REMARKS CONCERNING THE TRANSLATION

ITS METHOD AND ARRANGEMENT

Principles observed in. tlie translation
has been the aim of the tianslator to prepare a rendering that
It

lepiesents, as faithfully as possible, the foim and meaning of the

Sanskrit text A
liteial equivalent, even
though lacking in fluency
or giace of expression, has been preferred thioughout to a fine phnise
that less exactly reproduces the original. The version has been made
in accordance \vith philological principles, with constant and com-
prehensive comparison of recuircnt words and phi uses, and due
attention has been paid to the native commentaries as \vell as to the
\voik of previous scholars in East and West.

The text on which, it is based

The Upanishads here translated may be said to be in
text of the

fairly good condition, and the readings of the printed editions could
in the main be followed. Occasional adoption of variants or eou-
jectuial mentioned and explained in the footnotes (as
emendations is

on pp. 207, 226,

455). In the Brihad-Aranyaka Upanishad the text
of the Kanva recension has been used as the basis; some of the
variations of theMadhyathdina recensionN aie noted at the foot of
the page. In the Kaushitaki Upanibhad the
pnncipal divergencies
between the Bibhotheca Indica edition and that in the Anandasrawa
Series are set foilh m the notes.

Order of the Upanishads in this volume

The traditional
sequence of the ten principal Upanishads is that
given in the following useful versus memonaUs :

aitareyam ca chandogyam brhaddranyakam

In the present volume, which adds the Maitri
Upanishatl to the usual
group of twelve, they are anangcd in the probable order of their
original composition. Though the determination of this order is

1
From A Catechism of flinduum, by Si is Chandia
Vasu, Benares, 1899, 3.
j>,

xii
 CONCERNING THE TRANSLATION
difficult and at best conjectural,
yet a careful study of the style and
contents of these texts points to a relative
sequence nearly like that
fust foimulatcd by Deussen. 1 The only depaiture in this volume from
Deussen's oider consists in placing the vetasvataza in the later
group
with the Maitii, rather than in the earlier 2
group before the Mundaka.

Treatment of metrical portions

Metrical poitions of the text are indicated
by the use of type of
a smalloi size and by an arrangement that suggests verse form to the

eye. The meter of each stanza is shown by the width of the margin :

ii maijrin of modciate width denotes the

-syllable tnstitbh, whereas n
a wider maigin denotes the familiar sloka, or 8-syllable anustubh.
The number of lines accoids with the number of veises in the
original,
and wherever possible the tianslation follows the text line for line.
It has
frequently been possible to attain in English the same number
of syllables as in the Sanskiit, though no attempt has been made to

pioducc a consistently metiical translation to the detiiment of the

sense.

Additions in square brackets

Matter in square brackets is matter not actually expiessed in the
wouls of the Sanskiit text. It comprises
(a) the Knglish equivalent of a woid or words omitted or to be
understood in the Sanskiit (as at Ait. 4. 6, p. 300; Katha 4.3,
P- 3S4);

(b) words added to complete or improve the English grammatical

structure (as at Chanel. 5. 230);
3. 3, p.

(r) explanations added by the translator to make clear the import

of the passage (as at Prasna 5. 3-5, p. 388 ;
Maitri 6, 14,

P- 433)-

Additions in parentheses
Matter in parentheses is always identical in meaning with the pre-
ceding woi d or words. It comprises

(a) translations
or equivalents of pioper names or other designa-
tions, as:
*
the Golden Germ (Hiranyagaibha)';

(b) Sanskrit words

in italics, immediately after their English trans-
*
lation as peace (santf)?
:

1
See Peussen, Die Philosophic der Upanishatf s , pp. 22-25; English tr.,
See also Macdonell, History of
pp. aa the Bibliography, p. 501 below).
-2<> (of.

$&mkrit IMtrature, London, 1900, p. 226.

* Notes on the <Jveta9vatara, 22 (1901), pp. 380-
See Hopkins, etc,,' JAOS.
on this very point
387, where he controverts Deussen
xiii'
 CONCERNING THE TRANSLATION
TJse of italics

Sanskrit words have been quoted freely in italics enclosed in

paientheses

(a) to aid the special student

in his search for the exact shade of
meaning by giving the original of which the word or phrase
immediately picceding is a translation ;
(b) to render evident to the eye the play
on woids 01 the etymo-
logical explanation that frequently occms in the exposition
or argumentation of the Upanishads (cf. Chand. i. 2. 10-12,
p. 179),

Nouns and adjectives are usually given in their uninflected stcm-

foim; occasionally, however, an inflected form is used for the take of

clearness (as at Chand. 8, 3. 3, p. 265).

Transliteration of Sanskrit words

The transliteration of Sanskrit words in italics follows thr current

usage of Western Oriental scholars (except that anuwara is repre-

sented by m instead of by the customary #;). In rotmm XiyV, as pan
of the English tianslation, however, proper names (as of divinities,
and ceremonies) aie given in a slightly less technical
persons, texts,
transliteration, with some concession to popular usage ;
the vowel
r is lepresented by
f
ri' (except in 'Rig/ 'Rig- Veda '),
and the
'
sibilant s by sh.'

Headings in heavy-faced type

The headings in heavy-faced type have been inserted
by the
translator to summarize the contents of the ensuing sections and to
interpret, as far as possible in a few words, the development of thought
in the text,

xiv