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ABSTRACT
The Tiva™ C series TM4C129x microcontrollers are highly-integrated system-on-chip (SOC) devices with
extensive interface and processing capabilities. Consequently, there are many factors to consider when
creating a schematic and designing a circuit board. By following the recommendations in this design
guide, you will increase your confidence that the board will work successfully the first time it is powered it
up.
Contents
1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 3
2 Using This Guide ............................................................................................................ 3
3 General Design Information ............................................................................................... 3
3.1 Package Footprint .................................................................................................. 4
3.2 PCB Stack-up and Trace Impedance ........................................................................... 6
3.3 General Layout Design Choices ................................................................................ 10
3.4 Power .............................................................................................................. 18
3.5 Reset ............................................................................................................... 24
3.6 Crystal Oscillators ................................................................................................ 25
3.7 JTAG Interface .................................................................................................... 28
3.8 CoreSight ETM Trace Port Connections ...................................................................... 29
3.9 System ............................................................................................................. 30
3.10 All External Signals ............................................................................................... 32
4 Feature-Specific Design Information .................................................................................... 33
4.1 Ethernet Internal PHY ............................................................................................ 33
4.2 External Ethernet PHY Interface ............................................................................... 36
4.3 USB ................................................................................................................ 37
4.4 USB ULPI External PHY Interface ............................................................................. 39
4.5 SSI Buses ......................................................................................................... 39
4.6 UART ............................................................................................................... 40
4.7 I2C .................................................................................................................. 40
4.8 ADC ................................................................................................................ 41
4.9 Comparators ...................................................................................................... 42
4.10 Timer/PWM ........................................................................................................ 42
4.11 External Peripheral Interface (EPI) ............................................................................. 42
4.12 LCD Controller .................................................................................................... 43
4.13 Quadrature Encoder Interface (QEI) ........................................................................... 43
4.14 GPIO ............................................................................................................... 44
4.15 Hibernate Signals ................................................................................................. 45
5 System Design Examples ................................................................................................ 46
6 Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 46
7 References ................................................................................................................. 46
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List of Figures
1 ZAD BGA Footprint Top View ............................................................................................. 4
2 ZAD BGA Pad Dimensions ................................................................................................ 4
3 128-Pin TQFP Footprint .................................................................................................... 5
4 Typical Four-Layer PCB Stack with Routing Assignments ............................................................ 6
5 Typical Two-Layer PCB Stack with Routing Assignments ............................................................ 7
6 Typical Six-Layer PCB Stack with Routing Assignments .............................................................. 7
7 Transmission Line Type .................................................................................................... 8
8 Differential Transmission Line Types ................................................................................... 10
9 Top Layer 212-Ball BGA Escape Routing .............................................................................. 12
10 BGA Escape Routing Through Depopulated Ball Location .......................................................... 12
11 Bottom Layer 212-Ball BGA Escape Routing .......................................................................... 13
12 Acceptable PCB Trace Routing ......................................................................................... 14
13 Chassis Ground Guidelines .............................................................................................. 15
14 Examples of PCB Trace Layout ......................................................................................... 16
15 Differential Signal Pair .................................................................................................... 17
16 Examples of Differential Pair Layout .................................................................................... 17
17 Differential Signal Pair-Plane Crossing ................................................................................. 18
18 QFP PCB Routing Options ............................................................................................... 20
19 VBAT RC Filter ............................................................................................................... 23
20 Main Oscillator Circuit with GNDX2 .................................................................................... 25
21 Main Oscillator Circuit without GNDX2 ................................................................................. 25
22 Hibernate Oscillator Circuit with GNDX................................................................................. 26
23 Hibernate Oscillator Circuite without GNDX ........................................................................... 26
24 Recommended Layout for Small Surface-Mount Crystal............................................................. 27
25 Recommended Layout for Crystal with GNDX Connection .......................................................... 27
26 Cortex + ETM Connector ................................................................................................. 29
27 General Protection Using Bi-direction TVS Diode .................................................................... 31
28 General ESD Protection Using Uni-direction TVS Diode ............................................................ 31
29 10/100 Mb/s Twisted Pair Interface ..................................................................................... 33
30 GPIO Sourcing LED Current ............................................................................................. 35
31 GPIO Sinking LED Current ............................................................................................... 35
32 Ethernet PHY PCB Layout ............................................................................................... 36
33 USB Routing Example .................................................................................................... 38
34 Tiva™ Microcontroller ADC Input Equivalency Diagram ............................................................. 41
2 System Design Guidelines for the TM4C129x Tiva™ C Series SPMA056 – October 2013
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Copyright © 2013, Texas Instruments Incorporated
www.ti.com Introduction
1 Introduction
The General Design Information section of this guide contains design information that applies to most
designs (Section 3). Topics include important factors in the schematic design and layout of power
supplies, oscillators, and debug accessibility. The Feature-Specific Design Information section describes
specific peripherals and their unique considerations that are relevant to your design (Section 4).
To further assist you with the design process, Texas Instruments provides a wide range of additional
design resources, including application reports and reference designs. See the System Design Examples
(Section 5) for links to these resources.
NOTE: Some of the information in this guide comes directly from the individual Tiva™ C series
microcontroller data sheets. The microcontroller data sheets are the defining documents for
device usage and may contain specific requirements that are not covered in this design
guide. You should always use the most current version of the data sheet and also check the
most recent errata documents for the part number you have selected. Visit www.ti.com/tiva-c
to sign up for email alerts specific to a Tiva C Series part number. This document defines
system design guidelines for Tiva C Series microcontrollers with part numbers starting with
TM4C129.
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F
E
E
E B C
E
E
F
Figure 1. ZAD BGA Footprint Top View Figure 2. ZAD BGA Pad Dimensions
4 System Design Guidelines for the TM4C129x Tiva™ C Series SPMA056 – October 2013
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For this example, we place a solid ground plane on layer 2 and a power plane on layer 3. The outer signal
layers each consist of 1/2-oz base copper with 1/2-oz plating to total 1-oz copper. Each 1-oz copper layer
is 1.4 mils (.0014 in, or 0.0355 mm) thick. The height of traces above the ground plane is defined by the
thickness of the PCB prepreg material—in this case, 0.008 in (0.2032 mm) thick. Therefore, total thickness
is:
Total thickness = 0.062 in = 4 x 0.0014 in + 0.040 in + 2 x 0.008 in (1)
A typical configuration for an FR-4, 0.062 in (1.5748 mm) circuit board with two layers of 1-oz copper (no
plating) is shown in Figure 5.
1-oz Copper
Layer 1
(Mixed Signal/Plane Layer)
1-oz Copper
Layer 2
(Mixed Signal/Plane Layer)
Figure 5. Typical Two-Layer PCB Stack with Routing Assignments
For this example, the top and bottom layers are used for both signal routing and copper power floods. The
1-oz copper mixed plane is 1.4 mils (.0014 in, or 0.0355 mm) thick. The height of traces above any ground
pour is defined by the thickness of the PCB core material—in this case, 0.058 in (1.4732 mm) thick.
Therefore, total thickness is:
Total thickness = 0.061 in = 2 x 0.0014 in + 0.058 in (2)
For this example, we place a solid ground plane on layer 2 and a power plane on layer 5. The 1-oz copper
planes are 1.4 mils (.0014 in, or 0.0355 mm) thick. The height of traces on the outer layers (1, 2) above
the planes is defined by the thickness of the PCB prepreg material—in this case, 0.008 in (0.2032 mm)
thick. The height of the traces on the inner layers (3, 4) above the planes is defined by the thickness of the
PCB core material--in this case, 0.040 in (1.016 mm) thick. In between layers 3 and 4 is additional prepreg
material---in this case, 0.007 in (0.1778 mm) thick. Therefore, total thickness is:
Total thickness = 0.0594 in = 6 x 0.0014 in + 2x 0.008 + 2x 0.014 in + 0.007 in (3)
There are some additional routing considerations for the internal layers (3 and 4) when using a six-layer
stack-up:
• These internal layers (3 and 4) are considered asymmetric stripline relative to the Ground and Power
plane (layers 2 and 5). Refer to Figure 7. The calculations for impedance of traces on these layers are
different than layers 1 and 6.
• Generally traces on layers 3 and 4 are higher in capacitance per inch and have a higher propagation
delay
• Traces on layers 3 and 4 can impact each other via crosstalk if they are run parallel and over each
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other.
• Traces on layers 3 and 4 are better shielded from external EMC radiation or interference because they
are shielded by the power and ground planes.
H H2
Copper
(Power Plane)
Microstrip Asymmetric Stripline
Figure 7. Transmission Line Type
The typical dielectric constant (ER) for FR-4 material is about 4.3. The following examples use this
parameter as well as the stack-ups defined in Section 3.2 to generate some typical PCB geometries. They
are intended as starting points for PCB designs. You should repeat the calculations for your own design
because even small changes in the PCB stack-up can significantly change the impedance.
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NOTE: The PCB fab notes should include annotations that specify which traces are to be
impedance controlled.
Another key benefit of specifying controlled impedance is that the PCB manufacturer assumes on-going
responsibility for maintaining the impedance of those traces. This stipulation can be a factor when lot-to-lot
differences introduce variation.
While specifying controlled impedance is preferred, it may be acceptable not to if the trace length is less
than approximately 2 in (50.8 mm). If good design rules are followed during layout, it should be possible to
achieve routing that provides good signal integrity.
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A slight variation of this method, which also avoids the additional cost of controlled-impedance PCBs, is
sometimes called controlled dielectric. This approach involves the PCB designer using a dielectric
specification that is either supplied or agreed to by the board fab house. The material and dielectric
constant should be added to the PCB fab notes.
The differential impedance calculations use the Microstrip differential transmission line type as with a
ground reference plane as shown in Figure 8.
W S W
+ -
W S W
T
Er H + -
T
Microstrip Stripline
NOTE: The PCB fab house knows their process and materials the best. They should be contacted
to confirm stack-up heights, dielectric constant (ER) and recommended trace widths and
spacing for the targeted differential impedances.
The only way to guarantee the impedance target is met by the PCB manufacturer is to
specify traces as impedance controlled.
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F
E
E
E B C
E
E
F
Figure 9. Top Layer 212-Ball BGA Escape Routing Figure 10. BGA Escape Routing Through Depopulated
Ball Location
Figure 9 shows the recommended top layer routing pattern used to escape the BGA. The black dots are
the 0.25 mm (9.84 mil) BGA landing pads (Also shown as B in Figure 10). The black circles with white
centers are 0.457 mm (18 mil) vias.
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Figure 11 shows the bottom layer escape routing under the BGA from the vias. In the center of the bottom
layer are two 0402 sized 0.1μF decoupling capacitors connected between VDD and GND.
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90°
NOTE: Loops in PCB traces are not acceptable, despite the references that indicate that the signal-
integrity benefits of avoiding 90° angles is negligible. Loops in traces form antennas and add
inductance. The data shows that if your layout does have antenna loops, then mitering the
angles to 135° is not going to help. Avoid loops in PCB traces.
Despite these conclusions, there are a few simple reasons to continue to avoid 90° angles:
• There is a higher possibility of an acid-trap forming during etching on the inside of the angle (especially
in acute angles). An acid trap causes over-etching which can be a yield issue in PCBs with small trace
widths.
• Routing at 45° typically reduces overall trace length. This practice frees board area, reduces current
loops, and improves both EMC emissions and immunity.
• It looks better. This consideration is an important factor for anyone who appreciates the art of PCB
layout.
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USB
TM
Tiva
C Series No plane under
Gap to avoid
MCU Ethernet transformer
loop antenna
RJ45
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Plane A Plane A
0Ω
0Ω
Plane B
Plane B
Tiva C Series microcontrollers provide programmable drive strength for all digital output pins. When
initially bringing up the design, the drive strength for the output pins of a high-speed interface should be
set to 8mA to avoid any marginal timing requirements associated with too low of a drive strength.
However, if a signal is showing signal integrity issues such as ringing and reflections, the GPIO drive
strength can be lowered to improve the performance as long as timing requirements are still met.
It is acceptable to route lower speed and slow edge rate signals such as the open collector I2C, UART
signals and mostly static GPIOs across a plane split, however it is preferable to avoid this practice as it
can be a source of EMI radiation due to the return current flow path.
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Avoid
Stubs
• Avoid stubs in differential signal pairs where possible, as shown in Figure 15 and Figure 16. Where
termination or bias resistors are needed, one terminal should be located directly on the trace. Both
resistors should be located at the same distance from the source and load.
Resistors should be
located at the same
50Ω
distance on the
trace pair
50Ω
50Ω
50Ω
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• Differential signal traces should not be run such that they cross a plane split, as shown in Figure 17. A
signal crossing a plane split may cause unpredictable return current paths, resulting in an impedance
mismatch, which can impact signal quality and potentially create EMI problems.
Do NOT cross
Power or Ground
Plane Gap
Ground or Power
Ground or Power Plane
Plane
3.4 Power
This section describes design considerations related to the microcontroller power supply.
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NOTE: VDDC is an internally generated voltage rail. VDDC should only be connected to the CLDO filter
capacitors. VDDC should not be connected to any kind of external source or load.
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Decoupling capacitors should be 6.3 V to 25 V, X5R/X7R ceramic chip types. Z5U dielectric capacitors are
not recommended due to wide tolerance over temperature.
The capacitance of most ceramic capacitors decreases with increasing voltage. Avoid using capacitors at
close to their rated voltage unless reduced capacitance is acceptable. X7R capacitors may lose 15%-20%
of their capacitance at rated voltage while Y5V capacitors may drop 75%-80%. [(Cain, Jeffrey,
Comparison of Multilayer Ceramic and Tantalum Capacitors, AVX Technical Bulletin.)]
Figure 18 shows different options for routing PCB traces between the Tiva C Series microcontroller power
pins and a decoupling capacitor.
Cap
VDD
GND
GND
VDD
GND
VDD
GND
A) Best practice B) Acceptable C) Acceptable D) Not Recommended
Minimal inductance from Short low inductance traces Inductance to VDD and GND Distance from pins to vias
between capacitor, pins and from power pins to vias and planes is low increasees inductance in
power planes. from capacitor pins to vias. power rails
Power planes are lower
inductance than routed traces.
Cap
Cap
Cap
Cap
VDD
VDD
VDD
GND
GND
GND
VDD
GND
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Table 7 shows recommended example placement and routing of the VDD and VDDA decoupling capacitors.
Table 7. VDD Routing and Capacitor Placement Examples for TM4C129x Devices
212 BGA Package 128 TQFP Package
Filter options include filter capacitors in conjunction with either a low-value resistor or inductor/ferrite bead
to form a low-pass filter.
If the VDD and VDDA pins are split, the designer must ensure that VDDA power is applied before or
simultaneously with VDD and that VDDA is removed after or simultaneously with VDD.
If VDDA is to be selected as a reference source for the ADC, the ADC will achieve better performance when
powered with a separate VDDA power rail and filtered with a 0.01uF and 1uF capacitor (CREF) between VDDA
and GNDA.
The GND and GNDA pins should always be connected together—preferably to a solid ground plane or
copper pour.
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3.4.5 VREFA+/VREFA-
VREFA+ and VREFA- can be selected to be the reference voltage for the ADC maximum and minimum
conversion values.
Some Tiva™ C Series parts have VREFA+ and VREFA- brought out to dedicated pins, some parts have a
dedicated pin for VREFA+ and VREFA- is internally connected to GNDA and some parts do not have dedicated
pins for VREFA+ or VREFA-, and instead VREFA+ is internally connected to VDDA and VREFA- is internally connected
to GNDA.
For designs that require high-precision ADC conversions and use MCUs that have dedicated VREFA+ or
VREFA- pins, should ensure that the references pins are connected to a high precision voltage reference. IF
the ADC conversions are not required to be high precision, then VREFA+ should be externally connected to
VDDA and VREFA- should be externally connected to GNDA.
NOTE: Do not leave VREFA+ or VREFA- unconnected. VREFA+ must power up after or simultaneous to VDDA.
For optimized ADC precision, VREFA+ should be supplied from a high-precision reference such as the TI
REF3230. VREFA- should be connected to GNDA and a 0.01uF and 1uF filter capacitor pair (CREF) should be
placed as close as possible to the VREFA+/VREFA- pins. The Enable and V_IN of the REF3230 should be
driven from VDD or VDDA to ensure the correct power up sequence.
Table 8. Example VREFA+/VREFA- Routing and Capacitor Placement Examples for TM4C129x Devices
212 BGA Package 128 TQFP Package
• The highlighted trace is the VREFA+ net • The highlighted trace is the VREFA+ net
• The 1uF capacitor is located on the top side. The 0.01uF • C26 and C27 are the 1uF and 0.01uF capacitors placed
capacitor is located on the bottom side. close to the device.
• In this example, VREFA- is a dedicated pin connected directly • This device has VREFA- internally connected the GNDA
to GND. pin, which is connected to digital GND on this design.
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3.4.6 VBAT
The TM4C129x family of devices supports a VBAT supply for battery-backed RAM retention and RTC
operations when the main VDD supply is not powered. VBAT has a maximum ramp time, as specified in the
data sheet as VBATRMP. If VBAT is to be driven from a coin cell battery or switched, an RC filter as shown in
Figure 19 can be used adhere to the VBATRMP rise time requirement.
d/s¡
Microcontroller
VBAT
51 Ohm Coin
0.1uF Cell
If a dedicated battery is not going to be used, VBAT can be connected to the same net driving the VDD pins
without adding the RC filter.
No dedicated decoupling is needed for the VBAT pin.
NOTE: If a single-ended clock source is used to drive XOSC0 to the RTC/hibernation module, the
voltage level of VBAT impacts the acceptable XOSC0 input levels. Refer to the HIB Oscillator
Input Characteristics in the data sheet.
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3.5 Reset
This section describes design considerations related to reset.
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d/s¡D]}}v}oo d/s¡D]}}v}oo
Main Oscillator Circuit Main Oscillator Circuit
RS RS
Crystal Crystal
C1 C2 C1 C2
Figure 20. Main Oscillator Circuit with GNDX2 Figure 21. Main Oscillator Circuit without GNDX2
The device data sheet provides a list of recommended crystals that have been simulated to work with the
main oscillator and includes recommended values for C1, C2 and RS. It may be possible to substitute other
manufacturer's crystals with like crystal parameters and frequencies. Crystals with CL values of 18pF or
greater or that support a maximum drive of less than 200μW are not robust enough to be used.
It is possible to use a single-ended clock source such as an external oscillator to drive the OSC0 input of
the Main Oscillator Circuit. Refer to the device's data sheet for input specifications. When a single-ended
clock source is used, the OSC1 pin should be left unconnected and GNDX2, if present, should be
connected to GND.
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Some of the devices in the TM4C129x family have a hibernation module that runs from a 32.768-kHz
clock source used to clock the Real Time Clock (RTC) circuit within the module accurate even when only
VBAT is supplied to the system. Refer to the device's data sheet for specifics on the Hibernation Module
and the Hibernation Clock Source Specifications.
There are many readily available crystals that meet the Hibernation Clock Source Specification in the data
sheet so there is no need to provide a specific recommended list.
Some of the Tiva™ C family parts bring the GNDX signal of the hibernate oscillator circuit out to a ball or
pin on the part. When the GNDX signal is available, it should be connected to the digital ground plane as
shown in Figure 22 for proper operation. Early designs may show the crystal load capacitors and GNDX
pin connected only to each other without a connection to digital ground. Either is a valid configuration,
however the low-impedance connection to the digital ground helps isolate the circuit from external system
noise sources.
When the GNDX signal has not been brought out to a ball or pin, then it has been connected to a GND pin
internally. For this configuration, implement the circuit shown in Figure 23.
d/s¡D]}}v}oo d/s¡D]}}v}oo
Hibernate Oscillator Circuit Hibernate Oscillator Circuit
32.768KHz 32.768KHz
Crystal Crystal
C1 C2 C1 C2
Figure 22. Hibernate Oscillator Circuit with GNDX Figure 23. Hibernate Oscillator Circuite without GNDX
Capacitors C1 and C2 must be sized correctly for reliable and accurate oscillator operation. Crystal
manufacturers specify a load capacitance (CL) which should be used in the following formula to calculate
the optimal values of C1 and C2.
CL = (C1 * C2 ) / (C1 + C2 ) + CS (4)
CS is the stray capacitance in the oscillator circuit. Stray capacitance is a function of trace lengths, PCB
construction, and microcontroller pin design. For a typical design, CS should be approximately 2pF to 4pF.
Because C1 and C2 are normally of equal value, the calculation for a typical circuit simplifies slightly to:
C1 and C2 = (CL – 3pF) * 2 (5)
C1 and C2 should stay within the maximum and minimum specifications listed in the Hibernation Clock
Source Specifications section of the data sheet for the part. Capacitors with an NP0/C0G dielectric are
recommended and are almost ubiquitous for small-value ceramic capacitors.
It is possible to use a single-ended clock source such as an external oscillator to drive the XOSC0 input of
the Hibernate Oscillator Circuit. Refer to the device's data sheet for input specifications. When a single-
ended clock source is used, the XOSC1 pin should be left unconnected and GNDX, if present, should be
connected to GND.
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C1 C2
Crystal
Some crystal circuits require a series resistor RS in order to limit drive power delivered to the crystal. This
component should be a small chip resistor located between capacitor C2 and the OSC1 pin of the device.
Figure 25 shows a recommended layout for a small surface-mount crystal for a device that contains a
GNDX pin between the XOSC0/XOSC1 signals. The GND side of each capacitor can share the via with
the GNDX pin using a 10 mil wide trace to provide a low-impedance connection to the GND plane. If the
distance between capacitors and the GNDX pin is greater than 200 mils, each should have their own via
to GND.
XOSC0
XOSC1
GNDX
C1 C2
Crystal
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Tiva™ C Series microcontrollers have default internal pull-up resistors on TCK, TMS, TDI, and TDO
signals. External pull-up resistors are not required if these connections are kept short. If the JTAG signals
are greater than 2 in. (51 mm) or routed near an area where they could pick up noise, TCK should be
externally pulled-up with a 10K or stronger resistor or pulled-down with a 1K or stronger resistor to prevent
any transitions that could unexpectedly execute a JTAG instruction.
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VDD 1 2 TMS/SWDIO
GND 3 4 TCK/SWDCLK
GND 5 6 TDO/SWO
KEY 8 TDI
GNDDetect 9 10 RST#
GND 11 12 TRCLK
GND 13 14 TRD0
GND 15 16 TRD1
GND 17 18 TRD2
GND 19 20 TRD3
On TM4C129x family devices, TRCLK runs at 1/2 of the system clock speed, which can be a high
frequency. TRD0-3 and TRCLK should be short traces less than 6 in. (152 mm) in length. The TRCLK and
TRD0-3 I/O pads should be configured for 8mA drive strength initially and reduced on an individual basis if
needed.
On some Tiva™ C microcontroller development kits, the 2x10 0.05 in pitch connector is used, however
PA1 (U0TX) is connected to pin 14 (TRD0) and PA0 (U0RX) is connected to pin 16 (TRD1) in order to
provide a debug UART interface to TI's on-board ICDI.
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3.9 System
This section describes system-level design considerations related to the TM4C129x family of
microcontrollers.
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ESD
ESD
TPD1ExxB
TPD1ExxU
Figure 27. General Protection Using Bi-direction TVS Figure 28. General ESD Protection Using Uni-direction
Diode TVS Diode
Table 10 lists some recommended TI ESD protection options for use with the Tiva™ C series
microcontrollers.
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NOTE: Clocks that are open-collector, such as I2C clocks running at 400KHz, have a very slow rise
time and are designed for multiple drops. These guidelines are not meant to restrict such
clocks.
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The system design should avoid routing the VDD 3.3V supply that connects to the microcontroller directly to
a connector pin that can be subject to ESD or EMC radiated emissions. If VDD does need to be routed to a
connector, it should be routed through a ferrite bead and optionally a TVS diode.
I/O signals that are sourced from cables or other boards should not be driven prior to the power being
applied to the microcontroller unless the strict guidelines for injection current and voltage limits from the
data sheet are followed.
External I/O signals that come directly from the microcontroller should have layout options to implement
ESD protection, as described in Section 3.9.3.
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The transformer used in the MDI connection provides DC isolation between local circuitry and the network
cable. The Tiva™ C Series data sheets list both the part number and manufacturer's name for approved
Ethernet transformer (magnetics) options. Other parts can be approved by similarity, but it is highly
recommended to check with the manufacturer for their assessment of suitability. Magnetics with integrated
common mode choking devices are recommended to help with EMI performance.
The center tap of the transformer (microcontroller-side of the transformer) should be connected to +3.3V.
Each connection point to the +3.3V rail must be adequately filtered with a capacitor (0.1 μF or greater) if a
solid power-plane is present (C40, C60 in Figure 29). If the center tap connects to a PCB trace instead of
a plane, the capacitor value should be 1 μF or greater.
The center tap of the isolated windings (RJ-45 side of the transformer) has "Bob-Smith" termination
through 75Ω resistors (R64, R65 in Figure 29) and a 1000pF capacitor (C90 in Figure 29) to chassis
ground. The termination capacitor should be rated to a voltage of at least 2kV.
In certain applications, an alternate method of connecting the internal PHY to another device may be
desirable. Specifically, designs for applications where a backplane is the choice of media between
devices. In these applications, DC isolation must be maintained while providing an AC signal coupling
path by using capacitors for the connection instead of magnetics. This type of configuration is not IEEE-
compliant, and data sheet specifications are not guaranteed. For details on the transformerless
configuration, refer to TI Application Report SLLA327.
NOTE: A modified "Bob-Smith" termination is required for Power Over Ethernet (PoE) applications
which consists of DC blocking capacitors in series with the 75Ω termination resistors.
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VDD
d/s¡
Microcontroller
EN0LED0
d/s¡
EN0LED1 Microcontroller
EN0LED0
EN0LED2
EN0LED1
EN0LED2
Figure 30. GPIO Sourcing LED Current Figure 31. GPIO Sinking LED Current
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Ethernet circuits.
– Do not extend the ground plane under the transformer unless the transformer is shielded on all
sides.
– Do not extend the ground plane under the signals from the transformer to the connector. Refer to
the lack of a ground plane under T1, D14 and J8 in Figure 32.
– Do not extend the power plane (that is, the VDD plane) under the Ethernet signals unless there is a
solid ground plane between the differential Ethernet signals and the power plane.
– Make sure there are no ground plane discontinuities under or near the differential signals between
the microcontroller and the transformer.
– Create a chassis ground to which the metal shield of the RJ-45 is connected and the "Bob-Smith"
termination is connected, as described in Section 3.3.6.
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4.2.1 MII
The MII signals include EN0TXCK, EN0TXD[3-0], EN0TXEN, EN0RXCK, EN0RXD[3-0], EN0RXDV,
EN0RXER, EN0COL and EN0CRS. EN0TXCK and EN0RXCK are generated from the external Ethernet
PHY and run at 2.5MHz for the 10Base-T communication speed and 25MHz for the 100Base-T
communication speed.
The MII signal trace lengths should be kept as short as possible, ideally less than 6 in. (15.24 cm). Trace
length matching across the MII bus signals to within 2.0 in. (5.08 cm) is recommended. Significant
differences in the trace lengths can cause data timing issues.
GPIO drive strength for the MII signals should be set to 8mA to achieve timings specified in the
microcontroller data sheet. Series resistors are recommended on the MII signals to prevent ringing and
EMI concerns.
4.2.2 RMII
The RMII signals include EN0REF_CLK, EN0TXD[1-0], EN0TXEN, EN0RXD[1-0] and EN0RXDV. The
RMII interface runs at a constant 50MHz. EN0REF_CLK is a 50MHz +/- 50ppm input to both the
TM4C129x microcontroller and the external Ethernet PHY. It is important that both the microcontroller and
the external PHY receive a clean clock edge from the external clock source such as an oscillator. If the
microcontroller and the external PHY are close together this can be accomplished by a well balanced tee-
route. If they are more than 2 in. (5.08 cm) apart, a low-skew, low-jitter clock buffer such as the
CDCLVC1102 can be used to provide a clean clock to the two destinations.
The EN0RXDV has a slightly different function in RMII mode vs MII mode. In RMII mode, the EN0RXDV
combines Carrier Sense and Receive Data Valid functions. Review the external Ethernet PHY's data
sheet to determine the correct location to connect this signal to when in MII mode.
On some TM4C129x devices, the RMII signals are available on two sets of pins. However, there is only
one MAC within the microcontroller. If the user wishes to connect two external Ethernet PHYs using RMII,
only one interface can be enabled at a time.
The RMII signal trace lengths should be kept as short as possible, ideally under 6 in. (15.24 cm). Trace
length matching across the RMII bus signals to within 2.0 in (5.08 cm) is recommended. Significant
differences in the trace lengths can cause data timing issues.
GPIO drive strength for the RMII signals should be set to 8mA to achieve timings specified in the
microcontroller data sheet. Series resistors are recommended on the RMII signals to prevent ringing and
EMI concerns.
4.3 USB
The TM4C129x family of microcontrollers includes devices that support an internal USB 2.0 PHY capable
of full speed operation. Refer to the data sheet of the device being used to determine which of the
following configurations the device supports: This internal PHY supports USB Device Only, USB
Embedded Host, and USB OTG operation.
The TM4C129x family of microcontrollers also has the ULPI that interfaces to a external high-speed PHY,
as discussed in Section 4.4.
The critical component of the internal USB PHY is the bidirectional differential data pins USB0DM (D-) and
USB0DP (D+). The following design rules and recommendations should be followed when routing the
USB differential pair for best results:
• Route the USB differential pair on the top layer with a trace width and differential spacing tuned to the
PCB stack-up for 90Ω differential impedance as detailed in Section 3.2.3.2.
– It may be difficult to implement a trace geometry that achieves both 90Ω differential impedance and
45Ω single-ended impedance. The most critical parameter to optimize in this design is the 90Ω
differential impedance.
– The trace width and spacing to maintain the required 90Ω differential trace impedance directly at
the pins of the microcontroller and directly at the ESD suppressor and USB connector may not be
possible to achieve. Minimize these deviations as much as possible being sure to maintain
symmetry.
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• Follow the recommendations for routing differential pairs as detailed in Section 3.3.8. The individual
traces within the differential pair should be length matched to within 0.150 in (3.81 mm).
• Avoid stubs when adding components to D+ and D– signals. Devices such as ESD suppressors should
be located directly on the signal traces, as shown in Figure 16.
• Maintain symmetry when routing differential pairs. Some PCB layout tools can assist with this kind of
routing. Avoid vias if possible. If it is necessary to switch layers, then both signals in the pair should
pass through a via at the same distance on the trace.
• Total trace length for the USB differential pair should be limited to 12 in (30.48 cm).
• Place ESD suppressors as close as possible to the USB connector to minimize any areas of
impedance discontinuities. Refer to Table 10 for recommended ESD suppressors.
• For best ESD and EMI performance, create a chassis ground to which the metal shield of the USB
connector is connected, as shown in Section 3.3.6.
• Depending on the system design, a common mode choke may be helpful to pass EMI testing. An
ACM2012 common mode choke by TDK is one recommended device. If EMI is a concern for the
design, it is recommended that a footprint for the choke be included in the design placed close to the
USB connector. Figure 33 shows how two 0805 sized resistors (R29, R30) can be placed and later
replaced with an ACM2012 choke if needed during system EMI testing.
• Additional High Speed USB Platform Design Guidelines including more details on using a common
mode choke can be found at http://www.usb.org. Refer to
http://www.usb.org/developers/docs/hs_usb_pdg_r1_0.pdf.
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If PB1 must be used for a function other than USB0VBUS, any other available GPIO could be used in its
place. Because no other GPIO pins are 5V tolerant, a 5.6KΩ +/- 5% in series with a 10KΩ +/- 5% resistor
should be wired as a voltage divider between VBUS on the connector and ground. This circuit drops the
5V VBUS value to 3.2V at the GPIO pin.
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If operating at the maximum 60-MHz clock rate into the maximum load of 25pF, the 12mA drive strength
should be selected for all outputs in order to meet data sheet timings. Series termination should be used
for any outputs.
4.6 UART
There are 8 UART modules (U0-U7) available on TM4C129x family devices. Basic RX/TX functionality is
the same between them. The following are important considerations when selecting UART pins to use:
• Example software commonly uses U0RX on PA0 and U0TX on PA1 for debug messages and input. If
a debug port is to be implemented, this location is recommend.
• UART0 and UART1 offer modem flow control and modem status, UART2-UART4 offer modem flow
control while UART5-UART7 offer only RX and TX.
4.7 I2C
A TM4C129x device can have up to ten I2C buses. The buses appear on the I2C0SCL-
I2C9SCL/I2C0SDA-I2C9SDA signals. Each bus is functionally equivalent to the others and can be either a
master or a slave. Refer to the Inter-Integrated Circuit (I2C) Interface chapter of the TM4C129x data sheet
for detailed information.
The I2C bus requires signals to be configured in open-collector mode. The I2CSDA pin requires the
associated GPIO to be configured as an open-collector signal in the GPIOODR register. The I2CSCL pin
should not be configured in this manner as the pad is designed differently. The TivaWare
GPIOPinTypeI2C() API should be used for the I2CSDA pin and the GPIOPinTypeI2CSCL() API should be
used for the I2CSCL pin. The I2C pins must be externally pulled-up to 3.3V for proper operation. Typical
pull-up values are 2.2KΩ resistors but the value used depends on bus speed and total bus capacitance.
Refer to the Pull-up resistor sizing section of the UM10204 “I2C-bus specification and user manual” v.5
from NXP for details on how to calculate the minimum and maximum pull-up resistor values.
Only 3.3V I2C buses are directly supported. 5V or 1.8V buses can be supported with the use of external
level shifting diodes.
An I2C bus pulled-up and connected to a 3.3V power rail different from the one attached to the VDD of the
TM4C129x device, can be pulled low by the devices ESD structures when VDD to the device is not
powered.
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4.8 ADC
This section describes design considerations related to the microcontroller ADC module.
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If resistor dividers are used to scale an input voltage, then best results can be achieved with low-value
resistors. The resistor from the ADC input to ground should ideally be less than 1 kΩ. Avoid values higher
than 10 kΩ unless a large filter capacitor is present. If the voltage rail or other input being monitored is
powered up when the VDD and VDDA supplies to the part are not, care must be taken not to exceed the
input injection current specified in the data sheet.
Ceramic filter capacitors of 1 μF or more can substantially improve noise performance. The trade-off is a
reduction in signal bandwidth (as a function of the source impedance) and phase shifting.
Input protection should also be considered, especially when converting signals from external devices or
where transient voltages might be present. The ADC pins on some Tiva C Series devices (in ADC mode)
are not 5V tolerant, but do allow some margin over the +3.0V span. See the respective microcontroller
data sheet for specific information.
Increased source impedance can provide a degree of protection to the ADC. Semiconductor clamping
circuits can also be used—typically zener diodes or clamping diodes to 3.3 V and GND. When specifying
diodes, consider leakage current over temperature (IR) because this parameter affects overall conversion
accuracy.
4.9 Comparators
There are three independent integrated analog comparators available on TM4C129x devices. Refer to the
Analog Comparators chapter of the part data sheet for specific details.
When selecting comparator pins, the following should be considered:
• C0+ (PC6) can be used as a common reference input to all three comparators.
• C0- (PC7), C1- (PC4) and C2- (PP1) are the unique negative inputs for each comparator.
• Pins used for comparator inputs must not exceed the maximum injection current if voltage is applied to
them prior to the device's VDD supply being powered up.
4.10 Timer/PWM
There are several general purpose timer pins available on a TM4C129x family devices. Refer to chapter
General-Purpose Timers in the data sheet for specific details. Each timer module has a CPP0 and a CPP1
pin associated with it. Each timer module can be configured as two independent 16-bit timers or a
combined 32-bit timer.
When selecting timer pins, the following should be considered:
• Timer modules configured for 32-bit mode use the CCP0 pin input. The CCP1 pin input is not used.
• 32-bit modes are one-shot input, periodic input and RTC input.
• PWM outputs operate in 16-bit mode only and therefore both the CCP0 and CCP1 can be
independently used as PWM outputs.
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4.14 GPIO
Most pins on a TM4C129x device can be used as a GPIO pin. GPIO pins are designated by the letter P
followed by their port letter A-Q followed by their pin number 0-7. GPIO pins can be used for inputs
sampled by software, inputs that generate interrupts, outputs that drive logic inputs high or low, or outputs
that drive LEDs.
A PinMux Utility for Tiva™C Series MCUs is available, which allows a user to graphically configure the
device GPIOs and peripherals.
Refer to the Electrical Characteristics chapter of the TM4C129x device data sheet where important
operational conditions are detailed.
The following considerations should be taken into account when selecting and designing with pins
configured as GPIO inputs:
• Pins are 3.3V tolerant, NOT 5V tolerant.
• Maximum injection current limits are defined for pins that have their VIN greater than VDD (i.e. GPIOs
that have power applied prior to theTM4C129x having power).
• GPIO port pins PP0-PP7 and PQ0-PQ7 can be configured to use a unique interrupt vector table entry
per port pin. Other GPIO ports only have the option of an interrupt vector table entry per port letter
requiring the input port value to be read to determine which specific pin on the port generated the
interrupt.
• GPIO pins can be configured with an internal pull-up or pull-down. Refer to the Electrical
Characteristics chapter of the TM4C129x device data sheet for specifics of the internal pull-up and
pull-down values. It may be desirable to use external pull-ups or pull-downs in situations where a more
consistent rise/fall time is required.
• GPIO port pins PK4-PK7 can be configured to cause a wake from hibernate mode.
• GPIO port pins PM4-PM7 can be configured as tamper input detects.
The following considerations should be taken into account when selecting and designing with pins
configured as GPIO outputs:
• Pins PM4-PM7 and PJ1 have 2mA max output capability when configured as outputs.
• Pins PL6 and PL7 have a fixed 4mA output drive strength and cannot operate in open-drain mode. On
devices that support USB, these pins function as USB0DP and USB0DM.
• At system power-on reset, pins power up as GPIO inputs with no pull-up or pull-down configured. Pins
used as outputs that are required to be at a high or low value at system power up should be externally
pulled up or down. The exception to this statement is JTAG pins which power-on with internal pull-ups
enabled and configures for JTAG.
• A total of four GPIO pins may be used simultaneously to each sink 18mA, but the VOL is specified as
1.2V when operating in this manner. There should be a maximum of two high current pins per physical
die side (defined in the Recommended Operating Conditions chapter of the TM4C129x device data
sheet).
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6 Conclusion
Applying good system design practices from the earliest design stages ensures a successful board bring-
up. The design process should include thorough design reviews using the information in this application
report, other embedded system design resources, and reports created by the design team. These efforts
will be rewarded with a reliable and properly performing Tiva C Series microcontroller-based design.
The use of the TivaWare™ for C Series Peripheral Driver Library also minimizes software changes to the
start-up routines that configure the I/O, enabling application code to be moved to the new devices with
minimal functional changes.
7 References
The following related documents and software are available on the Tiva C Series web site at
www.ti.com/tiva-c:
• Tiva C Series TM4C Microcontroller Data Sheet (individual device documents available through
product selection tool).
• TivaWare for C Series Driver Library. Available for download at www.ti.com/tool/sw-tm4c-drl.
• TivaWare for C Series Driver Library User’s Manual (literature number SPMU298).
• Tiva™C Series PinMux Utility. Available for download at www.ti.com/tool/tm4c_pinmux
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