GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION REPORT FOR

CONSTRUCTION OF MALL AT MUBARAKPUR

NEAR BOMBAY PICNIC SPOT ON SITUATED ON
HOSHIARPUR-VHINPURNI ROAD
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

S. No. TITLE Page No.

1.0 INTRODUCTION 3

2.0 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF WORK 3

3.0 METHODOLOGY OF INVESTIGATION 4

4.0 FIELD & LABORATORY TEST 5

5.0 DESIGN CONSIDRATION/STRENGTH 6

PARAMETERS/FOUNDATION OPTIONS

6.0 RECOMMENDATIONS 12

CHAPTER-I
INTRODUCTION

The Geotechnical investigation work is carried out for the civil engineering works
mainly for the design of the foundations. The client M/S HIMCON Construction Hoshiarpur has
shown their desires to carry out the detail soil investigation work for proposed Building of Mall
at Mubarakpur and awarded the work to BSC Geoinformatics Private Limited.

BSC Engineering Services & Laboratories, Mohali has carried out the work of
Geotechnical investigation during July 2017. Relevant laboratories tests on collected
samples were carried out as per relevant IS Standards.

All the field work has been carried out as per the specification, instruction and supervision

of the client. The laboratory tests have been conducted of the collected samples as per relevant IS

codes and the requirements specified in technical specification. All the measures and care should

be taken in collection of samples and laboratory testing. This report is based on the data collected

during the field work and analysis of results obtained from laboratory tests on soil samples.

CHAPTER-II

OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF WORK

1.1 OBJECTIVES
The main objective of Geotechnical investigation for the building was planned
to obtain the following information.
(a) Sub-soil stratification at Building location.
(b) Physical and engineering properties of the sub-soil in different strata.
(c) Establishment of ground water table encountered, if any.
1.2 SCOPE OF WORK
The scope of work provided to us for this project was limited to the following:

(a) Conducting Geotechnical investigation for 2 bore holes, each of 150/200

mm diameters below existing ground level through normal soil i.e. sandy,
clayey strata (excluding boulders/rocks) up to depth of 15m or up to refusal
whichever occur first. Refusal shall mean when SPT field ‘N’ values reaches
100 for 30 cm or less penetration of SPT sampler.
(b) Conducting Standard Penetration test in the bore holes as per specification
or at every change of strata, whichever is earlier as per IS: 2131-1981.
(c) Collecting disturbed and undisturbed soil samples wherever possible as per specification.

(d) Conducting the various tests on soil samples collecting from bore hole in laboratory.

(e) Recording the depth of ground water table in all the bore holes (if observed)
(f) Analysis of field and laboratory tests results and preparation of the reports
giving recommendation for bearing capacity and type of foundation.
 CHAPTER-III

METHODOLOGY OF INVESTIGATION

3.1 The investigation was planned to obtain the subsurface stratification at the proposed
location and collect soil sample for laboratory testing to determine the engineering
properties such as shear strength, along with basic engineering classification of the
subsurface stratum to arrive at the foundation design parameters.

3.2 For Geotechnical investigation work, Rotary winch/Manually Auger set was installed at the

specified borehole location. Stability of rig was ensured by making level ground. Boring was

advanced by sand wailer/shall and auger method and in rock strata drilling bits are used as per

the technical specifications. Sampling were carried out at regular interval in the borehole

3.3 The rig deployed was suitable for normal soil & rock strata and had
arrangement, boring, conducting Standard Penetration Test (SPT), collection of
Undisturbed Soil Sample (UDS), Disturbed (DS) and rock cores.

3.4 Standard Penetration Test (SPT)

Standard Penetration Test (SPT) was conducted at different depths in these boreholes.
SPT split spoon sampler of standard dimensions was driven into the soil through the
borehole bottom using 63.5 kg Hammer falling from 75 cm height. Blow counts for the
penetration of every 15 cm were recorded and the N is reported as the blow counts for
30 cm penetration of the sampler leaving the first 15 cm penetration as seating drive.

When the number of blows exceeded 50to penetrate the first or second 15 cm
length of the sampler, the SPT N is regarded as more than 100 as described in IS
2131 – 1981. The test is terminated in such case and a record of penetration of the
sampler under 50 blows is made. SPT refusal is recorded when there is no
penetration of the sampler at any stage and also when a rebound of the sounding
system is recorded. These tests were conducted as per the specification of PGCIL.

When presence of boulder CPT performed as per IS:4968 part2

3.5 Disturbed Sampling in boreholes

Disturbed soil collected in the SPT sampler and trail pits was preserved in air
tight jars and transported to the laboratory. One more polythene cover was
provided to prevent the loss of moisture during the transit period.

3.6 Undisturbed Sampling In Boreholes

Undisturbed samples were collected using 100 mm dia and 450 mm long MS
tubes provided with sampler head with ball check arrangement.
3.7 Rock Drilling In bore holes

Drilling was carried out using Double tube barrels with diamond tipped drilling bits.
Core was extracted from the barrel directly into a suitable sized half round plastic
channel section. The cores were numbered serially and arranged in the boxed in
sequential order. The description of the core samples was recorded as instructed in IS:
4464. Continuous records of core recovery and rock quality designation (RQD) were to
be mentioned in the bore logs in accordance with IS: 1315 (Part-II).

3.8 The laboratory testing was done following the testing procedures gives in the
relevant parts of IS-2720.

CHAPTER-IV

FIELD AND LABORATORY TESTS AND DATA OBTAINED

4.1 GENERAL

In order to ascertain the in-situ subsoil profile and to determine the relevant Geotechnical

parameters, both field and laboratory tests were carried out. The field programmed

consisted of Boring, Standard Penetration test and sampling of representative and

undisturbed soil samples from Boreholes. Both representative and undisturbed samples

were brought from field to the laboratory and test like Atterberg’s limits, Sieve Analysis.

Natural Moisture Content, Shear test etc. were conducted on these samples.

4.2 BORING AND SAMPLING: Boreholes were advanced at the site at 2 locations.
In each borehole, representative samples were collected. The consolidated
logs including laboratory test results are presented in this report as Annexure.

4.3 STANDARD PENETRATION TEST: Standard Penetration tests are conducted along with
the boring operation. Overburden and dilatancy corrections have been applied as per
the nature of soil and depth of water table/ behavior of soil strata encountered.

4.4 WATER TABLE: Ground water table encountered recorded in the respective bore logs.

4.5 CLASSIFICATION TESTS: Sieve analysis and wherever necessary. Atterberg

limit Tests were conducted on representative samples obtained from the bore
holes. Based on the result of these tests, soil samples were classified as per
IS: 1498-1970. The classification is shown in the bore logs in Annexure.

4.6 DIRECT SHEAR TEST/TRI-AXIAL SHEAR TESTS: Direct Shear Tests/Tri-axial

shear tests were conducted on selected undisturbed soil samples/remolded
samples collected from SPT. The results obtained are given in Annexure.
4.7 SPECIFIC GRAVITY: The specific gravity of soil grains was found by the
pycnometer procedure and results are listed in Annexure.

4.8 NATURAL MOISTURE CONTENT: Natural moisture contents of soil samples

from the boreholes at different depths were measured in the laboratory and the
values are indicated in laboratory test results in Annexure.

All the above tests were carried out on most of the representative soil samples of different strata

collected from the borehole/trail pits locations. The results of laboratory tests are shown in soil

profiles sheets. All the soil samples were identified and classified as per IS: 1498-1970.

CHAPTER-V

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS/FOUNDATION OPTIONS

5.1 GENERAL

For the Geotechnical Studies for proposed foundation of building, Geotechnical

investigations including boreholes at proposed structures locations and approaches were

carried out. Based upon the investigation and laboratory testing on collected soil samples it may

be concluded that Soils are both cohesive to Non-cohesive up to the termination depth in the

section. Charge in soil type can be seen from the sub-surface profile attached in Annexure.

5.2 PENETRATION RESISTANCE AND STRENGTH PARAMETERS

Laboratory test results on sandy (purely non-cohesive) soil samples get

affected by loss of moisture and disturbance during sampling, transportation,
and time gap between sampling and testing. Therefore field results are likely to
be more dependable than laboratory test results in case of non-cohesive soils.

Relative density Dr and angle of shearing resistance are obtained based on

penetration test data and based on the laboratory results on selected
undisturbed samples from non-cohesive soils.

IS 6403: 1981 gives the correlation between ‘N’ (corrected) and

Laboratory test results are likely to be more dependable than the field results in case
of soft to stiff consistency cohesive soils. In case of stiff to hard clays, collection of
truly undisturbed samples is not practically possible. Undrained cohesion & coefficient
of volume compressibility of the stiff/hard consistency cohesive soils may be
determined by internationally accepted empirical correlations as
FOUNDATION OPTIONS
5.5.1 TYPE OF FOUNDATION
 Based on the field investigation and laboratory tests the footing of 3m strip
foundation has been analyzed.

For satisfactory performance of a foundation, the following criteria must be satisfied.

(i) The foundation must not fail in shear.

(ii) The foundation must not settle by an amount more than the permissible settlement

The smaller of the bearing pressure values obtained according to (i) and (ii)
above, is adopted as the allowable bearing capacity.

5.5.2 DEPTH OF FOUNDATION

FOUNDATIONS IN SOIL

A foundation must have an adequate depth from considerations of adverse

environmental influences. It must also be economically feasible in terms of overall
structure. Depth of foundation in soil shall be decided as per clause 7 of IS: 1904 for
special cases like; where volume change is expected/scour is expected/foundations on
sloping ground/foundation on made or filled up ground/frost action is expected etc.

Hence it is recommended that the depth of foundation should be kept 1.5m

below existing surface level.

5.5.3 ALLOWABLE BEARING CAPACITY OF OPEN FOUNDATION IN SOIL

The net intensity of loading which the foundation will carry without undergoing
settlement in excess of the permissible value for the structure under
consideration net safe bearing capacity should not exceed.

5.5.3.1 NET SAFE BEARING CAPACITY FROM SHEAR CONSIDERATION:

FOR CLAYEY SOIL ( = 0)

The values are computed from unconfined compressive strength UCS, using
the following equation:

qd = C Nc Sc dc Refer IS:6403, Clause 5.3

where qd = Net Ultimate bearing capacity

A factor of safety of 2.5 is used.

Considering Nc = 5.14

Thus the equation is simplified as

q(net safe) = 1 / 2.5 x C x 5.14 Sc Dc = 2.056 C Sc dc

 FOR C - SOILS FOR GENRAL SOIL

Refer IS: 6403- 1981, Clause 5.1

General Shear Failure

qd = C Nc Sc dc ic + D (Nq – 1) Sq dq iq + 0.5 S d i W’

qd ’ = 2/3C N’c Sc dc ic + D (N’q – 1) Sq dq iq + 0.5 ’ S d i W’

Where qd and qd’ are net ultimate bearing capacity for general and local shear failure

Net safe bearing capacity = 1 / 2.5 x net ultimate bearing capacity

Bearing capacity factor shall be determined for for general shear failure

and ’ = tan-1(0.67 tan for local shear failure.

Shape and depth factors shall be determined as per IS: 6403-1981.

For cohesion less soil with eo value less than 0.55, values are computed for
General shear failure, for eo value between 0.55 to 0.75 the values are
computed by linear interpolation between local and general shear failure, and
for eo value greater than 0.75 the values are computed for local shear failure.

For footing resting on multilayer deposit, Bowls recommends that the ultimate bearing capacity

of footing be determined using average values of cohesion, C av and angle of shearing resistance,

av. The average values are computed over a depth H below the base of footing,

Where H = 0.5 B tan (45 + /2)

COMPUTATION OF SAFE BEARING CAPACITY OF SOIL

Adopted value for general & local shear

5.5.3.2 SAFE BEARING PRESSURE FROM SETTLEMENT CONSIDERATION:

SETTLEMENTS BASED ON CONSOLIDATION CRITERION

For normal consolidated clays

Sf = Sc + Si

Sc = Soed

Si = pB(1- 2)I/E; will be negligible

=poission’s ratio,
 Soed = (h1Cc/(1 +e0) log10 (( p’ + p0’)/p0’))

(Reference: clause 9.2.2.2 IS 18009 (Part 1))

Where;ht = thickness of soil layer (m)

Cc = Compression index

e0 = Initial void ratio

p0’ = effective overburden pressure (t/sq.m)

p’ = net increase in pressure at center of cohesive soil layer

If clays are lightly over consolidated, then the above method may be adopted but if the
clay is heavily over consolidated, it may not be necessary to compute the settlement.

If the soil deposits consist of several regular soil layers in the influence zone, the settlement of

each layer below the foundation shall be computed and summed to obtain the total settlement.

The settlement contribution by non-cohesive / partially cohesive soil layer shall be estimated by

the methods in clause 9.1, IS: 8009 (Part-1); De Beer Marten method shall be used.

De Beer and Martens’ Procedure

S2 = (2.303 / Ci) log10 (( p + p0’)/ p0’))phi

ht = thickness of soil layer (m)

Ci = a constant of compressibility = 3/2(Ckd/p0’)

Ckd = average static cone resistance

p0’ = effective overburden pressure (t/sq.m)

p = net increase in pressure at center of noncohesive/ partially cohesive soil layer

Total settlement = S1 + S2

For purely non cohesive soils

Settlement shall be determined for unit pressure for a specified width of

footing based on Corrected SPT values between the level of base of footing
and the depth equal to 1.5 to 2.0 times the width of Foundation.

For foundation resting on rock strata

 Bearing capacity shall be calculated as per is code of practice. Bearing
capacity for Shear failure criteria shall be calculated considering the UCS and
the factor of safety taken was 10 and the

settlement failure criteria shall be calculated as per IS code. Corrections shall

be applied as applicable. Refer; IS: 12050. When boulders Encountered CPT
performed as per IS: 4968_part2

5.6 CORRELATION BETWEEN SPT ‘N’ VALUES AND SHEAR PARAMETERS

In the sandy strata the SPT ‘N’ values, cohesion values give very useful
information with regards to denseness (Relative density) and the shear parameters
(value of internal friction). The relationship between these parameters and
recommendations as given by Peck & Meyerhof are given in the following table.

SPT N Nature of strata Relative Angle of internal friction

Density Peck Meyerhof
0-4 Very loose 0.0-0.2 <28.5 <30
4-10 Loose 0.2-0.4 28.5-30 30-35
10-30 Medium 0.4-0.6 30-36 35-40
30-50 Dense 0.6-0.8 36-41 40-45
>50 Very dense 0.8-1.0 >41 >45
Peck’s values have been adopted by Bureau of Indian Standard.

Relation between SPT ‘N’ values and (IS : 6403-1981)

Incase of cohesive soil, the relation between SPT ‘N’ values and consistency as
proposed Trazaghi and Peak is

qu = N/7.5kg/cm2 and cu = qu/2

5.7 DESIGN SOIL PARAMETER

For the computation of safe bearing capacity of shallow foundation using shear
failure and settlement failure, the soil parameter have been selected based on engineering
characteristic of the soil encountered in the influence zone of the footing. The engineering
of soil different boreholes at different depths are shown in respective soil profiles.

5.8 UPLIFT RESISTANCE

For the computation of resistance against uplift of foundation, the weight of the
footing plus the weight of an inverted frustum of a pyramid of the earth on the footing pad

with sides inclined to the an angle of 30 o, 20o & 0o

with the vertical may be taken
depending on the types of soil at foundation level, in accordance to IS: 4091-1979.
5.9 LIMITATION

The soil investigation has been carried out at the location chosen by the client.
Recommendations made in the report are hence valid only for these locations.
However if there is any change in subsoil conditions and properties at places beyond
chosen test locations, the soil consultants be contacted for further guidance.

CHAPTER-VI

RECOMMENDATIONS

Based on our field and laboratory investigation, the following recommendations are made:

1. The stratum encountered in different boreholes at different depths is

presented in respective soil profile sheets.
2. The water table if encountered in the boreholes is also indicated in the soil profile sheets.

3. The depth of foundation shall be decided based on bearing capacity.

4. The recommended safe bearing capacity for the footing is computed based
on footing size as specified for suggested foundations.
5. Two trial boreholes has been selected for soil investigation, which are very limited, if there is any
change in soil strata or loose soil contact immediately to consultant for remedial measures.
Depth of Size of Foundation Net Safe Bearing Capacity

foundation (T/m2)
from BFL
Calculating SBC from
Settlement
Criteria
(m) (m) For 50mm Settlement

1.5 m 3.0 strip 15.25T/m2

foundation

3.0m Raft 19.10T/m2

Water Table: - Water Table was not met at the time of soil investigation up to
the depth explored.

(For BSC ENGINEERING SERVICES & LABORATORIES)