INTRODUCTION TO

CMG- IMEX
BLACK OIL MODEN
Presentation Outline

• Simulator Data Organisation

• I/O Control Section
• Reservoir Section
• Components Section
• Rock-Fluid Section
• Initial Conditions Section
• Numerical Section
• Well & Recurrent Section
 Simulator Data Organisation

• Basic file extensions

- *.dat –
simulator input file
- *.inc -
additional include files
- *.out -
File output by simulator (ASCII)
- *.irf -
Header file output for graphical post
processing (index results file)
- *.mrf - Binary data file containing simulator
results (main results file)
 Simulator Data Organisation

• Additional file extensions

- *.rrf – restart results file, output at user

defined intervals to allow simulator to
restart from that point beyond
- *.err - error file
- *.ses - Template file for Graph
- *.3tp - Template file for 3D results
- *.fhf - Historical data file
- *.log - Diary output, time step summary,
Convergence summary
 Simulator Data Organisation

• The *.dat file contains several data sections in the

following order

- I/O Control section

- Reservoir Section
- Components Section
- Rock-Fluid Section
- Initial Conditions Section
- Numerical section
- Well and recurrent data section
Simulator Data Organisation

• I/O Section
• Controls for filenames *TITLE1 ‘Example Problem’
*TITLE2 ‘March-2007'
used *CASEID 'History'
*INUNIT MODSI
• Dimensioning statements *WSRF WELL 1
• Unit System *WSRF GRID TIME
*WSRF SECTOR TIME
• Controls for frequency *OUTSRF WELL LAYER NONE
*OUTSRF RES ALL
and content of output *OUTSRF GRID SO SG SW PRES DATUMPRES
*WPRN GRID 0
*OUTPRN GRID NONE
*OUTPRN RES NONE
 Simulator Data Organisation
GRID VARI 45 70 3
• Reservoir Description Section KDIR DOWN
- Description of geological DI IVAR
45*150
framework DJ JVAR
70*150
- Type and dimension of grid DK ALL
Include 'gross.arr'
- Spatial location DTOP
- Layering of flow units Include 'top.arr'
NULL ALL
- Faults / Transmissibility Include 'act.arr'
NETPAY ALL
- Phi, K Include 'net.arr'
POR ALL
Include 'por.arr'
PERMI ALL
Include 'permx.inc'
PERMJ EQUALSI
PERMK EQUALSI
TRANSI *IJK
10:10 1:25 1:3 0
TRANSK *IJK
1:45 1:75 1:3 0
 SIMULATION OF LAKWA TS1
Grid Top (m) 0.00 day K layer: 1
File: ADBv ariant_recommended.irf
0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 User: 070418
Date: 6/12/2008
0

0
Scale: 1:41685
Y /X: 1.00:1
Axis Units: m
-1,000

-1,000
2,492

2,468
-2,000

-2,000
2,443

2,419

2,395
-3,000

-3,000
2,370

2,346
-4,000

-4,000
2,322

2,298
-5,000

-5,000
0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 miles
2,273
0.00 0.50 1.00 km
2,249
0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000
 Simulator Data Organisation
MODEL BLACKOIL
• Fluid Model Section TRES 130
PVT BG 1 *** 297 Block
- Type of fluid to be modeled
• Black oil
** P RS BO BG UO UG CO

• condensate 20.00 44.0

0.0106
1.3594
0.000384
0.061337 0.357

• gas water 60.00 99.2 1.5849 0.019424 0.241

0.0119 0.000384
- PVT description 100.00 151.3 1.7755 0.010905 0.176
- FVF, Rs, Bg, Uo, Ug, Co120.00 0.0131
180.5
0.000384
1.8810 0.008946 0.163
- Surface phase densities 0.0138 0.000384

DENSITY OIL 806.2

DENSITY GAS 1.525 ** kg/m3

REFPW 1.03323
DENSITY WATER 1000.
BWI 1.02
CW 5.3e-05 *** 1/kg/cm2
VWI 0.25 ** in cp
CVW 0
CVO 33e-05 ** Oil visc correction above pb
 Simulator Data Organisation
ROCKFLUID
• Rock-Fluid Section RPT 1

- Similar rock types are SWT

grouped together
***Sw Krw Krow Pcow

- Rel perm tables 0.2000

0.3120
0.000
0.004
1.000
0.458
0.0
0.0
- Cap. Pressure curves 0.4240 0.020 0.167 0.0
0.5920 0.082 0.015 0.0
- Hysterisis 0.7600 0.200 0.000 0.0
1.0000 1.000 0.000 0.0

SGT
**Sg Krg Krog Pcog

0.0000 0.0000 1.00000 0.0

0.0200 0.0000 1.00000 0.0
0.1620 0.0064 0.40813 0.0
0.3300 0.1000 0.06161 0.0
0.3860 0.1728 0.02505 0.0
0.5540 0.5832 0.00009 0.0
0.6100 0.8000 0.00000 0.0
 Simulator Data Organisation
• Initial conditions section
- Allocation of saturation/
pressure
SWCON ALL
INCLUDE 'gs12a_swcon.inc'
SWCRIT ALL
INCLUDE 'gs12a_swcrit.inc'

- Vertical equilibrium SORW ALL

INCLUDE 'gs12a_sorw.inc'
- Fluid contacts
- Reference pressure/depth SORG ALL
INCLUDE 'gs12a_sorg.inc'
- completes static description
INITIAL
- Fluid-in-place can be computed VERTICAL DEPTH_AVE WATER_OIL_GAS E
REFDEPTH 3250
REFPRES 340.0

DWOC 3420 *** 297 Block

DGOC 2800

DATUMDEPTH 3250

PB CON 150
 Simulator Data Organisation

• Numerical section
- matrix soln method
- iteration convergence limitscan be tuned
- DTMAX, DTMIN

NUMERICAL
RUN
DATE 1993 4 1
*DTMAX 31.0
*DTWELL 1.0
*NORM *PRESS 1000 ** Normal maximum change per timestep
*NORM SATUR 0.2
 Simulator Data Organisation

• Recurrent Data Section

- Group hierrarchy
- Well definitions
- Perforation definition
- Operating guidelines/monitoring controls
- historical prodn data
GROUP 'Group-297' ATTACHTO 'Field'
GROUP 'Group-205' ATTACHTO 'Field'

WELL '138' ATTACHTO 'Group-205'

PRODUCER '138'
OPERATE MAX STO 100. CONT
**$ rad geofac wfrac skin
GEOMETRY K 0.1079 0.37 1. 5.0
PERF GEO '138'
**$ UBA ff Status Connection
24 46 2 1. OPEN FLOW-TO 'SURFACE' REFLAYER
24 46 3 1. OPEN FLOW-TO 1
I/O Control Section
 I/O Control Section

• I/O Control
• applied throughout run
• report variables listed

• Well & Recurrent Section

• Applied from that point
onward
• Typically alters output freq.
or provides specific report
times
*WRST TNEXT
I/O Control Section

Check to select the

output in SRF and
OUT file
Restart Files

• *WRST initiates output of the restart information

-Can be used in I/O section or wells section

• Builder I/O section allows selection of restart points

Restart Files

• REWINDable restarts

- usually restart information is held in .irf/.mrf files

- *REWIND causes an .rrf file to be created
- *REWIND 3
– only the last three restarts will be preserved
- saves time and space
Using Restart Files

• Keywords required
* FILENAME INDEX-IN ‘d:\ABC\history.dat’
(This must be the first keyword in the file)
* RESTART 132

• Add these to the original run and save the new file as
a different name

• No other changes are required

- Any data before the restart data will be skipped
Reservoir Section
Simulation Model Gridding

• Types of grid and data input

• Structural data
• Property data and modification
• Sectors
• Problem grids and geology
Gridding

• Grid Types
- CART
- VARI
- CORNER
- RADIAL

* KDIR UP/DOWN
I K

K=1 at the top K=1 at the bottom

J
I
K

J
Forms of Geological Data

• Data types accepted by builder

•Scatter data points (well data)
•Contour maps o f 2D surface
- Sets of connected points forming line with
value, may contain faults and well locations
- Atlas Boundary, WINDIG, ZMAP,CPS-3

• Mesh maps of 2D surface

- Regular, orthogonal grid of data
- CMG, ZMAP GRID, CPS-3

• RESCUE formats (Petrel, Landmark, Roxar)

Specifying Property

• Select Property and layer, PVT/RTYPE/Sector

• Can use Value ; Map ; Formula
Specifying Property
Array Property Calculator

• User enters formula to define property arrays from

other arrays
-Logic, arithmetic and logarithmic functions

• Have an easy to use interface for constructing

formulas

• Properties once calculated can be graphically edited

and saved to MOD array
Sectors

• Sectors define individual reporting areas

-FIP, Prodn/Inject accounting

• Defined either by
- Numbered array
- Distinct sector name

• Report to text or graphics output files

Components Section
Reservoir Fluids

• Black Oil
• Volatile Oil
• Retrograde Gas Condensate
• Wet gas
• Dry gas
Experimental Analysis

Three main, and one optional, experiments required:

• Flash Expansion – to determine Pb

• Differential Liberation – to determine, Bo, Rs, Bg,

Muo, Mug

• Flash separation – to modify diff lib data to match

field separator conditions

• Swelling Test – to provide properties when gas is

injected
IMEX Fluid Model Types

• BLACKOIL
- 3 Phases O W G
• OILWATER
- 2 Phases O W
• MISCG
- 4 Phases O W G S
• MISNCG
- 3 Phases O W G (same gas for injection)
• POLY
- 4 Phases O W G P
• GASWATER
- 2 Phases G W
• GASWATER_WITH_CONDENSATE
- 3 Phases O W G, but O can vapourise gas phase
Black Oil PVT

• PVT data is enetered in tabular form

• Enter Rs, Bo, Eg, Uo, Ug as functn of pressure

Rs - Soln GOR
Bo - Oil FVF
Eg/Bg - Gas expansion factor/Gas FVF
Uo - Oil Visc
Ug - Gas Visc

• IMEX allows both

- direct PVT input *PVT and *PVTG
- diff lib data *DIFLIB and *PVTG
- requires flash separator Pb, Bo and Rs
IMEX Conventions

• PVT table describes saturated

behaviour only

• Compressibility used to
define undersaturated
behaviour

• Can supply Co within tables

or as separate entries

• *CO describes undersaturated

oil behaviour

• Can have different Co values

for different Pbub
PVT using Correlations
PVT using Correlations

• Main properties which are determined:

- Pb, Rs, Bo, Bg, density, Co, Viscosity
• Correlations are particular to specific areas
• Some of the more widely used correlations

Standing Lasater Vasquez-Beggs Glasso Marhoun

Pb, psia 130-7000 48-5750 15-6055 165-7142 130-3573
Temp, F 100-258 82-272 162-180 80-280 74-240
FVF 1.024-2.15 1.028-2.226 1.025-2.588 1.032-1.997
Rock-Fluid Section
Rock-Fluid interaction

• Relative permeability
• End Point Scaling
• Capillary Pressure
• J Function
• Wettability
• Hysteresis
• Non-Darcy Flow
 Builder Functionality

• Builder Provides
-Rel Perm curve
generation from end
point data

-End point scaling

-Number of
smoothing functions

-Ability of QC and
average Kr, PC data

-Graphical editing
 Relative Permeability

• Usually two-phase data determined

*SWT : Sw, Krw, Krow
*SLT : Sl, Krg, Krog
*SGT : Sg, Krg, Krog
• Capillary pressure (drainage and imbibition can be
entered
• Critical and connate points can be scaled
• Three phase measurements are very difficult,
correlations are used
Relative Permeability
 Relative Permeability

• Usually simulators use Stone’s Model

for generating 3 Ph relperm from
2 phase relperm data
• Stone-1 & 2 are very popular methods
• Fits measured data
• Stone-2 is default
• Other models also available
- Linear Isoperm
- Segregated model
 Hysteresis

• Hysteresis more
pronounced in non-
wetting phase

• Sg, So, Pcog, Pcow

modeled
Initial Conditions Section
Reservoir Initialisation

• Assignment of saturation and pressure profiles

- Can be done automatically assuming Gravity-
Capillary equilibrium
- Block Centred
- Depth Average
- Can be input manually (user input)

• Multiple regions (must have separate PVT)

Reservoir Initialisation

• Automatic allocation of vlaues requires

- datum pressure and depth
- WOC and/or GOC
- contacts (Pc at defined values, default=0)
• DATUMDEPTH
- reporting pressures in output
• Density data used for pressure profile
• Capillary data for saturation profile
Reservoir Initialisation
Numerical Section
Numerical Tuning

• Default Numerical parameters are usually sufficient

• No changes are required normally

• Iteration routine fails to converge

- Take smaller timesteps – smaller DTMAX or
- reducing changes/timesteps *NORM *PRESS and/or
*NORM *SATUR
- Increase iterations ITERMAX
- Increase degree of factorisation *SDEGREE
- This increase memory requirments
Numerical Tuning

• Large number of time cuts :

- Check PVT/Rock Curves for non-linearities
- Check that grid and other properties are properly
specified
- Check the well constraints MAX BHP, MIN BHP
- Check for small pore volumes
- Increase Newton Cycles
- Increase no. of time cuts *NCUTS

• Very small blocks can cause serious oscillations when

connected to large blocks
• Use PVCUTOF to null out small PV blocks
Well and Recurrent Section
 Well and Recurrent Data

• Section starts with *RUN keyword followed by *DATE

• Once start date set in builder can only change in text editor
• Simulation advances using *DATE or *TIME or both
• Static data can be altered with time
- I/O keywords can be inserted to produce output at specified dates
- can also add LGRs
- TRANS
- RTYPE
- Relperm endpoints
 Well Keyword description

• The following is a complete description of a well

*WELL
*PRODUCER or *INJECTOR
*PWELLBORE or *IWELLBORE (only if WHP calculation is required)
*INCOMP (only for injectors)
*OPERATE (oil rate, liquid rate etc)
*MONITOR (watercut, GOR, BHP)
*GEOMETRY (well radius, skin etc)
*PERF
• Modifiers
*ALTER or *TARGET
 Wells in Simulation

• The well model is controlled by 2 dependent variables

-Well pressure and well flow rates
• The basic equation relating well inflow to pressure is :

Q j  WI j P (j=o, w, g)

Where,
 K rj  1
WI j  2Kh 
  r 
 j  ln  e   S
r 
 w

P  PBlock  PBHP
 Wells in Simulation

• Total inflow for a production well is :

Q j   allconnections (WI j P )
• SET PI allows fixed WI value from well test or multiplier to
be applied for whole well at a given time
• IMEX has several ways to allocate production to multiple layers
- Define individual WI directly (PERF WI)
- Using grid block geometry (PERF GEO or KH)
 Wells in Simulation

• The GEOMETRY keyword allows

- grid penetration direction
- well radius
- Geofac (used in re calculation)
- Wfrac (multiplier to account for non 360 deg flow)
- Skin
 Wells in Simulation

• BHP is calculated at a defined depth

- Default datum is centre of first defined perf
- Otherwise by adding *REFLAYER to completion in *PERF
- can also specify a BHP datum depth *BHPDEPTH
- default mobility weighted fluid density is used

• LAYERIJK
- well can be completed in several directions
- *GEOMETRY allows only one direction
• LAYERXYZ
- Based on well trajectory (by builder)
 Well Control

• Wells can be controlled by either rate or pressure limits

• one must be specified, so that other can be derived
• Many limits can be set but only one can be in control at any
given time
- Multiple *OPERATE can be defined
- Most limiting one actually controls the well
- *ALTER changes first defined *OPERATE constraint
- *TARGET changes any defined constraint
- Re-defining *OPERATE resets all earlier settings
• *MONITOR/PENALTY keyword can be used for well management
 Well location Options

• Builder will calculate well completion blocks using these

methods:
- X, Y of a well
- Import well deviation data
- can also specify well blocks using point and click
- Typing of block address

• Deviation data allows more accurate inflow description

*LAYERXYZ
 Well Group Controls

• IMEX provides FIELD, PLATFORM, GROUP , WELL hierarchical

control
•FIELD
- PF1
-GROUP-1
-W1,W2, W3.....
-GROUP-2
-W5, W6, W7…..
-PF2
-GROUP-3
-W8, W9, W10….
-PF3
 The Hierarchical Tree

• Always one „Default-Group‟ is present

• Attached to “FIELD”
• Any well not attached to any group will be allocated to default
group
• Groups have separate injection and production controls
-GCONP, GCONI
• Cannot have both wells and groups attached to group
• Two levels of groups can exist between FIELD and WELLS
 Group Controls

• Rate, GOR and water cut constraints at any level

-Force simulator to honour facilities constraint
• Voidage replacement
- Pressure maintenance
- Recycling of produced water or gas
- Recycling needs both producers and injectors in same group
• Automatic well re-completion, opening, shutting or plugging to
defined levels
• Assign/Re-assign platform, groups, wells at any time
• Well can be attached to only one group at a time
• Group targets allocated to wells/groups based on well/groups
instantaneous potential
 Aquifer - Analytical

• Analytical aquifers are mathematical equations connected to

reservoir blocks to replicate water influx
• Fetkovich
- Models finite aquifer without use of influence functions
• Carter Tracy
- Pressure at external boundary does not change
- Infinite acting by default
- Influence table control water influx for finite
representations
• Gravity effects not accounted in analytical models
-Hence bottom aquifer may over predict water influx
• Direction of flow *AQLEAK
- Default is only inflow allowed (no outflow on
repressurisations)
- *ON allows flow back into aquifer
 Aquifer - Analytical

• Use R ratio to change strength (ratio of auifer radius to

reservoir radius)
• Very large aquifers can also be represented by constant
pressure wells
• Connect aquifer to water filled blocks
• Large volume water cells can be placed between analytical
aquifer and reservoir
• Can also apply volume multipliers to water cells (use sensible
values or it may create convergence problems)
 Other capabilities

• Modeling Naturally fractured system (dual porosity/permeability)

• Hydraulic fractures
• Local Grid Refinements
• Fault modeling
• Vertical flow modeling