PROBABILITY AND RANDOM VARIABLES

Ex. Given: Sample space - 1st 20 letters of the alphabet

Experiment- any activity that generates an outcome ABCDEFJHIJKLMNOPQRST
Trial- a single performance of an experiment REQ’D: By selecting randomly, what is the probability that a vowel or
Outcome- a result of every trial S come out?
Sample Space- the set of all possible outcomes in any given SOL’N:
experiment P(A) + P(B) = 4/20 + 1/20 = 5/20
Event- a subject of the sample space RULES FOR ADDITION OF COMPOUND EVENTS
Mutually Exclusive Events- two events having no common A.) M.E.E P (A or B) = P(A) + P(B)
outcomes B.) Non- mutually exclusive events
P (A or B) = P(A) + P(B) – P (A & B)
PROBABILITY Joints
P(A)= Number of possible outcomes favorable to the event a occurs of 2 events
Total number of possible equally likely outcome Ex. 1
AXIOMS: Abcde fghIj
0 ≤ P(A) ≤ 1 klmn opqrst
P(Ø)=0 Event A Event B
P(S)=1 P= 1/10 + 1/6 – 1/15 = 1/5
JOINT AND CONDITIONAL PROBABILITY Ex. 2
A deck of cards = 52
P(AʌB)- the joint probability of two events A and B which interject in Event A  Selecting an ace
the sample space B  Selecting spades
P= 4/52 + 13/52 + 1/52 = 16/52
Venn Diagram
P(AUB) Intersection of events (AʌB),
aa A B Let A= {1,2,3,4,5,6}
a P(A∩B)=P(A) + P(B) B= {1,3,7,9}
- P(AU) AʌB= {1,3}
a P(AUB) = P(A) + Let A= {1,2,3}
P(B) - P(A∩B) A B= {4,5,6}
FOR MUTUALLY EXCLUSSIVE
A EVENTS AʌB=0

VENN DIAGRAM UNION of EVENTS (A˅B),

Let A= {1,3,5,7,9}
B B= {1,2,3,4,5}
A
AUB = {1,2,3,4,5,7,9}
S Sample Space,
S = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}
P(A∩B)=0 A = {1,3,5,7}
P(AUB) = P(A) + P(B) A1 = complement of A
Ex. Consider the experiment of tossing two honest coins. What is the A1 = {2,4,6,8,9}
probability of obtaining two heads or two tails? Ex. If S = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}
S= {HH, HT, TH, TT} A = {2,4,7,9}
A={HH} B = {1,3,5,7,9}
B={TT} C = {2,3,4,5}
P(AUB) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A∩B)° D = {1,6,7}
=¼+¼ REQ’D: a. A1∩C
= 2/4 b. BUC1
=½ c. (SUB1)
PROBABILITY (P) d. (C1UD) ∩B
P- a random event e. (BUC1) ∩A
 Is an event or experiment in which each of the possible f. AUCUD
outcomes has an equal chance of occurring Solution:
P= No. of favorable outcomes a. C= {2,3,4,5}
Total no. of outcomes A1= {1,3,5,6,8}
Favorable outcomes + not favorable outcomes A1∩C= {1,2,3,4,5,6,8}
Ex. (Toss coin) b. C1 = {1,6,7,8,9}
Ptotal of an event= ½ + ½ = 1 B = {1,3,5,7,9}
0 ≤ probability ≤ 1 BUC1 = {1,7,9}
Rules of addition of compound events- Involve 2 or more single c. (SUB1)1
events/EXP. B1 = {2,4,6,8}
A. Mutually exclusive events SUB1 = {2,4,6,8}
(Have no outcomes in common) (SUB1)1 = {1,3,5,7,9}
B. Non-mutually exclusive events d. [C1UD] ∩B
A. P (A or B) = P(A) + P(B) C1 = {1,6,7,8,9}
 C1UD = {1,6,7} * The No. of combinations of a distinct object taken R at A time
[C1UD] ∩B = {1,3,5,6,7,9} is.
e. A = {2,4,7,9} (n/r)=h!/r!(n-r)!
C1 = {1,6,7,8,9}
B = {1,3,5,7,9} Ex. From 4 chemist and 3 Che’s. Find the No. of committees of 3 that
(BUC1) = [1,7,9} can be formed consisting of 2 chemist and 1 che.
(BUC) ∩A = {1,2,4,7,9} For Chemist:
f. AUCUD1 (4/e)=4!/2!(4-2)!=4.3.2.1/(2.1)(2.1)=6
A = {2,4,7,9}
C = {2,3,4,5} For Che :
D = {1,6,7} (3/1)=3!/1!(3-1)!=3
D1 = {2,3,4,5,8,9} No. of committees =6(3) =18
AUCUD1 = {2,4}

THREE ESSENTIAL TECHNIQUES

1. Multiplication rules
Ex.
Dinner @ Marinas Restaurant
6 appetizers
3 soups
10 entrees
5 desserts
How many total dinners can be arranging so that no two
duplications?
SOL’N:
Total Dinners = 6(3)(5)(10) = 900 Dinners
Ex. If Jose, Juan & Pedro take a bus that makes 12 stops from where
they work to the beach and they get off at different spot, how many
total ways are there for them to leave the bus?
SOL’N:
(12)(11)(10) = 1320
2. Permutation is an arrangement for all part of set of object.
*Theorem 1: The number of permutation of a object n!
Ex. A, B, C letters
No. of permutations = 3! = 3.2) = 6
*Theorem 2: The no. of permutations of in distinct object.
Taken R at A time in

nPr =n!/(n-r)! Where:

n-total no. of object.
r-no. of ways arrange an object.
!-factorial
Ex. There are 7 students (Ivy, Isabel, Jenning, Geza, Benhor, Roger &
Cyril) Participating in elections for a student body offices P, VP, SEC,
treas.

1)What is the probability that lady becomes PRES. And a Males VP.
P VP SEC TREAS
4*3*5*4=240=240/840
nPr = 7!/(7-4)!=840
2)What is the probability that roger becomes PRES. And Females
win the other 3 offices.
P PV SEC TREAS
1*4*3*2=P=24/840
NO. of Arrangement=7p4=7!/(7-4)7.6.5.4.3.2.1/3.2.1=840

*Theorem 3: The no. of permutation of a distinct object arranged in

a circle is (n-r)!
Ex. 19/89- in how many ways can a caravan of 8 covered wagons be
arranged in a circle?

(8-1)! =7.6.5.4.3.2.1. =5040

3). Combinations –Ways of selecting R object from A W/out regard

to order.