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S. MOHAW
Department of Civil Engineering, Universify of Arizona, Tucson, A% 85721, &bS.A.
Received July 2 1, 1989
Revised manuscript accepted April 17, I990
The present work deals with formulation of theoretical and analytical methods leading to the development of column
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strength curves. The fomulations were developed for both elastic and inelastic behaviour. Two types of reinforcement have
been developed for strengthening the W-shape columns under load. Since the column strength curves are based in part on
the magnitude and distribution of residual stresses, it is extremely important to consider the new pattern of residual stresses
due to welding process. Also, the welding sequence will affect the magnitude and distribution of residual stresses. Theoretical
fomulations leading to a closed-form solution for the prediction of critical load were developed for two types of strengthening
using the superposition of original residual, new welding, and initial loading stresses. A nonlinear finite element analysis
based on the large deformation theory of stability was used to predict the strengthened column critical load. It takes into
consideration the effect of cooling residual stresses and new welding residual stresses. The formulations were incorporated
with gradual penetration of yielding, the spreading of inelastic zones along the member length, the presence of residual
stresses, and strain hardening of the material. Experiments were carried out to determine the actual capacity of strengthened
columns. Seven specimens were tested using two and four strengthening plates. The welding stresses were measured through
a series of experiments, and it was found that the parabolic distribution is a very close approximationto the actual new welding
stress distribution,
Key words: reinforcement of steel columns, welding stresses, welding sequence, strengthening of existing structures, buck-
ling, steel plating, finite element.
For personal use only.
Cet article traite de 1'Claboration de mCthodes thCoriques et analytiques en vue de dCvelopper des courbes de rhistsnce
des poteaux. Ces formules ont CtC ClaborCes p u r les comporgemeglts Clastique et inClastique. Deux types d'arnmture ont CtC
dCveloppCs pour renforcer les pteaux en forme de W, soumis B des charges. hisque les csurbes de rCsistance des poteaux
sont fonction en partie de l'ampleur et de la rkpartition des contraintes rksiduelles, il est extrkrnement important de tenir
compte du nouveau schema des contraintes rCsiduelles causCes par le processus de soudure. En outre, I'ordonnancement de
la soudure influencera l'ampleur et la repartition des contraintes rCsiduelles. Des formules thkoriques qui rCsultent en une
solution de forme fermCe pour la prevision de Ba charge critique ont CtC ClaborCes pour deux types de renforcement, B l'aide
de la superposition des contraintes rCsidrnelles originales, des csntraintes de chargement initiales et des nouelelles contraintes
produites par la soudure. Une andyse non linCaire par la mCthode des ClCments finis a permis de prCdire la charge critique
du psteau renfsrck. Elle prend en considCration l'effet des csntraintes rCsiduelles de refroidissement et des nouvelles
contraintes rCsiduelles dues B la soudure. Les formules ont Cte intCgrCes B la dispersion des zones inClastiques le long de 1,616-
ment, la prCsence de contraintes rCsiduelles et Be durcissement h froid du matCriau. Des expkriences ont etC effectukes afin
de dCteminer la capacitC rCelle des poteaux renforcks. Sept Cchantillons ont BtC soumis B des essais a l'aide de deux et de
quatre plaques de renforcement. Les contraintes dues B la soudure ont CtC mesurCes de manikre expkrimentale. On a constat6
que la repartition parabolique Chit une approximation trks prks de la rkpartition rCelle des nouvelles csntraintes de ssudure.
Mots cl& : renforcement des poteaux d'acier, contraintes dues B la soudure, ordonnancement de la soudure, renforcement
de structures exishntes, Wambage, plaques d9acier, ClCment fini.
[Traduit par la revue]
third of the yield stresses a$ recommended by Structural Sta- integrating individual stress distributions in flanges, web, and
bility Research Council (SSRC) (Johnston 1976). plates along their reference axes, multiplying by the respective
Immediately after the welds are applied, the adjacent metal thicknesses, and summing them up.
cools and shrinks. The stresses developed in that area are ten- Wesidaal and wekding stresses
sile while the rest of the section is placed in compression. A For the case sf a W shape reinforced by two plates to the
value of one quarter of the yield stress was assumed asbthe flanges, the stresses can be represented as follows.
maximum value of compression, and tension is a second-
degree parabola. This distribution is different from the distri- Residual stresses
bution suggested by ABpsten and Tall (1970) for heavy welded Flanges:
shapes where welding stresses were not very predominant.
As the compressive load on the member progressively
increases, the individual fibres across the section show an
increase in compressive stress. When the load is at certain level Web:
(this can be varied as a total percentage of yield load), the
column is strengthened by welding plates. Two types of strength-
ening have been proposed for this investigation: ( i ) strengthen-
ing by two plates welded to flanges from outside as shown in
Fig. 1 and (ii) strengthening by four plates welded to flanges
Welding stresses
from inside as illustrated in Fig. 2. The new additional stresses
Flanges:
in the existing flange as a result of welding, for the case of
strengthening by two plates, are shown in Fig. 1, while the
web is hardly affected by any welding stress. For the case of
strengthening by four plates, both the existing flange and web
will experience additional welding stresses as illustrated in Web :
Fig. 2. At the time sf welding, as mentioned earlier, high ten-
sile stresses are introduced. Depending upon the welding crww = 0 (strengthening by two plates)
stress pattern, some fibres are relieved of stress and some C61
other fibres are burdened with more stress. The original (strengthening by four plates)
residual stresses in the column are well known, the loading
stress can be cdculated, and the new welding stresses are esti- Plate :
mated; therefore the strengthened column capacity can be
determined from the column strength curve by using the super-
position of the three types of stresses and the tangent modulus.
The superposition of stresses can be evaluated at each load
increment by integration or by other numerical methods. In Strengthening by twv plates
this paper, the theoretical method is based on the superposition The existing residual and new welding stresses are superirn-
MARZOUK AND MOHAN
FIRST AND
THIRD WELD
ITlONAL STRESSES I N
SECOND AND
FOURTH WELD
go rn WEB AS A RESULT OF
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FLANGE AS A RESULT OF
WELDING ONLY
COMPRESSION
For personal use only.
FIG. 2. Strengthening by four plates and welding stresses. (8- - -@) experimental; (-1 assumed values.
posed by adding corresponding formulations for webs and attained, because the integrals can be evaluated as follows:
flanges respectively.
Flanges:
Flanges:
Web :
Web :
Plates :
The above two equations can be modified to take into con-
sideration the initial loading stress, F, due to loading and the
incremental stress, f, afer strengthening of the column. The
final forms of the superimposed stress distribution for flanges The previous formulations are for the critical load in the
and webs are given by elastic region, but this may not always be the case. At lower
Flanges : slenderness ratios, the critical load is attained only in the
remaining plastic range of stress. Hence the critical load
becomes a factor dependent on the remaining elastic portion
in the cross section. The following formulations correspond to
critical loads for flanges, web, and plates in the inelastic
Web : region. As the axial compressive load on the column
increases, the tips of the flanges yield first, followed by the
middle of the web and then yielding progressively spreads
towards the junctions of flanges and web. The plates will yield
completely only after the original column section has yielded
The superimposed distributions for the flanges, web, and fully. The closed-form solution for critical loads can be calcu-
strengthening plates are shown in Fig. 3. The critical load for lated as follows:
the entire colvmn is obtained by integrating individual stress
distributions of flanges, webs, and plates along their reference Flanges:
P
axis, multiplying by respective thicknesses, and summing
them up. A closed-form solution for the critical load is
CAW. a. cnv. ENG. VOL. 17, 1990
,YIELDED REGION
B
I
Tension 1 Compression
B
FLANGE
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For personal use only.
STRENGTHENING PLATE
WEB
Web: Plates:
to investigate the same problem. The finite element method is modating both geometric and materid nonlinearities. Also, it
used to analyze the behviour of strengthened column under is applicable to both elastic and inelastic responses. For inelas-
load. A number of researchers (Korm and Galambos 1968; tic response, [27] can be written as
Hofmeister et al. 1971) have presented finite element models
for the analysis of beam columns. Ra~asekaranand Murray
(1973) extended the application of the method to beam and where [ K i ] is the inelastic element tangent stiffness matrix
beam-column analysis, in the inelastic range of material and is a fbanction of geometric and material nonlinearities.
response, for beams of arbitrary thin walled, open cross (A@) is the vector of incremental forces evduated for an
section. inelastic element.
El-Zanaty and Murray (1983) developed a general formula-
tion for both the elastic and inelastic nonlinear anmdlyses of
multistorey frames. The effect of axial loads on the stiffhess
Exprimental program
Can. J. Civ. Eng. Downloaded from www.nrcresearchpress.com by Hubei university on 06/06/13
of the stmcture was taken into account. The formulations were A series of experiments consisting of nine axial compressive
incorporated with gradual penetration of yielding, the spread- test specimens om two sizes of W shapes, namely, W200 x 27
ing of inelastic zones dong the member length, the presence and W150 x 22, were carried out at the Structural Laboratory
of residual stresses, and strains hardening sf the material. of Memorid University. The slenderness ratio of the columns
This method was adopted and modified to account for the ranged from 46 to IW. The limited capacity of the laboratory
mew welding stresses. The proposed finite element analysis loading equipment and the testing frame decided the find size
uses a simple beam element. It takes into consideration the and length of the test specimens. Test results of W200 x 27 and
effect of cooling residual stresses and new welding stresses. &%TI50 x 22 specimens are presented in this paper. Table 1
The totd strain can be evaluated by adding the residual strain, summarizes the geometric properties of all W shapes tested.
existing load strain, and new welding strain; therefore, the The steel for the W shapes, strengthening plates, and rollers
total strain is given as were all of grade G464.21-M-300W. Two types sf strengthen-
ing plate arrangements were tested for determining the critical
load. The columns were tested for pin-ended condition and
in which e~ is the total axial strain, E, is the strain in column, column end fixture details as recommended by Estuar and Tall
For personal use only.
ew is the residual strain, and EW is the new welding strain. (1967) m d Temple et al. (1986).
This was accomplished by adding new subroutine-called weld- Two end bearing plates were welded to all the specimens to
ing strains to the original program. Lagrangian coordinate sys- get a uniform load on the column. Two roller plates containing
tem was used in the development of the original finite element a central semicircular grove were welded to the end bearing
program by El-Zanaty and Murray (1988). plates to simulate the pin-end condition. Two reference speci-
The strain -displacement equation for the nonlinear formu- mens sf W200 ~ 2 and 7 W150 x22 without any plate rein-
lation can be written as given by El-Zanaty and Murray forcement were tested using the previous test setup to estimate
(1983). the column capacity of the unreinforcement sections.
I Test setup
1251 eZ = ud, + -[(ud)"
2
(~6)" - yv{ The schematic diagram of the test setup is shown in Fig. 4.
The strains developed at the time of welding were measured
by strain gauges located at one-third, middle, and two-third
levels as indicated in Fig. 5. The strain gauges were installed
to flanges, web, and strengthening plates, The instrumentation
The principle of virtual work can be expressed as follows: of flanges depended on the type of strengthening. When
strengthening was done from inside, strain gauges were
1261 6 W = I , oz6czdV - ( Q ) (6q) = 0 planted on the outside flanges and vice versa. Lateral deflec-
The above equation may be rewritten using three defined tions were recorded at mid and third points of the test column.
stress resultant, since the displacements are functions of a dis- LVDTs and dial gauges were used to record deflection. Two
crete set of M displacement coordinate, qi.Then, by differen- rams sf 670 kN capacity each, connected to a single mechani-
tiating with respect to 6qi, [26] yields the basic Newton- cal jack through a T-joint, were used to provide the required
Raphson equation and can be adopted for both geometric and load for the test. It was found that strain gauges can be used
material nonlinearity as detailed by Rajasekaran and Murray for measuring the welding strains in the temperature range
(1973). 2364 -318°C (450 - 600°F) by using a special kind sf heat
Assembling the element equations by the direct stiffness pro- shield.
cedure, the total set of equilibrium equations can be written as Test procedure
The columns were installed in position and aligned verti-
cally. Proper care was taken to ensure that there was no eccen-
in which [KT] is the structure tangent stiffness matrix; ( A r ) is tricity. The load was applied axially to the column. Before the
the assembled vector of incremental nodal displacements; and strengthening plates were welded to the flanges, the column
( M )is the assembled vector of incremental nodal forces, was preloaded to about 40% of its yield load. The plates were
called the unbalanced forces. first put in position and clamped to the flanges, then they were
Once [27] is assembled, the Newton -Waphson method can tack welded to the flanges. A predetermined welding sequence
be used to solve for the load-deformation characteristics of illustrated in Figs. Z and 2 was followed. This technique was
the structure. based on field investigation and actual strengthening of
The basic Newton -Waphson equation is capable of accom- columns carried out at a chemical plant in Regina, Saskatche-
840 CAN. J. CIV. ENG. VOL. 17, 1990
Plate
Specimen Length No. of dimensions
Test No. size (m) plates (mm)
Can. J. Civ. Eng. Downloaded from www.nrcresearchpress.com by Hubei university on 06/06/13
FWAMF
STRENGTHENING PLATE
FIELD WELDING
For personal use only.
TEST SPECIMEN
FIG. 5. Strain gauge instrumentation.
FIG. 6. Strengthening of a steel column under load. FIG.7. Typical specimen during testing.
ratio range suggests that the columns in this range have to be SLENDERNESS RAT 10
thoroughly analyzed before the strengthening operation is car- FIG. 8. Column curve for the strengthened column.
ried out. Similar argument can be extended t s the columns in
the intermediate range slenderness ratio. This can be attributed
to the welding stresses developed in the web during the weld- colum, strengthening by two plates is preferable than strength-
ing operation. Since the welding points are far from the web ening by four plates, since strengthening by two plates provided
in the case of strengthening by two plates, the deviation is not 15 -20 % increase in the column strength for the same slender-
as much as in the case of strengthening by four plates. ness ratio. However, consideration has to be given to factors
This leads to a significant conclusion that for a particular Bike accessibility of the flanges, feasibility, etc.
CAN. J. CIV. ENG. VOL. 14, 1990
The~retical Ultimate
Specimen Type of Strengthening Stabilized estimated recorded
Test No. size strengthening load (kN) load (kN) load (kN) load (kN)
1 W200 X 27 2 plates, outside 395 250 1010 1015
2 W200x27 2 plates, outside 395 260 1070 1065
3 W200 X 27 4 plates, inside 395 130 1075 960
4 W 150 x 22 2 plates, outside 440 430 1310 1280
5 W 150 x22 2 plates, outside 440 436 1305 1200
6 W150 ~ 2 2 2 plates, outside 440 430 11 15 8050
7 W150 X 22 4 plates, inside 440 405 1070 1050
Can. J. Civ. Eng. Downloaded from www.nrcresearchpress.com by Hubei university on 06/06/13
colunmns. ASTM STB 419, American Society for Testing and web critical elastic load
Materials, New York, NY. web critical inelastic load
HOFMEISTER, L. B., GREENBAUM, G. A., and EVENSON, D. A. 1971. plate critical elastic load
Large strain elastoplastic finite element analysis. American Insti- plate critical inelastic load
tute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Journal, 9: 1248- 1254. a row vector for applied forces
JOHNSTON, B. D. 1976. Guide to stability design criteria for metal critical stress
structures. John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY.
MORN,A., and GALAMBOS, T. V. 1968. Behaviour of elastic-plastic
yield stress
frames. ASCE Structural Journal, 94: 1119- 1142. residual stress distribution in flange
MURRAY, D. W., EL-ZARATY, M., and BJORHOVDE, R. f 980. Inelastic residual stress distribution in web
behaviour of multistory steel frames. Structural Engineering welding stress distribution in flange
Report No. 83, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta. welding stress distribution in web
RAJASEKAREN, S., and MURRAY, B, W. 1973. Finite elenment solution superimposed stress distribution in flange
of inelastic beanm equations. ASCE Structural Journal, 99: 1025 - superimposed stress distribution in web
1041. superimposed stress distribution in plates
SHANLEY, F. R. 1947. Inelastic column theory. Journal of Aeronauti-
For personal use only.
residual strain
cal Science, 14(5): 26 1. total axial strain
TEMPLE,M. C., SCHEPERS, J. A., and KENNEDY, D. J. L. 1986. Inter-
connection of starred angle compression members. Canadian Jour-
new welding strain
ma1 of Civil Engineering, 13: 693 - 699. existing column strain
tangent stiffness matrices
List of symbols inelastic tangent stiffness matrices
assembled vector of incremental nodal forces
B width of flange assembled vector of incremental displacements
B' unyielded width of flange vector of nodal displacement
b width of strengthening plate vector of nodal forces
b' unyielded width of strengthening plate inelastic vector of nodal forces
E modulus of elasticity horizontal and vertical displacements of point o,
F existing steel stress due to loading respectively
f stress increment