An Introduction to

Biomedical Engineering
 Biomedical Engineering ‫اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ‬
•The use of engineering science and math to solve problems in
medicine

•which implies expertise in:

•Biological, Medical, Chemical Sciences

• Electrical- Mechanical- Electronic and Optical

engineering.
‫;‪• Fields or areas of biomedical engineering‬‬

‫‪1- Physiology &Anatomy & System Modeling‬‬

‫دراﺳﺔ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ ووﻇﺎﺋﻒ أﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﺠﺴﻢ اﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ“ﺟﻬﺎز اﻟﻘﻠﺐ‪ -‬اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﺘﻨﻔﺴﻲ‪-‬‬
‫اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ‪ “----‬واﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ واﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ وﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻮراﺛﺔ واﻟﺠﻴﻨﺎت‬

‫دراﺳﺔ اﻻﺷﺎرات اﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ اﻟﻨﺎﺑﻐﺔ ﻣﻦ آﻞ ﺟﻬﺎز ﺣﻴﻮي ‪2- Biosignaling‬‬

‫‪3- Biomaterials‬‬
‫دراﺳﺔ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻤﺼﻨﻮع ﻣﻨﻬﺎ اﻷﻃﺮاف واﻷوردة ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ آﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺳﻮاﺋﻞ‬
‫ﻋﻀﻼت اﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬
‫‪4- Biosensors‬‬
‫دراﺳﺔ ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ أﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﻘﻴﺎس واﻻﺳﺘﺸﻌﺎر اﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ‬

‫‪5- BioInstrumation‬‬
‫اﻷﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ ”اﻟﻘﻴﺎس‪-‬واﻷﻃﺮاف اﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﻀﻴﺔ‪“---‬‬
‫‪6- Biomechanics‬‬
‫دراﺳﺔ ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ اﻷﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ واﻷﻃﺮاف اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫‪7- Medical Imaging‬‬
‫اﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻌﻲ ﻷﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬
‫وآﻞ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻔﺮوع ﺗﺨﻀﻊ ﻟﺪراﺳﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ‪8- Norms and Ethics‬‬
‫اﻷﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ اﻟﺪوﻟﻴﺔ‬
Main Fields of Biomedical
Engineering
 In general
Focus on a specific type of engineering to create a desired
hybrid between biomedical and other, more established
fields
Chemical engineering – cellular, tissue engineering,
biomaterials, biotransport

Electrical engineering - bioelectrical and neuroengineering,

bioinstrumentation, biomedical imaging, medical device
design, optics

Mechanical engineering –biomechanics, biotransport,

medical devices, soft-tissue mechanics, biological systems
modeling
 Terminology
Bioengineering
refer to engineering using biological substances, often at a higher
level of biology than biotechnology.

Biotechnology
Term that is generally similar to “bioengineering,” but, in
comparison, refers most specifically to direct manipulation and use
of living biological substances.

Neuroengineering
Simulation of Neurons actions and signaling

Bionanotechnology
Combination of nanotechnology and biology e.g. DNA
nanotechnology and computing
• Applications of biomedical engineering :
• cardiac monitors to clinical computing,
• artificial hearts to contact lenses,
• wheel chairs to artificial tendons,
• modeling dialysis therapy to modeling the
cardiovascular system.

• Biomedical engineers are also integral in the

management of technology in hospitals and
health care delivery.
 1- Biomaterials
• Biomaterials is the use of materials, both living tissue
and artificial materials, for implantation.

• Understanding the properties of the living materials

is vital in the design of implant materials.

• The selection of an appropriate material to place in

the human body may be one of the most difficult
tasks faced by the biomedical engineer.
• Certain metal alloys, ceramics, polymers and
composites have been used as implant materials.
• Biomaterials must be
• nontoxic, ‫ﻏﻴﺮ ﺳﺎﻣﺔ‬
• non-carcinogenic,
• chemically inert (not reacting violently with the
body's chemical composition), ‫ﻻ ﺗﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻊ آﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬
• Stable
• mechanically strong enough to withstand the repeated
forces of a lifetime of use. ‫ﺗﺘﺤﻤﻞ اﻟﻀﻐﻮط واﻻﺟﻬﺎدات‬
• Newer biomaterials even incorporate living cells in
order to provide a true biological and mechanical match
for the living tissue.
• Examples of biomaterials include
• Dental adhesives, ‫ﺣﺸﻮات اﻷﺳﻨﺎن‬
• Bone cement, ‫ﺟﺒﻴﺮة اﻟﻌﻈﺎم‬
• Replacement bones/joints, ‫ﻣﺴﺎﻣﻴﺮ وﻣﻔﺎﺻﻞ اﻟﻌﻈﺎم‬
• Heart prosthetics, ‫اﻟﻘﻠﺐ اﻟﺒﺪﻳﻞ‬
• Heart replacement valves ‫ﺻﻤﺎﻣﺎت اﻟﻘﻠﺐ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬
• Artificial lungs ‫اﻟﺮﺋﺔ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬
• Artificial kidneys.‫اﻟﻜﻠﻰ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬
 2- Biosensors

‫• دراﺳﺔ ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ أﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﻘﻴﺎس‬

‫واﻻﺳﺘﺸﻌﺎر اﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ‬
• Phonocardiogram Measurement
Using Piezoelectric Ceramics
• Development of Ceramics
Biosensor Analysis Using Crystal
Monochromator X-rays Technique
 3- BioSignaling
Measuring or Sensing all physiological
systems activities by signaling

CardioVascular System
Respiratory System
1- Nasal AirFlow (NAF) Signals:
‫اﺷﺎرة ﺳﺮﻳﺎن اﻟﻬﻮاء ﻣﻦ اﻻﻧﻒ‬
2-Thoracic and abdominal excursion Signals
‫اﺷﺎرة ﺣﺮآﺘﻲ اﻟﺼﺪر واﻟﺰور‬
‫‪SaO2 signals‬‬
‫اﺷﺎرة ﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻻآﺴﺠﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪم‬

‫‪HRV signals‬‬
‫اﺷﺎرة ﻣﻌﺪل ﻧﺒﻀﺎت اﻟﻘﻠﺐ اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻲ‬
5-Cellular, Tissue and Genetic Engineering

• Manipulation of living cells to

replace/improve existing functions or
to impart unique function

• e.g. GMO crops, tissue regeneration

‫ﺗﻮﻇﻴﻒ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ واﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ واﻟﺠﻴﻨﺎت ﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦ وﻇﺎﺋﻒ‬

-----‫ زﻳﺎدة اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺻﻴﻞ‬-‫ اﻟﻌﻼج ﺑﺎﻟﺠﻴﻨﺎت‬-‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬
• Electrophysiological Study by Cardiac
Tissue Mapping
 The Human Chondrocyte Culture and Its
Application in Diagnosis and Screening
for Anti-osteoarthritis Agents

Heart Rate Variability Study in

Thalassemia
Effects of Sildenafil Citrate on Internal
Defibrillation Efficacy

Gecko foot and carbon nanotube

imitation

Boxes made with “DNA origami”

6-Bioinstrumentation
• Construction of devices for measuring aspects of
physiological status
• e.g. Electrocardiography (EKG), Electroencephalography
(EEG),‫أﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﻘﻴﺎس ﻹﺷﺎرت اﻻﻧﺴﻦ‬

• Real-time Patient Monitoring System in ICU

• ‫ﻣﺮاﻗﺒﺔ وﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﺟﺴﻢ اﻻﻧﺴﺎن ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺸﺎﺷﺎت‬
• Surada Stereotactic Instrument
• CMU Alcohol Breath Meter ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻧﺴﺐ اﻟﻜﺤﻮل أو أي ﻣﻜﻮن ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪم‬

• Invention of Immunochromatographic Strip Test for

Nevirapine Detection in Urine: ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻧﺴﺐ اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﻮل‬
Robotic Surgery
7- Biomechanics
• Study of mechanics as
applied to biological
structures
• e.g. Musculoskeletal
mechanics, trauma injury
analysis
• Computational Study in
Cardiovascular Engineering
•Numerical Modeling of Oscillatory Flow within a
Compliant Tube
1-D Modeling of Flow within Pulmonary Arteries
‫دراﺳﺔ ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ اﻟﺸﺮﻳﺎن اﻟﺮﺋﻮي‬
•Effect of Length of Mini-screw Implant on Stress
Distribution in the Screw and Bone
‫دراﺳﺔ ﻣﺴﺎﻣﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺰروﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻈﺎم اﻟﻐﻀﺎرﻳﻒ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬
•Effect of a Plate and Bone Length Ration on the
Stress Distribution in the Femoral Human Bone Using
FEM
‫دراﺳﺔ ﺷﺮاﺋﺢ اﻟﺤﻮض واﻟﻌﻤﻮد اﻟﻔﻘﺮي‬
Biomechanics

Artificial Heart
9-Medical Imaging
• Visualization of anatomy and
physiology, essential for modern
diagnosis and treatment
• e.g. X-ray, CAT, MRI, ultrasound

• Examples: Count White Blood Cells

in Microscopic Bone Marrow Images
• Breast Abnormality Detection in
Mammograms ‫ﺳﺮﻃﺎن اﻟﺜﺪي‬
• Automatic Differential White Blood
Cell Counting in Bone Marrow
Images‫ﺳﺮﻃﺎن اﻟﻨﺨﺎع‬
• Cardiomegaly Detection System in
Fetus ‫ﻧﻮع اﻟﺠﻨﻴﻦ‬
 X-ray Imaging: ‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ أﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﺑﺎﻻﺷﻌﺔ اﻟﺴﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬
1- fastest and easiest ways to view the internal organs and structures of
the body. assessing skeletal trauma (e.g. broken bones), ‫آﺴﻮر اﻟﻌﻈﺎم‬
2- diagnosing gastro-intestinal system (digestive tract) ‫اﻣﺮاض اﻟﺠﻬﺎز‬
‫اﻟﻬﻀﻤﻲ‬, breasts (mammography) ‫أورام اﻟﺜﺪي‬, and for comprehensive
imaging of the thoracic cavity including the lungs and heart.
‫ اﻟﻘﻠﺐ‬-‫ اﻟﺮﺋﺔ‬-‫أورام اﻟﺰور‬
 Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT)
‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ أﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﺠﺴﻢ اﻟﻤﺴﺢ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻌﻲ‬

uses a computer and X-rays to

produce clear cross-sectional images
or "slices"
of the different organs and body parts
such as the lungs, liver, kidneys,
pancreas, pelvis, extremities, brain,
spine, and blood vessels

These detailed images, displayed on

films
‫أﺷﻌﺔ اﻟﺮﻧﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ‬Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

object is placed within a high intensity static magnetic field

LF microwave radiation (excitation pulses) are emitted
modifying the frequency and timing C/Cs of waves, and the delay time
before measurement of the emitted energy
3-D or 4-D pictures of inner parts: soft tissues, bones, joints, blood
‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ أﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎت ﻓﻮق اﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ‪Ultrasound Imaging‬‬
Applications and Project of
Biomedical Engineering
 Virtual
Soldier

Or

Combat Medical Support

Enters the Information Age
Virtual Human PSE: Rideout Left Heart Model

Model sliders
control simulation
 Heart and Lung Machine
Replaces roles of heart and lungs during surgery to improve
gas exchange, fluid flow
Heart and Lung Machine

First attempted surgery with heart and lung machine in 1951 by Dr. Clarence Dennis

First successful surgery in 1953 by Dr. John Gibbon

(Perfusionist is trained technician who can operate the heart and lung machine)
 Blood
Average adult human contains 4-5 L of
bloodOxygenated blood is red

Hemoglobin (Hb), a protein contained

within red blood cells, can carry
oxygen with its heme groups
4 oxygen-binding sites
Physiology of Oxygen Transport – Circulatory system

Heart is a pump, a muscle that

transports blood through body4
chambers – left and right atrium and
ventricle
‫ﻳﺘﻜﻮن اﻟﻘﻠﺐ ﻣﻦ أذﻳﻦ اﻳﻤﻦ وأﻳﺴﺮ وﺑﻄﻴﻦ أﻳﻤﻦ‬
‫وأﻳﺴﺮ‬
Flow rate of blood out of heart is
called “cardiac output” Pulmonary

Systemic
‫‪Two main circulatory paths‬‬
‫‪1-Pulmonary – oxygen-depleted blood pumped from right‬‬
‫‪ventricle to lungs, blood collects oxygen from lungs and sends it‬‬
‫‪back to left atrium‬‬

‫‪2-Systemic – oxygen-rich blood pumped from left ventricle,‬‬

‫‪deposits in body tissues, returns to right atrium‬‬
‫‪ oxygenated blood is supplied to heart‬اﻟﺸﺮﻳﺎن اﻟﺘﺎﺟﻲ –‪Also, coronary‬‬
‫‪cells‬‬
‫اﻟﻘﻠﺐ هﻮ ﻣﺤﻄﺔ اﻟﻀﺦ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪم إﻟﻰ اﻷﻋﻀﺎء ﻟﺘﺰوﻳﺪهﺎ ﺑﺎﻷآﺴﺠﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺪم اﻟﻘﺎدم ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮﺋﺘﻴﻦ‪ ,‬ﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﻳﻘﻮم اﻟﻘﻠﺐ ﺑﻀﺦ اﻟﺪم اﻟﻘﺎدم ﻣﻦ اﻷﻋﻀﺎء واﻟﻤﺤﻤﻞ ﺑﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫أآﺴﻴﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن إﻟﻰ اﻟﺮﺋﺘﻴﻦ ﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺘﻪ وﺗﺤﻤﻴﻠﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﺎﻷآﺴﺠﻴﻦ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺨﺮج اﻟﺪم اﻟﻤﻠﻲء ﺑﺜﺎﻧﻲ أآﺴﻴﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻄﻴﻦ اﻷﻳﻤﻦ ﻟﻴﺬهﺐ ﻟﻠﺮﺋﺔ ﻟﺘﺰوﻳﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻷآﺴﺠﻴﻦ ﺛﻢ ﻳﺪﺧﻞ اﻟﻰ اﻻذﻳﻦ اﻷﻳﺴﺮ‬
‫ﻳﺨﺮج اﻟﺪم اﻟﻤﺸﺒﻊ ﺑﺎﻷآﺴﺠﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻄﻴﻦ اﻷﻳﺴﺮ اﻟﻰ آﻞ أﻋﻀﺎء اﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﺛﻢ ﻳﻌﻮد اﻟﻰ‬
‫اﻷذﻳﻦ اﻷﻳﻤﻦ‬
Heart bypass surgery
Surgery wherein blood flow bypasses the heart and lungs, since operating on
an active heart is difficult to accomplish
Coronary artery bypass surgery/graft (CAPG) entails grafting vessels from
elsewhere in the body to reroute blood flow around blocked regions in the
coronary arteries
For the past half century, has utilized artificial pumping and oxygenating,
which is accomplished by the heart-lung device
‫ﺟﺮاﺣﺔ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﺴﺎر اﻟﺪم ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﺮﻳﺎن اﻟﺘﺎﺟﻲ ﻟﻠﻘﻠﺐ‬
 Heart and Lung Machine, Components 
Connective tubing – PVC or silicone rubber

Pump
Roller pump –ciruclating rotor physically displaces fluid 
through tubing 

Centrifugal pump – motion of fluid through an impeller 
(a type of rotor) propels the liquid forward  

Oxygenator
Traditionally, a bubble oxygenator was 
used, but this has since been replaced by 
membrane‐coated oxygenators
 ‫‪Case Study: Neural prostheses‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ زراﻋﺔ اﻷﻃﺮاف اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺬراع أو اﻟﻘﻮﻗﻌﺔ اﻟﺴﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ‬
‫دراﺳﺔ ﻓﺴﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ وﺗﺮآﻴﺐ هﺬا اﻟﻌﻀﻮ وآﻴﻔﻴﺔ اﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺘﻪ ﻟﻠﻨﺒﻀﺎت‬
‫واﻹﺷﺎرات اﻟﺤﺴﺒﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪﻣﺎغ ﺛﻢ اﺧﺘﻴﺎر ﻧﻮع اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺼﻨﻊ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫وﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺗﻮﻇﻴﻒ هﺬا اﻟﻌﻀﻮ وﺗﻔﺎﻋﻠﻪ اﻟﺤﺴﻲ اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ‬

‫‪Potential for overlap between chemical, electrical, and mechanical‬‬

‫‪backgrounds‬‬
‫‪Restoring lost neurological function‬‬
 Neural prostheses ‐ Neurons

Neurons are a specialized form of cell

Responsible for quick information 
transfer in the body

Signaling via chemical and electrical 
impulses
Neural prostheses – BrainGate

Calibration tests ‫اﺧﺘﺒﺎر ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮة‬

Monkey plays game with joystick,

moving arm in response to visual
cues
As the monkey’s arm moves in the
desired direction, brain activity is
recorded
This firing activity must be
decoded to understand the
correlation between firing pattern
and directional movement
‫ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ اﻟﺘﺮاﺑﻂ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺣﺮآﺔ ﻣﻔﺎﺻﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻘﺮد واﻟﻤﺮآﺰ اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺌﻮل ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫‪Neural prostheses – A different approach‬‬
‫ﺗﺮآﻴﺐ اﻷﻃﺮاف اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬

‫‪Targeted muscle reinnervation (TMR) ‬‬

‫‪Relocate nerves from arm to chest ‬‬
‫‪Electrode picks up neuron firing in chest‬‬

‫دراﺳﺔ ﻓﺴﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ وﺗﺮآﻴﺐ اﻟﺬراع وآﻴﻔﻴﺔ اﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺘﻪ ﻟﻠﻨﺒﻀﺎت‬

‫واﻻﺷﺎرات اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﺪر واﻟﻨﺎﺑﻌﺔ أﺻﻼ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪﻣﺎغ ﺛﻢ‬
‫ﺗﻄﻮﻳﻊ ذﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺮآﻴﺐ وﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﺬراع‬
Neural prostheses – BrainGate
Project based at Brown hoping to restore some activity to quadriplegics 
Neural prostheses – Robotics technology
‫زراﻋﺔ اﻻﻃﺮاف اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ اﻵﻟﻴﺔ‬
Research on replicating human function  

Challenges:
Linking to biological inputs
Sensory feedback
Complexity of biology (arm alone is controlled by more than 70 muscles) 
Controlled strength
 Revolutionizing Prosthetics
Create revolutionary design of forearm/hand
prosthesis with realistic look, feel and action.
Neural prostheses – Cochlear implants ‫زراﻋﺔ اﻟﻘﻨﻮات اﻟﺴﻤﻌﻴﺔ‬