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ISRN Nanotechnology
Volume 2013, Article ID 497873, 7 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/497873
Research Article
A Quick Process for Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles with
the Aid of Microwave Irradiation
Copyright © 2013 Tran Thi Ha et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Reaction between sodium hydroxide and zinc acetate leads to the formation of zinc hydroxide, Zn(OH)2 . The as-prepared Zn(OH)2
was then decomposed by using conventional heating process or with the aid of microwave irradiation. The nanoproducts of both
methods were ZnO nanostructures of different size and shape, but the microwave irradiation method shows many advantages in
yield and reaction time. Some surfactants such as SDS, CTAB, or PVP were then used to cap the product for studying the influence
on the morphology and properties of the nanostructures.
1. Introduction 2. Experimental
Zinc oxide has been famous for a wide range of applications Synthesis of ZnO nanopowders was achieved by dissolving
in the functional devices, photo-catalysts, optical materials, 0.1 mol zinc acetate (Merk, 99% purity) in propanol 2 to make
cosmetics, nanostructure varistors, UV absorbers, gas sen- 50 mL solution of 0.2 M Zn(CH3 COO)2 (Merk, 99% purity).
sors, and industrial additives [1–5]. Until now, many different While stirring, 50 mL of 0.3 M NaOH in propanol 2 (Merk,
methods have been developed for the production of ZnO 99% purity) was added dropwise. The resulting solution
nanopowders [1–3, 6–10]. Mechanochemical processing, sol- was then heated to obtain ZnO nanoproduct. To clarify
gel, or hydrothermal processing methods constitute pertinent the advantages of microwave irradiation, the above solution
examples. However, many of these methods, or at least was heated in two different ways: heating with microwave
some of their varieties, are overly costly and constitute oven system (Figure 1) or normal heating with an electric
demonstrations of laboratory interest only. cooker.
Nowadays, microwave energy has become a very efficient For microwave heating, the mixture of precursor solution
means of heating reactions. Chemical reactions that took long was placed in a microwave system. The microwave power
time to complete can now be accomplished in minutes with was set to 150 W. The reaction time was 5 minutes. During
the aid of microwave [8–12]. Microwave assisted synthesis not
the microwave irradiation the temperature of the solution
only helped in implementing GREEN chemistry but also led
reached 82.5∘ C (boiling point of propanol 2). After 5 minutes,
to the revolution in organic synthesis. Microwave irradiation
a white product precipitated.
is well known to promote the synthesis of a variety of com-
pounds, where chemical reactions are accelerated because of In the normal heating process, the solution of precursors
selective absorption of microwave by polar molecules. was heated to boiling point of propanol 2 by an electric cooker
In this paper, we report an effective method for the prepa- of power of 500 W. The designed temperature was attained
ration of ZnO nanoparticles by using microwave irradiation. after 20 minutes of heating. A white precipitate was also
The microwave irradiation method considered herein is fast, obtained at the end of the heating process.
mild, energy-efficient, and environment-friendly and, hence, ZnO nanopowders were prepared according to the fol-
it is not a weak substitute of the conventional method. lowing equations (1), (2) and the residual sodium salt
2 ISRN Nanotechnology
N2 gas
Cooling water
Intensity (a.u.)
(b)
(101)
(100)
(002)
(110)
(103)
(112)
(102)
(a)
20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70
2𝜃 (deg)
500 nm
500 nm
(a) (b)
200 nm
(a)
100 nm 100 nm
(c) (d)
(101)
(002)
(100)
(a)
(103)
(110)
(112)
(102)
(b)
𝑅 = 0.6 (S5)
Intensity (a.u.)
Absorbance
(c)
𝑅 = 0.9 (S6)
(d)
𝑅 = 1.2 (S7)
absorption onset using the effective mass model [6] where the
𝐸𝑔 = 3.33 eV
(b) band gap 𝐸𝑔 (in eV) can be approximated by
𝐸𝑔 = 3.35 eV
(a)
𝜋2 ℎ2 1 1 1.8𝑒
𝐸𝑔 = 𝐸𝑔bulk + ( + )−
2𝑒𝑟2 𝑚𝑒∗ 𝑚ℎ∗ 4𝜋𝜀𝜀𝑜 𝑟
−1
(3)
0.124𝑒3 1 1
− (
2 𝑚∗
+ ∗) .
3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 2
ℎ (4𝜋𝜀𝜀𝑜 ) 𝑒 𝑚 ℎ
Energy (eV)
𝐸𝑔 = 3.41 eV nanoparticles.
(b)
𝐸𝑔 = 3.38 eV Acknowledgments
(c) This work is completed with financial support by Hanoi
University of Science, Vietnam National university, Hanoi,
China (Project TN 11 06). The authors of this paper would
like to thank the Center for Materials Science (CMS), Faculty
2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 of Physics, College of Science, VNU for permission to use its
Energy (eV) equipments.
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