Sanskrit by Cassette Lesson 8 Nouns Ending in Consonants Consonant Sandhi Atmanepadr- Passive Voice Present & Past TensesNouns Ending in Consonants - Consonant Sandhi ‘Nouns ending in consonants - e.g, 47% (word) utilize the Original Source Prototype endings. upon ‘whichall other noun classes are based. (See Lesson 3 - Diagram | (Coto Cove page 1) Theyalso require the operation of Consonant Sandhi, or rules regarding the harmonious juxtaposition of consonants. ‘They are important in this regard, because they provide a natural and enjoyable opportunity to become familiar with the ways that consonants blend. Singular Dual Plural Masculine and Feminine 1) Subjeet aq ‘Masculine and Feminine nouns 2) Direct Object Ee | ending in a consonant share these endings 3) by f with aT 4 4) 0 for u 5) from | 6) ofl a | yin fon fat zg 8)Direct Address f Consonant Sandi Rule L No Sanskrit word can end in more than one consonant. (This does not apply t0 roots.) Example: When the Ist) case singular ending is added onto ATX. we would get ATR, a subject form ending in a double consonant. Normally, the second consonant will be dropped. ‘Thus, we get A Exception: When the first of a final double consonant ist e.g. SB ‘Consonant Sanghi Rule 2 Aside from vowels, only 7 consonants and visarga can be final letters of a Sanskrit word, These 7 consonants and visarga, have a suitable sense of finality to them. All other final consonants must be reduced to one of these, usually the hard leter ofits own group. 1A final Palatal AA) will change to FB (oe) Seah eT 2) A final Cerebral (%) will change to Z Se 3) A final Dental & 4) will change to | SS Ss 4) A final Labial @¥) will change to Peat oa 5) A final % or ® will change to} (visarga) jus oe om 6) A Final & will change to Bor (Zor) Example: Consonant Rule 1 The subject form of ATH is ATE since a final Palatal will change to or S lule ‘The final hard letter of the Ist case singular will change to the corresponding soft letter of its own class, when followed by any of 6 endings beginning with a soft consonant. It will remain in its Ist) singular form before the one ending beginning with a hard consonant. Special sles for F and R= p3 Endings Example » T »| ae 2 ~ a - | » em | fe | son » | arene | arti: ° vam | ee | sot * area | art: » wm) ee | son » amram | ama: 6) 0 | » | tera >t. ag | ATE changes to AM AP) before soft endings. “Before hard ending % - H becomes % ater 7 Before other endings, all beginning with a vowel, the base isthe same as the root T= More Examples: numbered the same 1-6 as examples from Rule 2 on previous page 1a) FL: fpriet 1) RSL - m. doctor 1b) BTA - m. emperor 1st) sing. TE 30) sing, Fires 1st) sing. FOTE > grat | gf rg | fafa: | argc) argh: orem | ae firrrearra, | fez: arg tare) ATS A: » | gram | gra: freee | firma: wargame | warSe: ® » e Fag | ee Before all other endings, the base is the same as the roots TA FUN ATA, 1a) FER f direction 2) fim F enemy 3) BARA. f river Isp sing. FER ts sing. FE 1s sing. AFR » | freee, | fet: faeeam | fief: aftcam| after: © | freer, | fee: | fear | fig aftgemy| aftger: [Remar | fer: fea | fre aftgemm| af: ® »[ Trea ca L airy Before all other endings, the base is the same as the roots fee. fg. afr 2