Introductionto Matrix Laboratory

INTRODUCTION TO MATRIX LABORATORY [ MATLAB ]
The Language of Technical & Physical Computing
Engr. Arif Hussain, Dept. Of Electrical Engineering ,SIBAU
SIGNALS & SYSTEMS [Spring 2018] | MATLAB WORKSHOP | JANUARY 29, 2018
 MATLAB (Matrix Laboratory) is a very powerful

programing Environment for performing
Scientific/Numerical and symbolic calculations
 It is a high-performance Matrix-Based language for

Technical & Physical computing
 It is an integrated development environment (IDE)

-integrates computation, visualization & programming environment
 More than 5000 colleges and universities around the

world use MATLAB and Simulink for teaching and research
in a broad range of technical disciplines.
MALAB is Used
 Scientific & Mathematical and Computation
 Algorithm Development & System Modeling
 Simulation & Visualization
 Analysis & Decision Making
 Scientific and Engineering graphics
 Interactive Programs & GUI development
Millions of engineers and scientists worldwide use MATLAB®

to analyze and design the systems and products.
Transforming Living Standards.
GETTING STARTED WITH MATRIX LABORATORY [2016]
A Minimum MATLAB Session
The goal of this minimum session (also called starting

and exiting sessions) is to learn the first fundamental
steps:
 Invoke MATLAB
 Explore MATLAB Environment & some Basic

Commands
 Do few simple calculations
 Quit MATLAB
To enter in MATLAB double click on the MATLAB icon
MATLAB has the following basic window components:
Command Window
– to execute commands in the MATLAB environment
Current Directory Window

– to quickly access files on the MATLAB path
Figure Window
– to display graphical output from MATLAB code
Workspace Window
– to view variable definitions and variable memory allocations
Command History Window

– displays all commands issued in MATLAB since the last session
(good for learning and verification)
SOME FUNDAMENTAL MATLAB COMMANDS
command Purpose / Functionality
help displays the help for the functionality
Ver check version of installed MATLAB & List of

toolboxes
clc clears the command window and homes the cursor
clear removes all variables from the workspace.
close ALL closes all the open figure windows.
who Lists/ display the variables in the current

workspace
whos returns a structure with the fields i.e more
details
When MATLAB starts the command prompt >> appears.
All MATLAB commands are executed from this prompt.
USING MATLAB AS A CALCULATOR & QUITING
 In order to evaluate any expression type at
prompt command >>
 For example, let’s suppose you want to calculate the
expression, 1 + 2×3.
>> 1+2*3 >> 2.3+4.2 >> 2*pi
ans = 7 ans = 6.5000 ans = 6.2832
 You will have noticed that if you do not specify an

output variable, MATLAB uses a default variable ans,
 Note that the variable ans is created (or overwritten,

if it is already existed).
 To avoid this, you may assign a value to a variable or

output argument name. For example,
>> x = 1+2*3 >> 4*x

x=7 ans = 28.0000
MATLAB NUMERICAL EXPRESSIONS & OPERATORS
 By default MATLAB returns numerical expressions as
decimals with 5 digits.
 The format command is used to change the format of the

output.
 Type format rat to have MATLAB return rational

expressions.
>> 5.1-3.3 >> x=2+3; >> 1+2*3

ans =
1.8000 >> y=2+3 ans = 7
>> format rat y = >> (1+2)*3

>> 5.1-3.3
ans = ans = 9
5
9/5
MATLAB OPERATORS & SPECIAL CHARACTERS
+ Plus; addition operator.

- Minus; subtraction operator.
* Scalar and matrix multiplication operator.
/ Division operator
.* Array multiplication operator.
^ Scalar and matrix exponentiation operator.
.^ Array exponentiation operator.
Colon; generates regularly spaced elements and represents
: an entire row or column.
Parentheses; encloses function arguments and array
() indices; overrides precedence.
[] Brackets; enclosures array elements.
. Decimal point.
… Ellipsis; line-continuation operator.
; Semicolon; separates columns and suppresses display.
= Assignment (replacement) operator.
PREDEFINED MATHEMATICAL FUNCTIONS IN MATLAB
 MATLAB offers many predefined mathematical functions for
technical computing.
 Typing help elfun and help specfun calls up full lists

of elementary and special functions respectively.
 There is a long list of mathematical functions that

are built into MATLAB. These functions are called
built-ins
 Many standard mathematical functions, such as sin(x),

cos(x), tan(x), ex, ln(x), can be evaluated.
MATHEMATICAL FUNCTIONS IN MATLAB
List of some commonly used functions, where

variables x and y can be numbers, vectors, or
matrices.
MATHEMATICAL FUNCTIONS IN MATLAB EXAMPLES
INTRODUCTION TO MATRICES & VECTORS IN MATLAB
 Matrices are the basic elements of the MATLAB environment.
 A matrix is a two-dimensional array consisting of m rows

and n columns.
 Special cases: column vectors (n = 1)& row vectors (m = 1).
 a11 a12 ... a1n   b1 

a a22 ... a2 n  b 
 21  2
 . . . .  .  A  a1 a2 ... an 
M  B  
. . . .   . 
   
 . . . .   . 
am1 am 2 ... amn  
bn 
To create row vector A simply type in:

>>A = [2 0 1 4 7 1 5 6 4]
>>A(2) %% indexing
>>A(6:9) %% Colon operator
>> A(:) %%produces a column vector,
>> size(A)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1x9 vector
A(2) A(6:9)
>> B=A’ %% Transpose
16
To create a column vector B simply type in:
B = [3; 5; 0; 0; 1; 4; 9; -1; 1]
3 1
5 B(3)
B(1:4) 2
0 3
0 4
B = 1 5 9x1 vector
4 6
9 7
-1 8
19
B(6)
17
Practice 1: Investigate the effect of the
following commands:
V=[2 4 7 5] w=[1 3 8 9] z=[1; 1; 0; 0]
(i)diff= v – w (ii)sum = v + w (iii) v(2)
(iv) vw = [v w] (v) vw(2: 6) (vi) v’
(vii) v./w (viii) v.*w (ix) whos
Practice 2: Investigate the effect of the
following commands:
V=[2 4 7 5] w=[1 3 8 9] z=[1; 1; 0; 0]
(i) z’ (ii) z*v

(iii) [v; w] (iv) v*z
(v) [z; v’] (vi) z + v’
A matrix is an array of numbers. To type a matrix

into MATLAB you must
 begin with a square bracket,
 separate elements in a row with spaces or commas (,)
 use a semicolon (;) to separate rows
 end the matrix with another square bracket, ].
Matrix Indexing
>> A(2,1)
ans = 4
>> A(3,3)
ans = 9
>>A(3,3) = 0
A = 1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 0
Elements of a matrix are accessed as A(i,j),where i≥1 & j≥1.

Zero or negative subscripts are not supported in MATLAB.
COLON OPERATOR
 The colon operator will prove very useful and
understanding how it works is the key to efficient and
convenient usage of MATLAB.
 For example, suppose we want to enter a vector x
consisting of points (0,0.1,0.2,0.3,··· ,5).
 We can use the command

>> x = 0:0.1:5;
 Typing j:i:k defines a row vector with increment i

starting at j and ending at k.
A = 1 2 3 Deleting Row/ Column
4 5 6
7 8 0 >> A(:,2)=[]
ans = 1 3
>> A(2,:) 4 6
ans = 4 5 6 7 0
is the second row elements of A row or a column of a matrix can
be deleted by setting it to a null
A.
vector, [ ].
>> A(:,2:3) >> B = A([2 3],[1 2])

ans = 2 3
5 6 B = 4 5
8 0 7 8
A(:,2:3) is a sub-matrix with
Extracting a submatrix B consisting
the last two columns of A. of rows 2 and 3 and columns 1 and 2
of the matrix A.
INTRODUCTION TO MATRIX GENERATORS IN MATLAB
 MATLAB provides functions that generates elementary

matrices.
 The matrix of zeros, the matrix of ones, and the
identity matrix are returned by the functions zeros,
ones, and eye, respectively.
INTRODUCTION TO BASIC PLOTTING IN MATLAB
 MATLAB has an excellent set of graphic tools.
 Plotting a given data set or the results of computation is

possible with very few commands.
Creating simple plots

 The basic MATLAB graphing procedure, for example in 2D
1. take a vector of x coordinates, x = (x1,...,xN)
2. a vector of y-coordinates, y = (y1,...,yN)
3. The MATLAB command to plot a graph is plot(x,y).
NOTE: SIZE OF X & Y VECTOR MUST BE SAME.
The vectors x = (1,2,3,4,5,6) and y = (3,−1,2,4,5,1)

produce the picture
>> x = [1 2 3 4 5 6];
>> y = [3 -1 2 4 5 1];
>> plot(x,y)
>> plot(y,x)
The vectors x = (1,2,3,4,5,6) and y = (3,−1,2,4,5,1)

produce the picture
>> x = [1 2 3 4 5 6];
>> y = [3 -1 2 4 5 1];
>> plot(x,y)
>> plot(y,x)
Plot the function sin(x) on the interval [0,2π]
 first create a vector of x values ranging from 0 to 2π,

then compute the sine of these values, and finally plot
the result:
>> x = 0:pi/100:2*pi;
>> y = sin(x);
>> plot(x,y)
 0:pi/100:2*pi yields a vector that

– starts at 0,
– takes steps (or increments) of π/100,
– stops when 2π is reached.
 If you omit the increment, MATLAB automatically

increments by 1.
ADDING TITLES, AXIS LABELS, AND ANNOTATIONS
 MATLAB enables you to add axis labels and titles. For

example, using the graph from the previous example, add
an x- and y-axis labels.
>> x = 0:pi/100:2*pi;
>> y = sin(x);
>> plot(x,y)
>> xlabel('x = 0:2\pi')

>> ylabel('Sine of x');
>> title('Plot of the Sine function')
Multiple (x,y) pairs arguments create multiple graphs with a
single call to plot.
For example, these statements plot three related functions
of x: y1 = 2cos(x), y2 = cos(x), and y3 = 0.5∗cos(x), in the
interval 0≤x≤2π
>> x = 0:pi/100:2*pi;
>> y1 = 2*cos(x);
>> y2 = cos(x);
>> y3 = 0.5*cos(x);
>> plot(x,y1,'--',x,y2,'-',x,y3,':')
>> xlabel('0 \leq x \leq 2\pi')
>> ylabel('Cosine functions')
>> legend('2*cos(x)','cos(x)','0.5*cos(x)')
>> title('Typical example of multiple plots')
>> axis([0 2*pi -3 3])
PLOTTING IN MATLAB
BASIC OPERATIONS ON SIGNALS ( LAB 2 )
Objective:
Following are the main objectives of this lab.
1. To perform basic operations of signals
 Time Scaling
 Time Reversal
 Time Shift
2. To perform combinations of these operations on a

signal
3. To plot the signals and their operated

counterparts using Matlab
SIGNALS & SYSTEMS [Spring 2018] | MATLAB WORKSHOP | MARCH 12, 2018
Plot x(t)=sawtooth(wt), its compressed version

x(2t), and its expanded version x(0.5t).
f=1;
w=2*pi*f;
t=-5:0.01:5;
x = sawtooth(w*t);
b = 2; % Scaling Factor
x1 = sawtooth(w*b*t);
b=0.5; % Scaling Factor

x2 = sawtooth(w*b*t);
plot(t, x, 'red', t, x1,'green', t, x2, 'blue');

axis([-3 3 -5 5]);
Plot function x(t)=et, and its time reversed

version x(-t).
t=-3:0.01:3;
x = exp(t);
xrev= exp(-t);
plot(t, x, 'red', t, xrev, 'blue');
axis([-3 3 0 5]);
Plot function x(t)=e-3t, its time delayed x(t-1)
and its time advanced version x(t+1).
t=-3:0.01:3;
t1 = 1;
a=3;
x = exp(-a*t); % original
x1 = exp(-a*(t-t1)); %delayed
t1=-1;
x2 = exp(-a*(t-t1)); %advanced
plot(t, x, 'red', t, x1, 'green', t, x2, 'blue');
axis([-3 3 0 5]);
grid on
FOURIER SERIES REPRESENTATION OF SIGNALS ( LAB 2 )
Generating various complex waveforms to verify
Fourier theorem.
Following are the main objectives of this lab.
1. To verify the Fourier series representation of the

following signals (Square & Sawtooth)
2. To plot the actual signals and their

approximated counterparts using Matlab.
Fourier theorem
The Fourier theorem states that an non-
sinusoidal signal of fundamental frequency f is
in fact combination of sinusoidal signal of the
same frequency (f) and its integer multiples,
i.e., 2f, 3f, 4f, etc.
The above sawtooth waveform is sum of all the terms of the

Fourier series, i.e., from 1 to infinite. The
trignometric Fourier series to represent the above sawtooth
waveform is given as
AT  
f (t )  sin 2ft  
1
sin 4ft  
1
sin 4ft  
1
sin 8ft   ...
  2 3 4 

Y = sinwt + (1/2)sin2wt + (1/3) + sin3wt + …….
f=1; % frequency of the signal
w=2*pi*f; % angular frequency
t=0:0.01:2; % total time of the signal
% Using the first 7 Fourier series coefficients expansion terms %

constructing the sawtooth waveform
a=1*sin(w*t);
b=(1/2)*sin(2*w*t);
c=(1/3)*sin(3*w*t);
d=(1/4)*sin(4*w*t);
e=(1/5)*sin(5*w*t);
f=(1/6)*sin(6*w*t);
g=(1/7)*sin(7*w*t);
y=a+b+c+d+e+f+g; % Adding the coefficient terms
plot(t,y) % Plotting the response
The above can also be implemented using the for loop to make the things
efficient.
y=0;
f=1;
w=2*pi*f;
t=0:0.01:2;
for n=1:10
y= y + (1/n)*sin(n*w*t);
end
plot(t,y)
The Square wave is mathematically approximated, using

trigonometric Fourier series, as
Y = sinwt+(1/3)sin3wt+(1/5)sin5wt + (1/7)sin7wt
+(1/9)sin9wt + (1/11)sin11wt +(1/13)sin13wt +
….
% Fourier_ Square wave
f=1;
w=2*pi*f;
t=0:0.01:2;
% Using 7 terms to plot the Fourier series of a
Square wave
a=1*sin(w*t);
b=(1/3)*sin(3*w*t);
c=(1/5)*sin(5*w*t);
d=(1/7)*sin(7*w*t);
e=(1/9)*sin(9*w*t);
f=(1/11)*sin(11*w*t);
g=(1/13)*sin(13*w*t);
y = a+b+c+d+e+f+g;
plot(t,y)
The Language of Technical & Physical Computing
QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
arif.hussain@iba-suk.edu.pk

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INTRODUCTION TO MATRIX LABORATORY [ MATLAB ]

The Language of Technical & Physical Computing

Engr. Arif Hussain, Dept. Of Electrical Engineering ,SIBAU

 MATLAB (Matrix Laboratory) is a very powerful

 It is a high-performance Matrix-Based language for

 It is an integrated development environment (IDE)

 More than 5000 colleges and universities around the

 Scientific & Mathematical and Computation

 Algorithm Development & System Modeling

 Simulation & Visualization

 Analysis & Decision Making

 Scientific and Engineering graphics

 Interactive Programs & GUI development

Millions of engineers and scientists worldwide use MATLAB®

The goal of this minimum session (also called starting

 Explore MATLAB Environment & some Basic

 Do few simple calculations

To enter in MATLAB double click on the MATLAB icon

MATLAB has the following basic window components:

Current Directory Window

Command History Window

Ver check version of installed MATLAB & List of

clear removes all variables from the workspace.

close ALL closes all the open figure windows.

who Lists/ display the variables in the current

 You will have noticed that if you do not specify an

 Note that the variable ans is created (or overwritten,

 To avoid this, you may assign a value to a variable or

>> x = 1+2*3 >> 4*x

 The format command is used to change the format of the

 Type format rat to have MATLAB return rational

>> 5.1-3.3 >> x=2+3; >> 1+2*3

>> format rat y = >> (1+2)*3

+ Plus; addition operator.

 Typing help elfun and help specfun calls up full lists

 There is a long list of mathematical functions that

 Many standard mathematical functions, such as sin(x),

List of some commonly used functions, where

 A matrix is a two-dimensional array consisting of m rows

 Special cases: column vectors (n = 1)& row vectors (m = 1).

 a11 a12 ... a1n   b1 

To create row vector A simply type in:

>> B=A’ %% Transpose

V=[2 4 7 5] w=[1 3 8 9] z=[1; 1; 0; 0]

(i)diff= v – w (ii)sum = v + w (iii) v(2)

(iv) vw = [v w] (v) vw(2: 6) (vi) v’

(vii) v./w (viii) v.*w (ix) whos

V=[2 4 7 5] w=[1 3 8 9] z=[1; 1; 0; 0]

(i) z’ (ii) z*v

A matrix is an array of numbers. To type a matrix

 begin with a square bracket,

 separate elements in a row with spaces or commas (,)

 use a semicolon (;) to separate rows

 end the matrix with another square bracket, ].

Elements of a matrix are accessed as A(i,j),where i≥1 & j≥1.

 We can use the command

 Typing j:i:k defines a row vector with increment i

>> A(:,2:3) >> B = A([2 3],[1 2])

 MATLAB provides functions that generates elementary

 Plotting a given data set or the results of computation is

Creating simple plots

1. take a vector of x coordinates, x = (x1,...,xN)

2. a vector of y-coordinates, y = (y1,...,yN)

>> x = 1+23 >> 4x