1. TDefine TWO (2) categorization of globalization.

Two categorization of globalization are cultural globalization and economic

globalization.

The cultural globalization means that cultures become shared around the globe and a
practice associated with a single of race or ethnic become adopted by other people too. For
example, sushi used to be known as Japanese traditional food. Nowadays, many people
around the world have tried sushi and most city capitals have plenty of sushi bars. The next
example is yoga. Yoga is a meditation exercise routine. Yoga is a part of Hindu culture.
Due to the cultural globalization, people around the globe have known and practiced
yoga.

The economic globalization refers to the increasing interdependence of world

economies as a result of the growing scale of cross-border trade of commodities and
services, flow of international capital and the rapid spread of technologies. In other words,
the things that we own are made in other countries. For example, the OPPO smart phone
are made in China. All the furniture in IKEA are made in Sweden. Even the Microsoft
software that we use are made in the United States of America.

2. Contrast the development and the internalization in Singapore and Thailand.

The development and internationalization in Singapore can be seen that Singapore are
more focused on becoming a global leader in education. This can establishing powerful
international networks and associations that can mobilise aptitude and ability in favour of
transfer of knowledge, advanced policies and global research.

Then, Singapore higher learning has been modeled after prestigious institutions in
the west. For example, the National University of Singapore model itself after the
University of California at Berkeley.

Next, the movement of international staff and students are more flexible.
 Besides that, local students are encouraged to study abroad. They value the certificate
from prestigious universities such as Yale University, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology (MIT) and Oxford University.

As for the development and internationalization in Thailand, Thailand has aspire to

be the central hub for international education in Southeast Asia.

Next, Thailand focused on importing international students to Thailand. This action

can create an international linkage and reputation between two sides.

Finally, Thailand sent local students and staff to study aboard.

3. The benefit of internationalization.

There are many benefits of internalization. One of the benefit is the innovation in the
of curriculum, teaching and research. For example, University Malaya has collaborated
with many partners universities to conduct high quality research in biological science
field. The curriculum in University Malaya is based on foreign universities and all the
language instructions except the Malays studies are in English.

Next, the benefit of internationalization is having internationally oriented students

and staff. For example, international students can bring different cultures and views of the
outside world to the local students. This also helps in producing graduates who are
internationally knowledgeable and cross culturally sensitive. By having international
staffs, the university can conduct more research and students exchange programme.
These can lift up the university image to the international market.

Then, the benefit of internationalization is improving the academic quality. The

academic quality is improving because the staffs and students have invested in various
research.
4. Define internationalization.

Internationalization of higher education is defined as the process of integrating an

international dimension into research, teaching, and services functions of the institutions.
The main components of internationalization in higher education are recruitment of
international students, developing international branch of the campuses,
internationalization of the curriculum, scholar exchange programme and research.
Internationalization is a necessary step towards producing graduates who are marketable
in the globalized working place.

5. How internationalization is understood in Malaysia?

Internationalization has over the years increased in importance, scope and volume.
However, limited research and studies in this area has made it difficult to comprehend
what internationalization means to many and varied players in the high education in
Malaysia. Although Ministry of Higher Education in Malaysia has provided directions,
guidelines and some target for internationalization. Higher education, both public and
private, has been pursuing internationalization for different reasons.

6. Both public higher education institutions (PuHEIs) and private higher education
institutions (PrHEIs) have reasons for internationalization. Elaborate their reasons
for internationalization.

One the reason for internationalization in public higher education institutions is to

make Malaysia an excellent hub for education at the global level. Turning Malaysia into
global education hub is a good choice because of the widely spoken English, inexpensive
living costs, cheaper tuition fees and safe environment.
 Secondly, the public higher institutions attempt to integrate diverse international
dimensions into universities activities. Local students can learn from the international
students about the customs, cultures, and characteristics of different countries during the
activities. This can help the local students in future to become more adaptable to
globalized world of work.

Thirdly, internationalization of the public higher education institutions is to

emphasizes the importance of networking between Malaysia institutions and those
abroad. One of the example is University Malaya. University Malaya collaborated with
abroad universities in research, teaching, students exchange programme and participating
in an internationalization conference.

Then, reason for internationalization in private higher education institutions is to

develop students diversity and increase cultural mix of student community.

7. Differentiate between Globalization and Internationalization.

Globalization refers to the trend in higher education that have cross-national

implications which include mass higher education, global market for students, faculty,
highly educated personnel, and the global reach of the new Internet-based technology.
One of the example of globalization is from University Selangor. The University
Selangor has opened up an international branch in Bangladesh. This help to improve the
academic outcomes to meet the requirement of global market.

Internationalization refers to the specific policies and initiatives of countries and

individual academic institutions or systems that deal with these global trend. Examples of
internationalization include policies that relate to the enrolment of international students,
collaboration with institutions or systems in the other countries and the set-up campus
abroad. One of the example of internationalization of higher education is the International
University Malaya-Wales.
8. Elaborate on the FOUR (4) elements of internationalization to be achieved by
Institution of Higher Education in Malaysia.

The first element of internationalization to be achieved is visiting scholars. Visiting

scholar is a visitor who visits a host university and lecture or perform a research on
certain topic he valued for. Visiting scholar usually participated in institutional activities
such as engage in formal and informal discussions with graduate or post graduates
research students, deliver formal lecture in the institution and undertake collaborative
research with faulty or staff.

The second element of internationalization to be achieved is doing academic staffs

training in overseas. The academic staffs can create an international contact with overseas
institutions. By going overseas, the academic staffs should use this opportunity to make
their own department known internationally.

The third element of internationalization to be achieved is international research

collaboration. International research collaboration strengthen the university image and
reputation thus it lead to high enrollment of students either local or international.

The fourth element of internationalization to be achieved is international

extracurricular activities. One of the example of international extracurricular activity is
conducting international cultural festival. In this festival, students can experienced a
various of sensory delights through art, music, dance, food and cultures from around the
globe. The next example is international debate competition. This helps the students to
expand their horizons on international issues.

9. Discuss any FIVE (5) obstacles that could prevent the success of the
implementation of Internationalization in Institution of Higher Education.
Define the challenges perceived by:

-Administrators
 One of the challenges perceived by the administrator is how to attract international
students to their colleges or universities. This happen because some students are skeptical
to smaller institutions rather than larger ones. For example, it is easier for the Sunway
University to attract international students due to the strategic location and the western
oriented campus. In the other hand, University of Selangor, Bestari Jaya face difficulties
to attract international students due to the rural location and minimal out side exposure.

The second challenge perceived by the administrator is how to provide enough

facilities and cater the students legitimate needs. The international students not only need
good academic programme but also safe accommodation, counseling, socialization and
general welfare.

The third challenge perceived by the administrator is the administrators must be

aware and monitor these international students who come to study are not abused over
something else. For example, the international students did not come to Malaysia to
smuggle drugs. It is important to ensure the international students have clean criminal
record.

The fourth challenge perceived by the administrator is ensure the international

students do not get involved in crimes and illegal activities. The example of illegal
activities are drug abuse, dealing drugs, involving in a gang and scamming. Bad
circumstances will occurred if the international students are involve in these activities,
the image of the university will be incompetent.

The fifth challenge perceived by the administrator is language barrier. Language

barrier can lead to difficulties in communication between the administrator and
international students. The example of language barrier is when two people may speak in
the same language but having the different accents. This situation can be seen when an
African student with thick accent is communicating with a Malaysian administrator.