SYLLABUS

M.A./M./Sc. I SEMESTER

ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS : MMM-1006

UNIT-1 Introduction, initial value problem, boundary value problem, linear dependence
equations with constant as well as variable coefficient, Wronskian, variation of
parameter, method of undetermined coefficients, reduction of the order of
equation, method of Laplace’s transform.

UNIT-2 Lipchilz’s condition and Gron Wall’s inequality, Picards theorems, dependence of
solution on initial conditions and on function, Continuation of solutions, Non-
local existence of solutions Systems as vector equations, existence and uniqueness
of solution to systems and existence and uniqueness of solution for linear systems.

UNIT-3 Introduction, Strum-Liouvilles system, Green’s function and its applications to

boundary value problems, some oscillation theorems such as Strum theorem,
Strum comparison theorem and related results.

UNIT-4 Introduction, System of first order equation, fundamental matrix, Non-

homogeneous linear system, Linear system’s with constant as well as periodic
coefficients.

Books Recommended:

1. E.A. Coddington: An introduction to Ordinary Differential Equations, Prentice Hall of

India, New Delhi, 1991.
2. S.C. Deo, Y. Lakshminathan and V. Raghavendra: Text Book of Ordinary Differential
Equation (Second Edition) Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi (Chapters IV, VII and VIII).

Reference Books:

1. P. Haitman: Ordinary Differential Equations, Wiley, New York, 1964.

2. E.A. Coddington and H. Davinson: Theory of Ordinary Differential Equations,
McGraw Hill, NY, 1955.
 SYLLABUS

M.A./M./Sc. I SEMESTER

Advance Theory of Groups and Homological Algebra: MMM-1007

Unit-I:

Relation of conjugacy, conjugate classes of a group, number of elements in a conjugate class of

an element of a finite group, class equation in a finite group and related results, partition of a
positive integer, conjugate classes in Sn, Sylow’s theorems, external and internal direct products
and related results.

Unit-II:
Structure theory of finite abelian groups, subgroup generated by a non-empty subset of a group,
commutator subgroup of a group, subnormal series of a group, refinement of a subnormal series,
length of a subnormal series, solvable groups and related results, n-th derived subgroup, upper
central and lower central series of a group, nilpotent groups, relation between solvable and
nilpotent groups, composition series of a group, Zassenhaus theorem, Schreier refinement
theorem, Jordan-Holder theorem for finite groups.

Unit-III:
Direct products and direct sums of modules, natural injections into the direct sum and natural
projections from direct product with their related results, diagonal and summing
homomorphisms, injective representation of a module as a direct sum, decomposition of a
module into direct sum of submodules, free modules with related results, exact sequences and
short exact sequences with their related results.

Unit-IV:
Splitting sequences with related results, The Four lemma, The Five lemma, semi-exact
sequences, derived module, lower (upper) sequence or chain (cochain)complex of modules, n-
dimensional chain of modules and boundary operators, modules of n-dimensional cycles and n-
dimensional boundaries of a chain complex of modules, n-dimensional homology (cohomology)
module of a lower (upper) sequence, tensor product of modules with related results.

Recommended and Reference Books:

 I.N. Herstein: Topics in Algebra.
 Surjeet Singh and Qazi Zameeruddin: Modern Algebra.
 P.B. Bhattacharya, S.K. Jain, S.R. Nagpaul: Basic Abstract Algebra
 S.T. Hu: Introduction to Homological Algebra.
 SYLLABUS

M.A./M.Sc. I SEMESTER

Advanced Real Analysis: MMM-1008

Unit-I:

Sequence and series of functions, Pointwise and uniform convergence, Cauchy criterion for
uniform convergence, Weierstrass M-test, Abel’s test, Dirichlet’s test for uniform convergence,
Properties of uniformly convergent sequences and series, Uniform convergence and continuity,
Integrability and differentiability of sequences and series.

Unit-II:
Weierstress approximation theorem, Riemann-Stieltjes integral (revisited) Theorem on
composition of functions and related results, Riemann integration over a rectangle, Theorems on
integrable functions and examples, Fubini’s theorem, Integration of vector-vector functions,
Rectifiable curves.

Unit-III:
Rearrangement of terms of series of numbers, Dirichlet’s theorem, Riemann theorem, The
Cauchy product of series and related results, Power series, Definitions, examples, radius of
convergence, Algebraic operations on power series, Differentiation of power series, Abel’s
theorem, Taylor’s theorem.

Unit-IV:
Functions of several variables, Derivatives in , Matrix representation, Existence of the
derivative, Chain rule, Mean value theorem, Partial derivatives, Interchange of the order of
differentiation, Young’s Theorem, Schwarz’s Theorem, Taylor Theorem, Inverse function
Theorem, Implicit Function Theorem.

Books Recommended:
 W. Rudin, Principle of Mathematical Analysis, McGraw-Hill, Book Company, Japan.
 John K. Hunter: An introduction to Real Analysis, Department of Mathematics,
University of California at Davis, 2014.
 D. Somasundram and B. Choudhary: A First Course in Mathematical Analysis, Narosa,
1999.
 S.C. Malik and Savita Arora, Mathematical Analysis, New Age International, 2017.
 SYLLABUS
M.A./M./Sc. I SEMESTER
TOPOLOGY-I : MMM-1009

UNIT-1 Definitions and examples of topological spaces, Topology induced by a metric,

closed sets, Closure, Dense subsets, Neighbourhoods, Interior, Exterior and
boundary accumulation points and derived sets, Bases and subbases, Topology
generated by the subbasis, subspaces and relative topology, Alternative methods
of defining a topology in terms of Kuratowski closure operator and
neighbourhood systems, Continuous functions and homomorphism.

UNIT-2 First and second countable spaces, Lindelof spaces, Separable spaces, Second
countability and separability, Separation axioms, T0,T1,T2,T3.5,T4 spaces and their
characterizations and basic properties, Brysohn’s lemma, Tietze extension
theorem.

UNIT-3 Compact spaces and their basic properties, Separation of a space, Connected
spaces, Connected sets in the real line, Totally disconnected spaces, Intermediate
value theorem, path connected, Components, Path components, Locally connected
spaces, Locally path connected spaces, Totally disconnected spaces, Continuous
functions and connected sets.

UNIT-4 Product topology (finite and infinite number of spaces), Tychonoff product
topology in terms of standard sub-base and its characterizations, Projection maps,
Separation axioms and product spaces, Connectedness and product spaces,
Compactness and product spaces (Tychonoll’s theorem), Countability and product
spaces.

Books Recommended:

1. James R. Munkres: Topology, A first course, Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New
Delhi, 2000.
 SYLLABUS

M.A. /M. Sc. I Semester

Advanced Complex Analysis: MMM-1010

UNIT-I
Curves in the complex plane; Properties of complex line integrals; Fundamental theorem of line
integrals (or contour integration); Simplest version of Cauchy’s theorem; Cauchy-Goursat
theorem; Symmetric, starlike, convex and simply connected domains; Cauchy’s theorem for a
disk; Cauchy’s integral theorem; Index of a closed curve; Advanced versions of Cauchy integral
formula and applications; Cauchy’s estimate; Morera’s theorem (Revisited); Riemann’s
removability theorem; Examples.

UNIT-II
Convergence of sequences and series of functions; Weierstrass’ M-test; Power series as an analytic
function; Root test; Ratio test; Uniqueness theorem for power series; Zeros of analytic functions;
Identity theorem and related results; Maximum/Minimum modulus principles and theorems;
Schwarz’ lemma and its consequences; Advanced versions of Liouville’s theorem; Fundamental
theorem of algebra; Isolated and non-isolated singularities; Removable singularities; Poles;
Characterization of singularities through Laurent’s series; Examples.

UNIT-III
Calculus of residues; Residue at a finite point; Results for computing residues; Residue at the point
at infinity; Cauchy’s residue theorem; Residue formula; Meromorphic functions; Number of zeros
and poles; Argument principle; Evaluation of integrals; Rouche’s theorem; Mittag-Leffer
expansion theorem; Examples.

UNIT-IV
Introduction and preliminaries; Conformal mappings; Special types of transformations; Basic
properties of Möbius maps; Images of circles and lines under Mobius maps; Fixed points;
Characterizations of Möbius maps in terms of their fixed points; Triples to triples under Möbius
maps; Cross-ratio and its invariance property; Mappings of half-planes onto disks; Inverse function
theorem and related results; Examples.

Books Recommended
1. John B. Conway; Functions of One Complex Variable, Second Edition, Springer International
Student-Edition, Narosa Publishing House, 1980.
2. Lars V. Ahlfors; Complex Analysis, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York, 1986.
3. S. Ponnusamy;Foundations of Complex Analysis, Second Edition, Narosa Publishing House, 2005.
 SYLLABUS
M.A/M.Sc. I SEMESTER
FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS: MMM-1011

UNIT-I Normed spaces; Banach spaces, their examples and properties; Incomplete normed
spaces; Open and Closed spheres in normed spaces; Denseness, separability and closedness;
Completion of normed linear spaces ; Finite dimensional normed spaces and subspaces;
Equivalent norms; Compactness and finite dimension; Riesz`s lemma.

UNIT-II Quotient spaces; Bounded linear operators and bounded linear functional with their
norms and properties; Algebraic and topological (continuous) duals; Examples and properties of
dual spaces, Weak convergence and strong convergence (convergence in norm); Reflexive
normed spaces and different kinds of topologies; Properties of reflexive normed spaces.

UNIT-III Hahn-Banach theorems and their consequences (Analytic and Geometric forms);
Pointwise and uniform boundedness; Uniform boundedness principle and its applications; Open
and closed maps; Open mapping and closed graph theorems, their consequences and
applications; Banach contraction theorem with its applications.

UNIT-IV Inner product space and examples; Parallelogram law; Polarization identity and
related results; Schwartz and triangle inequalities; Orthogonality of vectors, Orthogonal
complements and related results; Projection theorem and related results; Orthogonal projection
and properties.

Text Book:

1. E. Kreyszig: Introductory Functional Analysis with Applications, John Willey, 1978.

Reference Books:

1. M. Thumban Nair: Functional Analysis: A First Course, Prentice Hall of India, New
Delhi, 2002.
2. P.K. Jain, O.P. Ahuja and Khalil Ahmad: Functional Analysis, New Age International (P)
Limited, Publishers, 1995.
 SYLLABUS
M.A./M./Sc. II SEMESTER
MEASURE THEORY : MMM-2002

UNIT-1 Lebesgue outer measure, Measurable and non-measurable sets measurable

functions, Borel Lebesgue measureablity.

UNIT-2 Measure and outer measure, Extensions of a measure, Uniqueness of extension,

Completion of measure, integration of non-negative functions, the general
integral.

UNIT-3 Riemann and Lebesgue integrals, The four derivatives, Lebesgue differentiation,
The differentiation and integration, Measure spaces, Convergence in measure.

UNIT-4 The Lp-spaces, Convex functions, Jensen’s inequality, Holder and Minkowski
inequalities, Completeness of Lp.

Books Recommended:

1. H.L. Royden: Real Analysis, Macmillan, 1993.

2. P.R. Halmos: Measure Theory, Van Nostrand, Princeton, 1950.

Reference Books:

1. Inder .K. Rana: An Introduction to Measure and Integration, Narosa, 1997.

2. P.K. Jain and V.P. Gupta: Lebesgue Measure and Integration, New Age International,
1986.
 SYLLABUS
M.A./M./Sc. II SEMESTER
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS : MMM-2005

UNIT-1 Classification of seconds order partial differential equation, Laplace’s equation

solution by the method of separation of variables, Fourier series solution,
Applications to two dimensional heat flow, Mean value formulas, Properties of
Harmonic functions, Green’s functions.
UNIT-2 Heat equation-solution by the method of separation of variables, Fourier series
solution, Applications to one dimensional heat flow, Mean value formula,
Properties of solutions.

UNIT-3 Wave equation-solution by the method of separation of variables, Fourier series

solution, Solution by spherical means and Riemann method of solution,
Applications to vibration of strings..

UNIT-4 Numerical solution of partial differential equations, The wave equation, One
dimensional heat flow and Laplace’s equation.

Books Recommended:

1. Elements of Partial Differential Equations by I.N. Sneddon, McGraw Hill Book

Company, 1957.
2. Partial Differential Equations by Phoolan Prasad and Renuka Ravindran, Wiley Eastern
Limited, 1987.
3. Numerical Methods in Science and Engineering by M.K. Venkatraman, The national
Publ. Company, 1990.
4. Calculus of Variations by I.M. Gelfand and S.V. Formin, Prentice Hall, Inc., 1963.
5. Partial Differential Equations by L.C. Ivans, M Graduate Studies in Mathematics,
Volume 19, AMS, 1968
 SYLLABUS
M.A./M.Sc. II Semester
Advanced Linear Algebra: MMM-2007

UNIT I: Recall of vector space, basis, dimension and related properties, Algebra of Linear
transformations, Vector space of Linear transformations L(U,V), Dimension of space of linear
transformations, Change of basis and transition matrices, Linear functional, Dual basis,
Computing of a dual basis, Dual vector spaces, Annihilator, Second dual space, Dual
transformations.

UNIT II: Inner-product spaces, Normed space, Cauchy-Schwartz inequality, Pythagorean

Theorem, Projections, Orthogonal Projections, Orthogonal complements, Orthonormality, Matrix
Representation of Inner-products, Gram-Schmidt Orthonormalization Process, Bessel’s
Inequality, Riesz Representation theorem and orthogonal Transformation, Inner product space
isomorphism.

UNIT III: Operators on Inner-product spaces, Isometry on Inner-product spaces and related
theorems, Adjoint operator, selfadjoint operator, normal operator and their properties, Matrix
of adjoint operator , Algebra of Hom(V,V), Minimal Polynomial, Invertible Linear
transformation, Characteristic Roots, Characteristic Polynomial and related results,

UNIT IV: Diagonalization of Matrices, Invariant Subspaces, Cayley-Hamilton Theorem,

Canonical form, Jordan Form. Forms on vector spaces, Bilinear Functionals, Symmetric Bilinear
Forms, Skew Symmetric Bilinear Forms, Rank of Bilinear Forms, Quadratic Forms,
Classification of Real Quadratic forms.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED
1. Kenneth Hoffman and Ray Kunze : Linear Algebra (second Edition)
2. Sheldon Alexer: Linear Algebra Done Right, Springer (Third Edition)
3. I.N. Herstein: Topics in Algebra
 SYLLABUS
M.A./M.Sc. II SEMESTER
ALGEBRAIC TOPOLOGY MMM-2008

UNIT-1 Urysohn Metrization Theorem, Partitions of unity, local finiteness, The Nagota
Metrization Theorem, para-compactnes, The Smirnov Metrization Theorem.

UNIT-2 Nets and filters, topology and convergence of nets, Hausdorffness and nets,
compactness and nets, filters and their convergence, canonical way connecting
nets to filters and vice-versa, Ultra filters and compactness.

UNIT-3 Homotopy, relative homotopy, path homotopy, homotopy classes, construction of

fundamental groups for topological spaces and its properties.

UNIT-4 Covering maps, local homomorphism, covering spaces, lifting lemma, The
fundamental group of circle, Torus and punctured plane, The fundamental
Theorem of Algebra.

Books Recommended:

(A) For Units I, III and IV:

1. Topology, A first course by J.M. Munkres 1987, (relevant portion)

(B) For Units II: (relevant portions of the following books)

2. Elementary Topology by M.C. Gemignani
3. Elementary General Topology by Jheral O. Moore
4. Topology by J. Dugundji
5. Topology by Sheldon W. Daves
6. Topology by H. Schubert
 SYLLABUS
M.A./M.Sc. II SEMESTER
ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS: (MMM-2009)

UNIT-1 Hilbert spaces (revisited), Orthonormal sets and sequences, Bessel inequality,
Bessel generalized inequality, Parseval relation and related results, Gram-Schmidt
process, total (complete) orthonormal sets and separability, bounded linear
functionals, Riesz representation theorem, reflexivity of Hilbert space,
sesquilinear form and related results, representation of sesquilinear form.

UNIT-2 Bilinear form, Lax-Miligram lemma, adjoint of bounded linear operators in

normed spaces, Hilbert adjoint operator: Existence: ranges, null spaces and related
results, closed range theorem, self adjoint operators, normal operators, unitary
operators, positive operators, orthogonal projection operators and related results.

UNIT-3 Spectral theory of linear operators in normed spaces: Eigenvalues and

eigenvectors, resolvent operators, spectrum, spectral properties of bounded linear
operators, properties of resolvent and spectrum, spectral mapping theorem
(statement only), spectral radius, compact linear operators on normed spaces,
compactness criterion, finite dimension domain or range, sequence of compact
linear operators.

UNIT-4 Spectral properties of bounded self-adjoint linear operators, unbounded linear

operators, Hellinger-Toeplitz theorem, Hilbert-adjoint operators and related
results, symmetric and self adjoint linear operators, closed linear operators and
closures.

Books Recommended:

1. E. Kreyazig: Introductory Functional Analysis with Applications, John Wiley and Sons,
New York, 1989.
2. G. Bachman and L. Narici: Functional Analysis, Academic Press, New York, 1966.
3. M. Thamban Nair: Functional Analysis, A First Course, PHI Learning Pvt Ltd, New
Delhi, 2010
4. A.H. Siddiqi, K. Ahmad and P. Manchanda: Introduction to Functional Analysis with
Applications, Anamaya Publishers, New Delhi, 2006.
5. P.K. Jain, O.P. Ahuja and K. Ahmad: Functional Analysis, New Age International (P)
Ltd., New Delhi, 1995.
 SYLLABUS
M.A./M./Sc. II SEMESTER
DIFFERENTIABLE MAINIFOLDS: MMM-2010

UNIT-1 Charts, Atlases, Manifolds, Differentiable structure on a manifold, Smooth maps,

Tangent vectors and Tangent space.

UNIT-2 Vector fields, Lie product of Jacobian of a smooth map, Integral curves on a
manifold, One parameter group of a transformation.

UNIT-3 Cotangent spaces, pullback of l-form, Tensor fields, Differential forms, Exterior
product and derivative, Exterior algebra.

UNIT-4 Connexion, parallelism, Geodesic, Covariant differentiation Torsion, Curvature,

Structure equation of Cartan, Bianchi identities.

Books Recommended:

1. Differentiable Manifolds: K. Matsushima.

2. Lecture Notes on Differentiable Manifolds: S.I. Husain
 SYLLABUS
M.A./M./Sc. III SEMESTER
MECHANICS : MMM-3003

UNIT-1 General force system, euipollent force system, equilibrium conditions, Reduction
of force systems, couples, moments and wrenches, Necessary and sufficient
conditions of rigid bodies, General motion of rigid body, Moments and products
of inertia and their properties, Momental ellipse, Kinetic energy and angular
motion of rigid bodies.

UNIT-2 Moving frames of references and frames in general motion, Euler’s dynamical
equations, Motion of a rigid body with a fixed point under no force, Method of
pointset Constraints, Generalized coordinates, D’Alembert’s principle and
Lagrange’s equations, Applications of Lagrangian formulation.

UNIT-3 Hamilton’s principle, Techniques of calculus of variations, Lagrange’s equations

through Hamilton’s principle, Cyclic coordinates and conservation theorems,
Canonical equations of Hamilton, Hamilton’s equations from variational
principle, Principle of least action.

UNIT-4 Galilean transformation, Postulates of special relativity, Lorentz transformation

and its consequences, Length contraction, Time dilation, Addition of velocities,
variation of mass with velocity, Equivalence of mass and energy, Four
dimensional formalism, Relativistic classification of particles, Maxwell’s
equations and their Lorentz invariance.

Books Recommended:

1. J.L. Synge and B.A. Griffith: Principle of Mechanics, McGraw-Hill Book Company
(1970) (relevant portion only).
2. H. Goldstein: Classical Mechanics: Second Edition, Narosa Publishing House (1980),
(relevant portion only).
3. Zafar Ahsan: Lecture Notes on Mechanics, Department of Mathematics, AMU, (1999),
(Chapters III-VI).
 SYLLABUS
M.A./M./Sc. III SEMESTER
NONLINEAR FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS: MMM-3005
Total Lectures: 48
UNIT-I:
Fixed Point Theorems: Banach contraction theorem and its extensions, namely, Boyd and
Wong theorem, Caristi’s fixed point theorem.
Set-Valued Maps: Introduction to set-valued maps, definitions and examples; Lower and upper
semi continuity and their characterizations and examples.
UNIT-II:
Set-Valued Maps (Continue): Hausdorff metric, H-continuity or Hausdorff continuity, Set-
valued Lipschitz maps, Set-valued contraction maps; Nadler’s fixed point theorem.
Ekeland’s Variational Principle: Strong and weak forms of Ekeland’s variational principle,
converse of Ekeland’s variational principle, Applications to Banach contraction theorem,
Caristi’s fixed point theorem; Takahashi’s minimization theorem.
UNIT-III:
Geometry of Banach Spaces: Strict convexity and modulus convexity; Uniform convexity;
Duality mapping; Smoothness, Best approximation in Banach spaces, Retraction mappings.
UNIT-IV:
Iterative Methods for Fixed Points: Demiclosed Principle, Picard iterative method; Mann
iterative methods, Ishikawa iterative method; Helpern iterative method; Browder iterative
method.
Book Recommended:
1. Q.H. Ansari, Metric Spaces: Including Fixed Point Theory and Set-valued Maps, Narosa
Publishing House, New Delhi, 2010.
Sections 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3 for unit I and II.
2. Q.H. Ansari, Topics in Nonlinear Analysis and Optimization, World Education, Delhi,
2012.
Chapter 2: Sections 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7 for unit III.
3. S. Almezel, Q.H. Ansari and M.A. Khamsi, Topics in Fixed Point Theory, Springer, New
York, 2014.
Chapter 8 for unit IV.
Reference Book:
1. V.I. Istratescu, Fixed Point Theory: An Introduction, D. Reidel Publishing Company,
Dordrecht / Boston / London, 1981, ISBN 90-277-1224-7.
2. M.A. Khamsi and W.A. Kirk, Metric Fixed Point Theory, Academic Press, New York.
3. S.P. Singh, B. Watson and P. Srivastava, Fixed Point Theory and Best Approximation:
The KKM-map Principle, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht / Boston / London,
1997, ISBN 0-7923-4758-7.
4. W.Takahashi, Nonlinear Functional Analysis, Fixed Point Theory and its Applications,
Yokohama Publishers, Yokohama, Japan, 2000, ISBN 4-946552-04-9.
 SYLLABUS
M.A./M./Sc. III SEMESTER
ADVANCED RING THEORY: MMM-3006

UNIT-1
Examples and fundamental properties of rings(Review), Direct and discrete direct sum of rings,
Ideals generated by subsets and their characterizations in terms of elements of the ring under
different conditions, Sums and direct sums of ideals, Ideal products and nilpotent ideals, Minimal
and maximal ideals.

UNIT-2
Complete matrix ring, Ideals in complete matrix ring, Residue class rings, Homomorphisms,
Subdirect sum of rings and its characterizations, Zorn’s Lemma, Subdirectly irreducible rings,
Boolean rings.

UNIT-3
Prime ideals and m-systems, Different equivalent formulation of prime ideals, Semi prime ideals
and n-systems, Equivalent formulation of semi prime ideals, Necessary and sufficient conditions
for an ideal to be a prime ideal, Prime radical of a ring.

UNIT-4
Prime rings and its characterization in terms of prime ideals, Primeness of complete matrix rings,
D.C.C. for ideals and the prime radical, Jacobson radical: Definition and simple properties,
Relationship between Jacobson radical and prime radical of a ring, Primitive rings, Jacobson
radical of primitive rings.

BOOK RECOMMENDED:
N.H. McCoy: The Theory of Rings

BOOKS FOR REFERENCE:

Anderson and Fuller: Rings and Categories of Modules
I.S. Luthar, I.B.S.Passi: Algebra Volume 2: Rings
 SYLLABUS
M.A./M./Sc. III SEMESTER

RIEMANNIAN GEOMETRY AND SUBMANIFOLDS : MMM-3007

UNIT-1 Partition of unity, paracompactness, Riemannian matrix of a paracompact

manifold, First fundamental form on a Riemannian manifold, Riemannian
connexion, Riemannian curvature, Ricci and scalar curvature.

UNIT-2 Immersion, Imbedding, Distribution, Submanifold, Submanifold of Riemannian

manifold, Sypersurfaces, Gauss and Weingarten formulae, Equation of Gauss,
Coddazi and Ricci.

UNIT-3 Complex and almost manifolds, Nejenhuis tensor and integrability of a structure,
Almost Hermitian, Kaehler and nearly Kaehler manifolds, Almost contact and
Sasakian manifolds.

UNIT-4 Submanifolds of almost Hermitian manifolds, Invariant and Anti- Invariant

distributions of a Hermitian manifold, C.R.-submanifolds of Kaehler and nearly
Kaehler, Generic and slant submanifolds of Kaehler manifold.

Books Recommended:

1. Riemannian Geometry: R.S. Mishra

2. Geometry of Submanifolds: B.Y. Chen
3. Foundation of Geometry (Volume I): S. Kobayashi and K. Nomizu
4. Lecture Notes on Differentiable Manifolds: S.I. Husain
 Optional Paper
Syllabus
M.A./M.Sc. III Semester
Variational Analysis and Optimization: MMM-3015

Unit 1: Convex Set, Hyperplanes, Convex function and its characterizations; Generalized
convex functions and their characterizations, Optimality criteria, Kuhn-Tucker optimality
criteria.

Unit 2: Subgradients and subdifferentials; Monotone and generalized monotone maps, their
generalizations and their relations with convexity.

Unit 3: Variational inequalities and related problems, Existence and uniqueness results, Solution
methods.

Unit 4: Generalized variational inequalities and related topics; Basic existence and uniqueness
results.

Books:

1. Q.H. Ansari, C.S. Lalitha and M. Mehta, Generalized Convexity, Nonsmooth Variational
and Nonsmooth Optimization, CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group, Boca Raton,
London, New York, 2014.
 Optional Paper
Syllabus
M.A./ M.Sc. III-Semester
Wavelet Analysis
Paper Code: MMM-3016
Total Lectures: 48
Unit-I Gabor and Wavelet Transform
Fourier and inverse Fourier transform, Parseval identity, Convolution, Dirac delta function,
Gabor transform, Gaussian function, Centre and width of Gaussian function, Time-frequency
window of Gabor transform, Advantage of Gabor transform over Fourier transform, Continuous
wavelet transform, Time-frequency window of wavelets, Discrete wavelet transform, Haar
wavelet and its Fourier transform, Wavelets by convolution, Mexican hat wavelet, Morlet
wavelet.

Unit-II Multiresolution Analysis and Construction of Wavelets

Parseval theorem for wavelet transform, Inversion formula of wavelets, Multiresolution
Analysis, Decomposition and reconstruction algorithm, Filter coefficients and their properties,
Wavelets and Fourier transform, Orthonormality in frequency domain, Numerical evaluation of
scaling function and wavelets.

Unit-III Construction of Wavelets and its Applications

Cardinal B-splines and spline wavelets, Franklin wavelets, Battle-Lemari_e wavelets,
Daubechies wavelets, Application of wavelets in Image processing, Wavelet packets, Best basis,
Image compression and denoising.

Unite-IV Concept of Frames and its Applications

Concept of Frames in Hilbert space, Properties and related theorems, Characterization of frames,
Frame multiresolution analysis, Gabor frames, Wavelet frames, Wavelet frames by extension
principles, Applications of tight frames in image deblurring.

Recommended Books:
1. C.K. Chui, An Introduction to Wavelets, Academic Press, New York, 1992.
2. I. Daubechies, Ten Lectures on Wavelets, CBS-NSF Regional Conferences in Applied
Mathematics, SIAM, Philadelphia, 1992.
3. O. Christensen, An Introduction to Frames and Riesz bases, Birkh• auser, Boston, 2003.

Reference Books:
1. Y. Meyer, Wavelets: Algorithms and Applications, SIAM, Philadelphia, 1993.
2. L. Debnath, Wavelet Transforms and their Applications, Birkh• auser, Boston, 2002.
3. M.W. Frazier, An Introduction to Wavelets through Linear Algebra, Springer, New
York, 1999.
4. M.K. Ahmad, Lecture Notes on Wavelet Analysis, Seminar Library, Department of
Maths, AMU, 2015.
 OPTIONAL
SYLLABUS
M.A./M./Sc. III SEMESTER
LATTICE THEORY AND ALGEBRAIC STRUCTURES : MMM-3017
Total Lectures: 48
UNIT-1 Lattices (12 Lectures)
Partially order sets, Lattices, Modular Lattice, Schreier’s theorem, The chain conditions,
Decomposition theorem for lattices with ascending chain condition, Independence,
Complemented modular lattices, Boolean Algebras.

UNIT-2 Modules and Ideals (12 Lectures)

Generators, Unitary Modules, Chain conditions, Hilbert Basis Theorem, Noetherian Rings,
Prime and Primary ideals, Representation of an ideal as intersection of primary ideals,
Uniqueness Theorems, Integral dependence.

UNIT-3 Lie and Jordan Structures in Rings (12 Lectures)

Lie and Jordan ideals in ring R, Jordan simplicity of ring R, Lie structure of [R, R], Subring fixed
by automorphism, Simple rings with involutions, Involution of second kind, Skew elements and
related results.

UNIT-4 Homomorphisms and Derivations (12 Lectures)

Jordan Homomorphisms onto Prime rings, n–Jordan mappings, Derivations, Lie Derivations and
Jordan derivations, Some results of Martindale, Herstein theorem on Jordan derivation.

Books Recommended:

1. Lectures in Abstract Algebra by Nathan Jacobson

2. General Lattice Theory by George Gratzer
3. Topics in Rings Theory by I.N. Herstein
4. Rings with Involutions by I.N. Herstein
 SYLLABUS
(Optional)
M.A./M./Sc. III- SEMESTER (CBCS System)
THEORY OF SEMIGROUPS : MMM-3018

Total Lectures: 48

UNIT-1
Basic definitions, Group with zero, Monogenic semigroups, Ordered sets, Semilattices and
lattices, Binary relations, Equivalences and related results.

UNIT-2
Congruences and related results, Free semigroups and monoids, Presentation of semigroups,
Ideals and Rees congruences, Lattices of equivalences and congruences.

UNIT-3
Green's Equivalences and related results, The structure of D-classes, Green's lemma and its
corollaries. Regular D-classes, Regular semi groups, The Sandwich set.

UNIT-4
Simple and 0-simple semigroups, Completely 0-simple semigroups.The Rees Theorem,
Completely simple semigroups, Isomorphism and normalization.

Book Recommended:

1. Fundamentals of semi group theory by John M Howie (Clarendon press. Oxford 1995).
Reference Books:

1. The Algebraic theory of semi groups, Vol. 1 and 2 by A H Clifford and G B Preston
(Mathematical surveys of the AMS- 1961 and 1967).
2. Techniques of Semi Group Theory by P M Higgins (Oxford University Press 1992).
 SYLLABUS
M.A./M./Sc. IV SEMESTER
SEQUENCE SPACES: MMM-4014
UNIT-1
Classical sequence spaces, their topological properties, Maddox type sequence spaces, Linear
Metric spaces, Paranormed spaces, Frechet spaces, FK and BK-spaces, Schauder basis, AK-,
AD-, AB-, FH-, and BH-spaces.

UNIT-2
Dual of sequence spaces, Continuous duals, Kothe-Toeplitz, generalized Kothe-Toeplitz and
bounded Kothe-Toeplitz duals, Determination of duals of classical sequence spaces, their
relationships.

UNIT-3
Matrix transformations, matrix transformations between some classical sequence spaces,
Conservative and regular matrices, Schur matrix, Coregular and conull matrices, Matrix Classes
of some FK and BK spaces.

UNIT-4
Banach limit, Almost convergence, Relation between convergence and almost convergence,
Almost regular and almost conservative matrices, Duals of Maddox type sequence spaces and
their matrix transformations.

Books Recommended:
1. Element of Functional Analysis by I.J. Maddox, Cambridge University Press (1970) and
(1988).
2. Elements of Metric Spaces by Mursaleen, Anamaya Publ. Company, 2005.
 SYLLABUS
M.A./M.Sc. IV SEMESTER
FIELD AND MODULE THEORY: MMM-4015

UNIT-1
Field extensions, Finite Field extensions, Finitely generated extensions of a field, Simple
extension of a field, Algebraic extension of a Field, Splitting (Decomposition) fields, Multiple
roots, Normal and separable extension of a Field.

UNIT-2
Automorphism and group of automorphisms of a Field, Galois group, Galois group of a
separable polynomial, Galois group of a polynomial of permutation of its roots, Finite Fields and
Galois Fields.

UNIT-3
Modules, Submodules and factor modules, Sum and intersection of sub-modules, Subsets and the
submodules they generate, Homomorphisms of modules, Isomorphisms theorems, Bimodules,
Inverse image of submodules, Annihilators, Torsion and torsion-free modules.

UNIT-4
Direct sums, Internal direct sums, Direct summands, Natural maps, Splitting maps, Projections
and injections, Idempotent endomorphisms, Essential and superfluous submodules, Semi-simple
modules, Socle and radical of modules, Linearly independent sets, Bases and free modules, Rank
of free modules, Divisible modules and their basic properties.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED:

1. I.T. Adamson: Introduction to Field Theory.

2. M.E. Keating: A _rst course in Module Theory.

BOOKS FOR REFERENCE

1. J.S. Milne: Fields and Galois Theory.

2. F.W. Anderson and K.R. Fuller: Rings and Categories of Modules.
 SYLLABUS
M.A./M./Sc. IV SEMESTER
STRUCTURES ON MANIFOLDS : MMM-4016

UNIT–I
Almost Complex and Hermitian manifolds. The fundamental two form and the Kaehler structure
on a manifold. Infinitesimal automorphism. Holomorphic vector fields. Characterizations for a
vector field to be an infinitesimal automorphism. Cayley algebra on R8 and almost Hermitian
structure on S6. The space of constant holomorphic sectional curvature.

UNIT –II
Almost contact structure on a smooth manifold. Contact manifolds. Torsion tensor of an almost
contact metric manifold. Sasakian manifold, Kenmotsu manifold. Trans-Sasakian manifold.
Sasakian and Kenmotsu space forms.

UNIT–III:
Invariant submanifolds in contact metric manifold. Semi-invariant submanifolds of a Sasakian
manifold. Umbilical submanifolds of almost contact metric manifolds. Semi-invariant products
in Sasakian manifolds. Some characterizations. Totally contact umbilical semi-invariant
submanifolds of Sasakian manifold. Pseudo-umbilical submanifold.

UNIT–IV
Topological groups. Subgroups and quotient spaces. Homomorphisms of topological groups.
Connected components of a topological group. Lie groups and Lie-algebras. Invariant
differential forms on Lie-groups. One parameter subgroup and exponential map. Example of Lie-
groups.

Books Recommended:

1. Structures on manifolds, Kentaro Yano and Masahiro Kon, World Scientific Press.
2. Differentiable manifolds, Y.Matsushima, Marcel Dekker, inc.

Reference Books:

1. Foundations of Differential Geometry, vol II- S.Kobayashi and K.Nomizu, John Wiley
and sons.
2. Geometry of CR-submanifolds -Aurel Bejancu, D.Reidel publication co.
3. Contact manifolds in Riemannian geometry – D.E. Blair, Lecture notes in Math. 509,
Springer-Verlag.
 SYLLABUS
M.A./M./Sc. IV SEMESTER
Non Commutative Rings (MMM-4018)

Unit I
Basic terminology and examples, Free k-rings, Rings with generators and relations, Twisted
polynomial rings, Differential polynomial rings, Group rings, skew group rings.

Unit II
Radical of a ring, Prime radical of a ring, Jacobson radical of a ring, Neotherian rings, Artinian
rings, Simple rings, Semisimple rings, Simple Artinian rings, Semisimple artinian rings.

Unit III
Prime rings, Semiprime rings, Subdirectly irreducible rings, Primitive rings, Density Theorem,
Wedderburn Artin's Theorem.

Unit IV
Regular rings, Some commutativity Theorems, Wedderburn Theorem, Generalizations of
Wedderburn Theorem.

Text Book
Non commutative Rings, I.N. Herstein John Wiley and Sons, INC.

Reference Book
A First Course in Non commutative Rings Springer-Verlag.
 SYLLABUS
OPEN ELECTIVE: ELEMENTS OF ELEMENTARY CALCULUS
M.Sc. IV SEMESTER (MATHEMATICS)
PAPER CODE: MMM-4091
4 Credits
M.M.: 100
Sessional Marks: 10
Mid Term Marks: 30
Final Marks: 60
Unit 1: Sets, Function and Limit
Sets, and their properties, Functions and their properties, Some known functions, Domain,
Range, Graph of Functions, Limit and its basic properties.
Unit 2: Continuity and its Basic Properties
Derivative (as rate of change and slope of a tangent), Properties of derivatives, Derivatives of
some known functions, namely, polynomial, logarithmic functions, exponential functions,
trigonometric functions.
Unit 3: Application of Derivative
Rate of change, increasing and decreasing functions, maxima and minima of polynomials and
trigonometric functions (first and second derivative test motivated geometrically) simple
problems (that illustrates basic problems and understanding of the subject as well as real life
situations. Mean Theorem Functions.
Unit 4: Integration and its applications
Indefinite integral, standard formulae of indefinite integral, Definite integral as a limit of sum,
Basic properties and formulae of definite integral of simple functions (without proof)
Applications finding the area of under simple curves, especially lines, area of circle, parabolas,
ellipse (in standard form only).

Books Recommended:
1. Calculus, Finney and Thomas, Addison-Wesley Pub. Company.
2. Mathematics Vol. 1 and 2 Class 12, R.D. Sharma, Dhanpat Rai and Sons.
3. Problems in Calculus of one variable, I.A. Marun, Arihant Publication .