1.1. Explain the background and development of theoretical approaches Egoism * According to business ethics (n.d, p.100), an ethical action happens if the decision-maker freely decide so that action fulfills their short- term desires or long-term interests. + Influencers of egoism: + Key principle: Focus on individual desires or self-interests + Influencers: Ancient Greek philosophers (ex: Plato) =» Adam Smiths (1723-90) => Modern contributors (ex: Graham (1990))Amalgamated Bank + Amalgamated bank measures carbon profile of companies which want to issue debts to ensure that companies are green and help to develop their program of limit Global warming to 2 degrees Celsius according to Paris accord (Chasan, 2018). => Egoism theory consider action is ethical because it meets long- term interest of Amalgamated Bank to contribute protecting environment and develop good image of bank in customers. Ethics of duties * Ethics of duties has a framework with 3 parts, an ethical action happens when it meets requirements of 3 maxims (business ethics, n.d, p.105) ++ Maxim 1: Everyone can perform it ++ Maxim 2: it must maintain humanity. + + Maxim 3: it can “regard itself as universally lawgiving” + Key principle: Human duties, rules by “categorial imperative” * Influencer: Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)Amalgamated Bank + Amalgamated bank measures carbon profile of companies which want to issue debts to ensure that companies are green and help to develop their program of limit Global warming to 2 degrees Celsius according to Paris accord (Chasan, 2018) + => Ethics of duties consider action is ethical because it meets 3 maxims: + + Every bank can check carbon profile of company want to issue debt because they can easily ask company to submit internal documents to verity, + + Humanity is maintained because Amalgamated Bank cares about living environment of all people, not only making money from borrowers. + + Checking carbon profile to verify customers and protecting environment ere accepted universally because it brings benefit to all people in the world 1.2. Compare and contrast about absolute and relative ethics * Absolute ethics: An ethical action happens when it is universally right without any consideration (business ethics, n.d, pp.92-93). In other words, ethical action is accepted by every one in every place in the world and there is no need to argue about that action. + Example: Amalgamated with other big companies: Apple, Amazon, Facebook signs in a statement supporting the protections limiting definition of gender to birth anatomy in US. It means trans-gender people cannot change their gender after surgery. It leads to action Amalgamated bank will not issue loan for companies who are against LGBT community (Feiner, 2018).