Promeristem

 Early embryonic meristem

 Produces the primary meristems
o Procambium
o Ground meristem
o Protoderm (can be multiseriate or uniseriate)

Apical meristem
 Shoot apical meristem
o Primary meristems (protoderm, procambium, ground meristem)
o Leaf primordia
o Axillary bud
o Node
o Internode
 Root apical meristem
o Consists of:
 Primary meristems
 Periblem- cortex
 Plerome- primary vascular tissues
 Dermatogen- epidermis
 Quiescent center
 Interphase: preparation for active cell division
 Supplies genetically healthy cells
 Root cap or calyptra
 Consists of two types of cell
 Peripheral cell
o Mucigel: type of mucilage which contains sugar, organic acids, amino acids, vitamins,
and enzymes; enhances water absorption
 Columella cell
o Statoliths: specialized amyloplast for gravity perception
o Types of apical organization:
 Closed type - unshared initials
 Calyptrogen - gives rise to the root cap
 Dermatogen - gives rise to the epidermis
 Open type - shared initials
 Dermatocalyptrogen
I. Ground Tissue

Protoplast Location Cell wall Function Characteristic Example species

Parenchyma Living Everywhere Thin; Primary Assimilation Isodiametric in Storage parenchyma:
Tissue repair shape; complete Ipomea batatas
Storage cytoplasmic Manihot esculenta
Secretion content Aerenchyma:
Photosynthesis Canna indica
Buoyancy Water lily
Collenchyma Living Growing Uneven Support; Plastic (will not Coleus blumei
parts thickenings; Provides revert back to its Petiole of celery
Primary or flexibility & original shape)
Secondary tensile strength
Sclerenchyma Dead Mature plant Extremely Support Elastic (e.g. Seed coats
body thick; may or rubber band)
may not have
secondary
thickenings

II. Dermal Tissues

Epidermis
 Stomata
o Subsidiary cells
 Helps in the opening and closing of guard cells
 Not all plants have subsidiary cells
 Classifications:
 Anomocytic
 Anisocytic
  Diacytic
 Paracytic
 Tetracytic
o Guard cells
 Regulation of gas exchange
 Bean-shaped in dicots; dumbbell-shaped in monocots
o Stomatal pore
 Point of entry and exit of water molecules and gases
o A plant can be classified as hypostomatic, epistomatic, amphistomatic based on the position of stomata
o Stomata can be sunken (depressions or stomatal crypt) or raised (protruding)
 Root hairs (Trichoblast)
o Increase surface area for water absorption
o Highly vacuolated
o Rarely branching
 There are mutations that cause branching root hairs
o Youngest: area of elongation
o Oldest: area of maturation
 Trichomes
o Protection against herbivory
o Provides shade and a stable boundary
 Bulliform cells
o Responsible for the rolling and unrolling of leaves

Periderm
 Phellem
o Compacted cells, cuboidal in shape
o Color: may be yellow, brown, or colorless
o Forms the lenticels which function for gas exchange
 Phellogen
o Centrally located, rectangular in shape
 Phelloderm
III. Vascular Tissues

Xylem
 Transport of water to and from the different plant parts
 Types
o Xylem parenchyma cells
o Xylem fibers
o Tracheary elements
 Vessel elements and tracheids
 Both transport water, minerals and aqueous substances
 Both have lignified walls
 Relatively thicker walls
 Dead cells
 Cell death: full programmed cell death

Tracheary Elements Representative Taxa Structure Transport Shape

Vessel elements Angiosperms Perforation Lateral and Barrel-shaped
plates Longitudinal
Tracheids Gymnosperms Perforations Lateral only Spindle-shaped w/
Angiosperms (pit pairs) tapering ends
Smaller

Phloem
 Transport of photosynthate (sucrose)
 Types
o Phloem parenchyma cells
o Phloem fibers
o Sieve elements
 Cell death: partial programmed cell death
o Ribosomes, vacuole, nucleus
 The associate cells act as the nucleus

Sieve Representative Structure Transport Associate cell Origin

elements Taxa
Sieve tube Angiosperms Sieve pores Lateral and Companion cell Ontogenetically
Sieve plate Longitudinal related; aggregation of cells
called syncytes
Sieve cell Gymnosperms Sieve pores Lateral only Strasburger or Not ontogenetically
Albuminous cell related; occur singly
IV. Organ Systems

Root
 Epidermis/Periderm*
 Cortex
 Endodermis
o Casparian strip
 Deposition of lignin in the radial walls
 Regulates the substances that enter
 Hydrophobic; only allows symplastic
transport
 Pericycle
 Vascular cambium*
 Vascular tissues
o Siphonostele: forms concentric rings with pith
o Protostele: single and solid strand of xylem
surrounded by phloem

Root Structure Stellar pattern

Monocot Presence of pith Siphonostele Polyarch
Dicot Absence of pith Protostele Tetrarch

Herbaceous and Monocot Stem

 Epidermis
 Cortex
 Pith
 Vascular tissues
o Metaxylem - larger in diameter
o Protoxylem - smaller in diameter
o Protoxylem lacuna - forms when the other protoxylem cells disintegrate, forming a space
 Vascular bundle sheath
o Regulates the movement of substances between the vascular tissues and the parenchyma
o Protects the vascular tissues
 o Parenchymatous in nature
 But may also contain collenchyma (e.g. leaf)

Stem Stellar pattern Vascular bundles Structure

Monocot Atactostele Scattered No distinct pith and cortex
Dicot Eustele Concentric rings Distinct pith and cortex

Woody Dicot Stem

 Periderm
o Phellem or cork cells
o Phellogen or cork cambium
o Phelloderm or cork parenchyma
 Vascular cambium
o Produces secondary vascular tissues
 Secondary Phloem
o Exarch (outside to inside)
 Secondary Xylem
o Endarch (inside to outside)
 Xylem Ray
 Phloem Ray
o Radial transport
o Storage of photosynthate
o Continuous across the cambium together with the xylem rays
 Spring wood
o Forms when there is abundant water
o Larger in diameter; lighter
 Summerwood
o Smaller in diameter; darker

Gymnosperm Stem
 Resin ducts
o Elongated, tube like
o Surrounded by epithelial cells
o Produces resin that seals the damage parts of a plant
 Insect-resistant
 May be oriented longitudinally or radially
 Xylem (late wood)
Leaf

Dicot leaf (Ixora sp.)

 Xylem
 Phloem
 Parenchyma cells
 Vascular Bundle sheath
 Palisade- compacted; photosynthesis; chlorenchyma
 Spongy- intercellular spaces; gas exchange
Monocot leaf (Zea mays)
 Bulliform cells- responsible for the rolling and unfurling of leaves
 Xylem - larger in diameter
 Phloem fiber cap
 Girders

Gymnosperm leaf (Pinus needle)

 Presence of hypodermis
 Compactly arranged
 Thick cell wall
o Xerophytic: for water retention
 Stomatal crypts
 o Cavities where stomatal apparatus is found
 Endodermis
 Epidermis
 Mesophyll
 Xylem
 Phloem
 Vascular cambium

Fruit

Types of fruits Definition Examples

Pepo fruit wall is a leathery rind Pumpkins, squash, cucumber,
watermelon (Citrillus vulgaris L.)
Berry fruit wall is soft throughout Tomato, red pepper, guava
Hesperidium fruit wall with numerous oil glands surrounding the Citrus fruits: lemon, lime, orange,
succulent cavities where seeds occur grapefruit
Drupe simple, fleshy, and fibrous fruit that contains a hard Peach, cherry, avocado, olives,
stone surrounding a seed almonds, mango
Follicle simple, dry fruit that splits open along one suture to Milkweed
release the seeds
Legume simple, dry fruit that splits open along two sutures Pea pod, string bean
Capsule simple, dry fruit that open along multiple sutures Garlic vine, iris, poppy, buckeye, and
cotton fruits
Caryopsis indehiscent and does not split open at maturity Corn, wheat, rice
Nuts have stony walls and do not split open at maturity Cashew*, chestnut, acorn, hazelnuts
Achene similar to caryopsis but its seed coat is not fused to *Strawberry, Sunflower (Helianthus
the fruit wall annuus L.), Cosmos*
Aggregate formed from a single flower with several carpels Raspberry, blackberry
Multiple develops from the ovaries of a group of flowers Pineapple, figs, mulberry
Accessory composed primarily of non-ovarian tissue Apple (Pyrus malus L.)

 Pericarp (fleshy fruits)

o Exocarp
o Mesocarp
o Endocarp
 Placenta
o Part of the ovary wall
 Funiculus
o Serves as the stalk
 Seed

Types of placentation
 Marginal - arranged in a single file (e.g. string bean)
 Free-central - ovules are attached to a central axis (e.g. bell pepper, corn, cosmos)
 Parietal - ovules are attached to the sides (e.g. cucumber, squash)
 Axile - presence of a central column where all parts of the ovule are attached (e.g. guava, tomato, water melon,
garlic vine)
 Apical (e.g. cashew)
 Basal (e.g. apple, sunflower, pineapple)
Seeds
 Monocot and Dicot seeds
o Cotyledon:
o Epicotyl:
o Hypocotyl: part between the root and shoot
o Radicle: embryonic root
o Endosperm:

Flower
 Sepal - calyx
 Petals - corolla
 Stamen - androecium; produces pollen
o Anther - stores the filament
o Filament - holds the anther
 Carpel - gynoecium; bears the ovules
o Stigma - receives the pollen
o Style - connects the stigma to the ovary
o Ovary - stores the ovules
Classification
 Complete: 4 whorls
 Incomplete: 1-3 whorls
  Perfect: both male and female
 Imperfect: either male or female
Relative positions of floral appendages
 Hypogenous - superior ovary; no hypanthium
 Perigynous - superior ovary; has hypanthium
 Epigynous - inferior ovary; has hypanthium