving uration and the significant wave height. Further, cranes
configurations. The activation switch or handle shall be lo- with a variable rated capacity dependent on the radius
cated for rapid access at the control station, permanently shall be provided with a radius indicator clearly visible
marked with yellow colour, and protected against inad- from the control station. An audible and visual warning/
vertent use. alarm, giving a continuous warning to the crane operator
At any time, the system shall be able to be reset by the when the load response exceeds 90% of the crane’s rated
crane operator, without causing significant damage to the capacity/overturning moment for platform lift, shall be fit-
crane. The system, when activated, shall maintain a retain- ted.
ing force in the hoisting system of approx. 10% - 25% of
the maximum rated capacity for platform lift. The capacity 505 Crane movements outside operational imitations
of the system shall be sufficient for activating/reset for at Generic risk contributors:
least 3 times in succession, and for continuous activation
for at least 5 minutes. Crane movements outside operational limits may lead to stress
beyond the crane’s structural strength and to operational haz-
c) The requirement to provision of AOPS (504.c) for supply ards.
boat and barge handling operations will be based on due
consideration to which nautical zone, with corresponding Generic risk control measures:
wave parameters, the crane will operate. Provision of All crane movements are therefore to be kept within safe oper-
AOPS will be required for operations in nautical zones ational limitations, either by means of limit switches/alarms or
with a short wave characteristic, for instance the North physical layout (505.a). The hoisting and luffing winches shall
Sea, whereas operations in nautical zones with a long be equipped with upper and lower limiters, stopping the winch
wave characteristic will not require AOPS. AOPS will movements within safe margins to avoid collision with other
generally not be required for subsea handling cranes. The parts of the crane and keeping safe number of retaining wire
AOPS, when installed, shall be operational for all reeving rope turns on the drum - usually minimum 3. Special consider-
configurations. The trigger load shall not be less than rated ation shall be paid to the crane boom’s upper limit protection
capacity for platform lift, giving an appropriate response (505.b) for wire rope suspended booms, where redundancy by
time to avoid significant damage to the crane. means of 2 independent limit switches is required.
Automatic overload protection for lateral boom loads ex- Limit switches shall be positively activated and be of failsafe
ceeding the design limits for the slew system shall also be type, i.e. the crane shall go to a defined safe condition in case
provided (not required for heavy lift cranes). The lateral of failure (power failure, cable defect, etc.). Activation of limit
overload protection shall be independent of the AOPS. switches shall lead to indication in the crane cabin. After acti-
The AOPS - with the exception of the lateral overload sys- vation of a limiting device, movement in the reverse direction
tem - shall include sector limitation and height limitation, - to a more safe position - shall not be prevented. Where more
DET NORSKE VERITAS

than one movement cause over-travel, all limit switches limitation. Types of actuators that may be used include:
ing such over-travel shall be activated simultaneously (e.g.
hoist block over-travel at boom top may be caused either by — mushroom type push button.
hoisting or luffing). A manually operated “over-ride” system, — wires, ropes, bars.
provided positive and maintained action combined with indi- — handles.
cation and alarm, may be fitted. — in specific applications, foot pedals without protective
cover.
506 Dangerous lifting gear/cargo movements
Generic risk contributors: Measures against inadvertent operation shall not impair the ac-
cessibility of the emergency stop actuator. The emergency stop
Unintended lifting gear/cargo movements may lead to hazard- actuator shall be coloured red. The background shall be col-
ous situations for personnel involved in crane operations. oured yellow, as far as practicable. If the emergency stop actu-
Generic risk control measures: ator is not located directly on the machine, labels shall be
provided addressing the actuator to the machine. A warning/
a) Means for keeping constant tension in the hoisting wire alarm and an indication in the crane cabin shall inform the
rope (“constant tension”) when carrying out supply boat crane operator that the emergency stop has been activated.
operations, compensating for the relative movement be- 508 Lack of visibility
tween the lifting gear/cargo and the supply boat, may be
provided (optional) (506.a). The constant tension system Generic risk contributors:
shall, when installed, be designed with due consideration Lack of visibility due to poor sight or due to crane operations
to the retaining force (usually in the area of 2 – 3 tonnes), in the crane driver’s blind zone may lead to operational haz-
response time and unintentional activation. It shall not be ards.
possible to activate the system outside a defined zone
close to the supply boat - neither horizontal nor vertical, Generic risk control measure:
and shall not be possible to activate when the crane is load- Consequently, a boom tip camera is normally required for all
ed. The winch shall automatically return with soft charac- offshore cranes intended for supply boat or barge handling.
teristic to normal hoisting, braking or holding condition The camera and camera installation shall be designed with due
when the constant tension is disengaged. An indication, in- consideration to environmental factors (wind, salt, moisture,
forming when the constant tension system is active, shall vibrations, etc.) and operational suitability.
be present in the cabin. 509 Lack of communication
b) Special consideration shall also be paid to dangerous lift- Generic risk contributor:
ing gear movements when lifting or lowering the boom/
lifting gear to or from the boom rest/cradle. Only slow mo- Lack of communication between the crane operator and the
tions of the boom shall be possible. other participants in the crane operation may lead to operation-
al hazards.
c) An audible warning (horn or similar device) (506.c) to
warn or attract the attention of any person within the oper- Generic risk control measure:
ational area of the crane, operated by the crane operator, Two-way communication equipment, enabling the crane oper-
shall be provided. ator to communicate with the participants in the crane opera-
tion in a safe way, shall be provided. The crane operator shall
507 Dangerous crane movements be able to operate the communication system without moving
Generic risk contributors: his hands from the main control levers.
Dangerous crane movements or unintentional crane move- 510 Slack wire rope at drum
ments due to malfunction in the crane’s control system may Generic risk contributor:
lead to operational risks.
Slack wire rope at the drum may lead to improper spooling and
Generic risk control measure: entangled wire rope.
A manually operated emergency stop function, leading to shut- Generic risk control measure:
down and stop of the crane movements, shall therefore be fit-
ted. Simultaneously, the brakes shall be engaged in a progres- The drums - both for the hoisting winch and the luffing winch
sive and safe manner. The emergency stop shall retain its - shall therefore be equipped with a slack wire rope detection
function regardless of any malfunction in the crane’s control device which will be activated automatically if the wire rope
system. Emergency stop actuators shall be located at conven- becomes slack during lowering. The device shall stop the
ient locations at control station for immediate use by personnel winch motion until the wire rope is re-tightened, before auto-
in the event of a hazardous situation occurring. matically returning to normal operation. When activated, a vis-
ual and acoustic signal/indication shall be given in the crane
The emergency stop shall function as, or stopping by: cabin. Where the crane driver has a full view of the drums from
his normal position, the slack wire rope detection device may
— immediate removal of power to the machine actuators, or be omitted.
— mechanical disconnection (declutching) between the haz-
ardous elements and their machine actuators. 511 Failure in control systems
Generic risk contributor:
The emergency stop shall be so designed that deciding to actu-
ate the emergency stop actuator shall not require the operator Failure in the crane’s control system may result in unintention-
to consider the resultant effects (stopping zone, deceleration al crane response and movements.
rate, etc.). The emergency stop command shall over-ride all Generic risk control measures:
other commands except the MOPS (ref. 521). The emergency Control system design and components shall therefore be se-
stop function shall not impair the effectiveness of the safety de- lected, applied, mounted and adjusted so that in the event of a
vices or devices with safety related functions. Resetting the failure, maximum safety shall be the prime consideration (fail-
control device shall only be possible as the result of a manual safe concept). All aspects of possible methods of failure –
action on the control device itself. Resetting the control device including power supply failure - shall be considered. If any
shall not cause a restart command. failure occurs, the control system shall always return to the saf-
The emergency stop actuators shall be designed for easy actu- est condition with respect to stabilising the crane and the load.
DET NORSKE VERITAS

Special consideration shall be paid to the below points if sub- ing, slewing, luffing down and load lowering, shall be pro-
jected to failure in the control system: vided by means of an independent standby power unit
rated to minimum 30% of the capacity of the primary pow-
— unintended start of machinery shall not be possible er unit. The activation switches or handles for emergency
— safety devices or devices with safety related functions operation shall be of “hold to run” type and clearly and
shall be impaired to a minimum degree. permanently marked for their purpose. A mobilisation
time of maximum 30 seconds will be required.
An alarm and an indicator revealing any detectable failure in
the control system affecting the operation shall be present in 516 Unintended activation of safety functions
the crane cabin.
Generic risk contributors:
512 Failure in safety components/system
Unintended activation of safety functions may lead to crane re-
Generic risk contributors: sponse giving unintentional hazards/risks.
Failure in safety components and the safety system may result Generic risk control measures:
in hazardous situations due to override of safety limits.
Handling devices for safety functions shall be protected
Generic risk control measures: against inadvertent use and positioned away from ordinary op-
The safety components/system shall therefore be so designed erating handles. Interlock devices, preventing inadvertent acti-
that all aspects of failure – including power supply failure – vation in dangerous zones (water zone only, etc.) shall be fitted
shall lead to indication and alarm in the crane cabin (monitor- when possible.
ing), or – alternatively – safeguarded by redundancy design. 517 Spurious trip of safety functions
513 Lack of braking capacity Generic risk contributors:
Generic risk contributor: Initiation of a safety functions in no-hazardous situations and
Insufficient braking capacity may lead to falling load and un- where there is no true demand for safety activation due to safe-
controlled crane movements (falling boom, etc.). ty- or control system failure, may cause other types of hazards/
risks.
Generic risk control measures:
Generic risk control measures:
All driving mechanisms and winches intended for hoisting and
luffing shall be fitted with fail-safe brakes, i.e. failure of the Consideration to spurious trip shall be taken in the design of
brake’s control system shall lead to automatic application of the safety- and control systems. A risk assessment may be re-
the brake, ref. Sec.5 B300. quired for identification and possible elimination/reduction of
spurious trip and corresponding hazards/risks.
If a single geared transmission is placed between the opera-
tional brake and the drum for the load hoisting and boom hoist- 518 Hazards due to activation of safety functions
ing winches, redundancy in case of breakage in the gear Generic risk contributors:
transmission shall be provided by an additional brake with an
independent control loop and load path to the drum, designed Activation of safety functions may lead to secondary effects
for the braking load as specified in Sec.5 B307. In case of mul- that may be harmful to the crane and/or the load.
tiple gear transmissions, redundancy shall be provided by in- Generic risk control measures:
creasing number of gear and brake sets at least 30% above
required. Design of safety systems and components shall be done with
consideration to dangerous secondary effects, even if the
514 Lack of load holding capacity crane/load movements are stopped from full speed and/or full
Generic risk contributors: load. Sector limitations for some safety functions shall be con-
sidered.
Lack of load holding capacity due to missing hydraulic refill-
ing or loss/drop of hydraulic pressure, may lead to falling load 519 Fire/fire ignition
or boom. Generic risk contributors:
Generic risk control measures: Fire/fire ignition may arise from the crane itself or from the
The crane’s hydraulic system shall therefore be designed such ship/installation, and thereby lead to disaster.
a way that missing hydraulic refilling shall not occur. Further, Generic risk control measures:
the hydraulic system shall be fitted with safety or load holding
valves on all main circuits protecting against unintended Generally, necessary protection and precautions against fires
movements in case of hose rupture. and explosions shall be separately considered in each case,
with consideration to the hazardous area classification in
515 Blackout/shutdown of power
which the crane or parts of the crane will operate and to the re-
Generic risk contributor: quirements to the crane’s emergency preparedness. The appli-
cation of fire extinguishers and/or automatic fire fighting
Blackout/shutdown may lead to crane stop with the crane and system shall be considered in each case.
the load in unfavourable and unsafe position.
Generic risk control measures: a) An automatic acoustic alarm in case of detection of fire or
explosive atmosphere shall be provided (519.a). The
a) Power failure/blackout or unintended shut-down shall lead alarm shall be connected to and initiated by the ship’s or
to automatic application of the brakes (515.a) and an alarm the installation’s fire/gas detectors and alarm system.
at the operator’s stand.
b) Automatic crane shut-down in case of detection may be
b) Facilities for emergency operation (515.b), bringing the provided (519.b), however, the requirement to crane’s
crane and the load to safe condition with respect to hoist- emergency preparedness shall be considered in each case.
DET NORSKE VERITAS

602 List of required functionality

Table A5 Monitoring of safety functions Lifting appliances/cranes shall generally to be provided with:
Event Ref. Indication Alarm Auto
stop — safety brakes on all movements (see Sec.5 B300)
Load high 504 X X X — overload protection (see 603)
Overturning moment — load indicator or load moment indicator (see 604)
high 504 X X X — limit switches (see 605)
Hook position (upper, — safety valves on all main circuits of the hydraulic system
lower) 505 X X (see Sec.5 E100)
Boom/jib position (up- — emergency stop system (see 606)
per, lower) 505 X X — boom stopper on derrick cranes (see 606)
Constant tension 506 X — end stoppers for travelling cranes (see 607)
Emergency stop 507 X X X
— audible warning alarm (see 608)
— slack wire rope detection (see 609)
Slack wire rope detection 510 X X — means for emergency lowering of load (see 610).
Failure in control system 511 X X
Failure in safety system 512 X X 603 Overload protection
Blackout/ All cranes/lifting appliances shall be provided with automatic
shut-down 515 X X
overload protection, arresting the hoisting movement if over-
Fire/gas 519 X X load is detected.
520 Documentation of the safety functions The overload protection shall be activated if the response of the
load being raised or lowered exceeds a predetermined amount
Documentation of implemented safety functions shall be sub- which shall not be greater than the effect of a static load equal
mitted for review, documenting fulfilment of functional and to the safe working load times the dynamic factor for which the
technical requirements. The “Verification Guideline for Safety lifting appliance has been designed.
Functions”, Appendix G, specifies the requirements to the doc-
umentation. The general scope of the documentation is else to When activated, the overload protection shall not prevent the
be as specified in Sec.1 A herein and as in the respective disci- load or crane to be moved to a better position (e.g. lower the
pline chapters. load or hoist the boom).
521 Ranking of the safety functions 604 Load/load moment indicator
The manual overload protection (MOPS) and the emergency A rated capacity indicator giving continuous information shall
stop function shall be the preferred safety functions and have be provided when the working load is 50 kN or greater except
equal priority, before other safety devices/limiters. for cranes where the allowed maximum rated load is constant
(i.e. independent of load radius).
522 Verification
605 Limit switches
The verification will be carried out according to the “Verifica-
tion Guideline for Safety Functions”, as given in Appendix G. As specified for limit switches in 505.
This document enables verification by means of verification 606 Emergency stop system
templates, leading to effective and time-saving verification.
As specified for emergency stop in 507.
523 Handling of deviations and extended risks
607 End stops
In cases where the risk deviates from the generic by means of:
End stoppers shall be fitted to prevent over-running where
— assumed maximum consequence for one hazard/risk con- movements are restricted. Shut-down of the power shall be ar-
tributor that will exceeds one fatality (with the exception ranged before the end stoppers are activated. The end stoppers
of “fire/fire ignition”), or where the specific risk contribu- or the moving parts shall be fitted with buffers made of timber,
tors deviates from the specification in 502, rubber, etc. If the nominal speed exceeds 1 m/s, the buffers
shall be of spring type or similar energy absorbing type. If
identification of the specific risk and risk contributors is the practicable, the buffers shall be fitted on the main sill and not
customer’s responsibility and shall be shown in the verifica- on the bogies.
tion templates and submitted documentation. 608 Audible warning alarm
Further, when the specific safety functions deviates from the Gantry cranes and similar cranes shall be provided with a horn
generic as specified in 504-519, this shall appear from the ver- or other audible warning device operated by the crane operator
ification templates, and Customer’s proposal to functional and to warn or attract the attention of any personnel within the op-
technical requirements to the safety functions shall be submit- erational area.
ted for review and agreement.
In case of travelling cranes moving at ground level, a continu-
Handling of deviations is also described in Appendix G “Ver- ous audible warning shall automatically be given when the
ification Guideline for Safety Functions”, B200. crane is to move/is moving along the track/rails. The warning
A 600 Safety functions and equipment for ordinary signal shall be distinctly different from other audio signals on
shipboard cranes, industrial cranes and cargo decks/ the installation.
ramps 609 Slack wire rope detection
601 General As specified for slack wire rope detection in 510. However,
As an alternative to document safety as outlined in 500, ordi- auto stop for arresting the slack wire rope is not required.
nary shipboard cranes, industrial cranes and cargo decks/ 610 Emergency lowering
ramps will be accepted based on fulfilment of the prescriptive Cranes shall normally have a device for lowering the load in
requirements as set out below. the event of power failure. However, if a risk evaluation con-
Monitoring of safety equipment shall be as required in Table cludes that the risk is acceptable without an emergency lower-
A6. ing device, this function may be omitted.
DET NORSKE VERITAS

Guidance note: 703 Ropes and chains

It is assumed that the risk will increase for cranes mounted on Ropes shall have a minimum safety factor of 8 and chains shall
movable vessels. It is further assumed that the risk will increase have a minimum safety factor of 6, related to the rated capacity
for cranes with significant lifting height. The need for bringing
the load down in a safe manner in order to carry out repair work for the lifting of persons.
should be considered. 704 Secondary brakes
---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e--- Hoisting and luffing winches shall be equipped with an opera-
tional independent secondary brake in addition to normal
611 Cargo ramps and movable cargo decks working brake.
Cargo ramps and movable cargo decks shall be provided with: Means shall be provided for separate testing of the secondary
brake.
— Overload protection of hoisting system.
— Means to ensuring that power is not disconnected before The secondary brake shall fulfil the requirements for brakes as
all retractable locks securing the ramp/deck are engaged. given in Sec.5 B300 for the rated capacity based on the maxi-
— Means to ensure that locks securing a ramp/deck are dis- mum SWL to be lifted.
engaged before any lowering is possible. Where cylinders are used for luffing, folding or telescopic,
— Alarm in the event of failure on a remote control system they shall be provided with a hydraulic shut-off valve. Alterna-
for locking or latching. tively each motion shall have two independent cylinders where
— Automatic stop of movement when the cargo ramp/stern each cylinder is capable of holding the rated capacity for lifting
door has reached the upper position. of persons.
— Alarm if the inclination of an access ramp in its working 705 Mode selection for lifting of persons
position exceeds a predetermined angle to the horizontal.
The control station shall be equipped with a manual key selec-
612 Mobile cranes tion switch for the purpose of lifting persons. The switch shall
be lockable in both positions with a removable key and have an
In addition to the requirements in 602, mobile cranes shall be adjacent warning light which continuously shall indicate when
provided with: it is activated. The light shall not illuminate unless selection for
— means to secure stability of the crane in operational condi- personnel lifting is made. When the mode for personnel lift is
tions selected, the following functions shall be maintained:
— means to enable and control that the crane is level. — All brakes shall automatically be activated when the con-
A 700 Lifting of personnel trols are in neutral position and in cases where the emer-
gency stop has been activated.
701 General — Where fitted, automatic overload protection system shall
Cranes intended for lifting or moving of persons shall be be overridden; i.e. it shall not be possible that this system
equipped with the specific features given in the subsequent is activated.
paragraphs, in addition to the other requirements of this — Where fitted, motion compensators; i.e. cable tensioning
certification standard. systems and heave compensator systems shall be overrid-
den.
Attention is drawn to the fact that many national shelf author- — Where fitted, emergency release systems shall be overrid-
ities, as well as maritime authorities, have own requirements den; i.e. it shall not be activated regardless of the position
pertaining to lifting of persons. of the emergency release switch or handle.
The requirements specified below are aiming at lifting persons — Manual overload protection system (MOPS) shall be over-
with ordinary crane arrangements and are not intended for man ridden; i.e. shall not be possible to activate.
riding winches (lifting/lowering of one person) and other spe-
cialised equipment. 706 Operational limitation
702 Rated capacity Except for emergency operations, the operational limitations
for lifting of personnel shall be as follows:
The rated capacity shall not exceed 50% of the rated capacity
for lifting of loads at the actual radius and wave height. This — mean wind velocity: 10 m/s
information shall be given in the instructions, load chart and by — significant wave height: 2 m
the safe load indicator whenever the mode for lifting of persons — visibility: daylight.
is selected.
707 Shock absorbers
Where a shock absorber is installed it shall be fail-safe and au-
tomatic in operation.
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Table A6 Monitoring of safety equipment

Required monitoring Industrial and shipboard cranes Cargo decks and ramps
(stated by an x)
Event Indication Alarm Auto stop Indication Alarm Auto stop
Load high or Over-turning
moment high (see 603) x
Hook position, upper and x x
lower
(see 605)
Boom/jib position, upper and
lower x
Travelling motion, end stops x
Warning x
Slack wire rope (see 609) x
Remote control: x x
Position of ramp:
— upper x
— inclination. x
Power failure to safety system x x x x

Emergency stop (see 606) x x
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SECTION 7
TESTING AND TEST CERTIFICATES MARKING
A. Functional Testing of Completed Lifting tested on a clean and dry motor when hot.
Appliances 402 When found necessary by the surveyor, switchgear shall
be tested on load to verify its suitability and that operating of
A 100 General over-current release and other protective measures are satisfac-
101 Each completed crane shall be subjected to functional tory. Short circuit tests in order to verify the selectivity may
testing in the presence of a surveyor to the Society after it has also be required.
been installed at its permanent location.
A 500 Brakes
If complete functional testing has been documented to have
been carried out at the test bed at manufacturers’ location, lim- 501 Brakes shall be tested with safe working load applied on
ited functional testing may be carried out after final installa- crane by braking each motion from maximum speed to full
tion. stop. In addition, each brake for the hoisting and derricking
motions shall be tested for three such stops in quick succession
In such case, the proposed test plan shall specify the extent of during lowering motion. The test shall also include testing of
the limited functional testing to be done after final installation. the emergency stop system.
102 The functional testing shall be carried out in accordance
with a detailed programme, which shall be submitted for ap- A 600 Safety equipment
proval well in advance of the actual testing. The programme 601 Safety functions as presented in Table A5 and Table A6
shall specify in detail how the respective functions shall be in Sec.6 shall be tested.
tested and how observations during the test can be ensured.
The tests specified below shall be included in the test pro-
gramme.
103 A copy of the approved test programme shall be kept in B. Load Testing
the crane manual. It shall be completed with final results and
endorsed by the "competent person". B 100 General
104 The significant characteristics of power and braking sys- 101 Lifting appliance shall be load tested after it has been in-
tems as well as the safety equipment shall be considered. Brak- stalled at its operational location:
ing systems and safety equipment shall be checked by function
testing. Pressure testing of hydraulic components is normally — before being taken into use the first time
not required to be witnessed by the surveyor. The tightness of — after any substantial alteration or renewal, or after repair of
the systems shall be checked after the installation of the com- any stress bearing part
ponents and during functional testing. — at least once in every five years (preferably at regular five-
yearly intervals after the data on which the appliance was
A 200 Prime movers and fluid power systems first taken into use).
201 Relevant parameters such as power, ambient tem- Above requirements are in compliance with international and
perature and pressure, exhaust gas temperature etc. shall be national regulations.
measured and recorded.
102 Every item of loose gear shall be load tested:
202 Automatic control, remote control and alarm systems
connected with power systems shall be tested. — before being taken into use first time
203 After the test, the lubricating and/or hydraulic oil filters — after substantial alteration or renewal
shall be checked for solid particles. Other components of ma- — after repair of any stress bearing part.
chinery may be required opened up by the surveyor.
B 200 Test weights
A 300 Governing and monitoring systems 201 Movable, certified weights shall be used by initial load-
301 It shall be verified that control systems function satisfac- testing and by all load-testing where SWL exceeds 15 tonnes.
torily during normal load changes. 202 A mechanical or hydraulic precision dynamometer may
302 Failure conditions or boundary conditions shall be sim- be used:
ulated as realistically as possible, preferably letting the moni-
tored parameters pass the alarm safety limits. — in cases of periodical retesting and after repair/renewal of
mechanical parts of lifting appliances with
A 400 Electrical installations SWL ≤ 15 tonnes.
401 Insulation-resistance test shall be carried out for all out- — in cases where a test that follows repair/renewal of a struc-
going circuits between all insulated poles and earth and, where tural part is carried out.
practicable, between poles. Under normal conditions a mini- The accuracy of the dynamometer shall be within +2 per cent
mum value of 1 mega ohm shall be obtained. This also applies and the indicated load of such dynamometers under test load
to instrumentation and communication circuits with voltages shall remain constant for approximately 5 minutes.
above 30 V A.C. o V D.C.
203 Test equipment used for the testing of loose gear, either
The insulation resistance of a motor shall not be less than: assembled units or components of loose gear, is to have been
checked for accuracy (calibrated) at least once during the 12
3 x rated voltage months preceding the test.
megaohms
rated kVA + 1000
B 300 Test loads
301 The test load applied to a lifting appliance shall exceed
DET NORSKE VERITAS

the safe working load (SWL) of the appliance as follows: deemed necessary by the surveyor.
The above also applies to blocks and loose gear.
Table B1Test load for cranes and derrick rigs
Safe working load Test load 402 Any overload protection system and automatic safe load
indicators that may have been disconnected during load testing
Up to 20 tonnes 25% in excess of the SWL shall be reconnected. Accordingly safety valves and/or electri-
Exceeding 20, but not exceeding 50 5 tonnes in excess of the cal circuit-breakers shall be adjusted. Set points shall be veri-
tonnes SWL fied and sealed by the surveyor.
Above 50 tonnes 10% in excess of the SWL
Note: B 500 Certificates
Where the design dynamic factor ψ exceeds 1.33, the reference 501 When a lifting appliance or component to a lifting appli-
SWL in the table shall be taken as the greater of: ance after testing and examination have been found satisfacto-
— 0.75 × ψ × SWL ry the following certificates (CG forms) shall be issued (as far
— SWL as applicable and relevant):
302 For hydraulic cranes where, due to limitation of hydrau- Form No. CG2: Certificate of test and thorough
lic oil pressure by the safety valve, it is not possible to lift a test examination of lifting appliances.
load in accordance with Table Bl, it will suffice to lift the Form No. CG2U: Certificate of test and thorough
greatest possible load. Generally this should not be less than 10 examination of derricks used in union
per cent in excess of the SWL. purchase.
Form No. CG3: Certificate of test and thorough
303 The test load applied to a cargo or pulley block and to examination of loose gear.
loose gear shall exceed the safe working load (SWL) of the Form No. CG4: Certificate of test and thorough
block and gear as follows: examination of wire rope.
Table B2 Test load for loose gear and other accessories 502 As final documentation (certificate) for a lifting appli-
ance installed and to be taken into use for the first time, Form
Item Test load, in tonnes 4) No. CG1 "Register of Lifting Appliances and Items of Loose
Chains, hooks, shackles, swivels, etc.: Gear" shall be presented. See also Appendix F.
SWL ≤ 25 T 2 · SWL Guidance note:
SWL > 25 T (1.22 · SWL) + 20 The Forms Nos. CG2, CG3 and CG4, as well as Form No. CG2U
Multi-sheave blocks: 2) when relevant, shall be attached to Form No. CG 1 in completed
SWL ≤ 25 T 2 · SWL order.
25 T < SWL ≤ 160 T (0.933 · SWL) + 27 ---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e---
SWL > 160 T 1.1 · SWL
Single-sheave blocks: 1) 3) 4 · SWL B 600 Procedure for load testing of a lifting appliance
Lifting beams, etc.: 5) 601 Before load testing, the surveyor shall ensure that:
SWL ≤ 10 T 2 · SWL
— support of the lifting appliance is acceptable
10 T < SWL ≤ 160 T (1.04 · SWL) + 9.6 — for a ship or other vessel, necessary precautions with re-
SWL > 160 T 1.1 · SWL spect to stability, ballasting or similar conditions have
Notes : been taken
— for a mobile crane, the crane has a sufficient margin of sta-
1) For single sheave blocks with or without beckets the SWL shall be tak- bility against overturning
en as one half of the resultant load on the head fitting. See also Appen-
dix B. — required test certificates for blocks and loose gear are
2) The SWL of a multiple sheave block shall be taken as the resultant load
available and acceptable
on the head fitting. — for a new installation, design approval and survey during
3) For single sheave blocks with a permissible load at the head fitting ex-
fabrication of the lifting appliance are documented.
ceeding 25 tonnes, the test load may be reduced as permitted for the
chains, hooks, shackles, swivels, etc. in the table. In this case the SWL 602 A written test programme acceptable to the surveyor
notation shall be the resultant load on the head fitting. should preferably be available.
4) Where the design dynamic factor ψ exceeds 1.33: See Note to Table 603 The test weights shall be lifted by the lifting machinery
B1. used for the regular handling of loads. Testing a lifting appli-
5) The fittings to a lifting beam or frame such as hooks, rings and chain ance driven by electrical motor(s) the regular electrical supply
shall be tested independently before they are fitted to the beam. shall be used. For ships, electrical shore connection is accept-
304 Built-in sheaves and other items permanently attached to able when the power is distributed through the ship's main
the lifting appliance are not considered loose gear. The test of switchboard and distribution panels.
the lifting appliance "as rigged" will be accepted as the load 604 For derrick systems, the test load shall be lifted with the
test of these items. ship's normal tackle with the derrick at the minimum angle to
305 Where hand-operated blocks are used with pitched the horizontal for which the derrick system was designed (gen-
chains and permanently attached rings, hooks, shackles or erally 15 degrees), or at such greater angle as may be agreed
swivels, the hand-operated blocks, the pitched chains and the upon. The angle at which the test was made should be stated in
permanently attached rings, hooks, shackles and swivels shall the test certificate. After the test load has been lifted it shall be
be tested with a test load 50% in excess of the safe working swung as far as possible in both directions.
load. 605 For cranes, the test load is to be hoisted, slewed and
luffed at slow speed. Gantry and travelling cranes together
B 400 Examination after testing with their trolleys, where appropriate, shall be traversed and
401 After testing, the lifting appliance including gear acces- travelled over the full length of their track.
sories are to be examined thoroughly to observe whether any 606 For winches where one single SWL-value is specified,
part has been damaged or permanently deformed by the test. testing is to be carried out on the outer layer and with the rope
Dismantling and/or non-destructive testing may be required if in 3 different positions on the drum, i.e. the extreme ends and
DET NORSKE VERITAS

in the middle. 206 Reference number and SWL shall be marked in letters
and figures of at least 80 mm height and the angle in figures of
607 For variable load-radius cranes, the tests are generally to at least 60 mm height.
be carried out with the appropriate test load at maximum, min-
imum and at an intermediate radius. D 300 Cranes
301 The markings of SWL and allowed radii (and the refer-
ence number in case of shipboard cranes) be painted in a con-
C. Testing of Steel Wire Ropes spicuous place on the crane.
The identification numbers and stamp of the Surveyor shall be
C 100 Cross reference punched or incised.
101 Steel wire ropes are to be tested as required by Ch2 Sec2
302 Cranes with constant SWL for all radii shall be marked
I400. with possible crane reference number, SWL and minimum and
C 200 Certificates maximum radii for this load. Example No. 5 SWL 5 T 4 - 14
M.
201 After testing of steel wire ropes certificates of type CG4
shall be issued. 303 Cranes with SWL depending on the jib radius shall be
marked with possible crane reference number and with maxi-
202 A manufacturer or supplier who has obtained a mum and minimum SWL and corresponding radii. Example
certificate for a coil of wire rope, shall, when he resells the coil No. 5 SWL 15 T 5 M, SWL 5 T 15 M.
or part of it, issue a certificate to the buyer. The certificate shall
be a copy of the original certificate additionally dated and 304 Reference numbers and SWL shall be marked in letters
signed by the supplier. and figures of at least 80 mm height and the radii in letters and
figures of at least 60 mm height.
305 Cranes with dual function, e.g. hook duty and grab duty,
shall be marked for both alternatives. Clear instructions/sign-
D. Marking and Signboards board shall be available for the crane driver.
D 100 General Guidance note:
Self weight of loose gear/grab shall be deducted from cranes'
101 Cranes and derrick booms and all items of fixed and SWL before deciding suitability of lifting gear/grab.
loose gear and accessories shall be marked with their safe
working load (SWL) in a legible and durable way. To prevent ---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e---
effacement of the inscriptions, they shall normally be incised,
punched or marked as specified below. D 400 Blocks
102 All blocks and all items of loose gear and accessories 401 The SWL of blocks together with the identification
shall be marked with an identification mark to enable them to numbers and the Surveyor's/Manufacturer's stamp shall be
be readily related to their appropriate test certificates, with the marked on one of the plates of the blocks.
stamp of institution, society, body or manufacturer who carried
out the load test. For definition of SWL of blocks, see Notes to Table B2.
103 Derrick booms as well as cranes on board vessels shall D 500 Slings and lifting tackles
be marked with a reference number to enable them to be relat-
ed to their location onboard. 501 Slings and lifting tackles are considered as "loose gear"
and shall comply with Sec.5 B700.
D 200 Derrick booms 502 Slings and lifting tackles shall be marked with SWL,
201 On derrick booms the markings of reference number, identification number and the certifying authorities' stamp on
SWL and allowed angles shall be located near the seating a legibly and durably fitted ring or plate.
(gudgeon pin) by painted letters and numbers in a frame of in- 503 Where wire rope slings are fitted with pressure locks the
dentations or welding spots, incised on a brass plate or in- markings shall be located on the locks.
scribed on other material sufficiently resistant to defacement,
such as plastic of sandwich construction. 504 For wire rope slings the SWL by 0° shall be marked for
single slings.
The identification numbers and stamp of the Surveyor shall be
punched or incised. The safe working load marked on a multi-legged sling shall be:
202 Booms shall be marked with SWL with single reeved — Iin the case of a two-legged sling, the safe working load of
cargo runner and for 15° boom angle, or for the lowest angle the sling when the included angle between the legs is 90°.
exceeding 15° to which the arrangements on board allows the — In the case of a three-legged sling, the safe working load
booms to be lowered. Example No.3 SWL 5 T 15°. of the sling when the included angle between any two ad-
Booms with alternative rigging shall be marked accordingly. jacent legs is 90°.
Example No. 4 SWL 5/10 T 15°. — In the case of a four-legged sling the safe working load of
203 Heavy lift booms are to be marked with the minimum the sling when the included angle between any two diago-
angle and the maximum load for which boom, gear and acces- nally opposite legs is 90° and the total load is carried by 3
sories are calculated. Example SWL 60 T 30. of the four legs.
204 The maximum allowed boom angles shall be marked for 505 Instead of marking of slings as stated in 503 above, dis-
booms that can be subjected to stalling. Example No. 3 SWL played information on use of the slings may be accepted. The
15 T 15 - 60°. display shall be easily seen and the slings shall be easily iden-
tified in accordance with the display.
205 Where booms may be used in union purchase the mark-
ings shall be made on separate plates which shall be fitted at a 506 Lifting gear and grabs shall be marked with SWL, own
convenient location approximately in the middle between the weight, identification number and the certifying authority's
booms. Example No. 3 + 4 SWL(U) 2 T. stamp.
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Ch.2 App.A – Page 63
APPENDIX A
WIND LOADS ON CRANES
A. Wind Load Calculation Such values of C are given in Table Al.
A 100 General A 400 Wind force on structural members

101 A simplified method of wind load calculation is present- 401 For flat-sided structural members, such as rolled sec-
ed below. The method will be acceptable for all normal crane tions, the equation in 201 may be used for both of the possible
designs and applications where the wind loads are of signifi- components normal to the member axis:
cant less importance than the other design loads.
102 In the design of cranes the distribution of wind pressure
and suction around the structure need not be considered in de- P1 = A1 ⋅ q ⋅ C1 ⋅ sin a1
tail, and wind loads may normally be determined in terms of
resulting forces on each of the larger parts of the crane, or on
each «assembly» of smaller members, such as a truss. A basic P2 = A2 ⋅ q ⋅ C 2 ⋅ sin a 2
assumption is that wind pressure and suction will act normal to Referring to Fig.1, P1 is the total force acting normal to the
surfaces. As a consequence the resulting wind force on a pris- flanges (resulting from pressure and suction on both flanges)
matic member will act normal to the axis of the member, irre- and P2 is the total force acting normal to the web.
spective of wind direction. This applies to long prismatic
members and, if the ends are not exposed to wind, also to short Further A1 = l · h1 and A2 = l · h2.
prismatic members.
α1 = angle between velocity vector and flange plane and
A 200 Wind force on flat surfaces α2 = angle between velocity vector and web plane.
201 The wind force normal to a flat surface of area A is taken
as: Applicable values of C are given in Table A1. Note that C is
used as a common symbol for «pressure coefficient» (pressure
or suction) and «force coefficient» (sum of pressure and suc-
P = A ⋅ q ⋅ C ⋅ sin a tion).
where:
P = wind force in daN.
A = exposed area in m2
q = air velocity pressure = ρv2/2 = v2/16. See 500.
C = average «pressure coefficient» for the exposed surface.
α = angle between the wind direction and the exposed sur-
face
ρ = mass density of the air (1.225 kg/m3)
v = wind velocity in m/sec.
A 300 Wind force on bodies of flat surfaces
301 For a body bounded by flat surfaces, such as a machin-
ery house or the like, the resulting wind force may be deter-
mined as the vector sum of one force acting on each surface,
each force being determined according to 201. In general, A, C
and α will be different for the different surfaces, and on the lee-
ward surfaces there will be suction. In most practical cases,
however, it is more convenient to use values of C which repre- Figure 1
sent the sum of pressure and suction on two opposite sides. Wind force on H-shaped members
Table A1 Coefficient C
Coefficient C
Type of member
Pressure Suction Total
Flat-sided section 2.0
Tubular member:
diameter < 0.3 m 1.2
diameter ≥ 0.3 m 0.7
Trusses of flat-sided sections 1.8
Trusses of tubular members 1.1
For leeward truss in case of two trusses behind each other 2/3 of above values
Max:1.0 Max:1.0
Machinery houses, cabins, counterweights and the like Average:0.7 Average:0.7 1.2
Working load:
Containers and similar shapes (0.7) (0.5) 1.2
Other shapes 1.0
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Page 64 – Ch.2 App.A
402 For members of circular (or nearly circular) cross sec- A 500 Air velocity pressure
tion the equation in 201 may be used for the resulting force,
taking A = ld, C as force coefficient, and a as angle between 501 The velocity pressure q to be used as design parameter
wind direction (velocity vector) and member axis, see Fig.2. shall be based on expected conditions for each particular crane
or part of crane. The variation with height above ground (or sea
P acts in the plane defined by the member axis and the velocity level) may be taken as:
vector, in the direction normal to the member axis. For values
of C, see Table A1.
q = q10 (0.9 + 0.01 H )
where
q10 is the velocity pressure 10 metres above ground (or sea lev-
el) and H is the considered height in metres. General minimum
values of q10 are given in Table A2. The corresponding «free-
stream» wind velocity v10 (m/sec) is also given.
Table A2 Design velocity pressure in N/m2

Location Crane condition v10 q10
Inland and sheltered
conditions “Working” ≈ 20 250
Ship in harbour “Out of service” ≈ 36 800
Offshore and open
areas “Working” ≈ 24 360
Ship at sea “Out of service” ≈ 44 1200
Figure 2
Wind force on tubular members
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Ch.2 App.B – Page 65
APPENDIX B
MARKING OF SINGLE-SHEAVE BLOCKS
A. General
A 100 Method of marking the safe working load
101 This Appendix explains the method of marking the safe
working load (SWL) of single-sheave blocks with or without a
becket. Experience shows that this subject is frequently dis-
cussed and often misunderstood.
102 The text is an excerpt from ILO’s Code of Practice
“Safety and health in ports”, 2005, Item 4.4.5 “Blocks”, pub-
lished by the International Labour Office, Genova, Switzer-
land.
— The safe working load of a single-sheave block is the max-
imum load that can be safely lifted by that block when it is
suspended by its head fitting and the load is secured to a
wire rope passing round its sheave (Fig.1 1 ).
— When a single-sheave block is rigged with the load to be
lifted secured to its head fitting and the block is suspended
by a wire rope passing around its sheave, it should be per-
missible to lift a load twice the safe working load marked 1 Load attached to rope passing around the pulley
on the block (Fig.1 2 ). 2 Load attached directly to the block
— The safe working load of a multi-sheave block is the max-
imum force that may be applied to its head fitting. P Safe working load of the block
— The design of blocks to be used with wire ropes should be Figure 1
based on a wire rope having a tensile strength of 180 to Safe working load of a single-sheave block
220 kg/mm2 (1 770 to 2 160 N/mm2).
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Page 66 – Ch.2 App.C
APPENDIX C
SHIP MOUNTED CRANES WITHOUT JIB SUPPORT IN TRANSIT CONDITION
A. Example on Checking for Compliance with A 300 Calculation of vessel motion

the Structural Strength Requirements of Sec.3 The vessel motion is calculated in accordance with DNV Rules
for Ships Pt.3 Ch.1 Sec.4. The ship accelerations thus calculat-
A 100 General ed are extreme values (i.e., probability level = 10-8). The
The requirements to ship mounted cranes with respect to trans- crane’s location onboard the ship is accounted for. To be sure
port condition are dealt with on a general bases in Sec.3. For to avoid shock loads in the crane, it is important to check that
jib cranes where the jib rests in a cradle in transport condition, the upward vertical acceleration never exceeds 1.0·g. (If the
the transport condition is generally not critical with respect to upward vertical acceleration exceeds 1.0·g, special considera-
excessive yielding. The contribution to fatigue damage from tions must be made regarding requirements to tension in the jib
this condition is, for a normal crane design, insignificant com- luffing cylinders and redundancy of the same.)
pared to the crane operating condition. The use of jib cradle is Typical values for the calculated accelerations may, for a ca.
the most frequently used way of securing the crane in transport 180 m ship with 60 000 tonnes displacement and the crane near
condition. the bow, be:
However, for a jib crane without a jib cradle, the situation is
quite another. This document describes how DNV, in general, Combined1) vertical acceleration: aV = 0.6·g
ensures that the requirement in this Standard is fulfilled when 1)
Combined transverse acceleration: aT = 0.7·g
a jib crane in transport condition is secured in the following Combined1) longitudinal acceleration: aL = 0.3·g
way:
1) Combined means that the acceleration is a result of all the
— Slewing column rotation is prohibited by applying locking ship motion (surge, sway/yaw, heave, roll and pitch).
bolts in the slewing ring. Gravity is, however, not included.
— The jib is secured by tension in the crane’s hoisting wire
and tension in the crane’s luffing cylinders. A 400 Calculation of loading due to vessel motion
Design checks that apply to jib cranes generally are not inclu- The forces acting on the crane due to vessel motion are calcu-
ded here, only the special checks that follow from the special lated in accordance with DNV Rules for Ships, Pt.3 Ch.1 Sec.4
securing of the crane in transport condition are covered. C501. This means that the forces are based on the extreme re-
sponse as calculated above, but are modified to a probability
A 200 Case of loading to be considered level of approximately 10-4. The four load case combinations
calculated are:
The case of loading that shall be considered when accounting
for ship movement, is described in Sec.3 C400: — vertical force alone:
PV = (g0 ± 0.5·aV) · M
S G + S M + SW max — vertical and transverse force:
PV = g0 · M
where: PT = ±(0.67·aT) · M
SG = loads due to dead weight of the components — vertical and longitudinal force:
SM = inertia forces due to motion of the vessel on PV = (g0 ± 0.5·aV) · M
which the crane is mounted PL = ±(0.67·aL) · M
SW max = loads due to out-of-service wind.
— vertical, transverse and longitudinal force:
The procedure followed when calculating the loading is inde- PV = (g0 ± 0.5·aV) · M
pendent of how the crane is secured in transport condition. PT = ±(0.27·aT) · M
However, some explanations to how SM and SWmax are calcu- PL = ±(0.67·aL) · M
lated are presented in the items below.
where M = total mass of unit.
The above load case, denoted IIIb in our Standard, is actually
not one single load case. The reason is that the inertia forces A 500 Calculation of wind load
caused by the ship motion, in accordance with DNV’s Rules
for Ships, is dealt with as four different load combinations: The procedure for calculation of wind load is the same as for
the working condition, except that the wind pressure 10 metres
— vertical force alone above the sea level, q10, is increased from 250 N/m2 for work-
— vertical and transverse force ing conditions in sheltered locations, to 1 200 N/m2 for ship at
— vertical and longitudinal force open sea. The critical wind direction will in most cases be nor-
— vertical, transverse and longitudinal force. mal to the plane spanned by the crane slewing column and the
jib.
For these four load combinations it may be easy to foresee
what direction of the accelerations will give the highest load- A 600 Checking with respect to excessive yielding
ing, and thereby decide what the four load combinations shall By calculating the acting forces in the crane for the above load
look like when checking for static strength. When checking for combinations, remembering the special conditions with ten-
fatigue, however, it is the stress ranges that are of interest. The sion in both luffing cylinders and in the hoisting wire, stress
crane must therefore be analysed for both directions of the ac- calculations and check with respect to excessive yielding may
celerations, giving 8 different load combinations. be performed. The requirement to safety factor is given in
In addition to the above, the crane is preferably analysed for Sec.3 Table D1.
both initial heel/trim and no heel/trim. The total number of For cranes with a long jib that are designed for small SWL, a
load combinations will therefore be 16. transport condition with the jib not supported may tend to be
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Ch.2 App.C – Page 67
the critical condition. However, the shorter the jib and the ly done by comparing the actual stress level with allowed stress
higher the SWL for which the crane is designed, the less criti- levels in accordance with the FEM standard. This check does
cal the transport condition becomes compared to the working not account for the special fatigue damage as caused by sup-
condition of the crane. An example; for a typical design of a porting the jib in transport condition without a cradle. It is
crane with 26 meter jib and a SWL of 36 tonnes, the lowest therefore of interest to calculate how the fatigue check for the
safety factors calculated by applying elastic analysis were ap- working condition may be performed in such a way that the
proximately 3.0 for both the critical spot in the jib and in the special damage from the transport condition is accounted for.
housing (our requirement is SF ≥ 1.10). This is done by calculating the factor that the stress level in the
working condition must be reduced by, to still keep the fatigue
A 700 Checking with respect to buckling damage below the acceptable level (remembering that this
Based on consideration of the static system of the crane in Standard requires for fatigue: σallowed = σcr · ¾):
transport condition, the acting forces and the calculated stress-
es in the transport condition as compared to the stresses in the
working condition, it may be concluded that the transport con- 1
dition will normally not be critical with respect to buckling. ⎡ ⎛ 4⎞ ⎤m
m
Consequently, it is normally not necessary to perform buckling k = ⎢1 − Dtr 20 ⋅ ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
check. ⎣⎢ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎦⎥
A 800 Checking with respect to fatigue
where:
The fatigue check is based on the stress ranges found by apply-
ing the ± altering of the accelerations as shown in A400. Con- K = Factor to multiply the allowed fatigue stress for
servatively, for each hot spot, the maximum stress ranges from working condition with to account for both working
the four load combinations may be selected: Δσ0. The Δσ0 val- condition and transport condition.
ue is the stress range (for a particular hot spot) that has a prob- Dtr20 = Fatigue damage from transport condition (without
ability of 10-4 of being exceeded (ref. A400). Δσ0 therefore accounting for required safety factor) calculated as
represents the maximum stress range within n0=104 cycles. shown above
In the following we will calculate the fatigue damage for a ship m = Parameter in S-N curve.
service life of 20 years. We will need to know the number of The procedure for checking fatigue is then:
cycles within 20 years. By assuming a mean wave period of 6
seconds (the mean wave period will vary depending on shel- 1) Select a hot spot.
tered condition, open sea, on which ocean the ship operates, 2) Select applicable S-N curve.
etc., 6 seconds is assumed to be a sufficient good estimate for
the actual purpose) the number of cycles in 20 years may be 3) Calculate possible SCF (only the stress concentration that
calculated: comes in addition to the stress concentration built into the
SN curve).
4) Calculate the stress range for the transport condition: Δσ0.
20 years ⋅ 365 days / year ⋅ 24 hours / day ⋅ 3600 sec onds / hours 5) Calculate the fatigue damage for transport condition
n 20 = = 10 8.0 (without accounting for the required safety factor on stress
6 sec onds / cycle level of 1.33).
6) Calculate the allowed fatigue stress in working condition
After deciding which SN curve applies to a particular hot spot, factor k.
an estimate for the fatigue damage in a 20 year period for the
given hot spot may be calculated by applying a closed form fa- 7) Check fatigue for working condition. Multiply the allowed
tigue formula: stress as found in accordance with the FEM standard by
factor k.
8) Repeat step 1 to 7 for all actual hot spots.
n0 (SCF ⋅ Δσ 0 )m ( n Example of calculated k values for a typical design of a crane
Dtr 20 = ⋅ ⋅ Γ 1 + m ) ⋅ 20 with 26 meter jib and a SWL of 36 tonnes: The factor k is cal-
a (ln n0 ) m
n0 culated for the most highly stressed area of the housing and jib
respectively. Assuming SCF=1.0 (i.e., no SCF except for that
For Weibull shape parameter h = 1.0 and with a one slope S– included in the SN curve) and SN curve F, the following values
N curve, where: were found:
Dtr20 = Accumulated fatigue damage over a 20 year period Jib: k = 0.96
for the actual hot spot, as caused by ship movement Housing, tension side: k = 0.93
only.
n0 = Number of cycles corresponding to the calculated Housing, compression side: k = 0.89
Δ σ 0.
A 900 Considerations not included in DNV’s approach
ā = Parameter in S-N curve.
SCF = Stress concentration factor (in addition to that in- The above approach to special transport condition support for
cluded in the S-N curve). the jib covers the safety of the crane in transport condition and
Δσ0 = Stress range found as explained above. contributes to the overall fatigue damage of the crane. Some
m = Parameter in S-N-curve. typical items that are not covered are:
Γ = Gamma function.
— Increased abrasion on part of the crane system. The hy-
m = 3.0 Γ = 6.00 draulic luffing cylinders are a typical example of parts that
m = 3.5 Γ = 11.63 may be exposed to increased abrasion. As part of a normal
ship crane, the hydraulic cylinders are exposed to 2·105
m = 4.0 Γ = 24.00 load cycles in the crane’s working condition. As the hy-
n20 = Number of cycles in a twenty year period. draulic cylinders are part of the system supporting the jib
For the crane’s working condition, the fatigue check is normal- in transport condition, they are exposed to additionally 108
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Page 68 – Ch.2 App.C
load cycles due to ship movement. Even if the loading in by hoisting wire and luffing cylinders. If, for instance, the ship
transport condition is smaller than those in working condi- movement has the same period as a natural period for the jib,
tion, the transport condition may, due to the large amount quite a dynamic amplification of the displacements in the jib
of cycles (500 times more cycles than that for working may occur. Additional securing systems for the jib may be re-
condition) be of significance when considering the expect- quired if the in-service experience of the crane shows that large
ed life duration of the cylinders. vibrations may occur under transport condition.
— The design check of a crane does not cover investigations
whether the crane interferes with other equipment onboard Guidance note:
the ship. For example, if the jib points along the ships lon- Most S-N curves for air environment are presented as two-slope
gitudinal axis, the transverse displacement of the jib tip in S-N curves. The presented closed form fatigue equation will, for
a storm may be significant. The ship buyer/owner should, the present purpose, give a reasonable estimate while used to-
when ordering cranes, ensure (or ask the crane manufac- gether with the part of the S-N curve that is to the left of 107 cy-
turer to assure him) that the cranes do not interfere with cles.
each other or other equipment, not only for working con- Alternatively, the damage may be calculated by a more direct in-
dition, but also for transport condition. tegration of fatigue damage using the actual S-N curves.
Calculation of natural-frequencies and Eigenmodes is normal- ---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e---
ly not covered. The natural period of the jib is quite different
when the jib rests in a cradle compared to when it is supported
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Ch.2 App.D – Page 69
APPENDIX D
EXAMPLES ON REQUIREMENTS FOR DOCUMENTATION FOR ACCEPT-
ANCE OF WORKS CERTIFICATES
A. Winches* for Shipboard Cranes assurance work and who is in a unit unrelated to produc-
tion).
* Components of the winches delivered by sub-vendors (e.g.
brakes or gears) shall be documented as for the winch.
A 100 Case 1. Designed in accordance with applicable, B. Winches* for Shipboard Cranes
recognised standard
101 The following to be confirmed: * Components of the winches delivered by sub-vendors
(e.g. brakes or gears) shall be documented as for the
General winch.
— name of manufacturer B 100 Case 2. Designed in accordance with this Certifi-
— type designation cation Standard
— serial number
— marking 101 The following shall be confirmed:
— type of marking (e.g. chiselled, painted or on attached General
plate) and place on the component on which the mark is at-
tached. — name of manufacturer
— type designation
Testing — serial number
— marking
— date and place of functional testing — type of marking (e.g. chiselled, painted or on attached
— special observations made or remarks to be made to the plate) and place on the component on which the mark is at-
functional testing. tached.
General design Testing
— Design standard applied including information on Crane — date and place of functional testing
Appliance Group** or equivalent. — special observations made or remarks to be made to the
(**used for fatigue calculations in accordance with the functional testing.
FEM Standard).
— Structural standard applied in combination with the design General design
standard (in cases where the design standard does not state
acceptable structural design utilization). — Possible structural steel standard applied in combination
— Material types used in all primary load-carrying parts. with DNV’s Rules (in cases where it has been found that
— Maximum static and dynamic pull and torque accounted complementary specifications were needed) including
for in the design. information on Crane Appliance Group** or equivalent
— Wire diameter(s) considered in the design. (**used for fatigue calculations in accordance with the
— If available, the breaking strength of the most heavily loaded FEM Standard).
steel wire rope allowed attached to the winch (for design — Confirmation that the following requirements are com-
capacity of attachment to foundation) to be specified. plied with (or comments), see Sec.5 B100 and B200 (to be
— If available, the type and dimension of holding-down bolts separately confirmed for each item).
to be specified. — Material types used in all primary load-carrying parts.
— Maximum static and dynamic pull and torque accounted
Brake design for in the design.
— Type and description of braking systems and brake(s). — Wire diameter(s) considered in the design.
— Confirmation that the following requirements are com- — If available, breaking strength of the most heavily loaded
plied with (or comments), see Sec.5 B301 – B306 (to be steel wire rope allowed attached to the winch (for design
separately confirmed for each item). capacity of attachment to foundation) to be specified.
— Maximum torque on brake caused by the load that is re- — If available, type and dimension of holding-down bolts to
garded as static by automatic braking (see Sec.5 B305). be specified.
— Maximum torque which can be exerted by the brake by au- Brake design
tomatic braking (see Sec.5 B305).
— Maximum coefficient of friction applied in the braking — Type and description of braking systems and brake(s).
calculation for automatic braking (Sec.5 B305). — Confirmation that the following requirements are com-
102 The following drawings and documents shall be at- plied with (or comments), see Sec.5 B 301-B306 (to be
tached: separately confirmed for each item).
— Maximum torque on brake caused by load regarded as
— arrangement and sectional drawings including material static load by automatic braking (see Sec5 B305).
denotations. — Maximum torque which can be exerted by the brake by au-
tomatic braking (see Sec.5 B305).
103 Signatures and qualifications: — Maximum coefficient of friction applied in the braking
calculation for automatic braking (see Sec.5 B305).
— date and place of issuance of documentation
— name in printed letters and signature of person responsible 102 The following drawings and documents shall be at-
for the certification (preferably a person related to quality tached:
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Page 70 – Ch.2 App.D
— arrangement and sectional drawings including material — For shipboard cranes not to be covered by class (CRANE
denotations. or Crane Vessel) and with load-carrying capacity not
exceeding 20 tonnes.
103 Signatures and qualifications: — The manufacturer is considered a recognised manufactur-
er.
— date and place of issuance of documentation — The cylinder is subject to serial production.
— name in printed letters and signature of person responsible
for the certification (preferably a person related to quality 102 The following shall be confirmed:
assurance work and who is in a unit unrelated to produc-
tion). General
— name of manufacturer
— type designation
— serial number
C. Transmission gears for non-critical — marking
application — type of marking (e.g. chiselled, painted or on attached
plate) and place on the component on which the mark is at-
(For example non-hoisting purposes (e.g. slewing unit) tached.
C 100 Designed in accordance with this Certification Agreement for exception
Standard or other recognised standard
101 The following shall be confirmed: — date of application for exception
— the following submitted as attachments to the application:
General
- One copy of documentation on the cylinder, including
— name of manufacturer all main dimensions and material specifications (yes or
— type designation no).
— serial number - Suggested extent of NDT and pressure testing proce-
— marking dure (yes or no).
— type of marking (e.g. chiselled, painted or on attached — date when the extent of NDT and pressure testing was
plate) and place on the component on which the mark is at- agreed
tached. — DNV unit that agreed on extent of NDT and pressure test-
ing.
Testing — date when the exception was granted
— DNV unit that granted the exception.
— date and place of functional testing
— special observations made or remarks to be made to the Testing
functional testing.
— date and place of pressure testing
General design — special observations made or remarks to be made to the
pressure testing
— applied standard. — date of acceptance of NDT.
102 The following drawings and documents shall be at- General design
tached:
— design standard applied
— sectional drawings — structural standard applied in combination with the design
— calculations documenting necessary and available torque standard (in cases where the design standard does not state
capacity. acceptable structural design utilization)
— material used in all primary load-carrying parts
103 Signatures and qualifications: — dynamic design load
— design pressure
— date and place of issuance of documentation — design temperature
— name in printed letters and signature of person responsible for — the cylinder is accepted for pushing only (yes or no)
the certification (preferably a person related to quality assur- — the cylinder is certified for use in lifting appliances only
ance work and who is in a unit unrelated to production). (yes or no).
103 Signatures and qualification:
D. Hydraulic cylinders exempted from DNV — date and place of issuance of documentation
certification — name in printed letters and signature of person responsible
for the certification (preferably a person related to quality
D 100 Conditions for use assurance work and who is in a unit unrelated to produc-
tion).
101 May be used provided the following three conditions are
met:
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Ch.2 App.E – Page 71
APPENDIX E
EXAMINATION OF BRACKETS, SKIDS AND MONORAILS
A. Purpose A 300 Skids

301 Both skids designed for transport of different varying
A 100 Questions related to specific lifting appliances loads as well as skids designed for a specific load may be
and fundaments certified by DNV. For special offshore services one should
101 This Appendix aims to present clarifications to some consider whether certification as offshore portable unit might
frequently addressed questions related to a few specific lifting be an alternative to certification as loose gear. Reference is
appliances and fundaments. made to DNV’s Certification Note. 2.7-3 “Portble Offshore
Units”.
A 200 Brackets 302 If certification as loose gear is requested, the skid will,
201 The Society is frequently requested to “certify” brackets in principle, be certified in accordance with the ILO Conven-
(pad-eyes, lifting lugs, etc.). Such items are normally welded tion. By DNV this implies that this Certification Standard will
to their supporting structure, and are therefore, by DNV, conform the basis for certification. The certification work will be
sidered as a fundament for other equipment (for example lift- documented by DNV’s certificate CG3.
ing equipment like movable blocks or hoists). As such, the 303 The certification work will include the same four steps
brackets are normally not applicable to separate certification. as listed in 203. The load test will be mandatory in the case of
See also 206. certification.
202 Brackets fitted on the structure of DNV classified ships 304 Any limiting design conditions for the operation of the
or offshore installations are categorized as fundaments. As skid shall be defined and annotated on the CG3 and will nor-
such, they are included in the classification. mally also be required to be included in the marking. This may,
The brackets and the fixation to their support, as well as the in addition to the SWL, include such details as limitations for
supporting structures’ ability to support them are examined at the centre of gravity of the load and angles of the lifting slings
the design approval of the hull structure on which it is fitted. that may be attached.
Furthermore, the manufacturing survey of the supporting 305 DNV receives requests to certify separately only the pad
structure will also cover the brackets together with other ap- eyes on the top corner of the skids where the lifting slings are
pendages. connected.
203 For brackets other than fitted on class covered struc- This is not considered feasible. Certification of skids must in-
tures, however, DNV is prepared to carry out verification, nor- clude the complete structure.
mally based on: It is possible, however, to request a separate verification limit-
ed only to the pad eyes, in line with the principles for verifica-
— design approval of the bracket and its fixation to its sup- tion as stated in 200.
port
— manufacturing survey including examination of material 306 DNV is frequently requested to certify skids designed
certificates and NDT for one specific load, sometimes for one specific transport op-
eration only – and sometimes for a skid on which the load
— monitoring of load testing (if agreed) (piece of equipment, motor, etc.) shall be permanently in-
— check of marking. stalled. Such commissions are accepted according to the pro-
204 The design of brackets is preferably to be based on an cedures set out above. In most such cases, however,
applicable recognised standard for brackets. verification of the design will suffice.
307 For offshore lifting operations it is advisable (care shall
Design drawings shall be submitted for examination. Unless be taken) to ascertain that the load stipulations include neces-
the details comply completely with a standard referred to, sary reserves for dynamic amplifications that follow from lift-
structural strength calculations shall be submitted for DNV’s ing in waves. The same applies in cases of general certification
design assessment. for issuing of CG3, as well as for verification.
205 Although not subject to certification, DNV will base Reference is made to Sec.5 B704.
possible necessary design assessment on the structural require-
ment of this Certification Standard. The customer may, how- For verification assignment of a one-off operation it might be
ever, choose another applicable structural strength standard as possible to specify the exact necessary dynamic amplification
basis. factor. Where, for example, the deck crane to be used is known
it will be possible to retrieve the dynamic amplification from
206 The verification will be documented with reports. Cer- the crane’s dynamic derating table. Such tables are required for
tificates will normally not be issued. However, since Norwe- all deck cranes for offshore operations certified by classifica-
gian Maritime Directorate has introduced requirements for tion societies. Derating tables are also required by most shelf
certificates (NIS/NOR Circular no.1/2006), DNV has decided legislators and maritime authorities.
to offer issuance of certificates upon specific request.
207 When used as foundation for a lifting appliance, the A 400 Monorails
brackets will be required to be tested according to relevant flag 401 DNV is frequently requested to clarify the scope and
state requirements, generally in confirmation with ILO 152 re- possible structural borderline for certification of cranes travel-
quirements. As proof of such testing marking of allowable load ling on rails. Various designs are represented, and different
is recommended. type designations are used, such as travelling cranes, travelling
Often a number of such brackets exist on a ship. When stand- beams, fly-beams, monorails, etc.
ardized brackets are used, testing of different sizes may be ac- Our basic policy is, as mentioned before in this Appendix, that
cepted to follow the guide as outlined at the end of this supporting structure welded (or otherwise fixed attached; bolt-
Appendix, provided in agreement with flag state requirements. ed, riveted, etc.) to the hull structure shall be considered as a
fundament.
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Page 72 – Ch.2 App.E
For DNV classified ships and mobile offshore units, the funda- 2) Lifting brackets with SWL above 1 tonne and less or equal
ment’s structural integrity, its fixation and the capacity of the to 5 tonnes as for item 1 a), c) and d):
supporting structure will be considered as part of the unit’s hull Drawing approval locally, and
structure.
— load test + spot NDT, alternatively
When trolleys are travelling on wheels on the upper or lower — spot load test + 100% NDT.
flange of fixed beams, the beams and their support are funda-
ments. If spot load-test is chosen, it will be decided after visual in-
spection which lifting brackets shall be load tested.
However, the local effect of the wheels on the support beams 3) Lifting brackets with SWL above 5 tonnes as for item 1 a)
are not considered part of the class engagement. These effects and d):
shall be included in the considerations done by the competent
person certifying the lifting appliance and thus possessing the — drawing approval by DNV, local approval centre
details of the wheel arrangement. — load test
— NDT extent to be included in the NDT programme
Everything moving, including wheels, is part of the lifting ap- — individual marking.
pliance.
Load factor for Brackets/Lugs:
A 500 Testing of standard brackets (lifting lugs, pad Lifting brackets/lugs are to be designed with a load factor relative
eyes) to the SWL in question:
501 Guidance note:
Safe Working Load Load Factor
1) Lifting brackets with SWL (Safe Working Load) equal or Up to 5 tonnes 2.0
less than 1 tonne: 5 – 20 tonnes 1.75
a) Visual inspection by a DNV surveyor (support and Above 20 tonnes 1.5
welding).
Load testing of Brackets/Lugs:
b) Surveyor’s on-the-spot evaluation of brackets scantling
if not a standard type. Where load testing of lifting brackets/lugs are required the test-
ing shall be carried out according to the following:
c) Marking of individual brackets by SWL or group mark-
ing (i.e. common signboard in each room/space with Safe Working Load Test Load
several identical brackets. In case of brackets with dif-
ferent SWL in the same room/space individual marking Up to 20 tonnes 1.25 × SWL
or for instance a colour distinguishing system for the 20 – 50 tonnes 5 tonnes + SWL
brackets shall be applied). Above 50 tonnes 1.10 × SWL
d) Description of location, SWL and loading directing
shall be included in the operations manual.
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Ch.2 App.F – Page 73
APPENDIX F
REGISTER AND CERTIFICATE FORMS
A. List Forms A 200 Relevant forms

201 The following forms are relevant:
A 100 General
101 After the previous DNV "Rules for Certification of Lift- Form No. Title
ing Appliances."1994 was published, a number of minor im- Register of Lifting Appliances and Cargo handling
provements have been included in the forms. (Latest prevailing CG1 Gear
forms are found in the DNV form system database.) Certificate of Test and Thorough Examination of Lift-
CG2 ing Appliances
102 The sample forms shown in this Appendix are those cur-
rent at the time of publishing. CG2U
Certificate of Test and Thorough Examination of Der-
ricks used in Union Purchase
Certificate of Test and Thorough Examination of Loose
CG3 Gear
Certificate of Test and Thorough Examination of Wire
CG4 Rope
B. Sample Copies
CG 1: Register of Lifting Appliances and Cargo handling

Gear
(Front page of booklet)
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Page 74 – Ch.2 App.F
CG2: Certificate of Test and Thorough Examination of

Lifting Appliances
DET NORSKE VERITAS


Lifting Appliances (page 2)
DET NORSKE VERITAS

CG2U: Certificate of Test and Thorough Examination of

Derricks used in Union Purchase
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CG2U: Certificate of Test and Thorough Examination of

Derricks used in Union Purchase (page 2)
DET NORSKE VERITAS


Loose Gear
DET NORSKE VERITAS


Loose Gear (page 2)
DET NORSKE VERITAS


Wire Rope
DET NORSKE VERITAS


Wire Rope (page 2)
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Page 82 – Ch.2 App.G
APPENDIX G
VERIFICATION GUIDELINE FOR SAFETY FUNCTIONS
A. Application, Scope and Objective — boom tip camera (508)

— communication equipment (509)
A 100 Application — slack wire rope detection (510)
This guideline provides a recommended and simplified meth- — failure in control systems, protection and precautions
od for 1. part verification (see definition in 200) of safety func- (511)
tions and equipment for lifting appliances subject to design — failure in the safety systems, precautions (512)
verification in accordance with the requirements as presented — maintenance of braking capacity (513)
in this Certification Standard, see Sec.6 A500. — maintenance of holding capacity (514)
If so preferred, Customer may use other verification methods. — blackout/shutdown, precautions (515.a)
— blackout/shutdown, emergency operation (515.b)
Successful verification will serve as a condition for issuance of
DNV’s CG2 “Certificate of Test and Thorough Examination — unintended activation of safety functions, protection (516)
of Lifting Appliances”. — spurious trip of safety functions, precautions (517)
— hazards due to activation of safety functions, precautions
The guideline is intended, primarily, for designers, manufac- (518)
turers, yards, operators, and owners applying for DNV — gas alarm (519.a)
certification of lifting appliances in accordance with the above
requirements. — gas alarm, shut-down (519.b).
A 200 Verification Above safety functions are required for reducing the assumed
generic risk.
1. Part verification is the supplier’s responsibility.
In this guideline, most of the above safety functions are repre-
The definition of verification: Confirmation by examination sented by a verification form stating a subset of the main func-
and provision of objective evidence that the requirements have tional and technical requirements.
been fulfilled (ISO 8402, IEC 61508-4, 3.8.1.).
The verification process obliges the Customer to fill in (or tick
A 300 Scope off, whatever is appropriate) the verification papers and send
them in completed order to DNV together with corresponding
This guideline provides an introduction to the recommended documents verifying that the requirements have been complied
verification method and corresponding documentation re- with. Requirements for documentation are specified in C at the
quirements. end of this Appendix.
The basis for this guideline is the requirements to safety func- However, some of the more detailed functional and technical
tions as specified in this Certification Standard (Sec.6 A500), requirements to the safety functions, as specified in Sec.6
based on the IMO-FSA method for development of risk-based A504- A519, are not included in the verification forms. It is as-
rules. sumed that fulfilment of these requirements also is properly
The intention of this guideline is to provide an introduction and documented.
specification of: As a part of the verification of compliance with the Standard,
— the safety function verification method it shall be confirmed that the maximum consequence of the
— the verification sheet templates stated hazard/risk contributor is one fatality (ref. Sec.6 A502),
with the exception of the hazard “Fire, fire ignition” (Sec.6
— the basic documentation requirements. A519).
A 400 Objective In case the maximum consequence exceeds one fatality, this
The objective of this guideline is to provide a practical and ad- shall appear from the filled-in verification papers. The basis
equate method for verification of safety functions and equip- for the generic requirements to the safety functions is thereby
ment as well as to provide the corresponding documentation not fulfilled, and the requirements to the safety functions will
requirements for lifting appliances in accordance with the be subjected to deviation handling.
DNV requirements. Further, also for other cases of deviation from the generic risk/
risk contributors as specified by Sec.6 A502, and/or from the
generic safety functions as specified in Sec.6 A504 – A519,
this shall appear from the verification papers and lead to devi-
B. Verification Procedure ation handling of the requirements to the safety functions.
B 100 General In such cases, the customer shall document in detail the actual
safety functions with respect to functional and technical spec-
Sec.6 A504 - A519 requires a set of generic risk reduction ifications. The actual solution will be subjected to a risk based
measures (safety functions) as follows: assessment where the specific requirements to the safety func-
tions will be developed and agreed with the customer.
— overload limiting device (504.a)
— Manual Overload Protection System MOPS (504.b) Generally, there are no requirements to establish detailed
— Automatic Overload Protection System AOPS (504.c) information for verifying target reliability by means of PFD or
— operational limit protection, general (505.a) MTTF values.
— operational limit protection, boom up (505.b) A complete verification of target reliability may be applied, if
— constant tension system (optional) (506.a) preferred by the Customer, and may be based on methods de-
— reduced boom lifting/slewing speed (506.b) scribed in different standards. Examples on applicable
— audible alarm (506.c) standards are IEC 61508 (SIL), IEC 62061 (SIL), ISO 13849
— emergency stop function (507) (PL).
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Ch.2 App.G – Page 83
B 200 Explanation of the verification templates elements
Text in verification sheet Explanation of element

Text reference Reference to the paragraph where the requirements to safety functions are stated.
Hazard and risk The generic hazard and initial risk briefly explained in a text.
Max consequence Specification of maximum expected number of fatalities if a hazardous situation appears and
the specified safety function is not fitted.
Name of safety function Textual name of safety function.
Safe state Specification of the assumed safe state.
Energy principle (NE,NDE, CE) Energy principle for normal operation (not activated). NE means “Normally Energised”, NDE
means “Normally De-Energised” and CE means “Continuous Energised”.
On demand/continuous On demand means that the safety function shall be activated when a given demand or state oc-
curs. In this case the safety function shall establish the safe state as described above. Continu-
ous means that the function is assumed to be working during normal operation of the facility.
Automatic/manual activation Automatic activation means that the safety function shall be triggered by the safety system
without manual operator intervention. Manual activation means that operator shall trigger the
activation by means of button or joystick
Response time Maximum time from system has been triggered to safe state is achieved.
Test procedure Name and reference to periodic test procedure. Test procedure should at least include how the
test should be carried out and the success criterion for the test.
Test interval Length of test interval between tests.
Detector 1 Reference to the detector or activation unit for triggering the safety function.
Detector 2 Reference to the redundant or secondary means for triggering the safety function.
Actuator 1 Reference to actuating device (valve, brake, etc.) for establishing the safe state. The safe state
of the actuator shall be given.
Actuator 2 Reference to redundant or secondary means for establishing the safe state. The safe state of the
actuator should be given.
Monitoring of safety function Specifies how the safety function, when active, is monitored - by means of indication and/or
alarm. Ref. also Sec.6 Table A5.
Independency to other functions Reference to other specific functions that shall not be impaired by the safety function.
B 300 Verification sheet templates
Verification Sheet, Requirement/ Customer’s verification of Customer’s document refer- DNV

Automatic overload shut-down Specification compliance with the requre- ence/reference to objective check
device ments. (“tick-off”), or ref. to evidence verifying compli-
other solution ance
Text reference Sec.6 A504.a
Hazard and risk Overloading
Max consequence One fatality
Name of safety function Overload limiting device
Safe state Boom luffing out movement
stop
Energy principle (NE, NDE, CE) CE (monitoring)
On demand/continuous On demand
Automatic/manual activation Automatic
Response time Immediately
Test procedure Designer’s specification
Test interval 12 months
Detector 1 Load cell or similar
Detector 2 NA
Actuator 1 Boom luffing out stop
Actuator 2 NA
Monitoring of safety function Indication and alarm
Independency to other functions Shall not prevent lowering the
load and boom luffing in safe
direction
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Manual overload protection Specification compliance with the requre- ence/reference to objective check
MOPS ments. (“tick-off”), or ref. to evidence verifying compli-
other solution ance
Text reference Sec.6 A504.b
Name of safety function Manual overload protection
MOPS
Safe state Load paid out / released or
clutched out. Holding force of
10–25 % of platform lift
Energy principle (NE,NDE, CE) CE (monitoring)
Automatic/manual activation Manual
Detector 1 Operator switch/handle
Detector 2 NA
Actuator 1 Designer’s specification
Actuator 2 NA
Independency to other functions NA

Automatic overload protection Specification compliance with the requre- ence/reference to objective check
system AOPS ments. (“tick-off”), or ref. to evidence verifying compli-
other solution ance
Text reference Sec.6 A504.c
Name of safety function Automatic overload protection
system AOPS
Safe state Load paid out/released or
clutched out, holding force of
platform lift capacity. Boom
luffing out movement stopped
Energy principle (NE, NDE, CE) CE (monitoring)
Detector 1 Load cell or similar
Detector 2 Not applicable (NA)
Actuator 2 Boom luffing out stop
Independency to other functions Shall not prevent boom luffing
in safe direction
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Operational limit protection, Specification compliance with the requre- ence/reference to objective check
general ments. (“tick-off”), or ref. to evidence verifying compli-
other solution ance
Hazard and risk Crane movements outside op-
erational limits
Name of safety function Operational limit protection,
general
Safe state Stop of movements outside
given limitations
Energy principle (NE,NDE, CE) NE
Test procedure Manual test procedure
Test interval 12 months/Daily
Detector 1 Limit switch, physical barrier
Detector 2 (required) NA
Actuator 1 Stop movement
Actuator 2 NA
Monitoring of safety function Indication
Independency to other functions Shall not prevent movement in
safe direction

Operational limit protection, Specification compliance with the requre- ence/reference to objective check
boom up ments. (“tick-off”), or ref. to evidence verifying compli-
other solution ance
Hazard and risk Boom up movement outside
limits (wire luffing cranes)
Name of safety function Operational limit protection,
boom up
Safe state Stop of boom movement
Test procedure Test to be carried out manually
Detector 1 Limit switch
Detector 2 (required) Boom high high detection, fail
safe detect
Actuator 1 Boom up winch stop
Actuator 2 NA
Independency to other functions Shall not prevent movement in
safe direction
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Constant tension system Specification compliance with the requre- ence/reference to objective check
ments. (“tick-off”), or ref. to evidence verifying compli-
other solution ance
Hazard and risk Dangerous lifting gear/cargo
movements
Name of safety function Constant tension system (op-
tional)
Safe state Constant tension provided be-
fore lift off. Wire rope tension
set to 1-3 tons
Energy principle (NE,NDE, CE) NDE
Detector 1 Crane operator activation/but-
ton
Detector 2 NA
Actuator 2 NA

Audible alarm Specification compliance with the requre- ence/reference to objective check
other solution ance
Text reference Sec.6 A506.c
Hazard and risk Dangerous lifting gear/cargo
movements
Name of safety function Audible alarm
Safe state Alarm signal given
Detector 1 Crane operator activation/but-
ton
Detector 2 NA
Actuator 1 Audible alarm/horn
Actuator 2 NA
Monitoring of safety function Alarm
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Emergency stop function Specification compliance with the requre- ence/reference to objective check
other solution ance
Text reference Sec.6 A507
Hazard and risk Dangerous crane movements
Name of safety function Emergency stop function
Safe state Crane movements stopped
Detector 1 Crane operator button
Detector 2 Working personnel activation
(button)
Actuator 1 Removal of power or mechani-
cal disconnection (declutching)
Actuator 2 Application of brakes

Slack wire rope detection Specification compliance with the requre- ence/reference to objective check
other solution ance
Hazard and risk Slack wire rope at drum
Name of safety function Slack wire rope detection
Safe state Stop winch motion and re-
tighten of slack wire rope be-
fore automatically returning to
normal operation.
Detector 1 Wire rope tension measuring
device
Detector 2 NA
Actuator 1 Stop winch movement
Actuator 2 Start winch movement
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Failure in control systems, pro- Specification compliance with the requre- ence/reference to objective check
tection and precautions ments. (“tick-off”), or ref. to evidence verifying compli-
other solution ance
Hazard and risk Failure in control system
Name of safety function Failure in control systems, pro-
tection and precautions
Safe state Auto stop and automatic appli-
cation of brakes and alarm sig-
nal to operator.
On demand/continuous Continuous monitoring, alarm
on demand
Detector 1 Failure in control system mon-
itoring
Detector 2 NA
Actuator 1 Auto stop and automatic appli-
cation of brakes.
Actuator 2 Alarm signal to operator.
Monitoring of safety function, Indication and alarm
when active
Independency to other functions Shall not override MOPS

Monitoring of safety systems Specification compliance with the requre- ence/reference to objective check
other solution ance
Hazard and risk Failure in safety systems
Name of safety function Monitoring of safety systems
Safe state Indication and alarm signal to
crane operator
On demand/continuous Continuous monitoring, alarm
on demand
Detector 1 Failure in safety systems detec-
tor
Detector 2 NA
Actuator 1 Indicator and alarm signal to
crane operator
Actuator 2 NA
Independency to other functions Shall not affect/override other
crane functions
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Verification Sheet, Requirement/ Customer’s verification of com- Customer’s document refer- DNV
Maintenance of holding capaci- Specification pliance with the requrements. ence/reference to objective check
ty, (“tick-off”), or ref. to other so- evidence verifying compli-
hydraulic cranes lution ance
Hazard and risk Lack of holding capacity
Name of safety function Maintenance of holding
capacity
Safe state Holding capacity retained
Energy principle (NE,NDE, CE) CE
On demand/continuous Continuous
Test procedure Test to be carried out manual-
ly
Detector 1 Customer’s specification
Detector 2 NA
Actuator 1 Hydraulic system designed to
avoid insufficient hydraulic
refilling
Actuator 2 Safety/holding valves on all
main circuits
Monitoring of safety function NA
Blackout/shutdown, precautions Specification pliance with the requrements. ence/reference to objective check
(“tick-off”), or ref. to other so- evidence verifying compli-
lution ance
Hazard and risk Blackout / shutdown
Name of safety function Blackout/shutdown, precau-
tions
Safe state Stop all movements
Energy principle (NE,NDE, CE) CE
Detector 1 Loss of power supply
Detector 2 NA
Actuator 1 Brakes applied
Actuator 2 NA
Independency to other functions Shall not override MOPS
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Blackout / shutdown, emergency Specification pliance with the requrements. ence/reference to objective check
operation (“tick-off”), or ref. to other so- evidence verifying compli-
lution ance
Hazard and risk Blackout / shutdown
Name of safety function Blackout / shutdown, emergen-
cy operation
Safe state Hoisting/slewing/luffing out/
load lowering to safe position
Response time Max 30 sec.
Detector 1 Loss of power supply
Detector 2 NA
Actuator 1 Operator controlled power unit
Actuator 2 NA
Gas alarm Specification pliance with the requrements. ence/reference to objective check
lution ance
Hazard and risk Fire/fire ignition
Max consequence Multiple fatalities
Name of safety function Gas alarm
Safe state Alarm signal to operator upon
gas in area
ly
Detector 1 Gas/explosive atmosphere de-
tector
Detector 2 NA
Actuator 1 Acoustic fire/gas alarm to op-
erator
Actuator 2 NA
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Shutdown Specification pliance with the requrements. ence/reference to objective check
lution ance
Hazard and risk Fire/fire ignition
Max consequence Multiple fatalities
Name of safety function Shutdown
Safe state Shut down of crane
ly
Detector 1 Fire/explosive atmosphere de-
tector
Detector 2 NA
Actuator 1 Shut down of crane
Actuator 2 NA
Monitoring of safety function NA
C. Required Documentation and Information control- and monitoring systems

— equipment list
C 100 Documentation — components data sheets
The following documentation shall normally be provided: — design criteria, including applied codes and standards
— test procedures for periodic testing
— filled in verification templates with reference to manufac- — written conclusion.
turers’ documentation
— functional description of the safety system and the safety More detailed information about lambda (du), Safe Failure
equipment (safe state, etc.) Fraction (SFF), beta-factors, PFD calculation for the systems
— schematic diagrams of hydraulic-, pneumatic-, electrical, may be delivered to DNV for information.
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DNV Standard 2-22 - Lifting Appliances

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DNV Standard 2-22 - Lifting Appliances

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STANDARD FOR CERTIFICATION

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Comments may be sent by e-mail to rules@dnv.com

Main changes to a great extent, carefully avoiding repetition of text and

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E 100 General............................................................................ 39 Sec. 7 Testing and Test Certificates Marking............. 60

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A 200 Brackets...........................................................................71 App. G Verification Guideline for

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A. Objectives and Principles — Chapter 1: General information, application, definitions

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152 Verification D. Services

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F. Type of Services completion of the tests.

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Table F1 Modular Service Scheme

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A. Documentation and Information to be tion Crane Vessel

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Table A1 Crane components and accessories - general requirements

Design Inspection Type of Load test Before installation:

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due time by submitting one copy of documentation on board the vessel.

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— relative humidity of air up to 96%. Guidance note:

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Table B1 Impact test temperatures for welded structural steel

C. Rolled Steel not for Welding C 300 Rolled rings

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Table D3 Mechanical properties for steel forgings for welded structures

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Table D4 Testing and inspection of slewing ring bolts

Table D5 Slewing materials G. Steel Tubes, Pipes and Fittings

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I 400 Testing for the structure in question. Supplementary requirements

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J 500 Welding preparation er than approx. 100 mm.

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Table J1 Minimum NDT of structural welds

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Table A1 Group classification of lifting appliances

B. Design Loads c) Horizontal loads due to operational motions (see B 400).

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Table B1 Minimum heel and trim angles, still water

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The forces shall be combined to 10-8 probability level to cor-

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C. Cases of Loading — Buffer loads, according to B406 (Symbol ST).

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Table D2 Safety factors for the checking with respect to buckling

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