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AES-L2
Solar collectors
types
efficiency
application
statistics
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Photothermal conversion
consumer
hot water, heating, cooling, ...
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Solar collector
Absorber
Thermal insulation
Collector frame
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Solar collectors
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applications:
agriculture – drying
residental – heating of
ventilation air
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Glazing
Frame
Insulation
Solar collectors
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Solar collectors
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1 frame
2 sealing
3 transparent cover
4 thermal insulation
5 absorber
6 pipe register
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Solar collectors
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Solar collectors
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direct flow
heat pipe
source: Viessmann
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heat transfer fin between absorber tube and pipe register needed!
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reflector
source: OPC
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condenser
solar energy
absorbed at
absorber
evaporator
wet connection
condenser of heat pipe directly
washed by heat transfer fluid
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specular reflection
diffuse reflection
durability of optical
quality of reflector
snow and ice
flat reflector accummulation, tube
destruction
increase of
collector active
area (aperture)
linear focus
parabolic reflector
Winston collector (trough form)
collector with a Fresnel lens
point focus
paraboloid reflector
heliostats
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source: ENKI
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Incident solar
radiation
single glazing
low-iron glass, solar glass
low absorbance of solar radiation
antireflective coatings
reduction of reflection at interface glass-air
Reflection loss
1%
100 % 91 %
solar glass
4%+4%
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1%
100 % 96 %
solar glass with
double AR
3%
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absorptance a + reflectance r = 1
Absorber selectivity
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Absorber selectivity
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Absorber selectivity
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Absorber selectivity
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Absorber selectivity
ideal r = 1, a = e = 0
ideal selective
absorber
wavelength
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Selective surfaces
galvanic
electrochemical process
a = 0,93 – 0,96, e = 0,10 – 0,16
ceramic-metal (cermet)
sputtering, physical vapour deposition
material goes from a condensed phase to a vapor phase
process, high quality surfaces and then back to a thin film condensed phase
a = 0,95, e = 0,05
paints
considerably worse
a = 0,92, e = 0,85
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ta U
t abs t e
G
Simple calculation
collector C1 C2
transmittance of collector glazing: 0,90 0,90
absorptance of collector absorber: 0,90 0,90
front U-value 6 W/m2K 3 W/m2K
back U-value 1 W/m2K 1 W/m2K
calculate efficiency for given conditions:
te = 10 °C
G = 800 W/m2
tabs = 20 °C 80 °C
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Simple calculation
Collector 1
ta U
t abs t e Collector 2
G
0,9 0,9 (6 1)
t abs 10
0,9 0,9 (3 1)
t abs 10
800 800
1,0
0,8
0,6 C2
[-]
0,4 C1
0,2
0,0
0 0,02 0,04 0,06 0,08 0,1 0,12
2
(t abs - t e)/G [m K/W]
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efficiency
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t abst m
t e te
Fta
'ta
U U
G G
Efficiency factor F’
depends on
geometry of absorber:
pipe distance, pipe dimension, thickness of pipe-absorber
bond, absorber thickness
physical properties of absorber:
thermal conductivity of absorber, thermal conductance of the
bond pipe-absorber
flow regime in pipes: heat transfer from pipe wall to fluid
total heat loss coefficient of collector U
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Q k M c (t k2 t k1 )
tested at clear sky, G > 700 W/m2, normal incidence, w > 3 m/s
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Efficiency characteristic
1,0
0,8
0,6
[-]
0,4
0,2
0,0
0,00 0,05 0,10 0,15
(t m - t e)/G [m2.K/W]
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Q k
G Ak
gross area: AG
aperture area: Aa
absorber area: AA
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AA AA
Aa Aa Aa
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Efficiency characteristic
0 a1
t m te
a2
tm te
2
G G
a2 quadratic heat loss coefficient [W/(m2.K2)] „simplified approach for the radiation losses“
values 0, a1, a2 related to reference area Ak (aperture is preferred)
coefficients are given by producer, supplier or testing institute based
on test report in accordance to EN 12975-2
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Theory x testing
t m te
F 'ta F 'U
G
0 a1
t m te
a2
tm te
2
G G
Typical coefficients *)
0 a1 a2
Collector type
- W/(m2K) W/(m2K2)
Unglazed 0.85 20 -
Q k Ak G Ak [0G a1 (t m te ) a2 (t m te )2 ]
0 „optical“ efficiency [-], a1 linear heat loss c. [W/(m2.K)] a2 quadratic heat loss c. [W/(m2.K2)]
800
400
0
0 50 100 150
(tm - te) [K]
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k 0 a1
t k ,m t e ,s
a2
t k ,m t e ,s
2
GT ,m GT ,m
Q k ,peak Ak0G
[-]
0.4
0.2
0.0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
t m - t e [K]
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world
Europe
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