Manufacturing

Engineering - 1
 PRESENTED BY:
DIRECTED BY :
PRINCE RAJ 50626
MOHIT JEENA 50625
DR. RAJIV SUMAN SIR SHUBHAM PANT 50622
VIBHUSHIT SINGH NEGI 50611
SHASHVAT NEGI 50629
AJAY ARYA 50614
 EXPERIMENT 1

TO MEASURE ANGLES AND NOSE RADIUS OF A

GIVEN SINGLE POINT CUTTING TOOL IN
AMERICAN STANDARD ASSOCIATION(ASA)
SYSTEM AND ORTHOGONAL RAKE SYSTEM
(ORS)
TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT:
A Single Point Cutting Tool, surface plate, bevel protactor , fixture clamp,
radius gauge and Vernier caliper.

THEORY:
The basic purpose of a cutting tool is to provide a sharp cutting tool edge for
easy machining. For optimum results a cutting tool is provided with
appropriate angles and dimensions . The tool geometry influences tool life,
surface finish and power required.

AMERICAN STANDARD ASSOCIATION SYSTEM

The ASA system consists of seven elements to denote a single point cutting
tool. They are always written in the following order. Back rake angle, Side rake
angle, End relief angle, Side relief angle, End cutting edge angle, Side cutting
edge angle, and nose radius.
For example, tool signature 0, 10, 6, 6, 10, 12, 1 means
Back rake angle = 0°
Side rake angle = 10°
End relief angle = 6°
Side relief angle = 6°
End cutting edge angle = 10°
Side cutting edge angle = 12°
Nose radius = 1mm

Fig. shows tool

signature of single point
cutting tool
ORTHOGONAL RAKE SYSTEM
The ORS system comprises seven parameters to describe a tool. The main
elements of ORS designated in the following order:
Angle of inclination, Normal rake angle, Side relief angle, End relief angle,
End cutting edge angle, Approach angle and Nose radius.

Example: Tool signature 5, 10, 6, 6, 5, 90, 1

Angle of inclination = 5°
Normal rake angle = 10°
Side relief angle = 6°
End relief angle = 6°
End cutting edge angle = 5°
Approach angle = 90°
Nose radius =1mm
INTERCONNECTION BETWEEN ASA AND ORS
 INSTRUMENTS USED

BEVEL PROTACTOR
•A circle can be divided into 360 equal angles. Each angle is called degree. So a
circle is 360 degrees (360o). For calculation a degree is divided into 60 parts called
minutes and a minute is sub-divided into 60 parts called seconds.
•The bevel protractor is used to establish and test angles to very close tolerances. It
reads to 5 minutes or 1/20o and can be used completely through 360o.
•The bevel protractor consists of a beam, graduated dial and blade which is
connected to swivel plate (with Vernier scale) by thumb nut and clamp.
•When the edges of the beam and blade are parallel, a small line on the swivel plate
coincides with the zero line on the graduated dial, and when any measurement of an
angle between the beam and the blade of 90 degrees or under is desired, the
reading may be obtained direct from the position of the line on the swivel plate with
regard to the graduation numbers on the dial.
•But remember this: To obtain the measurement of the angle between the beam and
the blade of over 90 degrees subtract the number of degrees as indicated on the
dial from 180 degrees. This is because, the dial is graduated from opposite zero
marks to 90 degrees each way.
Since the spaces, both on the main scale and the vernier scale, are
numbered both to the right and to the left from zero, any angle can be
measured. The readings can be taken either to the right or to the left,
according to the direction in which the zero on the main scale is moved.
 RADIUS GAUGE
A radius gauge, also known as a fillet
gauge, is a tool used to measure
the radius of an object.
Radius gauges require a bright light
behind the object to be measured. The
gauge is placed against the edge to be
checked and any light leakage between
the blade and edge indicates a mismatch
that requires correction.
A good set of gauges will offer
both convex and concave sections, and
allow for their application in awkward
locations.
Every leaf has a different radius. The
material of the leaves is stainless steel. It
is of two types: 1. Internal 2. External. It is
used to check the radius of inner and
outer surfaces.
 VERNIER CALIPER
A vernier scale is a visual aid that allows the user to measure more precisely than
could be done unaided when reading a uniformly divided straight or circular
measurement scale. It is a scale that indicates where the measurement lies in
between two of the graduations on the main scale. Verniers are common
on sextants used in navigation, scientific instruments used to conduct
experiments, machinists ' (or jewelers ') measuring tools (all sorts, but
especially calipers and micrometers ) used to work materials to fine tolerances,
on theodolites used in surveying , and in absolute encoders to measure linear or
rotational displacements.
 EXPERIMENT 2

TO INVESTIGATE THE LEVELLING, ALIGNMENT AND GENERAL CONDITION OF

A VERTICAL COLUMN DRILLING MACHINE
TOOLS AND EQUIPMENTS
Vertical sensitive drilling machine single spindle box column type, block level,
sensitivity 0.05 to 0.10 mm per m, dial gauge test set, 0.01 mm divisions, 300mm
test bar, taper shank.

THEORY
The production of good quality work by machine tools depends to a large degree
on the accuracy of the movements and relationship of the machine tool
elements.
The professional engineering institutions have produced a series of acceptance
charts to assist in tests on machine tools.
The charts are normally divided into the following three sections:

(1) LEVELLING:-
The machine must be carefully levelled using a precision level , on a rigid floor.
Each test is based on the correct erection and levelling of the machine since
distortion in frames and uprights etc. can easily be created by inefficient erecting
and fixing.
(2) ALIGNMENT:-
These deal with the accuracy and relationship of the elements of the
assembled machine while in an unloaded condition and after running the
main spindle for atleast an hour at its mean speed.

(3) PRACTICAL TESTS:-

In these some test of metal cutting is done by the machine and surface
produced are afterwards checked.

It is understood that inspection of items such as bearing adjustment, gear

running etc. is also carried out although not specified or toleranced on the
charts.
 EXPERIMENT 3

CUTTING SINGLE START AND MULTISTART THREADS ON

CENTRE LATHE
TOOLS AND EQUIPMENTS:
Geared head centre lathe, thread cutting tool, thread pitch gauge, micrometer,
chalk etc. and M.S. rods

THEORY:
The principle of thread cutting is to produce a helical groove on cylindrical or
conical surface by feeding the tool longitudinally when the job is revolved
between centres or by a chuck.
Screw threads are cut with the lathe for accuracy and for versatility. Both inch
and metric screw threads can be cut using the lathe. A thread is a uniform
helical groove cut inside of a cylindrical workpiece, or on the outside of a tube
or shaft. Cutting threads by using the lathe requires a thorough knowledge of
the different principles of threads and procedures of cutting. Hand
coordination, lathe mechanisms, and cutting tool angles are all interrelated
during the thread cutting process. Before attempting to cut threads on the lathe
a machine operator must have a thorough knowledge of the principles,
terminology and uses of threads.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SINGLE START AND MULTI START THREADS
 EXPERIMENT 4

TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF TOOL GEOMETRY ON CHIP

THICKNESS RATIO
TOOLS , EQUIPMENTS AND WORK MATERIALS:
H.S.S single point cutting tool , Vernier caliper, and a center lathe with
geared head, M.S rod

THEORY:
In orthogonal machining the cutting edge is perpendicular to the cutting
velocity. The tool is subjected to the cutting force and the feed force. Chip
thickness ratio is given by
r= uncut chip thickness/chip thickness

METHOD:
1.Hold the test piece in three jaw chuck and the tail stock centers.
2.Use tool with 10 degree back rake angle.
3.Set the spindle speed appropriately.
4.Run the lathe to reduce diameter of job being machined.
5.Measure the chip thickness at different points by a micrometer.
6.Repeat the procedure with tools of different rake angles by keeping
spindle speed and feed constant.
 EXPERIMENT 5

TO STUDY THE INFLUENCE OF TOOL GEOMETRY , WORK

MATERIAL AND THE CUTTING SPEED ON PROCESS OF CHIP
FORMATION
TOOLS, EQUIPMENTS AND WORK MATERIAL:
An engine lathe, HSS tools, tachometer, micrometer, tubular specimens of
M.S. brass and aluminium.

THEORY:
The type of chip formed depend primarily on the type of work material with
promoting factors cutting speed, depth of cut, tool geometry and the use of
cutting fluid. The chips may be continous, discontinous and continous with
build up edge. Continous chips are most desirable .

METHOD:
1.Choose four spindle speeds covering the range for work materials and two
feeds
2.Using one tool obtain chips at both feed rates for all the four spindle
speeds for each of the specimens. Allow 5mm of specimen length per chip
sample.
3.Repeat with other tool.
4.Collect chip samples in different packets.
 EXPERIMENT 6

TO STUDY THE INFLUENCE OF CUTTING SPEED ON TOOL

LIFE
TOOL, EQUIPMENT AND WORK MATERIAL:
Shaper , four plain carbon steel roughing tools, stopwatch, microscope,
vernier caliper, scale etc. , M.S. blocks.

THEORY:
The tool life can be defined in following different ways:
(i) The time elapsed between two successive grindings.
(ii) The period during which a tool cuts satisfactory.
(iii) The total time accumulated before tool failure occurs.
The relation between cutting speed and tool life is given by the Taylor’s
tool life equation:
VT^n = C
The following are some criterion for judging tool life/failure:
(i) Complete failure.
(ii) Flank or crater failure.
(iii) Finish failure.
(iv) Size failure.
(v) Cutting force failure.
(i) Complete Failure:
According to this criterion, the cutting with the tool is continued till it is able to
cut. So when the tool fails to cut, then only it should be reground. This
criterion is not used in practice because of its obvious disadvantages.
(ii) Flank or Crater Failure:
According to this criterion, when the wear on the flank reaches a certain
height the cutting with the tool is discontinued and grinding is done. Say
when the flank wear height h equals to 0.3 mm, for example, the tool is said
to have failed.
(iii) Finish Failure:
According to this criterion, when the surface roughness reaches a specified
high value, the cutting with the tool is stopped and grinding is done. Say at a
particular cutting condition the surface roughness, comes to be 0.7 microns.
As in process of cutting the flank wear develops so the cutting edge becomes
rough and irregular so the surface roughness gradually increases
(iv) Size Failure:
According to this criterion, a tool will be considered to have failed if there is a
deviation in the size of a produced finished component from its specified
value.
(v) Cutting Force Failure:
According to this criterion, a tool will be considered to have failed, if the
amount of cutting force increases by certain specified amount. This is due
to flank wear. Flank wear increases the area of contact between the
workpiece and the tool, resulting into increase in the cutting force.

TOOL WEAR
It describes the gradual failure of cutting tools due to regular operation. It is
a term often associated with tipped tools, tool bits, or drill bits that are used
with machine tools.
Types of wear include:
Flank wear in which the portion of the tool in contact with the finished part
erodes. Can be described using the Tool Life Expectancy equation.

Crater wear in which contact with chips erodes the rake face. This is
somewhat normal for tool wear, and does not seriously degrade the use of
a tool until it becomes serious enough to cause a cutting edge failure.
 EXPERIMENT 7

TO MEASURE THE SHEAR PLANE ANGLE

TOOLS, EQUIPMENTS AND WORK MATERIAL:
Shaper, HSS tool , microscope , M.S. blocks

THEORY:

As the tool is forced into the material, the chip is formed by shear
deformation along a plane called the shear plane, which is oriented at an
angle f with the surface of the work.
Shear angle describes the process of chip formation. It depends upon rake
angle of tool, type of material being cut, coefficient of friction between work
and tool material and type of cutting fluids used.
Various relationships to find shear angle have been developed by
researchers such as Ernst and merchant , lee and shaffer.

The shear plane angle can be determined by using a parting tool on a

shaper, making a small length of cut and measuring the angle by a
microscope of 100X magnification.
METHOD:

1.Mount the mild steel workpiece on vice of shaper.

2.Surface the workpiece by using 0.5mm depth of cut.
3.Replace the tool by parting tool.
4.Align the cross wire of the microscope with the top surface of the workpiece
and record the reading of the microscope.
5.Using a depth of cut of about 1mm and slow speed of ram, make a length of
cut of about 20mm.
6.Align the microscope crosswire with the plane of shear and calculate the
angle of shear planes.
7.Estimate the shear angle theoretically and compare.
8.Repeat with other rake angles.
 EXPERIMENT 8
▪TO STUDY THE A.R.E TWO
COMPONENT LATHE TOOL
DYNAMOMETER
▪TO DETERMINE THE FORCE
COMPONENT , CUTTING FORCE AND
FEED FORCE IN ORTHOGONAL CUTTING
WITH THE TOOL COMPONENT LATHE
TOOL DYNAMOMETER AND STUDY
THEIR VARIATIONS WITH RAKE ANGLE
AND CUTTING SPEED.
TOOLS, EQUIPMENTS AND WORK MATERIALS:
Capstan lathe, two component lathe tool dynamometer, HSS tools with different
rake angles, strain bridges, tachometer, scale , vernier caliper etc. , a mild steel
caliper.

THEORY:
A dynamometer is a force measurement equipment. It involves the measurement
of deflection with a suitable calibration between the force and the deflection it
produces.

WHAT IS LATHE TOOL DYNAMOMETER?

Lathe Tool Dynamometer is a cutting force measuring instrument used to measure
the cutting forces coming on the tool tip on the Lathe Machine. The sensor is
designed in such a way that it can be rigidly mounted on the tool post, and the
cutting tool can be fixed to the sensor directly. This feature will help to measure the
forces accurately without lose of the force. The sensor is made of single element
with three different wheatstone strain gauge bridge. The change in resistance of
the strain gauge can be measured by a wheatstone bridge. The unbalance in the
bridge due to change in resistance can be measured by a micrometer.
Forces in X - Y - Z directions will be shown individually & simultaneously in three
Digital Indicators Supplied.
 FORMULAE USED
Bending moments
MH= FH*r MV = FV *r

IH = (ab^3)/12

Strain= (MH *b)/2*E*IH

 EXPERIMENT 9

•TO STUDY THE DRILL TOOL DYNAMOMETER

•TO MEASURE THE THRUST AND TORQUE ON A TWIST DRILL WITH
VARYING FEEDS , DRILL DIAMETERS AND CUTTING SPEEDS.
TOOLS, EQUIPMENTS AND WORKMATERIAL:
Drill tool dynamometer, HSS taper shank twist drills, drilling machine,
micrometer, tachometer, C.I blocks.

THEORY:
Resisting torque (M) and Thrust Force(F) depend upon
•Drill diameter
•Cutting speed
•Feed
•Work material properties

WHAT IS DRILL TOOL DYNAMOMETER?

The dynamometer used for the measurement of thrust and torque during
drilling is called a Drill Tool Dynamometer.
Strain gauges with bridge balancing unit are used for calibrating deflection.
 EXPERIMENT 10
•STUDY OF UNIVERSAL DIVIDING HEAD AND THE DIFFERENT
TYPES OF INDEXING METHODS USED ON A HORIZONTAL
MILLING ACHINE

•TO SET THE INDEXING HEAD TO MILL GIVEN NUMBER OF

DIVISIONS OF THE BLANK.
TOOLS, EQUIPMENTS AND WORKMATERIAL:
Universal dividing head, horizontal milling machine, vernier caliper, M.S
gear blank , M.S shaft

THEORY:
INDEXING
It is the operation of dividing the periphery of a piece of work into any
number of equal parts.
It is accomplished by using a special attachment known as DIVIDING
HEAD.

Universal dividing head

•It is used mainly for setting the work in vertical , horizontal or inclined
position relative to the table surface.
•For turning the workpiece periodically through a given angle to impart
indexing movement.
•For imparting a continous rotary motion to the workpiece for milling
helical grooves.
Fig. universal dividing head
COMPOUND INDEXING
•It is called so due to the two separate movements of the index crank in
two different hole circles of one index plate to obtain a crank movement
not obtainable by plain indexing.
•The index plate is normally held stationary by a lock pin which engages
with one of the hole circles of the index plate from the back.
•The effective indexing movement is the summation of the two
movement. First movement is similar to plain indexing while second
movement is given by removing the rear lock pin and then rotating the
plate together with the index crank forward or backward through the
calculated number of spaces of another hole circle and then the lock pin
is engaged.

ANGULAR INDEXING
•The process of dividing the periphery of a work in angular
measurements and not by the number of divisions.
•Indexing method is similar to plain indexing.
•There are 360 degree in a circle and when the crank is rotated by 40
number of revolutions, the spindle rotates through one complete
revolution or by 360 degree.
 EXPERIMENT 11

TO CUT A HELICAL GROOVE ON A M.S SHAFT

TOOLS , EQUIPMENTS AND WORK MATERIALS:
Horizontal milling machine, universal dividing head, involute cutter, M.S.
shaft

THEORY
When a helical groove is cut on the periphery of tapered cylindrical job, it is
called spiral milling.
Eg. Generation of flutes on twist drill.
A helix may be defined as a regular curved path such as is formed by
winding a cord around the surface of a cylinder. Helical parts most
commonly cut on the milling machine include helical gears, spiral flute
milling cutters, twist drills and helical cam grooves. When milling a helix a
universal index head is used to rotate the workpiece at the proper rate of
speed while the piece is fed against the cutter. A train of gears between the
table feed screw and the index head serves to rotate the workpiece the
required amount for a given longitudinal movement of the table. Milling
helical parts requires the use of special formed milling cutters and double-
angle milling cutters.
CONDITIONS TO CARRY OUT OPERATION

1.SELECTION OF TABLE GEAR

TRAIN

2.TABLE SETTING

3.CUTTER SELECTION

4. SELECTION OF SPEED

5. SELECTION OF FEED

6. SELECTION OF DEPTH OF CUT

 Lead of helix product of driven gears
=
Lead of machine (10) product of driver gears
 EXPERIMENT 12

•TO STUDY THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN AN ENGINE LATHE AND

CAPSTAN LATHE
•TO STUDY CONSTRUCTIONAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN A TURRET
LATHE AND A CAPSTAN LATHE
•TO DRAW THE TOOLING LAYOUT REQUIRED FOR THE MASS
PRODUCTION OF A GIVEN COMPONENT ON A CAPSTAN LATHE
TOOLS, EQUIPMENT AND WORK MATERIAL:
Centre lathe, turret lathe , capstan lathe, M.S. components as per given
dimensions

THEORY:
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN A CAPSTAN , TURRET AND ENGINE LATHE
Turret lathes are modified forms of centre lathes.
The difference between a turret lathe and engine lathe are shown below.
1)The head stock of turret lathe is heavier and is provided with wider range of
speeds.
2)Turret lathe posses turret in the place of tail stock that can posses six or more
tools
3)In turret lathe two or more cutting tools are used simultaneously
4)Feed stops are provided in turret lathes to make the cut f tool same as
previous cut.
5)With initial set up rapid production of identical parts are possible.
6)Turret lathes usually do not posses slead screw and die heads are used to cut
screws.
7)Extreme rigidity is provided for holding tool and work piece to allow multiple
cut.
8)Economical for mass production.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CAPSTAN AND TURRET LATHE:

•In turret lathe the turret is attached to saddle which slides on bed ways. In
Capstan lathe the turret is mounted on a short slide which slides on the
saddle.

•In turret lathe the turret can be moved through out the length. but in
capstan lathe the turret movement is short.

•Turret lathe is heavier compared to the capstan lathe.

•Turret lathe is used for heavy and medium work, whereas capstan lathe
is suitable for small to heavy works.

•Turret lathe is accommodated with power chucks whereas capstan have

hand operated collect chucks.
TOOLING LAYOUT FOR GIVEN COMPONENT

A tooling layout on turret or capstan lathe is the arrangement of various

cutting tools in sequence of their operations on front square tool post, rear
tool post and the hexagonal turret for the mass production of given
component.

•Decide which side of the workpiece to be held in chuck.

•First write down the sequence of operations of tool used for the
manufacture of part.
•Fix the stock stop on the first face of hexagonal turret.
•Parting off cum chamfering is the last operation . This tool should be fixed
on the rear tool post.
•All the turning and allied operations should preferable be done from the
front tool post.
•All drilling and allied operations should preferably be done from the
hexagonal turret.
 EXPERIMENT 13
•TO STUDY THE CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING OF THE MAXICUT
GEAR SHAPER.

•TO MANUFACTURE A SUPER GEAR OF GIVEN MODULEAND NUMBER

OF TOOTH.
TOOLS, EQUIPMENT AND WORK MATERIAL:
Maxi cut gear shaper, involute disc cutter, gear tooth Vernier, Vernier
caliper, feeler gauge, C.I. gear blank of proper dimensions.

THEORY:
Gear shaping is a machining process for creating teeth on a gear using a
cutter. Gear shaping is a convenient and versatile method of gear cutting.
It involves continuous, same-plane rotational cutting of gear.

PRINCIPLE: GENERATING METHOD OF GEAR MANUFACTURE.

According to this principle, any two involute gears of same module will
mesh together . If out of the two mating gears one is used as a cutter and
is made to reciprocate or fed continuously along the entire width of the
gear blank, while still rotating as a mating gear , so that the pitch surface
of the gear, an accurate tooth profile can be generated.
The principal motions involved in rotary gear shaper cutting are of the
following :

1. Cutting Motion: The downward linear motion of the cutter spindle together
with the cutter .

2. Return Stroke: The upward linear travel of the spindle and cutter to withdraw
the cutter to its starting position.

3.Indexing Motion: Slow speed continuous rotation of the cutter spindle and
work spindle to provide circular feed, the two speeds being regulated through
the change gears such that against each rotation of the cutter the gear blank
revolves through n/N revolution, where "n" is the number of teeth of the cutter,
and "N" is the number of teeth to be cut on the blank.

4.Completion of Cutting Operation: The indexing and reciprocating motions

continue until the required number of teeth to the required depth are cut all
along the periphery of the gear blank.
OPERATIONS PERFORMED TO CARRY OUT PROCESS.

•Select suitable work arbor to fix the gear blank on the work spindle.
•Select the appropriate cutter module same as that of the gear to be cut and
the tooth profile involute. Mount the cutter on the cutter spindle.
•Set the machine for push or pull cutting.
•Select and set up indexing change gears and feed gears.
•Select the cam and cam gears for one , two or three cuts.
•Insert and test work arbor.
•Re engage indexing worm and worm wheel.
•Set for length and travel of cutter stroke.
•Set for depth of cut.
•Mesh changing gears and check direction of motion of cutter.
•See the machine is properly lubricated.
•Fill oil.
•Make trial cut, measure and recut if necessary.
•Continue till the given numbers of teeth are cut on the gear blank to the
required tooth depth.
•Check with gear tooth Vernier.
Maxi cut gear shaper machine
 GEAR SHAPING METHODS
1. Gear shaping by disc Cutter

The disc cutter shape confirms the gear

tooth shape. Each gear needs separate
cutter. However, with 8 to 10 std. cutters,
gears from 121 to 120 teeth can be cut with
fair accuracy. Tooth is cut one by one by
plunging the rotating cutter in to the blank.
2. Gear Shaping by End Mill Cutter

The End mill cutter shape confirms the gear

tooth shape. Each tooth is cut at time and
then indexed for next Tooth space for cutting.
A set of 10 cutters will do for 12 to 120 teeth
gears. Suited for small volume production of
low precision gears.
3. Gear Shaping by Rack type cutter

•The rack cutter generating process is also called gear shaping process. In
this method, the generating cutter has the form of a basic rack for a gear to
be generated.
•The cutting action is similar to a shaping machine. The cutter reciprocates
rapidly & removes metal only during the cutting stroke.
• The blank is rotated slowly but uniformly about its axis and between each
cutting stroke of the cutter, the cutter advances along its length at a speed
Equal to the rolling speed of the matching pitch lines.
•When the cutter & the blank have
rolled a distance Equal to one pitch
of the blank, the motion of the blank
is arrested, the cutter is with drawn
from the blank to give relief to the
cutting Edges & the cutter is
returned to its starting position. The
blank is next indexed & the next cut
is started following the same
procedure.
4. Gear Shaping by Pinion type cutter

• The pinion cutter generating process is fundamentally the same as the

rack cutter generating process, and instead of using a rack cutter, it uses a
pinion to generate the tooth profile.

•The cutting cycle is commenced after the cutter is fed radically into the gear
blank Equal to the depth of tooth required. The cutter is then given
reciprocating cutting motion parallel to its axis similar to the rack cutter and
the cutter & the blank are made to rotate slowly about their axis at speeds
which are equal at the matching pitch surfaces.
•This rolling movement blow
the teeth on the blank are cut.
The pinion cutter in a gear
shaping machine may be
reciprocated either in the
vertical or in the horizontal
axis.
Advantages of gear Shaping

• Spur, helical, rack and internal gears can be cut by this process.
• Cutter having same module can cut gears having different numbers of
teeth, hence cutter is universal and not dependent on number of teeth on
the gear.
• It is useful for medium and batch production.
• Accuracy of gear cut by this method is good.
• The rate of production is more in comparison to forming method.
• Gears produced by this process are used in automobiles, machine tools &
instruments.

Disadvantages of gear Shaping

• Special type of helical guide is required to cut helical gears.

• Its rigidity is less in comparison to gear hobbing.
• Production rate is less then gear hobbing.
• Gear or spline be cut only when sufficient number of grooves and
undercuts are there in the job.