What is timber?

 Timber is another name for wood, whether still standing in the form of trees or felled and turned
into boards for construction. Some people may also refer to it as lumber, or differentiate between
unprocessed wood and lumber as cut wood packaged for commercial sale.
 is a wood that is used for building houses and making furniture. This is a type of wood
that has been processed into beams and planks.

Types of Timber available in the Philippines

KAMAGONG
Also known as Philippine Ebony, kamagong is a wood unique to the country. With a black
heartwood (inner region) and gray sapwood, this produces really dramatic, dark timber hence
the name. The grain is often grayish and has strong, dark brown streaks. "It's good to use on
accent pieces lang, but [it] may not be good idea to make a whole furniture piece out of it," says
Benji.
Ideal for: Small, decorative pieces and combat tools like arnis sticks and eskrima

MOLAVE
One of the hardest local woods, molave has a fine texture that makes it smooth to the touch. It's
available in pale yellow to pinkish-brownish tone with a lighter sapwood (outer region), and
mostly straight grain. It has no distinct odor. Ideal for: window frames, shipbuilding, structural
posts, railroad tracks, and other outdoor applications

NARRA
This very popular tropical wood has tones that range from yellow to red. The grain (texture and
alignment of wood fiber) is often interlocked and wavy, which creates interesting flame and
ribbon figures when quartersawn or flat sawn, which makes it a beautiful finishing material.
Texture can be anywhere from average-fine to average-coarse. The wood itself is lustrous and
has an attractive odor. Narra is classified as endangered and vulnerable here, and in Malaysia.
Ideal for: furnishings, floor planks, wall panels

TANGUILE
A moderately hard reddish wood, tanguile is one of the seven local woods often referred to as
Philippine Mahogany. This abundant wood type boasts of fine ribbon or straight grain. It's
relatively soft and easy to work on, but resilient enough for outdoor construction.
Ideal for: interior finishes, cabinets, boat building

YAKAL
This resinous wood with yellow to golden-red tones is another local mahogany type. A high-
grade timber, yakal can tolerate harsh hot and cold weathers.
Bituminous materials
The term bituminous materials is generally used to denote substances in which bitumen is
present or from which it can be derived.
Bitumen is defined as an amorphous, black or dark-colored, (solid, semi-solid, or viscous)
cementitious substance, composed principally of high molecular weight hydrocarbons, and
soluble in carbon disulfide.
Bituminous mixtures are generally used to denote the combinations of bituminous materials (as
binders), aggregates and additives.

TYPES OF BITUMEN

Cutback
Cut-back bitumens are those which are prepared with the addition of a volatile to reduce the
thickness of the binder

Fluxed
Fluxed bitumens are those bitumen which are prepared by the addition of relatively non volatile
oils to reduce the viscosity of the binder.

Modified
Modified bituminous binder are those whose properties such as cohesive strength, adhesive
property, elasticity or viscosity have been modified by the use of one or combined chemical
agents.

Asphalt:
Asphalt is a mixture of aggregates both fine (sand and filler) and coarse (stone) and a bituminous
binder. It typically contains approximately 4-7% of bitumen. Asphalt is primarily used in road
construction and its properties depend upon the type, size and amount of aggregate used in the
mixture, all of which can be adjusted to provide the required properties for the desired
application.

PROPERTIES OF BITUMINOUS MATERIALS

Adhesion:
The adhesive property of bitumen binds together all the components without bringing about any
positive or negative changes in their properties. Bitumen has the ability to adhere to a solid
surface in a fluid state depending on the nature of the surface. The presence of water on the
surface will prevent adhesion.

Resistance to Water:
Bitumen is insoluble in water and can serve as an effective sealant Bitumen is water resistant.
Under some conditions water may be absorbed by minute quantities of inorganic salts in the
bitumen or filler in it.

Hardness:
To measure the hardness of bitumen, the penetration test is conducted, which measures the depth
of penetration in tenths of mm. of a weighted needle in bitumen after a given time, at a known
temperature.

Viscosity and Flow:

The viscous or flow properties of bitumen are of importance both at high temperature during
processing and application and at low temperature to which bitumen is subjected during service.
The flow properties of bitumens vary considerably with temperature and stress conditions.
Deterioration, or loss of the desirable properties of bitumen, takes the form of hardening.
Resultantly, decrease in adhesive and flow properties and an increase in the softening point
temperature and coefficient of thermal expansion.

Ductility:
Ductility test is conducted to determine the amount bitumen will stretch at temperature below its
softening point. A briquette having a cross sectional area of 1 in2 is placed in a tester at 77 °F.
Ductility values ranges from 0 to over 150 depending on the type of bitumen.

Specific Gravity:
Specific gravity of a binder does not influence its behaviour . But all the same, its value is
needed in mix design. The property is determined at 27º C.

Durability:
Bitumen durability refers to the long-term resistance to oxidative hardening of the Material in the
field. Although, in-service, all bitumens harden with time through reaction.
With oxygen in the air, excessive rates of hardening (poor durability) can lead to premature
binder embrittlement and surfacing failure resulting in cracking and chip loss. Bitumen lives upto
twenty years if maintained properly throughout the pavement life.

Versatility:
Due to versatility property of Bitumen it is relatively easy to use it in many applications because
of its thermoplastic property. It can be spread easily along the underlying pavement layers as it
liquefies when heated making the job easier and hardens in a solid mass when cooled.

Economical:
It is available in cheaper rates almost all over the world which makes it feasible and affordable in
many applications.
Strength:
Though the coarse aggregates are the main load bearing component in a pavement, bitumen or
asphalt also play a vital role in distributing the traffic loads to the layers beneath.
PROPERTIES OF BUILDING MATERIALS

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF BUILDING MATERIALS

 Bulk Density of Building Materials

 Porosity of Building Materials
 Durability of Building Materials
 Density of Building Materials
 Density Index
 Specific Gravity of Building Materials
 Fire Resistance of Building Materials
 Frost Resistance
 Weathering Resistance
 Spalling Resistance
 Water Absorption
 Water Permeability
 Hygroscopicity
 Coefficient of Softening
 Refractoriness

MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF BUILDING MATERIALS

 Thermal Properties of Building Materials

 Thermal Capacity of Building Materials
 Thermal Conductivity
 Thermal Resistivity
 Specific Heat
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF BUILDING MATERIALS

 Chemical Composition
 Atomic Bonding
 Atomic bonds in materials are of following types
 Corrosion Resistance
 Corrosion Resistance
 Acidity or Alkalinity

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS

 Strength of Building Materials

 Hardness of Building Materials
 Elasticity of Building Materials
 Plasticity
 Brittleness
 Fatigue
 Impact Strength
 Abrasion Resistance
 Creep

ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS

 Resistivity
 Conductivity
 Temperature coefficient of Resistance
 Permittivity
 Thermoelectricity
 NEW ERA UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
ARCHITECTURE
Department of Civil Engineering

CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS TESTING

COMPILATION OF REPORTS

Jaeron Vic O. Abug

B.S.C.E.
Construction
Bro. Raffy Delos Reyes