WATER & WASTEWATER ENGINEERING

COLLECTION AND CONVEYANCE OF RAW WATER FROM SOURCE

GROUP 2
Introduction
In any water supply project the first step is to select the source of water from which water is drawn. The
device installed for the purpose of drawing water from the source of water are called Intakes.
 Intake structures
The basic function of intake structure is to help in safety withdrawing water from the source
and then to discharge this water in to the withdrawal conduit, through which it reaches the
water treatment plant.
Types of intakes according to type of source According to presence of water in the tower
1. River Intake 1.Wet Intake
2. Canal Intake 2. Dry Intake
3. Reservoir Intake
4. Lake Intake
According to position of intake
1. Submerged Intake
2. Exposed Intake
According to position of intake
1. Submerged Intake structures are those which are constructed entirely under water.
2. The Exposed intakes is in the form of well or tower constructed near the bank or river or in
some cases even away from the bank of river.
According to presence of water in the tower
1. Wet Intake is that type of the Intake tower in which the water level is practically the same as
the water level of the source of supply.
2. In Dry intake there is no water in the intake tower. Water enters through entry port directly
in to conveyance pipes.
 Trash Racks
Trash racks is defined as a screen or grating provided at the entrance of intake to prevent entry
of debris. Trash racks usually consists of trash section 1.5 to 2m wide and not too long for
handling, made up of mild steel flats on edge 5 to 15cm.
 Penstock-are covered with suitable design screens to prevent entry of floating impurities.
 Intake Towers
 These are two major types of intake towers,
1. Wet Intake towers
2 .Dry Intake towers
 River Intake structures
They can be classified into two types
(1.) Twin well type of intake structure
(2.) Single well type of intake structure
• A typical river intake structure consists of 3 components
a. An inlet well
b. An inlet pipe (Intake pipe)
c. A Jack well
 WATER & WASTEWATER ENGINEERING

• The general requirement of an intake structure are:

1. Structural Stability
2. Hydraulic Efficiency
3. Velocity Limitation
4. Operational Efficiency

 CONVEYANCE OF WATER
OPEN CHANNELS
These are occasionally used to convey the water from the source to the treatment plant. These
can be easily and cheaply constructed by cutting in high grounds and banking in low grounds.
AQUEDUCTS
Aqueduct is the name given to the closed conduit constructed with masonry and used for
conveying water from the source to the treatment plant or point of distribution.
TUNNELS
This is also a gravity conduit, in which water flows under gravitational forces. But sometimes
water flows under pressure and in such cases these are called pressure tunnels.
FLUMES
These are open channels supported above the ground over trestles etc… Flumes are usually
used for conveying water across valleys and minor low lying areas or over drains and other
obstruction coming in the way.
PIPES
These are circular conduits, in which water flows under pressure. Nowadays pressure pipes are
mostly used at every places and they have eliminated the use of channels, aqueducts, and
tunnels to a large extent.
 Following types of pipes are commonly used
1. Cast Iron pipes
2. Wrought Iron pipes
3. Steel pipes
4. Concrete pipes
5. Cement lined Cast Iron pipes
6. Plastic or PVC pipes
7. Asbestos cement pipes
8. Copper and lead pipes
9. Wooden pipes
10. Vitrified Clay pipes
 PUMPS FOR LIFTING WATER
The function of the pump is to lift the water or any fluid at higher elevation or higher pressure.
In water works pumps are required under the following circumtances.
 Classification of pumps
(i)Classification based on principles of operation
• Displacement pump
• Centrifugal pumps
• Air-Lift pumps
• Impulse pumps
 WATER & WASTEWATER ENGINEERING

(ii)Classification based on type of power required

• Electrical driven pumps
• Gasoline Engine pumps
• Steam Engine pumps
• Diesel Engine pumps
(iii)Classification based on the type of services
• Low Lift pumps
• High Lift pumps
• Deep-well pumps
• Booster Pumps
• Standby Pumps
Displacement pump
-In these type of pumps, vacuum is created mechanically by the movable part of the pumps.
The following are the two main types of displacement pumps
1. Reciprocating Pumps
2. Rotary Pumps
Centrifugal Pumps
-These pumps works on the principle of centrifugal force, therefore, they are called centrifugal
pumps.
• DESIGN OF RISING MAIN
Rising main is the pipe through which the pumped water is sent further to the next unit
for treatment purpose. Water flows in this pipe under high pressure and flow is
turbulent. Here the friction loss in the pipe is more due to high velocity. Pressure pipes
are designed such that overall cost of the project should be lowest possible both from
maintenance and constructional point of view.