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Process
Control
_ Good/Bad
– Yes/No
March 3, 2014 3
Population Vs. Sample (Certainty Vs. Uncertainty)
LSL T USL
March 3, 2014 5
Descriptive Statistics
March 3, 2014 6
Inferential Statistics
March 3, 2014 7
WHAT IS THE MEAN?
ORDERED DATA SET
The mean is simply the average value of the -5
data. -3
-1
mean = x = ∑ xi − 2
= = −.17 -1
n 12 0
0
n=12 0
0
0
1
3
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 4
Mean ∑x i = −2
March 3, 2014 8
WHAT IS THE MEDIAN?
If we rank order (descending or ascending) the data set
ORDERED DATA SET
,we find the value half way (50%) through the data points
-5
and is called the median value.
-3
-1 50% of
data
-1 points
0
0
Median
0
0
0
1
3
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 4
Median
Value
March 3, 2014 9
WHAT IS THE MODE?
Central Line
Time
Control Chart Purposes
• Show changes in data pattern
– e.g., trends
• Make corrections before process is out
of control
• Show causes of changes in data
– Assignable causes
• Data outside control limits or trend in
data
– Natural causes
• Random variations around average
Quality Characteristics
Variables Attributes
1. Characteristics that you 1. Characteristics for which
measure, e.g., weight, you focus on defects
length 2. Classify products as either
2. May be in whole or in ‘good’ or ‘bad’, or count #
fractional numbers defects
– e.g., radio works or not
3. Continuous random
variables 3. Categorical or discrete
random variables
CONTROL CHART
Control
Charts
Variables Attributes
Charts Charts
R `X P C
Chart Chart Chart Chart
X Chart
UCL = x + A R From
x 2 Tables
LCL = x − A R
x 2
UCL R = D 4R
From Tables
LCL R = D 3R
Problem8.1 from TQM by
V.Jayakumar Page No 8.5
p Chart for Attributes
p(1− p)
UCLp = p + z
n z = 3 for
99.7% limits
p(1− p)
LCLp = p − z
n
Purpose of the p Chart
Identify and correct causes of bad quality
The average proportion of defective
articles submitted for inspection, over a
period.
To suggest where X and R charts to be
used.
Determine average Quality Level.
Problem
LCLc = c − 3 c