03 Gaseous fuels (transport, storage)

the chamber. Successive levels are at an angle of 90‘ to one another.: The 97101840 Simultaneous removal of H*S and NH3 from hot
apparatus is particularly useful for removal of HZS from refinery gases or coal gas
coke-oven ga\. Jothimurugesan, K. ef crl. Proc. Annu. Inr. Piff.~hrr$ Con/ C‘or!f:. 1995, I?.
12Ol-1206.
This paper studies the simultaneous dcsulfurization and ammonia decom-
97101831 Gas-solid reactors for high temperature removal of position in hot coal gas.
acid gases from fuel gas and flue gas
Prim. W. ef ul. Pmt. Anntr. Inf. fittshtrr$ Coal Conf. 1995. 12, 278-285. 97101841 Sulfidation and reduction of zinc titanate and zinc
A review with 27 references. oxide sorbents for injection in gasifier exit ducts
Ishikawa, K. et ul. Proc. Amu. Int. Piffshwgh Coal (‘auf., 1995. 12. 119%
1200.
97101832 Italian refinery gasification project to make elec-
In order to test the potential of the sorbent injection hot-gas desulfurlzation
tricity, steam, and H2 from tar
process, the sulfidation reaction kinetics of fine particles of zinc titanate
Aalund, L. R. Oil Gas J., 1996. 94, (4X), 33-35.
and zinc oxide with H$ were studied Sulfidationireduction conversion was
The main reasons behind the decision as to a major integrated gasification
compared for different particle sizes and sorbents with various porosities
combined cycle (IGCC) power plant were high-sulfur fuel oil, environment
and ratios of Zn and Ti. The results suggest that HLS may suppress the
protection, and a growing need for electricity. The plant will gasify some
surface reduction of ZnO and/or gaseous Zn may react with H2S
18,000bid of tar from vishroken vacuum residue and produce low-pressure
homogeneously and form fine particles of ZnS. Formation and vapouriza-
steam, hydrogen, and enough synthesis gas to fuel turbines generating 550
tion of elemental Zn from zinc titanate sorhents was slower than from zinc
MW of electricity. The design for the gasification section of the plant allows
oxide, both with and without HLS.
a feedatock containing up to 6% sulfur with ahout 1000 ppm nickel plus
vanadium.
97101842 Thermodynamic behavior of supply gas and
influence on vehicle fuel fill line during compressed natural
97101833 Manganese pellets for hot coal gas desulfurization gas fast fill
Hepworth, M. T. and Slimane. R. An,r~r. Meet. Minr~. Seer.. SME, [Pm./. Tsuchiya, M. et crl. Sot. Auromot. Eplg., /Spec. Pub/./ SP, 199f1, SP-I IX1
1995, 68, 131-14s. (Alternative Fuel: Composition. Performance. Engines. and Systems), 16%
The use of manganese pellets as inexpensive sorhents for the desulfuriza- 176, Society of Automotive Engineers.
tion in combined-cycle power generation is discussed in this paper. A considerable temperature drop of the gas in the cehicle fuel fill line at the
initial stage of fast fill is witnessed in the Joule--Thomson effect with a rapid
pressure change. Since a large volume flows at the beginning of the fast fill,
97101834 Modified FT (MFT) process of converting syn gas to a change in the state of gas in the fuel fill line behaves similar to an
high-octane gasoline adiabatic process, and can be considered to be an isenthalpic expansion.
Zhou, J. er trl. Proc. A!~nlr. /,11. fiftshur@ Coal Conf. 1995, 12, 68.5-690. The temperature drop is particularly large when the cylinder is empty or the
This discusses the development of a two-stage modified FT (MFT) process remaining pressure is low. When the ambient temperature is reduced. the
for producing high-octane gasoline from coal-based syngas. The main temperature of the fuel fill line becomes lower. Consequently, it is
research and development is focused on the development of catalysts and necessary to consider this for lower temperatures in proper specifications
technological process. A series of satisfactory results has been obtained in for the fuel fill line parts. Providing an orifice on the end of the fuel fill line
terms of operating reliability of equipments, performance of catalysts. at the internal solenoid shutoff valve is effective in preventing this
purification of coal-based syngas, optimum operating conditions, product temperature drop of gas.
properties. reaction engineering and economics, etc.
97101843 Thermodynamic conditions for the presence of gas
Natural gas sweetening: thermodynamic properties hydrates in sediments of the Black Sea
97101835
Kutas, R. I. DO/XX. Nnls. Akad. Nauk Ukr., 19%. (4). lO3-IOX. (In
evaluation
Ukranian), Prezidiya Natsionai’noi Akademii Nauk Ukraini.
Savidge. J. L. cf cl/. Proc. Int. Gas Res. Conf:. 1995, (Pub. 199h), (1). IhO-
In order to evaluate the conditions of the formation and stable existence of
167, t?iovernment Institutes.
gas hydrates. the geothermal regime of the upper sediment layers in the
Annual investments of 40 million dollars are made in gas sweetening, which
Black Sea basin was considered. The zone of gas hydrate stahility is
represents a 2.2 hillion dollar industry in the USA. Thermodynamic
localized in the upper sediments, and is sensitive to changes of temperature
modelling is needed for process design and operation. An accurate
and the sea depth.
correlation, ElecGC, for aqueous amine solutions. is developed in this
work. The research offers the benefits of process optimization, energy
savings, enhancement of absorption, lower corrosion, pinch-paint breaking, 97101844 Thermodynamic investigation and comparison of
reduction of VOC emission. formulation of amine blends, and selection of selected production processes for hydrogen and hydrogen-
new amines. derived fuels
Rosen. M. A. Energy (Oxfbrd), 1996, 21. (I?), 1(17Y-1094.
Comparisons were made hased on energy and energy analyses of a wide
97101838 Regenerable sorbents for low temperature desul- range of production processes for hydrogen and hydrogen-derived fuels
furization of coal gas (HDFs) and the results are reported. A commercial process-simulation
Khare. G. P. if al. Pmt. ./lnrr[c. Inl. Pilfshtt$ Cocrl Conf., 3995. 12, lO80- computer code, previously enhanced by the author for exergy analysis, is
1085. used in the analyses. It is anticipated that the results gained in the
For the removal of hydrogen sulfide from hot gas (IOOO’F) streams using experiments will prove useful to those involved in the improvement of
fixed-bed moving-bed and fluid-bed systems, Z-sorb sorbent is effective. existing and the design of future production processes for hydrogen and
Recent work with modified formulations, however, suggests the sorbent HDFs.
temperature application range can also be expanded to include the lower
temperatures (60%8OO’F) used for moderate temperature gas cleanup.
Data is presented from experiments with both fixed-bed and fluid-bed work.
Transport, Storage
97101837 Removal of hydrogen chloride from hot coal gas
streams
Kiishnan. G. N. cl nl. Proc. Amu. Irlr. Pit~shur$r Coul Conf:. 1995, 12.
97101845 Analysis of multiphase flow and transport of
1207-1212.
methane gas-water system in deep underground structure
Komai. T. and Zyvoloski. G. .%&en IO Kanh_vo, 1996, 5. (4), 207-214. (In
Japanese)
97101838 Removal of VOCs from humidified gas streams
In deep underground structures around coal seams, large amounts of
using activated carbon cloth
methane gas usually exist with pressurized water in porous media, like a
Cal, M. P. et al. Gas. Sep. Putif., 1996, 117-121.
fractured space and matrix in underground structures. A numerical model
This study investigates the effects of relative humidity (RH) on the
is presented that simulates the behaviour of multiphase flow with gas and
adsorption of soluble (acetone) and insoluble (benzene) volatile organic
liquid phases and chemical reaction in porous media. The transport
compounds (VOCs) with activated carbon cloths (ACC). A gravimetric
phenomena of coal-bed methane were simulated using the proposed model,
balance was used in conjunction with a gas chromatographimass spectro-
and several factors that affect the extraction of methane gas are discussed
photometer to determine the individual amounts of water and VOC
on the basis of the simulation results.
adsorbed on an ACC sample. RH values from 0 to 90% and organic
concentrations from 350 to 1000 ppmv were examined. The results revealed
that water vapour was more inhihitory for benzene adsorption as benzene 97101848 Applications for activated carbons from waste
concentration in the gas stream decreased. tires: natural gas storage and air pollution control
Brady, T. A. ef al, Gas Sep. Purif., 1996, 10, (2). 97-102.
Two emerging applications for carbon adsorbents are natural gas storage
97101839 Reserves, extraction and use of coal-bed methane for natural gas vehicles and the separation and removal of gaseous
Ogata. Y. .%@I to Kartkyo, 1996, 5. (4), 171-179. (In Japanese) contaminants from gas streams. A possible precursor for such adsorbents
The recovery of methane from coal seams is discussed. is waste tyres. Activated carbon has been developed from waste tyres and

Fuel and Energy Abstracts May 1997 151

03 Gaseous fuels (economics, business, marketing, policy)

tested for its methane storage capacity and SO? removal from a simulated 97107 853 Methanol and hydrogen from biomass for transpor-
flue-gas in this work. Tyre-derived carbons exhibit methane adsorption tation with comparisons to methanol and hydrogen from natural
capacities (g/g) within 10% of a relatively expensive commercial activated gas and coal
carbon; however, their methane storage capacities (VmiVs) are almost 60% Williams, R. H. et al. U. S. Environ. Prot. Agcmy, Rev. Dw.. [Rep.] EPA,
lower. The unactivated tyre char exhibits SO? adsorption kinetics similar to 1996. (EPA-hOO/R-96-072, Proceedings: The 1995 Symposium on Green-
a commercial carbon used for flue-gas clean-up. house Gas Emissions and Mitigation Research), 4169-411 IS.
The technology, economics, and environmental aspects of producing
MeOH and Hz from biomass in relation to their production from natural
97107 a47 Natural gas storage with activated carbon from a gas or coal were examined. MeOH and H2 produced from biomass via
bituminous coal indirectly heated gasifiers and their use in fuel cell vehicles would make it
possible for biomass to be used for road transportation, with zero or near
Sun, J. et al. &s. Sep. hrrif, 1996, IO, (2) YI-96.
zero local air pollution and very low levels of lifecycle CO2 emissions. if the
Physical activation and chemical activation with KOH from an Illinois
biomass feedstock is grown sustainably. Moreover. because this approach to
bituminous coal (IBC-106) produced granular activated carbons (-20+ 100
using biomass for transport fuels involves such an efficient use of land, it
mesh: 0.149-0.84 mm) for natural gas storage. The products were
offers the potential for making major contributions in reducing dependence
characterized by BET surface area, micropore volume, bulk density, and
methane adsorption capacities. Volumetric methane adsorption capacities on insecure sources of oil in transportation. With natural prices expected by
(Vm/Vs) of some of the granular carbons produced by physical activation the year 3010, biomass would be nearly competitive with natural gas in the
are about 70 cm’/cm7 which is comparable to that of BPL, a commercial production of these fuels. A carbon tax that would increase the cost of
activated carbon. VmiVs values above 100 cm’icm.’ are obtainable by owning and operating fuel cell vehicles on natural gas-derived fuels by less
than 2% would be adequate to tip the economic halance in favour of
grinding the granular products to -325 mesh (co.044 mm). The increase in
Vm/Vs is due to the increase in bulk density of the carbons. Volumetric biomass. The production of MeOH for export in developing regions could
methane adsorption capacity increases with increasing pore surface area provide sustainable new income streams for rural areas in developing
and micropore volume when normalizing with respect to sample bulk regions while bringing competition and fuel price stability to world markets
in transport fuels.
volume. Compared with steam-activated carbons, granular carbons pro-
duced by KOH activation have higher micropore volume and higher
methane adsorption capacities (g/g). Their volumetric methane adsorption 97107 854 A study on the impacts of changes in coal quality
capacities are lower due to their lower bulk densities. on the performances of the gasification processes and IGCC
Ann, D.-H. et al. Proc. Amu. Int. Pirtshwgh Coal Cmf., 1995, 12, 187-192.
The impacts of changes in coal quality on the performances of gasification
97107 848 Reduction of waste-gas emission from vessels of processes and integrated gasification-combined cycle (IGCC) plants, with
chemical shops an emphasis on power generation in Korea, were studied. Twenty-two
imported coals were evaluated. Among the imported coals to Korea,
Stefanenko, V. T. et nl. Koks Khim. 1995, (l2), 31-33. (In Russian)
bituminous coal was superior to subbituminous coal for IGCC power
The existing methods and apparatus are not effective for removal of waste
generation, partly because of solids concentration limitations in a slurry
gas pollutants from the coal-tar chemical industry. The optimum method
feeding system and energy requirements for drying for a dry feeding system
for the removal of pollutants from waste gases is a system of collectors and
for the subbituminous coals. The economic range for coals for IGCC was
transportation of the gas-vapour mixtures. A method is described for the
suggested.
collection and transportation of the gas-vapour mixtures from chemical
vessels by using the system of collectors under pressure created by the
diffusive evapouration of volatile liquid. components. The scheme of the
collector system is developed and recommendations are given for the design
of vessels for the chemical shops. Derived Gaseous Fuels

97107 849 Research on methods for metering pipeline coal-

gas flow rate 97107 855 Acid gas fractionation process for fossil fuel
gasifiers
Huang, N. et al. Hrragorrg Zido@~ua Ji Yihiao, 1996, 23, (I), 47-49. (In
Baker. R. W. and Lokhandwala, K. A. US 5,556.449 (Cl. 95.49; BOlD531
Chinese)
22) 17 Sep 1996, US Appl. 143.283, 25 Ott 1993: 28 pp: Cont.-in-part of US
A comparative analysis of three types of meters for metering pipeline coal-
5,401,300.
gas flow rate is reported. The types were (I) a cleanable notched plate-type
This paper presents improved processes for treating gas streams containing
flow meter, (2) a street vortex-type flow meter, and (3) a thermal-type gas
hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide, particularly gas streams from fossil
mass flow meter. The thermal-type gas mass flow meter has the advantages
fuel gasification processes. The processes rely on the availability of a
of simple configuration, easy maintenance, wide dynamic range (0.1.SO rii
membrane that maintains high hydrogen sulfide/methane selectivity and
s), and high accuracy and reproducibility.
adequate hydrogen sulfide/carbon dioxide selectivity when measured with
multicomponent gas mixtures at high pressure. The processes have three
steps: (1) acid gas removal, to remove both hydrogen sulfide and carbon
dioxide from the primary gas stream (2) membrane fractionation, to
separate hydrogen sulfide from carbon dioxide and create a highly HCI-
concentrated fraction: and (3) sulfur-fixing.
Economics, Business, Marketing, Policy
97107 856 Coal gasification in a stirred bed reactor
Huang, J. and Watkinson, A. P. Fuel, 1996, 75, (14) lhl7-1624.
Gasification of two Canadian non-caking coal chars of millimetre particle
97107 850 The construction, startup and operation of the size was carried out in a stirred bed reactor at atmospheric pressure using
repowered Wabash River coal gasification project steam nitrogen mixtures, Experimental results showed that the reaction
Roll, M. W. Proc. Anw. 1~. Pittsburgh Coal Con& 1995, 12, 72-77. atmosphere changed with carbon conversion and the unit operated as a
This review discusses the project history, design. cost and efficiency, typical integral reactor. Some properties of the partially reacted chars were
environmental benefits, and implementation aspects of a coal gasification measured. The effects of gas superficial velocity, char particle size, steam
combined cycle power plant. partial pressure and temperature on conversion were examined. The role of
transport resistance was assessed and empirical kinetic models were tested.

97107 857 Development of 3 t/d coal gasification system in 97107857 Coal gasifier and its operation method
Korea Yokohama, K. et al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 08,188,781 [Yh,188,781]
Yun, Y. Ed al. Proc. Annu. Int. Pittsburgh Coal Conf., 1995, 12, 181-186. (Cl. ClOJ3146). 23 Jul 1996, Appl 95/1,870, 10 Jan 1995; 5 pp. (In Japanese)
This paper describes the construction and subsequent testing of a bench The coal gasifier is capable of feeding powdered coal from a ball mill into a
scale coal gasifier. The 3 t/d gasifier is anticipated to provide pressurized combustor zone to form high-temperature gases, of introducing the high-
coal gas for the future hot gas cleanup facility and for the test facility for temperature gases into a reduction zone, of feeding alkali earth metal-
producing methanolidimethyl ether. Software approach to the Integrated based flux suitable for reducing the melting point of coal ashes into the
Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) power is also described. combustor zone, and of recovering the char from a cyclone and recycling it
into the combustor zone. The method increases the dischargeability of coal
ashes and increases gasification efficiency.
97107 852 The IGCC European scene
Farina, G. L. Proc. Amu. Int. Pitlshurgh Coal Conf., 1995, 12, 199-205. 97lQ7858 Development of hot gas filtration for air blown
IGCC is seen in Europe as a technology able to serve two purposes: gasification plant
(1) eliminate the excess carbon rejected from the refining industry and Cahill, P. e/ al. Proc. Annu. Int. PitMuqh Coal Conf:. 1995, 12, 271-277.
(2) generate power from a product, fuel oil, progressively less demanded by Some of the development work carried out on hot gas filtration for the Air
the market. This paper describes alternative applications of IGCC from the Blown Gasification Cycle (ABGC) is presented in this paper. A critical
technological and economical standpoints. IGCC project risks are reviewed, requirement in the ABGC is to ensure that the fuel gas is free of dust, in
taking into account the features of non recourse project financing. order to avoid damage to the gas turbine. Ceramic filter elements are the

7 52 Fuel and Energy Abstracts May 7 997