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Geotechnical Engineering 2
CIVE1129
RMIT Academic staff:
Offering Coordinator: Dilan Robert (PhD)
Course Coordinator: Abbas Mohajerani (PhD)
The materials used in these 46 slides are copyright and are from the textbook “Soil Mechanics and
Foundations”, by Muni Budhu, 3rd. edition, 2011, with copyright John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (as outlined in the
book). They are produced for the teaching staff and they should be made available only as a PDF file in a
protected local directory to students who have enrolled in Geotechnical Engineering 2 (CIVE1129).
Learning outcomes
• Be able to explain the basic concepts of soil
consolidation under vertical loads.
• Be able to distinguish the main controlling factors
for one dimensional consolidation of fine-grained
soils.
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Importance
Practical situation
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SOIL SETTLEMENT
SOIL SETTLEMENT
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KEY POINTS
Key Points
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• Recompression index:
e
Cr
( )
log z 2
(z )1
slope of unloading/reloading line[plot: log z , z ], no units, positive value
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OVERCONSOLIDATION RATIO
• dOverconsolidate
soils
d soil
zc
OCR
zo
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Geotechnical Engineering 2
CIVE1108/CIVE1129
BOOK CHAPTER: 9
SECTION: 9.4 PAGES: 217 TO 225
12
Learning outcomes
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13
ESTIMATION OF ONE-DIMENSIONAL PRIMARY CONSOLIDATION
SETTLEMENT -1
2.5
2 Cr
red lines.
Cr
0.5
0
100 1000 10000 100000
Vertical effective stress (psf)
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ESTIMATION OF ONE-DIMENSIONAL PRIMARY CONSOLIDATION
SETTLEMENT -2
• NORMALLY CONSOLIDATED
CLAYS (NCL); OCR = 1
H
pc o Cc log fin ; OCR1
1eo zo
or
Ho is the thickness of the layer, fin is the effective overburden pressure zo plus the increment of vertical stress z due to the surface loads
at the center of the layer.
pc Homvz
Ho is the thickness of the layer, fin is the effective overburden pressure zo plus the increment of vertical stress z due to the surface loads
at the center of the layer.
Ho is the thickness of the layer, fin is the effective overburden pressure zo plus the
increment of vertical stress z due to the surface loads at the center of the layer.
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15
ESTIMATION OF ONE-DIMENSIONAL PRIMARY CONSOLIDATION
SETTLEMENT -3
• OVERCONSOLIDATED
CLAYS OCR > 1
H
pc (Cr log zc Cc log fin ); fin zc
1eo zo zc
or
H H
pc (Cr log(OCR) Cc log fin ); fin zc
pc Cr log fin ; fin zc 1eo zc
1eo zo
RMIT University©Sep. 2014 Geotechnical Engineering 2, CIVE1129
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PROCEDURE
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CONSOLIDATION SETTLEMENT USING mv
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HOW TO DEAL WITH THICK SOIL LAYERS?
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19
Example: Settlement of normally consolidated clay
H o 2m, z 140 kPa, Cc 0.3, Gs 2.7 or sat w 19.39.8 9.5 kN/m3
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Solution: Settlement of normally consolidated clay
• Solution
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21
Example: Settlement of an overconsolidated clay
H o 2m, z 140 kPa, Cc 0.3, Cr 0.05, Step 2: Calculate the past maximum vertical
effective stress.
Gs 2.7, OCR = 2.5
• Required to find zc zo OCR 136.42.5 341 kPa
• Primary consolidation settlement Step 3: Calculate fin.
of clay layer
fin zo z 136.4140 276.4 kPa
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Solution: Settlement of an overconsolidated clay
• Solution
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Geotechnical Engineering 2
CIVE1108/CIVE1129
Book chapter: 9
Section: 9.5 – 9.6 Pages: 225 to 235
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Learning outcomes
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25
ONE-DIMENSIONAL CONSOLIDATION THEORY
kz
Where Cv is the coefficient of consolidation Cv
mvw
of consolidation
Top
2
1.8
1.6
1.4 2 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.15 0.1 0 0.05 0.02 = Tv
1.2
Middle
Ho/Hdr 1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
Bottom
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
∆u/∆uo
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SOLUTION OF 1D CONSOLIDATION EQUATION
DEGREE OF CONSOLIDATION
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SECONDARY COMPRESSION
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Geotechnical Engineering 2
CIVE1108/CIVE1129
BOOK CHAPTER: 9
SECTION: 9.7 PAGES: 235 TO 243
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Learning outcomes
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31
IMPORTANCE
• To estimate the total settlement and the time rate of settlement, we need
to obtain certain soil consolidation parameters such as Cc as discussed
previously. These parameters are obtained from a lab test called the
one-dimensional consolidation test.
32
C
1D LAB CONSOLIDATION TEST
,
and
• Equipment
• We want to find the following
parameters to estimate the
amount and rate of
consolidation settlement
• Compression indices:
Cc, Cr
And mv , Cv
• The ring containing the soil sample can
be fixed to the container by a collar
(fixed ring cell, Figure b) or is
unrestrained (floating ring cell, Figure
c).
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33
1D LAB CONSOLIDATION TEST
34
1D LAB CONSOLIDATION TEST
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35
1D LAB CONSOLIDATION TEST
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FINDING Cv USING TAYLOR’S METHOD
• Procedure
– Plot the displacement gage readings
(height)versus square root of times.
– Draw the best straight line through
the initial part of the curve intersecting
the ordinate (displacement reading) at
O and the abscissa at A.
– Note the time at point A; let us say it
is tA.
– Locate a point B, on the
abscissa. 1.15 tA ,
– Join OB. • Calculate
– The intersection of the line OB with
the curve, point C, gives the
displacement gage reading and the
time for 90% consolidation (t90).
0.848H dr2
C
t90
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37
FINDING Cv USING CASAGRANDE AND FADUM (1940)
METHOD
• Procedure FOR ROOT TIME
METHOD
– Project the straight portions of the
primary consolidation and secondary
compression to intersect at A. The
ordinate of A, d100, is the displacement
gage reading for 100% primary
consolidation.
– Correct the initial portion of the curve to
make it a parabola. Select a time t1,
point B, near the head of the initial
portion of the curve and then another
time t2, point C, such that t2 = 4t1
– Calculate the difference in displacement
reading, d = d2 – d1,between t2 and t1.
– Plot a point D at a vertical distance from • Calculate
B. The ordinate of point D is the
corrected initial displacement gage
reading, do, at the beginning of primary
consolidation.
– Calculate the ordinate for 50%
consolidation as d50 = (d100 + d0)/2. 2
– Draw a horizontal line through this point 0 .1 9 7 H
to intersect the curve at E. The abscissa
Cv dr
t50
of point E is the time for 50%
consolidation, t50.
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DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE TWO METHODS OF DETERMINING
Cv
• The log time method makes use of • In theory, the root time method
the early (primary consolidation) should give good results except
and later time responses when nonlinearities arising from
(secondary compression) secondary compression cause
substantial deviations from the
• The root time method only utilizes
expected straight line. These
the early time response, which is
deviations are most pronounced in
expected to be a straight line
fine-grained soils with organic
materials.
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39
Determination of Void Ratio at the End of a Loading Step
40
DETERMINATION OF COMPRESSION AND RECOMPRESSION
INDICIES
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Geotechnical Engineering 2
CIVE1108/CIVE1129
42
Learning outcomes
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43
IMPORTANCE
We have described the consolidation test of a small sample of soil and
the soil consolidation parameters that can be obtained. What is the
relationship between this small test sample and the soil in the field? Can
you readily calculate the settlement of the soil in the field based on the
results of your consolidation test?
Sometimes, we need to make an estimate of consolidation settlement
without having the lab test results. We can use empirical relationships
based on simple soil test such as water content and index properties to
give a first approximation of the consolidation parameters.
44
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LABORATORY AND FIELD
CONSOLIDATION
consolidation test.
• If two layers of the same clay
have the same degree of
consolidation, then their time
factors and coefficients of tfield H
2
dr field
H
consolidation are the same. 2
tlab dr lab
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45
TYPICAL VALUES OF CONSOLIDATION SETTLEMENT
PARAMETERS AND EMPIRICAL RELATIONSHIPS
• Compression indices
Empirical relationships Reference
Cc 0.009 (LL10) Terzaghi and Peck, 1967
Cc 0.40(eo 0.25) Azzouz et al., 1976
Cc 0.1 to 0.8 Cc 0.01(w5) Azzouz et al., 1976
Cr 0.015 to 0.35; also, Cr Cc/5 to Cc/10 Cc 0.37(eo 0.003 LL0.34) Azzouz et al., 1976
Cc 0.00234 LLGs Nagaraj and Murthy, 1986
C /Cc 0.03 to 0.08 Cr 0.15(eo 0.007) Azzouz et al., 1976
Cr 0.003(w7) Azzouz et al., 1976
Cr 0.126(eo 0.003 LL0.06) Azzouz et al., 1976
w is the natural water content (%), LL is the liquid limit Cr 0.000463 LLGs Nagaraj and Murthy, 1985
(%), eo is the initial void ratio, and PI is the plasticity
index. Cc 1.35 PI (remolded clays) Schofield and Wroth, 1968
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SUMMARY
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