What is Air Pollution

♣ The presence of contaminants in the air in concentrations that prevent the normal
dispersive ability of the air, and that interfere with biological processes and human
economics.
♣ The soiling of the atmosphere by contaminants to the point that may cause injury to
health, property, plant, or animal life, or prevent the use and enjoyment of the
outdoors.
♣ Degradation of air quality resulting from unwanted chemicals or other materials
occurring in the air. See also air pollutant.
♣ Is the degradation of air quality resulting from unwanted chemicals or other materials
occurring in the air.
♣ The presence in the outdoor atmosphere of any dust, fumes, mist, smoke, other
particulate matter, vapor, gas, odorous substances, or a combination thereof, in
sufficient quantities and of such characteristics and duration as to be, or likely to be,
injurious to health or welfare, animal or plant life, or property, or as to interfere with
the enjoyment of life or property.
♣ Degradation of air quality resulting from unwanted chemicals or other materials
occurring in the air.
♣ The presence of polluting gases and suspended particles in the atmosphere in excess
of air quality standards.
♣ Is present in the outdoor atmosphere of one or more air contaminants in sufficient
quantities and of such characteristics and duration as is, or is likely to be, injurious to
human health, plant, or animal life, or property, or which unreasonably interfere with
enjoyment of life and property.
♣ Contamination of the atmosphere by substances that, directly or indirectly, adversely
affect human health or welfare. Air pollution results from human activities, both
deliberate releases (as from smokestacks) and fugitive emissions (as dust blown from
streets or fields), and from natural sources, including sea spray, volcanic emissions,
pollen, etc. The Clean Air Act authoritizes EPA to regulate air pollution (see National
Ambient Air Quality Standards).

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♣ The presence of contaminants or pollutant substances in the air that interfere with
human health or welfare, or produce other harmful environmental effects.
♣ Contamination of the atmosphere by the discharge of emissions of undesirable
substances and gases, or the formation of these gases from the emissions by chemical
reactions in the atmosphere
♣ The contamination of air, generally by those substances (particles, liquids, and gases)
which are harmful, or likely to be harmful to people or their environment (e.g. human
health, plant & animal life, property).
♣ Worsening of air quality resulting from unwanted chemicals or other pollutants
occurring in the air.
♣ The presence of unwanted material in the air in sufficient amount and under such
circumstances as to interfere significantly with human comfort, health, or welfare, or
with full use and enjoyment of property.
♣ Toxic or radioactive gases or particulate matter introduced into the atmosphere,
usually as a result of human activity.
♣ The presence in the atmosphere of one or more contaminants of a nature,
concentration, and duration to be hazardous to human health or welfare. 1
♣ The existence in the air of substances in concentrations that are determined
unacceptable. Contaminants in the air we breathe come mainly from manufacturing
industries, electric power plants, automobiles, buses, and trucks.
♣ The presence of any substances in air that do not disperse and that can, in high enough
concentrations, harm humans or other animals, vegetation, or materials. Pollutants can
include almost any natural or artificial substance capable of being airborne as solid
particles, liquid droplets, and gases, or a combination of these forms. Generally, air
pollutants fall into two major groups: (1) those emitted directly from identifiable
sources and (2) those produced in the air when two or more primary pollutants
interact, or that react with normal atmospheric constituents. Excluding pollen, fog,
and dust, which are of natural origin, about 100 pollutants have been identified and
fall into the following major categories: solids, sulfur compounds, volatile organic
chemicals, nitrogen compounds, oxygen compounds, halogen compounds, radioactive
compounds, and odors. In Florida, air pollution is most serious in urban areas. Federal
and state laws have set limits on certain air pollutants.
♣ The contamination of air around the plant due to the emission of gases, vapors and
particulate material in the atmosphere.
♣ A condition of the air, arising wholly or partly from the presence therein of one or
more air contaminants, that endangers the health, safety, or welfare of persons,
interferes with normal enjoyment of life or property, endangers the health of animal
life, or causes damage to plant life or property.
♣ Release of harmful substances into the air due to engine operation and similar causes.
♣ One or more chemicals or substances in high enough concentrations in the air to harm
humans, other animals, vegetation, or materials. Such chemicals or physical
conditions (such as excess heat or noise) are called air pollutants.
♣ The contamination of the atmosphere by waste gases, fuel exhaust, particulate matter
such as smoke , and the like.
♣ The presence of noxious substances in the air that we breathe.
♣ The introduction of substances into the air which makes it impure in comparison with
pure air.

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 Sources of air pollution

TOBACCO SMOKE contains carbon monoxide, tar and nicotine which

increases heart attacks and causes cancer.

MINING ACTIVITIES lead to rock particles, coal and mineral

dust that cause lung and respiratory ailments.

CARBON MONOXIDE & LEAD from exhausts of motor

vehicles affect the brain and organs like the kidney.

POISONOUS GASES from factories and chemical plants cause

respiratory diseases.

DECOMPOSING GARBAGE AND OPEN SEWERS emit methane and hydrogen

sulphide. Exposed garbage and sewers are a breeding ground for mosquitos, files, germs and
bacteria.

SMOKE FROM BURNING FUELS AND OIL RIGS cause

global warming and impure air. Smoke contains benzopyrene which causes cancer.

Domestic Pollution

The worst form of air pollution could be the wood smoke inhaled by women while cooking.

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Automobile Pollution

The vehicular population is of three principal types:

• Passenger cars and jeeps powered by four-stroke engines.

• Two and three wheelers powered by small two-stroke gasoline engines.
• Buses, trucks and light commercial vehicles powered by four-stroke diesel engines.

The major emissions from a gasoline powered engine are mainly carbon monoxide (CO),
unburned hydrocarbons (HC), oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and others like formaldehyde,
acetaldehyde, acrolein and benzaldehyde. Among the particulates, lead is the major
significant toxic compound. Indian petrol contains a high percentage of lead, whose emission
leads to lung diseases and cancer.

Thermal Power Stations

All thermal power plants are coal-fired. The major effluents from these plants are fly ash,
soot and sulphur dioxide. The sulphur content of Indian coal is less than one percent. But the
coal contains a high ash content, in the range of 25 % to 40 %. Fly ash from power stations
reduces visibility and contains traces of chromium, arsenic, cadmium, mercury, lead,
manganese, etc. Once again, these affect human health.

Fertiliser Factories

Fertiliser plants produce large quantities of air pollutants. Some of them are fluorine,
ammonia, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and particulates. Although fertilisers are essential
for boosting agricultural production, their production has many ill effects, such as health-
affecting emission of gases, etc.

Textile Mills

The major effluents from textile mills are cotton dust, smoke and other combustion wastes,
kerosense or naptha vapours, sulphuric acid, nitrogen oxide, chlorine, formaldehyde, etc. The
surroundings of textile mills are generally dusty with deposits of cotton fluff. Continuous
inhalation of cotton fluff causes lung disorders.

Modernisation and progress have led to air getting more and more polluted over the years.
Industries, vehicles, increase in the population, and urbanization are some of the major
factors responsible for air pollution. The following industries are among those that emit a
great deal of pollutants into the air: thermal power plants, cement, steel, refineries, petro
chemicals, and mines.

Air pollution results from a variety of causes, not all of which are within human control. Dust
storms in desert areas and smoke from forest fires and grass fires contribute to chemical and
particulate pollution of the air. The source of pollution may be in one country but the impact
of pollution may be felt elsewhere. The discovery of pesticides in Antarctica, where they
have never been used, suggests the extent to which aerial transport can carry pollutants from
one place to another. Probably the most important natural source of air pollution is volcanic
activity, which at times pours great amounts of ash and toxic fumes into the atmosphere.

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 National Ambient Air Quality Standards

POLLUTANTS AVERAGE TIME CONCENTRATION

Sulphur dioxide (SO2) Annual average 60 µg/m3

24 hour 80 µg/m3

Oxides of Nitrogen (NO2) A.A 60 µg /m3

24H 80 µg /m3

Suspended Particulate Matter

A.A 140 µg/m3
(SPM)
24H 200 µg/m3

Lead A.A 0.75 µg/m3

24H 1.0 µg/m3

Carbon Monoxide A.A 2.0 µg/m3

24H 4.0 µg/m3

Respirable Particulate Matter

A.A 60 µg/m3
(RPM)
24H 100 µg/m3

Listed below are the major air pollutants and their sources.

Carbon monoxide (CO)is a colourless, odourless gas that is produced by the incomplete
burning of carbon-based fuels including petrol, diesel, and wood. It is also produced from the
combustion of natural and synthetic products such as cigarettes. It lowers the amount of
oxygen that enters our blood . It can slow our reflexes and make us confused and sleepy.

Carbon dioxide (CO2)is the principle greenhouse gas emitted as a result of human activities
such as the burning of coal, oil, and natural gases.

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Chloroflorocarbons (CFC) are gases that are released mainly from air-conditioning systems
and refrigeration. When released into the air, CFCs rise to the stratosphere, where they come
in contact with few other gases, which leads to a reduction of the ozone layer that protects the
earth from the harmful ultraviolet rays of the sun.

Leadis present in petrol, diesel, lead batteries, paints, hair dye products, etc. Lead affects
children in particular. It can cause nervous system damage and digestive problems and, in
some cases, cause cancer.

Ozone occur naturally in the upper layers of the atmosphere. This important gas shields the
earth from the harmful ultraviolet rays of the sun. However, at the ground level, it is a
pollutant with highly toxic effects. Vehicles and industries are the major source of ground-
level ozone emissions. Ozone makes our eyes itch, burn, and water. It lowers our resistance
to colds and pneumonia.

Nitrogen oxide (Nox) causes smog and acid rain. It is produced from burning fuels including
petrol, diesel, and coal. Nitrogen oxides can make children susceptible to respiratory diseases
in winters.

Suspended particulate matter (SPM) consists of solids in the air in the form of smoke,
dust, and vapour that can remain suspended for extended periods and is also the main source
of haze which reduces visibility. The finer of these particles, when breathed in can lodge in
our lungs and cause lung damage and respiratory problems.

Sulphur dioxide (SO2) is a gas produced from burning coal, mainly in thermal power plants.
Some industrial processes, such as production of paper and smelting of metals, produce
sulphur dioxide. It is a major contributor to smog and acid rain. Sulfur dioxide can lead to
lung diseases.

The two main classification of sources are:

♣ Emissions from Point Sources

• Point Source Emissions
♣ Emissions from Non-Point Sources
• Area Sources
• On-Road Mobile
• Non-Road Mobile
• Biogenics

Point Source Emissions

Point sources include industrial and nonindustrial stationary equipment or processes

considered significant sources of air pollution emissions. A facility is considered to have
significant emissions if it emits about one ton or more in a calendar year. Examples of point
sources include industrial and commercial boilers, electric utility boilers, turbine engines,
wood and pulp processers, paper mills, industrial surface coating facilities, refinery and
chemical processing operations, and petroleum storage tanks. Area sources that may fall
under the point source definition are piping leaks, industrial wastewater treatment ponds, rock
and quarry operations, and tank farms. Insignificant point sources are included by category in
the area source inventory.

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The most accurate method for determining the amount of emissions produced by a facility is
with continuous emissions monitoring. However, this is expensive and not always
practicable. Emissions are estimated using a variety of methods. Standard methods of
estimating point source emissions are available from the EPA in the Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume I, also known as AP-42. Other methods include stack
testing, equipment vendor test data, material balances such as for surface coating, or TNRCC-
approved permit factors. If no other method is available, then the best engineering judgment
must be used.

Facilities report point source emissions to the TNRCC for the calendar year and the data are
stored in the Point Source Database. Data are available for use by TNRCC staff, the EPA,
state and federal legislators, air pollution researchers, public interest groups and the general
public.

Emissions from Non-Point Sources

On-Road Mobile Sources

Emissions from on-road mobile sources are estimated using a sophisticated model called
MOBILE, which was developed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). MOBILE
calculates an emissions factor for mobile sources using a set of complex mathematical
equations that require several user input values.

Vehicles are segregrated into eight vehicle classes with MOBILE generating an emissions
factor for each class and a composite emissions factor representing all classes.

On-Road Mobile Source Vehicle Classes

• Light-duty gasoline vehicles (LDGV)

• Light-duty gasoline trucks up to 6,000 pounds gross vehicle weight (LDGT1)
• Light-duty gasoline trucks from 6,001 to 8,500 pounds gross vehicle weight (LDGT2)
• Heavy-duty gasoline vehicles more than 8,500 pounds gross vehicle weight (HDGV)
• Light-duty diesel vehicles (LDDV)
• Heavy-duty diesel vehicles more than 8,500 pounds gross vehicle weight (HDDV)
• Motorcycles (MC)
• Light-duty, diesel-powered trucks (LDDI)

After an emissions factor is generated for each vehicle classes, the factor is then used in
conjunction with the vehicle miles traveled (VMT) estimates, which were developed with the
Texas Highway Performance Monitoring System (HPMS) data set for that selected area. This
combination determines the contribution of emissions from mobile sources in a city, county,
or state.

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Non-Road Mobile Sources

Non-road mobile sources include a wide variety of internal combustion engines not
associated with highway vehicles. Emissions calculation methodology is as varied as the
categories themselves. A federal computer model using engine types and landing/takeoff
cycles is used to calculate most aircraft emissions. Actual fuel usage and track mileage are
applied to determine locomotive emissions. Ship and barge traffic data is used to calculate
emissions from ocean vessels.

Non-road Mobile Source Categories:

Aircraft:
Commercial
Small engines:
Military
Lawn and garden
Airport support vehicles
Recreational marine
Light commercial
Industrial construction
General:
Agricultural logging
Locomotives
Vessels (ships and barges)

Area Sources

Area source inventories generally report emissions by categories rather than by individual
source; a common method in reporting point source emissions. Area source emissions are
calculated by various methods and depend on the type of data available for each category. For
example, whenever fuel use and materials data are not available, employee and county
population numbers are used with established emission factors to calculate emissions.
Emissions are calculated and reported on a county-wide basis.

Major categories of area sources are:

• Stationary source fuel combustion such as residential fuel combustion

• Solvent use (e.g., small surface coating operations)
• Product storage and transport distribution (e.g., gasoline)
• Light industrial/commercial sources
• Agriculture (e.g., feedlots, crop burning)
• Waste management (e.g., landfills)
• Miscellaneous area sources (e.g., forest fires, wind erosion, unpaved roads)

Biogenic Sources

Biogenic emissions account for 30 percent of all the volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
emitted in urban areas in the eastern half of Texas. For the purposes of photochemical
modeling, biogenic VOC emissions are estimated using a computer model that takes into
account the species of trees present, the density of their foliage, the temperature and solar
radiation on the day in question, and the distribution of vegetation throughout the modeling

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domain. It is important to measure these parameters accurately if the biogenics inventory is to
be correct. The TNRCC has hired specialists to measure some of these variables in north-
central and southeastern Texas.

Most plants emit some VOCs, but the largest emitters are oaks, pines, sweet gums,
eucalyptus, and poplars. Some VOCs are easily detected by their aroma. Pines, sycamores,
and eucalyptus emit fragrant monoterpenes while other VOCs such as isoprene are not as
aromatic.

Isoprene is a byproduct of photosynthesis. Scientists still debate the purpose of its emission
but some evidence suggests that plants can cope better with heat if isoprene is present.
Because it is generated by photosynthesis, isoprene emissions are not generated at night.

Monoterpenes are known as "essential oils." There is solid evidence that plants make
monoterpenes, which are found in small reservoirs in the leaves or needles of plants, to ward
off herbivores. When an insect feeds on the leaf, the monoterpenes are released and can
adversely affect the insect's health. Because the monoterpenes are always present in the
leaves, their emission rate depends mostly on the temperature. Higher temperatures will
evaporate larger amounts into the atmosphere.

There are a few other important organic compounds emitted by plants. Alcohols are often
emitted by damaged vegetation; there is some evidence that these alcohols act as an
antiseptic. A few recent studies suggest that alkenes are also emitted by some plants.

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 Effects of Air Pollution

ACID RAIN when acidic gases dissolve in the moisture in the air, acids
are formed. The acids fall on the earth as 'acid rain' and pollute fresh water sources.

Acid rain is the outcome of the emission from industries releasing sulphur and oxides of
nitrogen.When these oxides come into contact with water vapour, acids result, with dramatic
effects. There is an increased acidity of the soil, damage to crops and forests and frequently,
the death of fish in lakes and rivers is observed. Acid rain indirectly mobilises heavy metals
such as cadmium and mercury, which are absorbed by plants and enter the food chain.

Due to CO2, rainwater is slightly acidic with pH of 5.6. SO2 and NO2 of air can increase this
acidity and make the pH < 5.0. This is "acid rain". Due to this lakes acidify. Fish and other
aquatic animals are killed. Forests are destroyed. Buildings and monuments of marbles and
limestone suffer as CaCO4 is converted to CaSO4, which is more soluble and dissolves.
Leather, fabrics are affected and animals also suffer.

Effects of acid rain

Acid rain causes acidification of lakes and streams and contributes to damage of trees at high
elevations (for example, red spruce trees above 2,000 feet) and many sensitive forest soils. In
addition, acid rain accelerates the decay of building materials and paints, including
irreplaceable buildings, statues and sculptures that are part of our nation's cultural heritage.
Prior to falling to the earth, SO2 and NOx gases and their particulate matter derivatives,
sulfates and nitrates, contribute to visibility degradation and harm public health.

GREEN HOUSE EFFECT Increasing carbon dioxide in

the atmosphere due to industrial activity & burning of fossil fuels traps more heat, changes
the climate, melts the polar ice caps & submerges coastal areas.

Carbon dioxide may be an insignificant gas, a mere 0.03%of the earth's atmosphere, but plays
a useful role in absorbing the radiant energy of the sun. Due to industrial activity the carbon
dioxide level in the atmosphere has increased substantially.

The effect of carbon dioxide on the temperature of the earth is what is termed the
"Greenhouse Effect". It behaves like the glass in a greenhouse, allowing the heat from the sun

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through to the earth but preventing some of itfrom being radiated back through the
atmosphere. Carbon dioxide traps more heat and thereby increases the earth's temperature.
Scientists fear that if the temperature rises by even a few degrees, it will melt the polar ice
caps which, in turn will submerge vast areas of land.

OZONE DEPLETION EFFECT Halons (CFCs) destroy the

protective ozone layer and let in harmful ultraviolet rays, causing skin cancer and affecting
plant life.

The earth is protected from the sun's ultraviolet radiation by a layerof ozone high up in the
stratosphere. Without this layer of ozone, life would have been impossible. But, again, due to
human intervention there is a disruption of the ozone layer leading to certain types of skin
cancer.

Ozone is continuously produced and decomposed. The

quantity of ozone is relatively less (3,300 million tonnes)
compared to 3865 million tonnes of nitrogen. Some of the
factors which lead to the disruption of the ozone layer are the
increased release of nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere, the
increase of supersonic aircraft (SSTs) and the presence in the
atmosphere of chloroflurocarbon (CFCs) which are used as
refrigerants, in fire extinguishers and as propellants in aerosol
spray cans.

Other effects of air pollution

Ozone causes reduced pollination and yellow spot formation on leaves, thus affecting the rate
of photosynthesis.

Sulphur dioxide is converted to sulphuric acid in the presence of moisture and iron, which are
present in dust, nails, etc. This results in yellowing, weakening and corrosion of materials.

Climate Change

Energy from the sun drives the earth's weather and climate, and heats the earth's surface; in
turn, the earth radiates energy back into space. Atmospheric greenhouse gases (water vapor,
carbon dioxide, and other gases) trap some of the outgoing energy, retaining heat somewhat
like the glass panels of a greenhouse.
Without this natural "greenhouse effect," temperatures would be much lower than they are
now, and life as known today would not be possible. Instead, thanks to greenhouse gases, the
earth's average temperature is a more hospitable 60°F. However, problems may arise when
the atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases increases.

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Since the beginning of the industrial revolution, atmospheric concentrations of carbon
dioxide have increased nearly 30%, methane concentrations have more than doubled, and
nitrous oxide concentrations have risen by about 15%. These increases have enhanced the
heat-trapping capability of the earth's atmosphere. Sulfate aerosols, a ommon
c air pollutant,
cool the atmosphere by reflecting light back into space; however, sulfates are short-lived in
the atmosphere and vary regionally.

Why are greenhouse gas concentrations increasing? Scientists generally believe that the
combustion of fossil fuels and other human activities are the primary reason for the increased
concentration of carbon dioxide. Plant respiration and the decomposition of organic matter
release more than 10 times the CO2 released by human activities; but these releases have
generally been in balance during the centuries leading up to the industrial revolution with
carbon dioxide absorbed by terrestrial vegetation and the oceans.

What has changed in the last few hundred years is the additional release of carbon dioxide by
human activities. Fossil fuels burned to run cars and trucks, heat homes and businesses, and
power factories are responsible for about 98% of U.S. carbon dioxide emissions, 24% of
methane emissions, and 18% of nitrous oxide emissions. Increased agriculture, deforestation,
landfills, industrial production, and mining also contribute a significant share of emissions. In
1997, the United States emitted about one-fifth of total global greenhouse gases.

Estimating future emissions is difficult, because it depends on demographic, economic,

technological, policy, and institutional developments. Several emissions scenarios have been
developed based on differing projections of these underlying factors. For example, by 2100,
in the absence of emissions control policies, carbon dioxide concentrations are projected to be
30-150% higher than today's levels.

Changing Climate

Global mean surface temperatures have increased 0.5-1.0°F since the late 19th century. The
20th century's 10 warmest years all occurred in the last15 years of the century. Of these,
1998 was the warmest year on record. The snow cover in the Northern Hemisphere and
floating ice in the Arctic Ocean have decreased. Globally, sea level has risen 4-8 inches over
the past century. Worldwide precipitation over land has increased by about one percent. The
frequency of extreme rainfall events has increased throughout much of the United States.

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Increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases are likely to accelerate the rate of climate
change. Scientists expect that the average global surface temperature could rise 1-4.5°F (0.6-
2.5°C) in the next fifty years, and 2.2-10°F (1.4-5.8°C) in the next century, with significant
regional variation. Evaporation will increase as the climate warms, which will increase
average global precipitation. Soil moisture is likely to decline in many regions, and intense
rainstorms are likely to become more frequent.

Calculations of climate change for specific areas are much less reliable than global ones, and
it is unclear whether regional climate will become more variable.

Economic Effects

The air pollution greatly causes economic problems to human- beings, plants and animals.
The society gets poorer when forests are harmed by pollution. The manifestation of pollution
injured forests are difficult to detect .The reports of pollution injured forests gave rise to
concern about pollution-caused declines in forest wealth .

Scientists view that decline in ozone layer is the primary reason for forest damage and acid
rain deposits is the most contributing factor.

Effects on Plants

Physiological and developmental processes of plants are affected by UVB radiation, even by
the amount of UVB in present-day sunlight. Despite mechanisms to reduce or repair these
effects and a limited ability to adapt to increased levels of UVB, plant growth can be directly
affected by UVB radiation.

Indirect changes caused by UVB (such as changes in plant form, how nutrients are distributed
within the plant, timing of developmental phases and secondary metabolism) may be equally,
or sometimes more, important than damaging effects of UVB. These changes can have
important implications for plant competitive balance, herb ivory, plant diseases, and
biogeochemical cycles.

The air pollution affects the plants in the following ways

• Necrosis - Dead areas on leaves.

• Chlorosis - Loss of chlorophyll and yellowing of leaves.
• Epinasty - Downward curvature of leaves due to higher growth rate on the upper
surface.
• Abscission - Dropping of leaves, retarded growth, low yield and death of plants ensue.

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Effects on Marine Ecosystems

Phytoplankton form the foundation of aquatic food webs. Phytoplankton productivity is

limited to the euphotic zone, the upper layer of the water column in which there is sufficient
sunlight to support net productivity. The position of the organisms in the euphotic zone is
influenced by the action of wind and waves. In addition, many phytoplankton are capable of
active movements that enhance their productivity and, therefore, their survival. Exposure to
solar UVB radiation has been shown to affect both orientation mechanisms and motility in
phytoplankton, resulting in reduced survival rates for these organisms. Scientists have
demonstrated a direct reduction in phytoplankton production due to ozone depletion-related
increases in UVB. One study has indicated a 6-12% reduction in the marginal ice zone.

Solar UVB radiation has been found to cause damage to early developmental stages of fish,
shrimp, crab, amphibians and other animals. The most severe effects are decreased
reproductive capacity and impaired larval development. Even at current levels, solar UVB
radiation is a limiting factor, and small increases in UVB exposure could result in significant
reduction in the size of the population of animals that eat these smaller creatures.

Effects on Biogeochemical Cycles

Increases in solar UV radiation could affect terrestrial and aquatic biogeochemical cycles,
thus altering both sources and sinks of greenhouse and chemically-important trace gases e.g.,
carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), carbonyl sulfide (COS) and possibly other
gases, including ozone. These potential changes would contribute to biosphere-atmosphere
feedbacks that attenuate or reinforce the atmospheric buildup of these gases.

Effects on Materials

Synthetic polymers, naturally occurring biopolymers, as well as some other materials of

commercial interest are adversely affected by solar UV radiation. Today's materialsare
somewhat protected from UVB by special additives. Therefore, any increase in solar UVB
levels will therefore accelerate their breakdown, limiting the length of time for which they are
useful outdoors.

SO2 is corrosive for metals. Fabrics, leather, paints are also harmed. Paper is discolored,
leather disintegrated, fabrics turn yellow, limestone and marbles are destroyed. Hence
monuments and bridges are also eaten away by air pollution. O3 also attacks fabrics and
cracks rubber. NO2 also affects fabrics and damages nickel and brass alloys.

Effects on animals :

• Animals via plants take up fluorides of air. Their milk production falls and their teeth
and bones are affected. They are also prone to lead poisoning and paralysis.
• Due to air pollution the lake and sea water gets polluted thereby endangering the lives
of various terrestrial and marine animals.

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Global Warming

Human activities are adding greenhouse gases – pollutants that trap in Earth's heat– to the
atmosphere at a faster rate than at any time over the past several thousand years.
A warming trend has been recorded since the late 19th century, with the most rapid warming
occurring over the past two decades. If emissions of greenhouse gases continue unabated,
scientists say we may change global temperature and our planet's climate at an unprecedented
rate for our society.

The following are some of the effects of global warming:

• Due to increase in temperature ,the ice caps begins to melt thereby increasing the
water level of the earth. This results in low level regions to submerge.
• The increase in temperature results in more evaporation resulting in more rainfall in
tropical and equatorial regions. This results in increase in sea level.
• The global warming also results in extreme climatic conditions-too hot during
summer and too cold during winter.

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 HEALTH IMPACTS OF AIR POLLUTION
Pollutant Origin of Pollutant
industries, especially where coal or respiratory system, increased
Sulphur dioxide
oil are used as fuel
Carbon monoxide automobile exhaust and industries
Oxides of nitrogen automobile exhaust
automobile exhaust chloralkali
Hydrocarbons Chlorine
industry
fertiliser industry, agriculture and irritation of mucous
Ammonia
in poultry farming
manufacture of coke, viscose
Hydrogen sulphide rayon, distillation of tar and
petroleum
Acids and aldehydes chemical industries
Suspended particulate
industries, automobile exhaust
matter (SPM)
Dust industries and automobile exhaust silicosis
Asbestos roofings, brake linings
Lead automobile exhaust
aerospace industry, hold
Beryllium
appliances
Manganese mining operations
automobile exhaust and
Benzene
manufacture of chemicals
manufacture and application of
Pesticides
pesticides
Arsenic thermal power plants
Effects
irritation of eyes, and
mucus production, cough and
shortness of breath
reduction in oxygen-carrying
capacity of blood
irritation of pulmonary tract
affecting functioning of
lungs
lung cancer irritation of
mucous membrane
membrane
excessive inhalation leads to
death
eyes, nose and throat
irritation
respiratory diseases
asbestosis
cumulative poison,
impairment of central
nervous system
fatal to heart and
manufacture of house- lungs
damages nerves and
reproductive systems
leukemia, chromosomal
damage
depression; leads to death if
inhaled in excess
toxic
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Health Effects on human beings

The human health effects of poor air quality are far reaching, but principally affect the body's
respiratory system and the cardiovascular system. Individual reactions to air pollutants
depend on the type of pollutant a person is exposed to, the degree of exposure, the
individual's health status and genetics.People who exercise outdoors, for example, on hot,
smoggy days increase their exposure to pollutants in the air.

The health effects caused by air pollutants may range from subtle biochemical and
physiological changes to difficulty breathing, wheezing, coughing and aggravation of existing
respiratory and cardiac conditions.

The air pollution mainly affects the following::

• Human Respiratory System

• Human Cardiovascular System

• Heart and Lung Diseases

• Pyramid of Health Effects

• Populations at Risk

• Leading Causes of Hospitalization

• Leading Causes of Death

• Estimating Health Ben

Human Respiratory System

The health of our lungs and entire respiratory system is affected by the quality of the air we
breathe. In addition to oxygen, this air contains other substances such as pollutants, which
can be harmful. Exposure to chemicals by inhalation can negatively affect our lungs and
other organs in the body. The respiratory system is particularly sensitive to air pollutants
because much of it is made up of exposed membrane.

Lung tissue cells can be injured directly by air pollutants such as ozone, metals and free
radicals. Ozone can damage the alveoli -- the individual air sacs in the lung where oxygen
and carbon dioxide are exchanged. More specifically, airway tissues which are rich in bio-
activation enzymes can transform organic pollutants into reactive metabolites and cause
secondary lung injury. Lung tissue has an abundant blood supply that can carry toxic
substances and their metabolites to distant organs

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Human Cardiovascular System

The inhalation of air pollutants eventually leads to their absorption into the bloodstream and
transport to the heart. A wide spectrum of chemical and biological substances may interact
directly with the cardiovascular system to cause structural changes, such as degenerative
necrosis and inflammatory reactions. Some pollutants may also directly cause functional
alterations that affect the rhythmicity and contractility of the heart. If severe enough,
functional changes may lead to lethal arrhythmias without major evidence of structural
damage to the myocardium.

There also may be indirect actions secondary to changes in other organ systems, especially
the central and autonomic nervous systems and selective actions of the endocrine system.
Some cytokines released from other inflamed organs may also produce adverse
cardiovascular effects, such as reducing the mechanical performance and metabolic efficiency
of the heart and blood vessels.

Many chemical substances may cause the formation of reactive oxygen. This oxidative
metabolism is considered to be critical to the preservation of cardiovascular function. For
example, oxygen free radicals oxidize low-density lipoproteins, and this reaction is thought to
be involved in the formation of the atherosclerotic plaques. Oxidized low-density
lipoproteins can injure blood vessel cells and increase adherence and the migration of
inflammatory cells to the injured area. The production of oxygen free radicals in heart tissues
have been associated with arrhythmias, and heart cell death.

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Heart and Lung Diseases

Heart and lung illnesses and diseases are common in Canada, and there are many factors that
can increase the chances of contracting them such as smoking and genetic predisposition.
The role of air pollution as the underlying cause remains unclear but is the subject of
considerable research. However, it is clear that air pollution, infections and allergies can
exacerbate these conditions. An early diagnosis can lead to appropriate treatment and ensure
a normal or close to normal quality of life. In many cases however, there is no cure and those
affected may die prematurely. The following are the most prevalent diseases:

Minor Lung Illnesses - the common cold is the most familiar of these, with symptoms
including sore throat, stuffy or runny nose, coughing and sometimes irritation of the eyes.

Lung Infections - croup, bronchitis, and pneumonia are caused by viruses or bacteria and
are very common. Symptoms may include cough, fever, chills and shortness of breath.

Asthma - is an increasingly common chronic disease among children and adults. It causes
shortness of breath, coughing or wheezing or whistling in the chest. Asthma attacks can be
triggered by a variety of factors including exercise, infection, pollen, allergies and stress. It
can also be triggered by a sensitivity to non-allergic types of pollutants present in the air such
as smog.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) - is also known as chronic obstructive

lung disease and encompasses two major disorders: emphysema and chronic bronchitis.
Emphysema is a chronic disorder in which the walls and elasticity of the alveoli are
damaged. Chronic bronchitis is characterized by inflammation of the cells lining the inside
of bronchi, which increases the risk of infection and obstructs airflow in and out of the lung.
Smoking is responsible for approximately 80% of COPD cases while other forms of air
pollution may also influence the development of these diseases. Symptoms include cough,
production of mucous and shortness of breath. It is important to note that no cure exists for
people suffering from COPD although healthy lifestyle and appropriate medication can help.

Lung Cancer - is the most common cause of death due to cancer in women and men.
Cigarette smoke contains various carcinogens and is responsible for most cases of this often
fatal disease. The symptoms of lung cancer begin silently and then progress to chronic
cough, wheezing and chest pain. Air pollution has been linked somewhat weakly to lung
cancer.

Coronary Artery Disease - refers to the narrowing or blocking of

the arteries or blood vessels that supply blood to the heart. This disease includes angina and
heart attack which share similar symptoms of pain or pressure in the chest. Unlike angina,
the symptoms caused by heart attack do not subside with rest and may cause permanent
damage to the heart. Smoking, lack of exercise, excess weight, high cholesterol levels in the
blood, family history and high blood pressure are some of the factors that may contribute to
this disease.

Heart Failure - is a condition in which the heart is unable to cope with

its work load of pumping blood to the lungs and the rest of the body. The most common
cause is severe coronary artery disease. The main symptoms are shortness of breath and
swelling of the ankles and feet.

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Heart-Rythm Problems - are irregular or abnormal rythms of the
heart beat. In some cases heart-rythm problems are caused by coronery artery disease.
Symptoms of heart-rythm problems influttering in the chest (palpitation) and feeling light-
headed. Some heart-rythm problems are life-threatening and need emergency treament.

Pyramid of Health Effects

The urban air pollution has worsened in most large cities in the developing world, a situation
driven by population growth, industrialization, and increased vehicle use. Despite pollution
control effects, air quality has approached the dangerous levels.

Effects on plants:
The air pollution affects the plants in the following ways

• Necrosis - Dead areas on leaves.

• Chlorosis - Loss of chlorophyll and yellowing of leaves.
• Epinasty - Downward curvature of leaves due to higher growth rate on the
upper surface.
• Abscission - Dropping of leaves, retarded growth, low yield and death of
plants ensue.

Effect on materials :

• SO2 is corrosive for metals. Fabrics, leather, paints are also harmed. Paper is
discolored, leather disintegrated, fabrics turn yellow, limestone and marbles
are destroyed. Hence monuments and bridges are also eaten away by air
pollution. O3 also attacks fabrics and cracks rubber. NO2 also affects fabrics
and damages nickel and brass alloys.

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Effects on animals :

• Animals via plants take up fluorides of air. Their milk production falls and
their teeth and bones are affected. They are also prone to lead poisoning and
paralysis.
• Due to air pollution the lake and sea water gets polluted thereby endangering
the lives of various terrestrial and marine animals.

Health impact of specific air pollutants

Some of these gases can seriously and adversely affect the health of the population and
should be given due attention by the concerned authority. The gases mentioned below are
mainly outdoor air pollutants but some of them can and do occur indoor depending on the
source and the circumstances.

Tobacco smoke. Tobacco smoke generates a wide range of harmful chemicals and is a major
cause of ill health, as it is known to cause cancer, not only to the smoker but affecting passive
smokers too. It is well-known that smoking affects the passive smoker (the person who is in
the vicinity of a smoker and is not himself/herself a smoker) ranging from burning sensation
in the eyes or nose, and throat irritation, to cancer, bronchitis, severe asthma, and a decrease
in lung function.
Biological pollutants. These are mostly allergens that can cause asthma, hay fever, and other
allergic diseases.
Volatile organic compounds. Volatile compounds can cause irritation of the eye, nose and
throat. In severe cases there may be headaches, nausea, and loss of coordination. In the longer
run, some of them are suspected to cause damage to the liver and other parts of the body.
Formaldehyde. Exposure causes irritation to the eyes, nose and may cause allergies in some
people.
Lead. Prolonged exposure can cause damage to the nervous system, digestive problems,
and in some cases cause cancer. It is especially hazardous to small children.
Radon. A radioactive gas that can accumulate inside the house, it originates from the rocks
and soil under the house and its level is dominated by the outdoor air and also to some extent
the other gases being emitted indoors. Exposure to this gas increases the risk of lung cancer.

Ozone. Exposure to this gas makes our eyes itch, burn, and water and it has also been
associated with increase in respiratory disorders such as asthma. It lowers our resistance to
colds and pneumonia.
Oxides of nitrogen. This gas can make children susceptible to respiratory diseases in the
winters.
Carbon monoxide. CO (carbon monoxide) combines with hemoglobin to lessen the amount
of oxygen that enters our blood through our lungs. The binding with other haeme proteins
causes changes in the function of the affected organs such as the brain and the cardiovascular
system, and also the developing fetus. It can impair our concentration, slow our reflexes, and
make us confused and sleepy.

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Sulphur dioxide. SO2 (sulphur-dioxide) in the air is caused due to the rise in combustion of
fossil fuels. It can oxidize and form sulphuric acid mist. SO2 in the air leads to diseases of the
lung and other lung disorders such as wheezing and shortness of breath. Long-term effects
are more difficult to ascertain as SO2 exposure is often combined with that of SPM.
SPM (suspended particulate matter). Suspended matter consists of dust, fumes, mist and
smoke. The main chemical component of SPM that is of major concern is lead, others being
nickel, arsenic, and those present in diesel exhaust. These particles when breathed in, lodge in
our lung tissues and cause lung damage and respiratory problems. The importance of SPM as
a major pollutant needs special emphasis as a) it affects more people globally than any other
pollutant on a continuing basis; b) there is more monitoring data available on this than any
other pollutant; and c) more epidemiological evidence has been collected on the exposure to
this than to any other pollutant.

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 PREVENTION OF AIR POLLUTION
Domestic Pollution

• At a domestic level, exposure to smoke while cooking can be curtailed by the

adoption of cleaner fuels, improved stoves, better ventilation and the use of biogas.
• The choice of the correct species of tree as fuel as, for example, Acacia nilotica
(babul) and Casuarina, produces less smoke as compared to species like mango and
neem.
• Utilisation of charcoal is relatively safer than burning firewood.
• Utilisation of smokeless stoves will reduce exposure to smoke.

Automobile Pollution

• Regular tests for automobile emissions should be made compulsory. Environmental

groups should pressurise state governments to bring in this legislation.
• Non-leaded fuel alone should be sold. Environmental groups must get together to
pressurise the government to make automobile manufacturers modify their designs to
suit non-leaded fuel and stop the sale of leaded fuel.
• People should be encouraged to share their vehicles or use public transport. This
would mean lesser traffic on the road, and thus, lesser pollution.

Industrial Pollution

• Small pressure groups should be formed to influence industries to install filters,

electrostatic precipitators, scrubbers, etc., to control atmospheric pollution.
• Education is the most important solution
• Plan campaigns in schools and colleges on simple issues such as the ill-effects of
smoking, and substitutes for domestic fuel consumption such as smokeless chulhas,
etc.
• Mobilise your immediate locality to protest against local polluting industries.

Pressurise the government by writing letters to the press, motivating the media and contacting
the local MP or MLA. If everyone keeps his immediate environment clean, the macro-
environment automatically becomes cleaner.

- Courtesy by : C.P.R.Environmental Education Centre, Chennai

In addition, it is possible to prevent many types of air pollution that are not regulated through
personal, careful attention to our interactions with the environment. The household products
can come with instructions about safe use.

Building materials should be reviewed for potential harmful effects.

The air pollution can be prevented by situating the industry far away from major human
settlements, monuments sensitive areas, resorts, coastal areas, scenic areas, religious areas,
national parks, lakes & swamps, tribal settlements etc.

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The technology used for manufacture of goods should be as far as pollution-free. The
Government of India has made easy the import of such machines, which score over the
indigenous ones in pollution abatement. If the imported machines are very costly, the
industry would not be able to afford them and may have to resort to equipments & systems,
which contain the pollution. Examples - Gravitational separators, inertial separators, dynamic
separators, cyclones, (single/ multiple or dry / wet), filters, scrubbers, dust suppressors and
electrostatic precipitators. If the toxic substance in the emitted gas mixture could be made
harmless and / or recycled, it would go a great way in pollution control. Also if this were not
possible, then a properly designed chimney of sufficient height would be required to disperse
the gases in the higher layers of the atmosphere. The degree of diffusion in that particular
area is also important. This method tends to dilute the pollutant to a concentration in which it
would be relatively harmless.

The industries need to be checked at frequent intervals to see that they comply with the set
emission limits. Any violation of the laid standards is liable to punishment with or without
fine.

Adequate ventilation is also a key to controlling exposure to indoor air pollution. Home and
work environments should be monitored for adequate air flow and proper exhaust systems
installed.

One of the most dangerous air pollutants is cigarette smoke. Restricting smoking is an
important key to a healthier environment. Legislation to control smoking is in effect in some
locations, but personal exposure should be monitored and limited wherever possible.

Only through the efforts of scientists, business leaders, legislators, and individuals can we
reduce the amount of air pollution on the planet. This challenge must be met by all of us in
order to assure that a healthy environment will exist for ourselves and
our children.

Drive Less -- Drive Smart

About half of the air pollution comes from cars and trucks. Two important ways to reduce air
pollution are to drive less -- even a little less -- and to drive smart. Taking fewer trips in your
car or truck helps cut air pollution. And adopting smart driving habits reduces your car's
emissions.

Driving less doesn't mean you have to stay home. Try combining driving with alternative
modes of transportation:

1. Carpool.
2. Walk or ride a bicycle.
3. Shop by phone or mail.
4. Ride public transit.
5. Telecommute.

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Driving smart keeps pollution at a minimum.

6. Accelerate gradually.
7. Use cruise control on the highway.
8. Obey the speed limit.
9. Combine your errands into one trip.
10. Keep your car tuned and support the smog check program.
11. Don't top off at the gas pumps.
12. Replace your car's air filter.
13. Keep your tires properly inflated.
14. What about smoking vehicles?
Contact the EPA'sOffice of Air Quality Planning & Standards.

* What you do when you are stuck in traffic and not "driving" can be very important as well.
Consider turning your engine off if you will be idling for long periods of time.

That's not all. When shopping for your nex

t car...

15. Look for the most efficient, lowest polluting model--or even use either a non-
polluting car or zero emission vehicle. Visit these web sites for information that will
help you identify clean and fuel efficient vehicles in any part of the country:
o EPA's Green vehicle Guide
o The DOE/EPA Fuel Economy Guide
o The U.S. Department of Energy Clean Cities Site

If you must drive on days with unhealthy air, drive your newest car. Newer cars
generally pollute less than older models.

Choose Air-Friendly Products

Many products you use in your home, in the yard, or at the office are made with smog-
forming chemicals that escape into the air. Here are a few ways to put a lid on products that
pollute:

16. Select products that are water-based or have low amounts of volatile organic
compounds (VOCs).
17. Use water-based paints. Look for paints labeled "zero-VOC."
18. Paint with a brush, not a sprayer.
19. Store solvents in air-tight containers.
20. Use a push or electric lawn mower.
21. Start your barbecue briquettes with an electric probe, or use a propane or natural gas
barbecue.

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Save Energy

Saving energy helps reduce air pollution. Whenever you burn fossil fuel, you pollute the air.
Use less gasoline, natural gas, and electricity (power plants burn fossil fuels to generate
electricity):

22. Turn off the lights when you leave a room.

23. Replace energy hungry incandescent lights with fluorescent lighting.
24. Check with your utility company for energy conservation tips, like purchasing energy
saving appliances.
25. Use a thermostat that automatically turns off the air conditioner or heater when you
don't need them.
26. Add insulation to your home.
27. Use a fan instead of air conditioning.
28. Use an EPA-approved wood burning stove or fireplace insert.
29. Heat small meals in a microwave oven.
30. Insulate your water heater.
31. Install low flow showerheads.
32. Dry your clothes on a clothesline.

Waste Not

It takes energy to make and sell the products we use. Here are ways to cut energy use, reduce
air pollution, and save money.

33. Choose recycled products.

34. Choose products with recyclable packaging.
35. Reuse paper bags.
36. Recycle paper, plastics, and metals.
37. Print and photocopy on both sides of the paper.

Watch out for the small stuff

When you breathe, very small particles -- such as dust, soot, and acid droplets -- can slip past
your lung's natural defense system. These particles get stuck deepin your lungs and may
cause problems -- more asthma attacks, bronchitis and other lung diseases, decreased
resistance to infections, and even premature death for the elderly or sick. Here are a few
things you can do to reduce particulate matter pollution and protect yourself:

38. Don't use your wood stove or fireplace on days with unhealthy air.
39. Avoid using leaf blowers and other types of equipment that raise a lot of dust. Use a
rake or broom instead.
40. Drive slowly on unpaved roads.
41. Drive less, particularly on days with unhealthy air.
42. Avoid vigorous physical activity on days with unhealthy air.

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Air pollution is a problem indoors and out. Most people spend at least 80 percent of their
lives indoors. Here are some ways you can reduce pollution in your home, office or school:

43. Don't smoke. Send smokers outside.

44. Products such as cleaning agents, paints, and glues often contain harmful chemicals.
Use them outdoors or with plenty of ventilation indoors.
45. Use safer products, such as baking soda instead of harsher chemical cleaners.
46. Don't heat your home with a gas cooking stove.
47. Have your gas appliances and heater regularly inspected and maintained.
48. Clean frequently to remove dust and molds.

Speak Up For Clean Air

Do what you can to reduce air pollution. It will make a difference. Use your civic influence to
improve regional and national air pollution standards:

49. Write to your local newspaper. Support action for healthy air.
50. Let your elected representative know you support action for clean air.

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How You can Reduce Air Pollution?
Encourage your family to walk to the neighbourhood market.

o As far as possible use public forms of transport.

o Encourage your family to form a car pool to office and back.
o Reduce the use of aerosols in the household.
o Look after the trees in your neighbourhood.
o Begin a tree-watch group to ensure that they are well tended and cared for.
o Switch-off all the lights and fans when not required.
o If possible share your room with others when the airconditioner, cooler or fan
is on.
o Replace energy-hungry incandescent lights with fluorescent lighting.
o Check with your utility company for energy conservation tips.
o Use a programmable thermostat that automatically turns off the air conditioner
or heater when you don't need them.
o Add insulation to your home.
o Use a fan instead of air conditioning.
o Use an EPA-approved wood burning stove or fireplace insert.
o Microwave small meals.
o Insulate your water heater.
o Choose recycled products.
o Choose products with recyclable packaging.
o Reuse paper bags.
o Recycle paper, plastics, and metals.
o Print and photocopy on both sides of paper.
o Don't use your wood stove or fireplace on days with unhealthy air.
o Avoid using leaf blowers and other types of equipment that raise a lot of dust.
Try using a rake or broom.
o Drive less, particularly on days with unhealthy air.
o Avoid vigorous physical activity on days with unhealthy air.
o Don't smoke. If someone must smoke, send them outdoors.
o Some products such as cleaning agents, paints, and glues contain dangerous
chemicals. Use them outdoors or with plenty of ventilation indoors.
o Use safer products, such as baking soda instead of harsher cleaners.
o Clean frequently to remove dust and molds.
o Do not burn leaves in your garden, put them in a compost pit.
o Make sure that the pollution check for your family car is done at regular
intervals
o Cars should, as far as possible, be fitted with catalytic converters.
o Use only unleaded petrol.
o Select products that are water-based or have low amounts of volatile
organic compounds (VOCs).
o Store solvents in air-tight containers.

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 Links to Other Websites About Air Pollution
• http://www.lbl.gov/Education/ELSI/pollution-main.html -- Indoor and
Outdoor Air Pollution.
• http://edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/air/air.htm -- The air around us is getting
more and more polluted. Find out why and what we can do about it.
• http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/airpollution/default.htm -- Air Pollution &
Respiratory Health
• http://www.science.org.au/nova/015/015key.htm -- Local Air Pollution begins
at home.
• http://www.wri.org/wri/wr-98-99/airpoll.htm -- Health effects of Air
Pollutions

Courtesy by :
Google search engine

C.P.R.Environmental Education Centre, Chennai

Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission.

U.S.Environmental Protection Agency.

HCL

edugreen.teri.res.in

Air health effects division,Canada.

earth911.org

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