Differential Equations

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DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
An equation involving one dependent variable, one or more independent variables and the
differential coefficients (derivatives) of dependent variable with respect to independent variables is
called a differential equation.
Order of a Differential Equation: The order of the highest derivative involved in an ordinary
differential equation is called the order of the differential equation.
Degree of a Differential Equation: The degree of the highest derivative involved in an ordinary
differential equation, when the equation has been expressed in the form of a polynomial in the
highest derivative by eliminating radicals and fraction powers of the derivatives is called the degree
of the differential equation.
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Very Short Answer Questions
1. Find the order of the family of the differential equation obtained by eliminating the
arbitrary constants b and c from xy = ce x + be − x + x 2 .
Sol.
Equation of the curve is xy = ce x + be − x + x 2
Number of arbitrary constants in the given curve is 2.
Therefore, the order of the corresponding differential equation is 2.
2. Find the order of the differential equation of the family of all circles with their centres at
the origin.
Given family of curves is x 2 + y 2 = a 2 − − − (1) , a parameter.
Diff (1) w.r.t x,
2x+2y.y1 =0.
Hence required differential equation is x+y.y1 = 0.
Order of the differential equation is 1.
6/5
 d 2 y  dy 3 
3. Find the order and degree of  2 +    = 6y .
 dx  dx  
 
6/5
 d 2 y  dy 3 
Sol. Given equation is:  2 +    = 6y
 dx  dx  
 
3
d 2 y  dy 
i.e. 2 +   = (6y)5 / 6
dx  dx 
Order = 2, degree = 1
Short Answer Questions

1. Form the differential equation of the following family of curves where parameters are
given in brackets.
y = c ( x − c) ;(c)
2
i).
y = c ( x − c ) − − − − − − (1)
2
Diff. w.r.t x,
y1 = c.2 ( x − c ) − − − − ( 2 )
(1) y x−c
⇒ =
( 2) y1 2
2y 2y
⇒ x−c = and c =x-
y1 y1
2
 2 y  2 y 
from (1) , y =  x-   ⇒ y13 = 4 y ( xy1 − 2 y )
 y1  y1 
ii) xy = ae x + be− x ; ( a, b )
xy = ae x + be − x − − − (1)
Diff. w.r.t. x,
y + x. y1 = ae x − be − x − − − ( 2 )
diff .w.r.t. x,
y1 + y1 + xy2 = ae x + be − x = xy
∴ 2y1 + xy2 = xy
Which is required differential equation.
iii) y = ( a + bx ) e kx ; ( a, b )
y = ( a + bx ) ekx − − − (1)
Diff. w.r.t x,
⇒ y1 = k ( a + bx ) e kx + be kx
⇒ y1 = ky + be kx − − − ( 2 )
Diff. w.r.t. x,
⇒ y2 = ky1 + kbekx
⇒ y2 = ky1 + k ( y1 − ky )
⇒ y2 = 2ky1 − k 2 y Which is required differential equation.
iv) y = a cos(nx + b); ( a, b )
Ans. y2 + n 2 y = 0
2. Obtain the differential equation which corresponds to each of the following family of
curves.
i) The rectangular hyperbolas which have the coordinates axes as asymptotes.
Sol. Equation of the rectangular hyperbola is xy=c2 where c is arbitrary constant.
Differentiating w.r.t. x
dy
x +y=0
dx
ii) The ellipses with centres at the origin and having coordinate axes as axes.
Sol. Equation of ellipse is
x2 y2
+ =1
a2 b2
Diff. w.r.t. x,
2x 2y dy b2
+ = 0 ⇒ y.y1 = − x
a2 b 2 dx a2
Diff. w.r.t. x,
b2 y.y1
y.y 2 + y1.y1 = − ⇒ y.y2 + 2y1 =
a2 x
⇒ x ( y.y2 + 2y1 ) = y.y1
3. Form the differential equation corresponding to the family of circles of radius r given by
(x – a2) + (y – b)2 = r2, where a and b are parameters.
Sol. We have: (x – a2) + (y – b)2 = r2 …(1)
Differentiating (1) w.r.to x
dy
2(x − a) + 2(y − b) =0 … (2)
dx
Differentiating (2) w.r.to x

2
d 2 y  dy 
1 + (y − b) +  = 0 … (3)
dx 2  dx 
dy
From (2) (x − a) = −(y − b)
dx
Substituting in (1), we get

2
2  dy 
(y − b)   + (y − b)2 = r 2
 dx 
  dy 2  2
(y − b)    + 1 = r
2
… (4)
  dx  
 
  dy  2 
d2 y
From (3) (y − h) 2 = −  1 +   
dx   dx  
 
  dy 2 
1 +   
  dx  
(y − h) = −  
d y
2
 2 
 dx 
3
  dy 2 
1 +   
  dx  
Substituting in (4):  2
 = r2
 d2y 
 2 
 dx 
2 3
 d 2 y    dy 2 
i.e. r 2  2  = 1 +   
 
 dx    dx  
Long Answer Questions
1. Form the differential equations of the following family of curves where parameters are
given in brackets.
i) y = ae3x + be4x ; (a, b)
Sol. y = ae3x + be4x − − − − (1)
Differentiating w.r.to x
y1 = 3ae3x + 4be4x − − − − − ( 2 )
Differentiating w.r.to x,
y 2 = 9ae3x + 16be4x − − − − − ( 3)
Eliminating a,b from above equations,
y e3 x e4 x
y1 3e3 x 4e 4 x = 0
y2 9e3 x 16e4 x
y 1 1
⇒ y1 3 4 =0
y2 9 16
⇒ y2 − 7 y1 + 12 y = 0 Which is the required differential equation.
ii) y = ax2 + bx ; (a, b)
Sol.
y = ax2 + bx ---- (1)
diff. w.r.t. x,
y1 = y 2 x + b ⇒ y1x = y 2 x 2 + bx − − − ( 2 )
diff. w.r.t. x,
y 2 = 2a ----------- (3)
From (2) and (3),
y1 = y 2 x + b ⇒ y1x = y 2 x 2 + bx − − − ( 4 )
d2 y
x 2
2
= 2ax 2 … (i)
dx
dy
−2x = −4ax 2 − 2bx … (ii)
dx
2y = 2ax2 + 2bx … (iii)
Adding all three equations we get
d2 y dy
x2 2
− 2x + 2y = 0
dx dx
iii) ax2 + by2 = 1 ; (a, b)
Sol.
Given equation is
ax2 + by2 = 1 ------ (1)
⇒ 2ax + 2byy1 = 0
⇒ ax + byy1 = 0 − − − − − − ( 2 )
⇒ a + b ( yy2 + y1 y1 ) = 0 ⇒ a + b yy2 + y12 = 0 ( )

(
⇒ ax + bx yy2 + y12 = 0 ---- (3) )
( 3) − ( 2 ) ⇒ bx ( yy2 + y12 ) − byy1 = 0
(
⇒ x yy2 + y12 − yy1 = 0 )
b
iv) xy = ax 2 + ; (a, b)
x
b
Sol. xy = ax 2 +
x
x2y = ax2 + b
x2y1 + 2xy = 3ax2
Dividing with x
xy1 + 2y = 3ax … (i)
xy2 + y1 + 2y1 = 3a
xy2 + 3y1 = 3a … (ii)
Dividing (i) by (ii)
xy1 + 2y 3ax
= =x
xy 2 + 3y1 3a
Cross multiplying
xy1 + 2y = x 2 y 2 + 3xy
x 2 y 2 + 2xy1 − 2y = 0
 d2 y   dy 
x 2  2  + 2x   − 2y = 0
 dx   dx 
 
2. Obtain the differential equation which corresponds to each of the following family of
curves.
i) The circles which touch the Y-axis at the origin.
Sol. Equation of the given family of circles is
x2 + y2 + 2gx = 0, g arbitrary const …(i)
x2 + y2 = –2gx
2x + 2yy1 = –2g … (ii)
Substituting in (i)
x2 + y2 = x(2x + 2yy1) by (ii)
= 2x2 + 2xyy1
yy2 – 2xyy1 – 2x2 = 0
dy
y2 – x2 = 2xy .
dx
ii) The parabolas each of which has a latus rectum 4a and whose axes are parallel to x-axis.
Sol.
Equation of the given family of parabolas is
(y – k)2 = 4a(x – h) -----(i)
Where h,k are arbitrary constants
2(y – k)y1 = 4a
(y – k)y1 = 2a …(2)
(y – k)y2 + y12 = 0 …(3)
2a
From (2), y – k =
y1
Substituting in (3)
2a
⋅ y 2 + y12 = 0 ⇒ 2ay 2 + y13 = 0
y1
iii) The parabolas having their foci at the origin and axis along the x-axis.
Sol.
Given family of parabolas is y2 = 4a(x + a) ----- (i)
Diff. w.r.t.x,
dy 1
2y = 4a ⇒ yy′ = a ----- (2)
dx 2
From (i) and (2),
1  1 
y2 = 4 yy′  x + yy′ 
2  2 
1
y 2 = 2y′x + 4 ⋅ y 2 y′2 ⇒ y 2 = 2yy′x + y 2 y′2
4
2
 dy   dy 
y   + 2x   = y
 dx   dx 
Solutions of Differential Equations
Variables Separable:
dy
Let the given equation be = f (x, y) . If f(x, y) is a variables separable function,
dx
dy dy
i.e., f(x, y) = g(x)h(y) then the equation can be written as = g (x ) h ( y) ⇒ = g(x)dx . By
dx h(y)
dy
integrating both sides, we get the solution of = f (x, y) . This method of finding the solution is
dx
known as variables separable.
1. Find the general solution of 1 − x 2 dy + 1 − y 2 dx = 0 .
Sol. Given d.e. is
1 − x 2 dy + 1 − y 2 dx = 0
1 − x 2 dy = − 1 − y 2 dx
Integrating both sides
dy dx
∫ 1 − y2
= −∫
1− x2
sin–1y = –sin–1x + c
Solution is sin–1x + sin–1y = c, where c is a constant.
dy 2y
2. Find the general solution of = .
dx x
dy 2y dy dx
Sol. = ⇒∫ =2
dx x y x
log c + log y = 2 log x

log cy = log x 2
Solution is cy = x2 where c is a constant.
Solve the following differential equations.
dy 1 + y2
1. =
dx 1 + x 2
dy 1 + y2
Sol. =
dx 1 + x 2
dy dx
⇒∫ =∫
1 + y2 1+ x2
tan −1 y = tan −1 x + tan −1 c Where c is a constant.
dy
2. = e y− x
dx
dy e y dy dx
Sol. = x ⇒ y = x
dx e e e
Integrating both sides ∫ e − x dx = ∫ e − y dy ⇒ −e− x = −e− y + c
e− y = e− x + c Where c is a constant.
3. (ex + 1)y dy + (y + 1)dx = 0
Sol. (ex + 1)y dy = –(y + 1)dx

ydy dx
=− x
y +1 e +1
 1  e− x dx
∫  y + 1  ∫ e− x + 1
1 − dy = −
y − log(y + 1) = log(e− x + 1) + log c

⇒ y − log(y + 1) = log c(e − x + 1)
⇒ y = log(y + 1) + log c(e− x + 1)
y = log c(y + 1)(e − x + 1)
Solution is: e y = c(y + 1)(e − x + 1) .
dy
4. = e x − y + x 2e− y
dx
dy x −y 2 −y ex x 2
Sol. =e +x e = y + y
dx e e
∫e ⋅ dy = ∫ (e x + x 2 )dx
y
x3
Solution is: e y = e x + +c
3
5. tan y dx + tan x dy = 0
Sol. tan y dx = –tan x dy
dx −dy cos x cos y

= ⇒ dx = − dy
tan x tan y sin x sin y
Taking integration
cos x cos y
∫ sin x dx = −∫ sin y dy
log sin x = − log sin y + log c
log sin x + log sin y = log c
log(sin x ⋅ sin y) = log c ⇒ sin x ⋅ sin y = c
6. 1 + x 2 dx + 1 + y 2 dy = 0
Sol. 1 + x 2 dx = − 1 + y 2 dy
Integrating both sides ∫ 1 + x 2 dx = − ∫ 1 + y 2 dy

x 1
× 1 + x 2 + sinh −1 x =
2 2
1 + y2 1
y = sinh −1 x + c
2 2
x 1 + x 2 + y 1 + y 2 + log (x + 1 + x 2 )(y + 1 + y 2 )  = c

 
dy  dy 
7. y−x = 5  y2 + 
dx  dx 
dy dx dy
Sol. y − 5y 2 = (x + 5) ⇒ =
dx x + 5 y(1 − 5y)
dx dy 1 5 
∫ x + 5 = ∫ y(1 − 5y) = ∫  y + 1 − 5y  dy
ln | x + 5 |= ln y − ln |1 − 5y | + ln c
cy  cy 
ln | x + 5 |= ln ⇒ x +5 =  
1 − 5y  1 − 5y 
dy xy + y
8. =
dx xy + x
dy y(x + 1) y +1 x +1
Sol. = ⇒ dy = dx
dx x(y + 1) y x
 1  1
∫ 1 + y  dy = ∫ 1 + x  dx
y + log y = x + log x + log c
cx
y − x = log
y
dy 1 + y2
1. =
dx (1 + x 2 )xy
dy 1 + y2
=
dx (1 + x 2 )xy
Sol.
ydy dx
⇒ =
1+ y 2
x(1 + x 2 )
2ydy 2xdx
=
1 + y2 x 2 (1 + x 2 )
2ydy  1 1 
∫ 1 + y2 = ∫  x 2 − 1 + x 2  2x dx
log(1 + y 2 ) = log x 2 − log(1 + x 2 ) + log c

log(1 + x 2 ) + log(1 + y 2 ) = log x 2 + log c
Solution is: (1 + x2)(1 + y2) = cx2
dy
2. + x 2 = x 2 ⋅ e3y
dx
dy
Sol. + x 2 = x 2 ⋅ e3y
dx
dy
⇒ = x 2 ⋅ e3y − x 2 = x 2 (e3y − 1)
dx
dy e−3y
∫ e3y − 1 = ∫ x dx ⇒ ∫ = ∫ x 2dx
2
−3y
1− e
(1 − e−3y ) x 3
log = +c
3 3
log(1 − e −3y ) = x 3 + c′ (c′ = 3c)
Solution is: 1 − e −3y = e x ⋅ k (k = ec′ )

3
3. (xy2 + x)dx + (yx2 + y)dy = 0
Sol. (xy2 + x)dx + (yx2 + y)dy = 0
x(y2 + 1)dx + y(x2 + 1)dy = 0
Dividing with (1 + x2)(1 + y2)

xdx ydy
+ =0
1+ x2 1 + y2
xdx ydy
∫ 1 + x 2 + ∫ 1 + y2 = 0
1
(log(1 + x 2 ) + log(1 + y 2 )  = log c
2  
log(1 + x 2 )(1 + y 2 ) = 2 log c = log c2
(1 + x2)(1 + y2) = k when k = c2.
dy
4. = 2y tanh x
dx
dy dy
Sol. = 2y tanh x ⇒ = 2 tanh xdx
dx y
dy
∫ y
= 2 ∫ tanh x dx
log y = 2 log cosh x + log c

ln y = 2 ln cosh x + ln c ⇒ y = c cos 2 hx
 dy 
5. sin −1   = x + y
 dx 
dy
= sin(x + y) ⇒ x + y = t
dx
dy dt
1+ =
dx dx
dt dt
− 1 = sin t ⇒ = 1 + sin t
dx dx
dt
= dx
1 + sin t
dt
∫ 1 + sin t = ∫ dx
1 − sin t
∫ cos 2 t
dt = x + c
∫ sec tdt − ∫ tan t ⋅ sec t dt = x + c

2
tan t − sec t = x + c
⇒ tan(x + y) − sec(x + y) = x + c
dy y 2 + y + 1
6. + =0
dx x 2 + x + 1
−dy dx
=
y + y +1
2
x + x +1
2

dy dx
−∫ =∫
y2 + y + 1
x2 + x + 1
dy dx
−∫ 2
= ∫ 2
 1 3  1 3
 y +  +  x +  +
 2 4  2 4
2 (y + 1/ 2) 2 (x + 1/ 2)
− tan −1 = tan −1 +c
3 3/ 2 3 3/ 2
2x + 1 2y + 1
tan −1 + tan −1 =c
3 3
dy
7. = tan 2 (x + y)
dx
dy
Sol. = tan 2 (x + y) put v = x + y
dx
dv dy
= 1+ = 1 + tan 2 v = sec2 v
dx dx
dv
∫ sec2 v = ∫ dx = ∫ cos v ⋅ dv = x + c
2
(1 + cos 2v)
∫ 2
dv = x + c
⇒ ∫ (1 + cos 2v)dv = 2x + 2c
sin 2v
v+ = 2x + 2c
2
2v + sin 2v = 4x + c′
2(x + y) + sin 2(x + y) = 4x + c′
1
x − y − sin[2(x + y)] = c
2
Homogeneous Equations
Homogeneous Differential Equations:

dy f (x, y)
A differential equation = is said to be a homogeneous differential equation in x, y if both
dx g(x, y)
f(x, y), g(x, y) are homogeneous functions of same degree in x and y.
dy dv
To find the solution of the h .d.e put y = vx, then = v+x . Substituting these values in given
dx dx
differential equation, then it reduces to variable separable form. Then we find the solution of the
d.e.
 y dy
1. Express xdy − ydx = x 2 + y2 dx in the form F   = .
 x  dx
Sol. x ⋅ dy − ydx = x 2 + y 2 dx
dy dy
x − y = x 2 + y2 ⇒ x = y + x 2 + y2
dx dx
2
dy y x 2 + y2 y  y
= + 2
= + 1+  
dx x x x x
 y dy
Which is of the form F   =
 x  dx
 y y  y dy
2. Express  x − yTan −1  dx + x tan −1 dy = 0 in the form F   = .
 x x  x  dx
 y y
Sol. Given  x − yTan −1  dx + x tan −1 dy = 0
 x  x
y  y
x tan −1   dy = −  x − y tan −1  dx
x  x
 y  dy  y y
tan −1   = −  1 − tan −1 
 x  dx  x x
y y
= tan −1   − 1
x x
y  y
⋅ tan −1   − 1
dy x
=  x  = F y 
 
dx y x
tan −1  
x
dy  y  dy
3. Express x ⋅ = y(log y − log x + 1) in the form F   = .
dx  x  dx
dy
Sol. x ⋅ = y(log y − log x + 1)
dx
dy y  y 
=  log + 1
dx x  x 

dy x − y
1. =
dx x + y
dy x − y
Sol. = ----- (1)
dx x + y
(1) is a homogeneous d.e.
Put y = vx
dy dv
= v+x
dx dx
dv x − vx x(1 − v)
v+x = =
dx x + vx x(1 + v)
dv 1 − v 1 − v − v − v 2 1 − 2v − v 2
x⋅ = −v= =
dx 1 + v 1+ v 1+ v
(1 + v)dv dx
∫ 1 − 2v − v2 = ∫ x
1
− log(1 − 2v − v 2 ) = log x + log c
2
1  y y2 
− log  1 − 2 ⋅ − 2  = log cx
2  x x 

(x 2 − 2xy − y2 )
log 2
= −2log cx = log(cx) −2
x
x 2 − 2xy − y 2 1
2
= (cx) −2 = 2 2
x c x
1
(x 2 − 2xy − y 2 ) = =k
c2
2. (x2 + y2)dy = 2xy dx

dy 2xy
Sol. = 2 which is a homogeneous d.e.
dx x + y 2
Put y = vx
dy dv
= v+x⋅
dx dx
dv 2x(vx) 2v
v+x⋅ = 2 =
dx x + v 2 x 2 1 + v 2
dv 2v 2v − v − v3 v − v3
x⋅ = − v = =
dx 1 + v 2 1 + v2 1 + v2
1 + v2 dx
∫ v(1 − v2 ) dv = ∫ x
1 + v2 A B C
Let = + +
v(1 − v ) 2 v 1+ v 1− v
1 + v 2 = A(1 − v 2 ) + BV(1 − v) + CV(1 + v)

v = 0 ⇒1= A 1 + v2 dv dv dv
v = 1 ⇒ 1 + 1 = C(2) ⇒ c = 1
∫ v(1 − v )
2
dv = ∫ − ∫
v 1+ v
+∫
1− v
v = −1 ⇒ 1 + 1 = B(−1)(2) ⇒ 2 = −2B ⇒ B = −1
v
= log v − log(1 + v) − log(1 − v) = log
1 − v2
v
∴ log = log x + log c = log cx
1 − v2
v
= cx ⇒ v = cx(1 − v 2 )
1− v 2
y  y2  y (x 2 − y 2 )
= cx 1 − 2  ⇒ = cx
x  x  x x2
 
Solution is: y = c(x 2 − y 2 )
dy −(x 2 + 3y 2 )
3. =
dx (3x 2 + y2 )
dy −(x 2 + 3y 2 )
Sol. = which is a homogeneous d.e.
dx (3x 2 + y2 )
Put y = vx
dy dv
= v+ x⋅
dx dx
dv −(x 2 + 3v 2 x 2 ) − x 2 (1 + 3v 2 )
v+ x⋅ = = 2
dx 3x 2 + v 2 x 2 x (3 + v 2 )
dv 1 + 3v 2
x⋅ = −v −
dx 3 + v2
−3v − v3 − 1 − 3v 2 (v + 1)3
= =−
3 + v2 3 + v2
3 + v2 −dx
=
(v + 1) 3 x
3 + v2 A B C
= + +
(v + 1) 3 v + 1 (v + 1) 2
(v + 1)3
Multiplying with (v + 1)3
3 + v2 = A(v + 1)2 + B(v + 1) + C
v = –1 ⇒ 3 + 1 = C ⇒ C = 4
Equating the coefficients of v2
A=1
Equating the coefficients of V
0 = 2A + B
B = –2A = –2
v2 + 3 1 2 4
= − +
(v + 1) 3 v + 1 (v + 1) 2
(v + 1)3
v2 + 3 dx
∫ (v + 1)3 = −∫ x
 1 2 4  2 4 c
∫  v + 1 − (v + 1)2 + (v + 1)3  dv = − log x + log c log(v + 1) + v + 1 − 2(v + 1)2 = log x
 
Solution is:
y  2 2 c
log  + 1 + − 2
= log
 x  y +1  y  x
x  + 1 
x 
2x 2x 2 c (x + y)
− = log − log
x + y (x + y) 2 x x
2x 2 + 2xy − 2x 2 c
= log
(x + y) 2 x+y
2xy c
= log
(x + y) 2 x+y
x+y  c  2xy
log   c = − log  =−
 c  x+y (x + y) 2
4. y2 dx + (x2 – xy)dy = 0
Sol. y2 dx + (x2 – xy)dy = (xy – x2)dy
dy y2
= Which is a homogeneous d.e.
dx xy − x 2
dy dv
Let y = vx ⇒ = v+x⋅
dx dx
dv v2 x 2
v+x = 2
dx x (v − v2 )
dv v2 v2 − v2 + v
x⋅ = −v=
dx v − 1 v −1
v −1 dx  1 dx
dv = ⇒ ∫ 1 −  dv = ∫
v x  v x
v − log v = log x + log k

v = log v + log x + log k = log k(vx)
y
= log ky ⇒ ky = e y / x
x
dy (x + y) 2
5. =
dx 2x 2
dy (x + y) 2
Sol,. = Which is a homogeneous d.e.
dx 2x 2
dy dv
y = vx ⇒ = v+x
dx dx
dv (x + vx)2 2 (1 + v)
2
v+x = = x
dx 2x 2 2x 2
dv (1 + v 2 ) 1 + v 2 + 2v − 2v
x = −v=
dx 2 2
dv dx
2∫ =∫ ⇒ 2 tan −1 v = log x + log c
1 + v2 x
 y
2 tan −1   = log cx
x
6. (x2 – y2)dx – xy dy = 0
Sol. (x2 – y2)dx – xy dy = 0
(x2 – y2)dx = xy dy
dy x 2 − y 2
=
dx xy
dy dv
y = vx ⇒ = v+x
dx dx
dv x 2 − v 2 x 2 x 2 (1 − v 2 )
v+x = =
dx vx 2 vx 2
dv 1 − v 2 1 − v 2 − v 2 1 − 2v 2
x = −v= =
dx v v v
vdv dx
∫ 1 − 2v2 = ∫ x
1
− log(1 − 2v 2 ) = log x + log c
4
1  2y 2 
− log  1 − 2  = log x + log c
4  x 

1  x 2 − 2y 2 
− log   = log x + log c
4  x2
 
1
− log(x 2 − 2y 2 ) − log x 2  = log x + log c
4 
1 1
− log(x 2 − 2y 2 ) + ⋅ 2 log x = log x + log c
4 4
1 1
− log(x 2 − 2y 2 ) = log x + log c
4 2
− log(x 2 − 2y 2 ) = −2 log x − 4 log c
1 k k
log(x 2 − 2y2 ) = −2 log x + log k where k = = log ⇒ x 2 − 2y 2 =
c4 x2 x2
Solution is: x2(x2 – 2y2) = k
7. (x2y – 2xy2)dx = (x3 – 3x2y)dy
Sol. (x2y – 2xy2)dx = (x3 – 3x2y)dy
dy x 2 y − 2xy 2
= 3 Which is a homogeneous d.e.
dx x − 3x 2 y
dy dv
Put y = vx so that = v+x
dx dx
dv x 3 v − 2v 2 x 3
v+x = 3
dx x − 3vx 3
(v − 2v 2 )x 3 v − 2v 2
= =
(1 − 3v)x 3 1 − 3v
dv v − 2v 2
x = −v
dx 1 − 3v
v − 2v 2 − v(1 − 3v) −2v 2 + 3v 2
= =
1 − 3v 1 − 3v
dv v2 1 − 3v dx
x = ⇒ 2 dv =
dx 1 − 3v v x
 1 3 dx
∫  v2 − v  dv = ∫ x
−1
− 3log v = log x + log c
v
−x y
= 3log   = log x + log c
y x
3
−x y
− log   = log xc
y x
−x y3
= log xc + log 3
y x
−x  y3   cy3 
= log  cx ⋅ 3  = log  2 
y  x   x 
  
cy3 x2
= e − x / y ⇒ cy3 =
x2 ex / y
cy3 ⋅ e x / y = x 2
8. y2 dx + (x2 – xy + y2)dy = 0
Sol. y2 dx = –(x2 – xy + y2)dy
dy − y2
= 2
dx x − xy + y 2
dy dv
y = vx ⇒ = v+x
dx dx
dv −v2 x 2 − v2 x 2
v+x = 2 =
dx x − vx 2 + v 2 x 2 x 2 (1 − v + v 2 )
dv − v2
x = −v
dx 1 − v + v 2
− v 2 − v + v 2 − v3 v(1 + v 2 )
= =−
1 − v + v2 1 − v + v2
1 − v + v2 dx
dv = − … (1)
v(1 + v 2 ) x
1 − v + v2 A Bv + C
Let = +
v(1 + v ) 2 v 1 + v2
1 − v + v2 = A(1 + v 2 ) + (Bv + C)v
v=0⇒1=A
Equating the coefficients of v2
1=A+B⇒B=0
Equating the coefficients of v
1 − v + v2 1 1
−1 = C ⇒ = −
v(1 + v )
2 v 1 + v2
1 − v + v2 dv dv
∫ v(1 + v2 ) dv = ∫ −∫ = log v − tan −1 v From (1) we get
v 1+ v 2
log v − tan −1 v = − log x + log c

vx y
tan −1 v = log v + log x − log c = log = log
c c
y −1 −1
= e tan v = e tan (y / x)
c
−1
Solution is: y = c ⋅ e tan (y / x)
9. (y2 – 2xy)dx + (2xy – x2)dy = 0
Sol. (y2 – 2xy)dx + (2xy – x2)dy = 0
(2xy – x2)dy = –(y2 – 2xy)dx
dy 2xy − y2
=
dx 2xy − x 2
dy dv
Put y = vx ⇒ = v+x
dx dx
dv 2vx 2 − v2 x 2 x 2 (2v − v 2 )
v+x = = 2
dx 2vx 2 − x 2 x (2v − 1)
dv 2v − v 2
x = −v
dx 2v − 1
2v − v 2 − 2v 2 + v 3v(1 − v)
= =
2v − 1 2v − 1
2v − 1 dx
∫ v(1 − v) dv = 3∫ x
… (1)
2v − 1 A B
Let = +
v(1 − v) v 1 − v
2v − 1 = A(1 − v) + Bv
v = 0 ⇒ −1 = A ⇒ A = −1
v =1⇒1= B ⇒ B =1
 1 1  dx
∫  − v + 1 + v  dv = 3∫
x
− log v − log(1 − v) = 3log x + log c
1
log = log cx 3
v(1 − v)
1 1
= cx 3 ⇒ v(1 − v) = 3
v(1 − v) cx
y y 1 yx−y 1
 1−  = 3 ⇒   = 3
x  x  cx x  x  cx
1 1
xy(x − y) = = k ⇒ xy(y − x) = − = k
c c
dy y y 2
10. + =
dx x x 2
dy y y 2
Sol. + = Which is a homogeneous d.e.
dx x x 2
dy dv
dx dx
dv v2 x 2 dv
v+x +v= 2 ⇒x = v2 − 2v
dx x dx
dv dy
=
v − 2v
2 x
1 A B
Let = +
v − 2v
2 v v−2
1 = A(v − 2) + Bv
1
v = 0 ⇒ 1 = A(−2) ⇒ −
2
1
v = 2 ⇒ 1 = 2B ⇒ B =
2
1 1 1  dx
− ∫  −  dv = ∫
2  v v−2 x
1
− [log v − log(v − 2)] = log x + log c
2
1 v 
− log = log cx
2 v − 2 
v
log = − log cx = log(cx)−2
v−2
v (y / x) 1
= (cx)−2 ⇒ = 2 2
v−2 (y / x) − 2 c x
y 1 1
= 2 2 ⇒ x 2 y = 2 (y − 2x)
y − 2x c x c
Solution is:
y − 2x = c2 x 2 y = kx 2 y Where k = c2
11. xdy − ydx = x 2 + y2 dx
Sol. xdy − ydx = x 2 + y2 dx
dy
x − y = x 2 + y2
dx
dy y x 2 + y2
− =
dx x x
dy dv
dx dx
dv x 2 + y 2 x 1 + v2
∴x = =
dx x x
dv dx
∫ =∫ ⇒ sinh −1 v = log x + log c
1 + v2 x
log  v + 1 + v 2  = log cx ⇒ v + 1 + v 2 = cx
 
y y2
+ 1 + 2 = cx ⇒ y + x 2 + y 2 = cx 2
x x
12. (2x – y)dy = (2y – x)dx

dy 2y − x
Sol. =
dx 2x − y
dy dv
dx dx
dv x(2v − 1)
v+x =
dx x(2 − v)
dv 2v − 1 2v − 1 − 2v + v 2
x = −v=
dx 2 − v 2−v
2−v dx dv vdv dx
dv = ⇒ 2∫ 2 −∫ 2 =∫
v −12 x v −1 v −1 x
1 v −1 1
2 ⋅ log − log(v 2 − 1) = log x + log c
2 v +1 2
1 v −1 
 2 log − log(v 2 − 1)  = log cx
2 v +1 
1 (v − 1) 2 1
log ⋅ = log cx
2 (v + 1) (v − 1)(v + 1)
2
v −1
log = 2 log cx = log c 2 x 2
(v + 1) 2
y
−1
v −1 x
∴ = c 2 2
x ⇒ = c2 x 2
(v + 1) 3
y 
3
 + 1
x 
y−x
x x 2 (y − x)
=c x ⇒
2 2
= c2 x 2
(y − x) 3
(x + y) 3
x3
(y – x) = c2 (x + y)3.
dy
13. (x 2 − y 2 ) = xy
dx
dy xy
Sol. = 2
dx (x − y 2 )
dy dv
dx dx
dv x(vx) v
v+x = 2 =
dx x − v x
2 2
1 − v2
dv v v − v + v3 v3
x = − v = =
dx 1 − v 2 1 − v2 1 − v2
1 − v2 dx dv dv dx
3
dv = ⇒∫ 3 −∫ =∫
v x v v x
1
− − log v = log x + c
2v 2
1 x2
− = log vx + c = log y + c
2 y2
−x 2
2
= (log y + c) ⇒ − x 2 = 2y 2 (c + log y)
2y
x2 + 2y2 (c + log y) = 0.
dy y y2
14. Solve 2 = +
dx x x 2
dy dv
Sol. Put y = vx ⇒ = v+x
dx dx
dv dv
2v + 2x = v + v 2 ⇒ 2x = v2 − v
dx dx
dv dx  1 1 dx
=2 ⇒ ∫ −  dv = 2 ∫
v(v − 1) x  v −1 v  x
log(v – 1) – log v = 2 logx + log c
v −1 v −1
log = log cx 2 ⇒ = cx 2
v v
y
−1
x y−x
= cx 2 ⇒ = cx 2
y y
x
Solution is : (y – x) = cx2y
( )  x
1. Solve 1 + e x / y dx + e x / y 1 −  dy = 0 .
y  
( )  x
Sol. 1 + e x / y dx + e x / y 1 −  dy = 0
y 
 x
e x/ y  1 − 
⇒
dx
=−  y  Which is a homogeneous d.e.
dy (
1 + e x/y )
dx dv
Put x = vy ⇒ = v+y
dy dy
dx v
(1 + e v ) + e (1 − v) = 0
dy
 dv 
(1 + e v )  v + y  + e v (1 − v) = 0
 dy 
dv
v + ve v + y(1 + e v ) + e v − ve v = 0
dy
y(1 + e v )dv = −(v + e v )dy
1 + ev dy
∫ v + ev dv = − ∫ y
c
log(v + e v ) = − log y + log c ⇒ v + e v =
y
x x/y c
+e = ⇒ x + y ⋅ ex / y = c
y y
y dy y
2. Solve x sin ⋅ = y sin − x
x dx x
y dy y
Sol. x sin ⋅ = y sin − x
x dx x
y  y x
 sin   − 
dy x   x  y 
⇒ =
dx y
sin  
x
dy dv
dx dx
 1
v  sin v − 
= 
dv v
v+x
dx sin v
dv v sin v − 1 − v sin v
x =
dx sin v
1
− sin vdv = dx
x
dx
⇒ ∫ − sin v ⋅ dv = + ∫
x
⇒ cos v = log x + log c = log cx
⇒ cx = ecos v = ecos(y / x) .
 y
3. Solve xdy =  y + x cos 2  dx .
 x 
dy y dy y y
Sol. x = y + x ⋅ cos 2 ⇒ = + cos 2
dx x dx x x
Put y = vx,
dy dv dv
= v+x ⇒ v+x = v + cos 2 v
dx dx dx
dv dx dx
= ∫ ⋅ = ∫
2
⇒ sec v dv
cos 2 v x x
tan v = logx + c
y
i.e. tan   = log x + c .
x
4. Solve: (x – y log y + y log x)dx + x(log y – log x)dy = 0.
Sol. Dividing with x. dx we get
y y  y  dy
1− log y + log x + log   =0
x x  x  dx
y y  y  dy
1 −  log y − log  + log   =0
x x  x  dx
dy dv
Put y = vx, = v+x
dx dx
 dv 
1 − v[log v] + log v  v + x  = 0
 dx 
dv
1 − v log v + v log v + x log v =0
dx
dv dx
x log v = −1 ⇒ ∫ log v dv = − ∫
dx x
v log v − ∫ dv = c − log x
v log v − v = c − log x
v + c = v log v + log x ⇒ v + c = v log v + log x
y y  y
+ c = log   + log x
x x x
 y
y + cx = y log   + x log x
x
= y log y − y log x + x log x

= (x − y) log x + y log y
y y
5. Solve: (ydx + xdy)x cos = (xdy − ydx)y sin
x x
y y
Sol. (ydx + xdy)x cos = (xdy − ydx)y sin
x x
 y y  y y  dy
 xy ⋅ cos + y sin  −  xy ⋅ sin − x cos  =0
2 2
 x x  x x  dx
y y
xy ⋅ cos   + y 2 sin  
dy
= x x
dx y y
xy sin   − x 2 cos  
x x
2
y  y  y y
  cos   +   sin  
= 
x x x  x  = F y 
 
y y  y x
sin
    − cos  
x x x
∴ This is a homogeneous equation
dy dv
y = vx ⇒ = v+x
dx dx
dv v cos v + v 2 sin v
v+x =
dx v sin v − cos v
dv v cos v + v 2 sin v
x = −v
dx v sin v − cos v
v cos v + v 2 sin v − v 2 sin v + v cos v

=
v sin v − cos v
2v cos v
=
v sin v − cos v
v sin v − cos v 2
= dv
v cos v x
 1 2
∫  tan v − v  dv = ∫ x dv
log sec v − log v = 2 log | x |
c c
∴ log x 2 = log ⇒ x2 =
v cos v v cos v
y
But =v
x
Solution is:
c y
x2 = ⇒ xy cos   = c
y y x
⋅ cos  
x x
dy y y
6. Find the equation of a curve whose gradient is = − cos 2 , where x > 0, y > 0 and
dx x x
which passes through the point (1, π/4).
dy y y
Sol. = − cos 2 which is homogeneous d.eq.
dx x x
Put y = vx
dy dv
= v+x
dx dx
dv dv dx
v+x = v − cos 2 v ⇒ ∫ = − ∫
dx cos 2 v x
dx
∫ sec v = −∫ ⇒ tan v = − log | x | + c
2
x
This curve passes through (1, π/4)
π
tan   = c − log1 ⇒ c = 1
4
Equation of the curve is :
 y
tan v = 1 − log | x |⇒ tan  1 − log | x |
x
 x
7. Solve (1 + 2e x / y )dx + 2e x / y 1 −  dy = 0 .
y  
 x
Sol. (1 + 2e x / y )dx = −2e x / y 1 −  dy

y 
x 
= 2e x / y  − 1 dy
y 
x 
2e x / y  − 1
dy
= y 
dx 1 + 2e x / y
Put x = vy
dx dv dv 2e v (v − 1)
= v+y ⇒ v+y =
dy dy dy 1 + 2e v
dv 2e v (v − 1)
y = −v
dy 1 + 2e v
2ve v − 2e v − v − 2v −(2e v + v)
= e =
v
1 + 2e v 1 + 2e v
1 + 2e v dy
∫ v + 2e v dv = −∫ y
c
log(v + 2e v ) = − log y + log c = log
y
c
v + 2e v =
y
x c
Solution is: + 2e x / y = ⇒ x + 2y ⋅ e x / y = c
y y
 y y
8. Solve x sec   (ydx + xdy) = y csc   (xdy − ydx) .
x   x  
 y y  y  dy   y  dy 
Sol. x sec   (ydx + xdy) = y csc   (xdy − ydx) ⇒ x sec   y + x  = y csc   x − y 
x  x   x   dx  x dx 
dy  y  y 
x  x ⋅ sec   − y ⋅ csc   
dx  x  x 
 y  y 
= − y  y csc   + x sec   
 x  x 
 y  y 
− y  y csc   + x sec   
dy  x  x 
=
dx  y  y 
x  x sec   − y csc   
 x  x 
This is a homogeneous equation.
Put y = vx
dy dv
= v+x
dx dx
dv  v csc v + sec v 
v+x = v 
dx  v csc v − sec v 
 v 1 
v + 
sin v cos v  v(v cosv + sin v)
=  =
 1 1  v cos v − sin v
v − 
 sin v cos v 
dv v(v cos v + sin v)

x = −v
dx v cos v − sin v
v(v cos v + sin v − v cos v + sin v)
=
v cos v − sin v
2v sin v
=
v cos v − sin v
v cos v − sin v dx
∫ v sin v
dv = 2 ∫
x
cos v 1 dx
∫ sin v dv − ∫ v dv = 2∫ x
log sin v − log v = 2 log x + log c
 sin v  sin v
 = log cx ⇒ = cx 2
2
log 
 v  v
x y  y
sin   = cx 2 ⇒ sin   = cxy
y x x
Non- Homogeneous Equations
Equations Reducible to Homogeneous Form:

dy ax + by + c
The differential equation of the form = is called non homogeneous differential
dx a ′x + b′y + c′
equation.
I. Solve the following differential equations.

dy 12x + 5y − 9
1. =−
dx 5x + 2y − 4
Sol. from given d.e.
b = –5, a = 5 ⇒ b = –a
(5x + 2y – 4)dy = –(12x + 5y – 9)dx
(5x + 2y – 4)dy + (12x + 5y – 9)dx = 0
5(x dy+y dx) + 2y dy–4 dy+12x dx – 9 dx = 0
Integrating 5xy + y2 – 4y + 6x2 – 9x = c.
dy −3x − 2y + 5
2. =
dx 2x + 3y + 5
Sol. From given d.e.
b = –2, a = 2 ⇒ b = –a
(2x + 3y + 5)dy = (–3x – 2y + 5)dx
2x dy + 3y dy + 5dy = –3x dx –2y dx + 5 dx
2x dy + 3y dy + 5dy + 3x dx –2y dx + 5 dx = 0
Integrating
3 2 3 2
2xy + y + x + 5y − 5x = c
2 2
4xy + 3y 2 + 3x 2 − 10x + 10y = 2c = c′
Solution is
4xy + 3(x2 + y2) – 10(x – y) = c.
dy −3x − 2y + 5
3. =
dx 2x + 3y − 5
dy −3x − 2y + 5
Sol. =
dx 2x + 3y − 5
Here b = –2, a′ = 2, b = –a′
(2x + 3y – 5)dy = (–3x – 2y + 5)dx
⇒ 2(x dy+y dx) + (3y – 5)dy + (3x – 5)dx = 0
⇒ 2d xy + (3y – 5)dy + (3x – 5)dx = 0
Now integrating term by term, we get
2 ∫ d(xy) + ∫ (3y − 5)dy + ∫ (3x − 5)dx = 0
y2 x2 c
⇒ 2xy + 3 − 5y + 3 − 5x =
2 2 2
(or)3x 2 + 4xy + 3y 2 − 10x − 10y = c
Which is the required solution.
dy
4. 2(x − 3y + 1) = 4x − 2y + 1
dx
Sol. (2x – 6y + 2)dy = (4x – 2y + 1)dx
(2x – 6y + 2)dy – (4x – 2y + 1)dx = 0
2(x dy + y dx) – 6y dy + 2 dy – 4x dx – dx = 0
Integrating
2xy – 3y2 – 2x2 + 2y – x = c.
dy x − y + 2
5. =
dx x + y − 1
Sol. b = –1, a′ = a ⇒ b = –a′
(x + y – 1)dy = (x – y + 2)dx
(x + y – 1)dy – (x – y + 2)dx = 0
(x dy + y dx) + y dy – dy – x dx – 2 dx = 0
Integrating
y2 x 2
xy + − − y − 2x = c
2 2
2xy + y 2 − x 2 − 2y − 4x = 2c = c′
dy 2x − y + 1
6. =
dx x + 2y − 3
Sol. b = –1, a′ = 1 ⇒ b = –a′
(x + 2y – 3)dy = (2x – y + 1)dx
(x + 2y – 3)dy – (2x – y + 1)dx = 0
(x dy + y dx) + 2y dy – 3 dy – 2x dx – dx = 0
Integrating:
xy + y2 – x2 – 3x – x = c

dy
1. (2x + 2y + 3) =x+y+1
dx
dy x + y +1 ( x + y) +1
Sol. = =
dx 2x + 2y + 3 2 ( x + y ) + 3
dv dy
Let v = x + y so that = 1+
dx dx
dv v + 1 2v + 3 + v + 1 3v + 4
= 1+ = =
dx 2v + 3 2v + 3 2v + 3
2v + 3
dv = dx
3v + 4
2 1 3 ⋅ dv
3 ∫ dv + ∫
9 3v + 4 ∫
= dx
2 1
v + log(3v + 4) = x + c
3 9
Multiplying with 9
6v + log(3v + 4) = 9x + 9c
6(x + y) + log[3(x + y) + 4] = 9x + c
i.e. log(3x + 3y + 4) = 3x – 6y + c
dy 4x + 6y + 5
2. =
dx 2x + 3y + 4
dy 4x + 6y + 5 2 ( 2x + 3y ) + 5
Sol. = =
dx 2x + 3y + 4 2x + 3y + 4
Let v = 2x + 3y
dv dy dv 3(2v + 5)
= 2+3 ⇒ = 2+
dx dx dx v+4
2v + 8 + 6v + 15 8v + 23
= =
v+4 v+4
v+4
dv = dx
8v + 23
1 9 dv
8 ∫ dv + ∫
8 8v + 23 ∫
= dx
1 9
v + log(8v + 23) = x + c
8 64
Multiplying with 64
8v + 9 log(8v + 23) = 64x + 64c
8(2x + 3y) – 64x + 9log(16x + 24y + 23) = c′
Dividing with 8
9
2x + 3y − 8x + log(16x + 24y + 23) = c′′
8
9
3x − 6x + log(16x + 24y + 23) = c′′
8
Dividing with 3, solution is :
3
y − 2x + log(16x + 24y + 23) = k
8
3. (2x + y + 1)dx + (4x + 2y – 1)dy = 0

dy 2x + y + 1
Sol. =−
dx 4x + 2y − 1
⇒ a1 = 2, b1 = 1, a 2 = 4, b 2 = 2
a1 2 1 b1
= = =
a 2 4 2 b2
dv dy
Let 2x + y=v so that = 2+
dx dx
dv v + 1 4v − 2 − v − 1 3(v − 1)
= 2− = =
dx 2v − 1 2v − 1 2v − 1
2v − 1 2v − 1
dv = dx ⇒ dv = 3dx
3(v − 1) v −1
 1 
∫  2 + v − 1  dv = 3∫ dx
2v + log(v − 1) = 3x + c
2v − 3x + log(v − 1) = c
2(2x + y) − 3x + log(2x + y − 1) = c
4x + 2y − 3x + log(2x + y − 1) = c
Solution is x + 2y + log(2x + y – 1) = c
dy 2y + x + 1
4. =
dx 2x + 4y + 3
dy 2y + x + 1
Sol. =
dx 2x + 4y + 3
dv 2dy
Let v = x + 2y so that = 1+
dx dx
dv 2(v + 1) 2v + 3 + 2v + 2 4v + 5
= 1+ = =
dx 2v + 3 2v + 3 2v + 3
2v + 3 1 1 
dv = dx ⇒ ∫  +  dv = ∫ dx
4v + 5  2 2(4v + 5) 
1 1 1
v + ⋅ log(4v + 5) = x + c
2 2 4
Multiplying with 8
4v + log(4v + 5) = 8x + 8c
4(x + 2y) − 8x + log[4(x + 2y) + 5] = c′
Solution is:
4x + 8y – 8x + log(4x + 8y + 5) = c′
8y – 4x + log(4x + 8y + 5) = c′
5. (x + y – 1)dy = (x + y + 1)dx
dy x + y + 1
Sol. =
dx x + y − 1
dv dy
v=x+y⇒ = 1+
dx dx
dv v + 1 v − 1 + v + 1 2v
= 1+ = =
dx v −1 v −1 v −1
v −1  1
∫ v
dv = 2 ∫ dx ⇒ ∫ 1 −  dv = 2x + c
 v
v − log v = 2x + c
x + y − log(x + y) = 2x − c
(x – y) + log (x + y) = c is the required solution.

dy 3y − 7x + 7
1. =
dx 3x − 7y − 3
Sol.
⇒ a1 = −7, b1 = 3, a 2 = 3, b 2 = −7
a1 −7 b1 3 a1 b1
= , = ∴ ≠
a2 3 b 2 −7 a 2 b2
Let x = x + h, y = y + k
dy dY
Where 3k − 7h + 7 = 0 and3h − 7k − 3 = 0 and =
dx dX
Solving these equations,
h = 0 and k = 1
dy 3y − 7x
= which is a homogeneous d.e.
dx 3x − 7y
dy dv
dx dx
dv x(3v − 7)
v+x =
dx x(3 − 7v)
dv 3v − 7 3v − 7 − 3v + 7v 2
x = −v=
dx 3 − 7v 3 − 7v
7v 2 − 7 7v 2 − 7
= =
3 − 7v 3 − 7v
3 − 7v dx
=
7v 2 − 7 x
3 7vdv dx
∫ 7v2 − 7 dv − ∫ 7v2 − 7 = ∫ x
3 v −1 1
ln x = ln − ln | v 2 − 1| 14 log x–log c
14 v + 1 2
v −1
x = 3log − 7 log | v 2 − 1|⇒ 14 ln x − ln c
v +1
= 3ln(v − 1) − 3ln(v + 1) − 7 ln(v + 1) − 7 ln(v − 1)

14 ln x − ln c = −10 ln(v + 1) − 4 ln(v − 1)
ln(v + 1)5 + ln(v − 1) 2 + ln x 7 = ln c
(v + 1)5 ⋅ (v − 1)2 ⋅ x 7 = c
5 2
y  y  7
 + 1  − 1 x = c
x  x 
(y − x)2 (y + x)5 = c
[y − (x − 1)]2 (y + x − 1)5 = c
Solution is [y − x + 1)]2 (y + x − 1)5 = c
dy 6x + 5y − 7
2. =
dx 2x + 18y − 14
dy 6x + 5y − 7
Sol. =
dx 2x + 18y − 14
x = X + h, y = Y + k
dY dy 6(X + h) + 5(Y + k) − 7
= =
dX dx 2(X + h) + 18(Y + k) − 14
(6X + 5Y) + (6h + 5k − 7)

=
(2X + 18Y) + (2h + 18k − 14)
h k 1
+5 −7 +6 5
18 −14 +2 18
h k 1
= =
−70 + 126 −14 + 84 108 − 10
56 4 70 5
h= = ,k = =
98 7 98 7
dY 6X + 5Y
=
dX 2X + 18Y
dY dV
Y = VX ⇒ = V+X
dX dX
dV 6X + 5VX X(6 + 5V)
V+X = =
dX 2X + 18VX X(2 + 18V)
dV 6 + 5V 6 + 5V − 2V − 18V 2
X = −V =
dX 2 + 18V 2 + 18V
6 + 3V − 18V 2 3(2 + V − 6V 2 )
= =
2 + 18V 2 + 18V
2 + 18V dX
∫ 6V 2 − V − 2 dV = −3∫ X
2 + 18V A B
Let = +
6V − V − 2
2 3V − 2 2V + 1
Multiplying with (3V – 2)(2V + 1)
2 + 18V = A(2V + 1) + B(3V – 2)
2 4 
V= ⇒ 2 + 12 = A  + 1
3 3 
7
14 = A − ⇒ A = 6
3
1  3 
V = − ⇒ 2 − 9 = B − − 2
2  2 
7
−7 = − B ⇒ B = 2
2
 6 2  dX
∫  3V − 2 + 2V + 1  dV = −3∫ X
2 log(3V – 2) + log(2V + 1) = –3 log X + log c
log (3V – 2)2 (2V + 1) + log X3 = log c
log X3 (3V – 2)2 (2V + 1) = log c
X3 (3V – 2)2 (2V + 1) = c

2
3  3Y   2Y 
X  − 2  + 1 = c
 X   X 
(3Y − 2X)2 (2Y + X)

X3 =c
X2 X
2
  5  4 
 3 y − 7  − 2  x − 7  
    
  5  4 
 2 y −  +  x −  = c
  7  7 
(3y − 2x − 1)2 (2y + x − 2)

=c
72 7
Solution is:
(3y – 2x – 1)2 (x + 2y – 2) = 343c = c″
dy 10x + 8y − 12
3. + =0
dx 7x + 5y − 9
dy 10x + 8y − 12
Sol. + =0
dx 7x + 5y − 9
x = X + h, y = Y + k
dY dy
⇒ =
dX dx
dY 10(X + h) + 8(Y + k) − 12
+ =0
dX 7(X + h) + 5(Y + k) − 9
dY (10X + 8Y) + (10h + 8k − 12)

+
dX (7X + 5Y) + (7h + 5k − 9)
Choose h and k so that:
10h + 8k – 12 = 0, 7h + 5k – 9 = 0
h k I
+8 −12 10 8
+5 −9 +7 5
h k 1
= =
−72 + 60 −84 + 90 50 − 56
−12 6
h= = 2, k = = −1
−6 −6
dY 10X + 8Y
=−
dX 7X + 5Y
dY dV
Y = VX ⇒ = V+X
dX dX
dV 10X + 8VX X(10 + 8V)
V+X =− =−
dX 7X + 5VX X(7 + 5V)
dV 10 + 8V −10 − 8V − 7V − 5V 2
X =− −V =
dX 7 + 5V 7 + 5V
dV 5(V 2 + 3V + 2)
X =−
dX 7 + 5V
5V + 7 dX
∫ (V + 1)(V + 2) dV = −5∫
X
5V + 7 A B
= +
(V + 1)(V + 2) V + 1 V + 2
5V + 7 = A(V + 2) + B(V + 1)
V = −1 ⇒ 2 = A(−1 + 2) = A ⇒ A = 2V
V = −2 ⇒ −3 = B(−2 + 1) = − B, B = 3
 2 3  dX
∫  V + 1 + V + 2  dV = −5∫ X
2 log(V + 1) + 3 log (V + 2) = –5 log X + c
c = 2 log(V + 1) + 3 log(V + 2) + 5 log X = log(V + 1)2 (V + 2)3 x5

2 3
Y  Y  (Y + X)2 (Y + 2X)3 5
log  + 1  + 2  X5 = log X
X  X  X2 X3
⇒ (Y + X) 2 (Y + 2X)3 = ec = c′
(Y + 1 − X − 2)2 (Y + 1 − 2x − 4)3 = c
Solution is : (x + y – 1)2 (2x + y – 3)3 = c
4. (x – y – 2)dx + (x – 2y – 3)dy = 0
dy − x + y + 2
Sol. Given equation is =
dx x − 2y − 3
Let x = X + h, y = Y + k
dy −(X + h) + (Y + k) + 2 −X + y + (k − h + 2)
= =
dx (X + h) − 2(Y + k) − 3 (X − 2Y) + (h − 2k − 3)
–h + k + 2 = 0, h – 2k – 3 = 0
h k I
−1 −2 1 −1
−2 −3 1 −2
h k 1
= =
+3 − 4 −2 + 3 −2 + 1
h = 1, k = –1
dY − X + Y
=
dX X − 2Y
dY dV
Put Y = VX so that =V+X
dX dX
dV X(−1 + V) −1 + V
V+X = =
dX X(1 − 2V) 1 − 2V
dV −1 + V −1 + V − V + 2V 2 2V 2 − 1
X = −V = =
dX 1 − 2V 1 − 2V 1 − 2V
(1 − 2V)dV dX
∫ 2V − 1 2
=∫
X
1
− (−4V) − 1
dX 2
∫ X =∫ 1 − 2V 2
dV
1 (−4VdV) dV
= ∫
2 1 − 2V 2
−∫
1 − 2V 2
1 1 dV
log | x |= − log |1 − 2V 2 | − ∫
2 2  1 2
 −V
2

 2
1
+V
1 1 1 2
= − log |1 − 2V | − ⋅
2
log + log c 2 log | x |= − log |1 − 2V 2 |
2 2 2 1
−V
2
1
+V
1 2
− log + log C
 1  1
− V
2 
 2 2
1 1+ V 2
2 log | x | + log |1 − 2V 2 |= − log + log c
2 1− V 2
1 X+Y 2
log X 2 (1 − 2V 2 ) = − log + log c
2 X−Y 2
1/ 2
 X−Y 2 
log | X − 2Y |= log c 
2 2

X+Y 2 
1/ 2
 X−Y 2 
∴ X − 2Y = c 
2 2
 X + Y 2 
 
Substituting X = x–h = x – 1 , Y = y–k = y + 1

1/ 2
 x − 1 − (y + 1) 2 
(x − 1) − 2(y + 1) = c 
2 2
 x − 1 + (y + 1) 2 
 
1/ 2
 x − y 2 −1 − 2 
(x − 2y − 2x − 4y − 1) = c 
2 2
 x + y 2 − 1 + 2 
 
5. (x – y)dy = (x + y + 1) dx
dy x + y + 1
Sol. =
dx x−y
x = X + h, y = Y + k
dy X + h + Y + k + 1 (X + Y) + (h + k + 1)
= =
dx (X + h) − (Y + k) (X − Y) + (h − k)
Choose h and k so that h + k + 1 = 0, h – k = 0
1 1
Solving h = − , k = −
2 2
dY X + Y
∴ =
dX X − Y
dY dV
Put Y = VX ⇒ =V+X
dX dX
dV X(1 + V)
V+X =
dX X(1 − V)
dV 1 + V 1 + V − V + V2 1 + V2
X = −V = =
dX 1 − V 1− V 1− V
(1 − V)dV dX
∴ =
1+ V 2 X
dV 1 2VdV dX
∫ 1 + V2 − 2 ∫ 1 + V2 = ∫ X
1
tan −1 V − log(1 + V 2 ) = log x + log c
2
2 tan −1 V = log(1 + V) 2 + 2 log x + 2 log c
= log c 2 x 2 (1 + V 2 )
Y  y2 
2 tan −1   = log c 2 x 2 1 + 2 
X  x 
 
 1
 y+ 
2 tan −1  2 = log c 2 (Y 2 + X 2 )
1
x+ 
 2
 2y + 1  
2 
2
1  1 
2
2 2 1
2 tan −1   = log c   x +  + y +   = log c  x + y + x + y + 
2
 2x + 1   2  2    2
6. (2x + 3y – 8)dx = (x + y – 3)dy

dy 2x + 3y − 8
Sol. =
dx x + y −3
dY dy
x = X + h, y = Y + k so that =
dX dx
dY 2(X + h) + 3(Y + k) − 8
=
dX (X + h) + (Y + k) − 3
(2X + 3Y) + (2h + 3k − 8)
=
(X + Y) + (h + k − 3)
2h + 3k – 8 = 0, h + k – 3 = 0
h k I
3 −8 2 3
1 −3 1 1
h k 1
= =
−9 + 8 −8 + 6 2 − 3
h = 1, k = 2
dY 2X + 3Y
∴ =
dX X+Y
dY dV
Put Y = VX so that =V+X
dX dX
dV X(2 + 3V) dV 2 + 3V
V+X = ⇒X = −V
dX X(1 + V) dX 1 + V
2 + 3V − V − V 2 2 + 2V − V 2
= =
1+ V 1+ V
(1 + V)dV dX
∫ 2 + 2V − V 2 = ∫ X
(1 + V)dV
Consider ∫ 2 + 2V − V 2
Let (1 + V) = A(2 – 2V) + B
Equating the coefficients of V
1 = –2A ⇒ A = –1/2
Equating constants:
1 = 2A + B = –1 + B ⇒ B = 2
(1 + V)dV 1 (2 − 2V)dV dV
∫ 2 + 2V − V 2 = − 2 ∫ 2 + 2V − V 2 + 2∫ 2 + 2V − V 2
1 dV
= − log(2 + 2V − V 2 ) + 2 ∫
2 ( 3) 2 − (V − 1)2
1 1 3 + V −1
= − log(2 + 2V − V 2 ) + 2 log
2 2 3 3 − V +1
1 1 V + ( 3 − 1)
= − log(2 + 2V − V 2 ) + log
2 3 − V + ( 3 + 1)
Y
 + ( 3 − 1)
1 2Y Y 2  1 X
= − log  2 + − + log
2  X X 2  3 Y
 − + 3 +1
X
1 1 Y + ( 3 − 1)X
= − log(2X 2 + 2XY − Y 2 ) + log
2 3 Y − ( 3 + 1)Y
1 1 [Y + 3 − 1)X]
∴ log X + c = − log(2X 2 + 2XY − Y 2 ) + log
2 3 Y − ( 3 + 1)X
dy x + 2y + 3
7. =
dx 2x + 3y + 4
dY dy
Sol. Let x = X + h, y = Y + k so that =
dX dx
dY (X + h) + 2(Y + k) + 3
=
dX 2(X + h) + 3(Y + k) + 4
(X + 2Y) + (h + 2k + 3)
=
(2X + 3Y) + (2h + 3k + 4)
h + 2k + 3 = 0, 2h + 3k + 4 = 0
h k I
2 3 1 2
3 4 2 3
h k 1
= =
8−9 6− 4 3− 4
−1 2
h= = 1, k = = −2
−1 −1
dY X + 2Y
=
dX 2X + 3Y
This is a homogeneous equation
dY dV
Y = VX ⇒ = V+X
dX dX
dV X(1 + 2V)
V+X =
dX X(2 + 3V)
dV 1 + 2V 1 + 2V − 2V − 3V 2
X = −V =
dX 2 + 3V 2 + 3V
(2 − 3V)dV dX
=
1 − 3V 2X
dV 1 −6VdV dX
2∫ − ∫ =∫
1 − 3V 2 2 1 − 3V 2 X
1
+V
2 dV 1 2 1 3 1
∫ − log |1 − 3V | = log X + log c − log |1 − 3V 2 |= log cx
2
2
log
3  1  2 3 2⋅ 1 1
− V 2 −V 2
  3 3
 3
1 1 + 3V
log log |1 − 3V 2 |= log cy
3 3 1 − 3V
3Y
1+
1 X 1 3y 2
log − log 1 − 2 = log cy
3 3 3Y 2 x
1−
X
1 X + 3Y 1 X 2 − 3Y 2
log − log = log cx
3 X − 3Y 2 X2
Where X = x – 1, Y = y + 2
1 
log(X + 3Y) − log(X − 3) 
3
1
(
− log(X + 3Y) + log(X − 3Y) − 2 log X
2
)
= log CX
 1 1 
log(X + 3Y)  −  − log(X − 3Y)
 3 2
1 1 
2+  + log X = log c + log X
 3
2− 3 2+ 3
log(X + 3Y) log(X − 3Y)
2 3 2 3
= log c
(2 − 3) (2 + 3)
i.e. log(X + 3Y)
2 2
log(X − 3Y) = 3c′ where c′ = log c
dy 2x + 9y − 20
8. =
dx 6x + 2y − 10
dy 2x + 9y − 20
Sol. Given equation is =
dx 6x + 2y − 10
dY dy
Let x = X + h, y = Y + k so that =
dX dx
dY 2(X + h) + 9(Y + k) − 20
=
dX 6(X + h) + 2(Y + k) − 10
(2X + 9Y) + (2h + 9k − 20)
=
(6X + 2Y) + (6h + 2k − 10)
2h + 9k – 20 = 0, 6h + 2k – 10 = 0
h k I
9 −20 2 9
2 −10 6 2
h k 1
= =
−90 + 40 −120 + 20 4 − 54
−50 −100
h= = 1, k = =2
−50 −50
dY 2X + 9Y
∴ =
dX 6X + 2Y
This is homogeneous equation
dY dV
y = VX ⇒ =V+X
dX dX
dV x(2 + 9V)
V+X =
dX x(6 + 2V)
dV 2 + 9V 2 + 9V − 6V − 2V 2
X = −V =
dX 6 + 2V 6 + 2V
6 + 2V ⋅ dY dX
=
2 + 3V − 2V 2 X
(6 + 2V)dV dx
∫ (1 + 2V)(2 − V) = ∫ x
… (1)
6 + 2V A B
Let = +
(1 + 2V)(2 − V) 1 + 2V 2 − V
6 + 2V = A(2 – V) + B(1 + 2V)
V = 2 ⇒ 10 = B(5) ⇒ B = 2
1 5
V = − ⇒ 5 = A  ⇒ A = 2
2 2
6 + 2V 2 2
= +
(1 + 2V)(2 − V) 1 + 2V 2 − V
(6 + 2V)dV 2dV dV
∫ (1 + 2V)(2 − V) = ∫ 1 + 2V − 2∫ V − 2
= log(1 + 2V) − 2 log(V − 2)
From (1) we get
log(1 + 2V) − log(V − 2)2 = log X − log c

1 + 2V X 1 + 2V X
log = log ⇒ =
(V − 2) 2 c (V − 2) 2 c
2
X 2V x  Y 
1 + 2V = (V − 2)2 ⇒ 1 + =  − 2
c X cX 
X + 2Y x (Y − 2X)2
=
X c X2
Solution is (X + 2Y) = (Y – 2X)2
Where X = x – 1, Y = y – 2
c(x – 1 + 2y – 4) = (y – 2 – 2x + 2)2
c(x + 2y – 5) = (y – 2x)2 = (2x – y)2
Linear Differential Equations
dy
Linear Equations: A differential equation of the form + Py = Q , where P and Q are functions of
dx
x only is called a linear differential equation of the first order in y.
dy
Bernoulli’s Equation: An equation of the form + Py = Qy n , where P and Q are functions of x
dx
only, is called a Bernoulli’s equation
I. Find the I.F. of the following differential equations by transforming them into linear form.
dy
1. x − y = 2x 2 sec2 2x
dx
dy
Sol. x − y = 2x 2 sec2 2x
dx
dx 1
− y = 2x sec2 2x which is linear in y .
dy x
1 1
I.F. = e ∫ = ∫ − log x = e− log x = elog(1/x) =
pdx
e
x x
dx
2. y − x = 2y3
dy
dx dx 1
Sol. y − x = 2y3 ⇒ − x = 2y 2 which is linear equation in x.
dy dy y
1
∫ pdy ∫ − y dy 1
I.F. = e =e = e− log y = elog(1/ y) =
y

dy
1. + y tan x = cos3 x
dx
dy
Sol. + y tan x = cos3 x which is linear d.eq. in y.
dx
I.F. = e ∫ = e∫
p dx tan x dx
= elog(sec x) = sec x
Solution of the equation is
y. I.F. = y.I.F = ∫ Q. I.F. dx
⇒ y sec x = ∫ sec x cos3 x dx = ∫ cos 2 x dx

1 1 sin 2x 
2∫
= (1 + cos 2x)dx = x+ +c
2 2 
2y
= x + sin x ⋅ cos x + c
cos x
Solution is:
2y = x cos x + sin x ⋅ cos2 x + c ⋅ cos x
dy
2. + y sec x = tan x
dx
dy
Sol. + y sec x = tan x which is l.d.e. in y
dx
I.F. = e ∫ = elog(sec x + tan x) = sec x + tan x

sec xdx
Sol is y.I.F. = y.I.F = ∫ Q. I.F. dx
y(sec x + tan x) = ∫ tan x(sec x + tan x)dx
= ∫ (sec x ⋅ tan x + tan 2 x)dx
= ∫ (sec x ⋅ tan x + sec2 x − 1)dx
Solution is
y(sec x + tan x) = sec x + tan x − x + c
dy
3. − y tan x = e x sec x Which is l. d.e. in y.
dx
− tan x dx
Sol. I.F. = e ∫ = elog cos x = cos x
y cos x = ∫ e x sec x cos xdx = ∫ e x dx = e x + c
dy
4. x + 2y = log x
dx
2
∫ x dx 2
Sol. I.F. = e = e2log x = elog x = x 2
Solution is:
log x
∴ y ⋅ x2 = ∫ x2 dx = ∫ x log xdx
x
 x2  1 1 x2 1 x2 x2
= log x   − ∫ x 2 dx = log x − ∫ x dx = log x − +c
 2  2 x 2 2 2 4
 
dy −1
5. (1 + x 2 ) + y = e tan x
dx
−1
dy 1 e tan x
Sol. + ⋅ y = which linear differential equation in y.
dx 1 + x 2 1+ x2
dx
∫ pdx ∫ 1+ x 2 −1
I.F. = e =e = e tan x
−1
tan −1 x (e tan x 2
)
y⋅e =∫ dx … (1)
1+ x 2
−1
(e tan x 2
) dx
Consider ∫ dx put tan −1 x = t ⇒ = dt
1+ x2 1+ x2
−1
e 2t e2 tan x
= ∫ (e ) dt = ∫ e dt =
t 2
= 2t
2 2
−1
tan −1 x e2 tan x
c
Solution is y ⋅ e = +
2 2
−1 −1
2y ⋅ e tan x
= e 2 tan x
+c
dy 2y
6. + = 2x 2
dx x
dy 2y
Sol. + = 2x 2 which is l.d.e. in y.
dx x
2
∫ x dx 2
I.F. = e = e2log x = elog x = x 2
2x 5
y ⋅ x 2 = ∫ 2x 4dx = +c
5
dy 4x 1
7. + y=
dx 1 + x 2
(1 + x 2 ) 2
4x
∫ 1+ x 2 dx
= e2log(1+ x
2
Sol. I.F. = e )
= elog(1+ x
2 2
)
= (1 + x 2 )2
∴ Solution is y(1 + x 2 ) 2 = ∫ dx = x + c
dy
8. x + y = (1 + x)e x
dx
dy 1 (1 + x)e x
Sol. + ⋅y =
dx x x
1
∫ x dx
I.F. = e = elog x = x
y ⋅ x = ∫ (1 + x)e x dx = x ⋅ e x + c
dy 3x 2 1+ x2
9. + y=
dx 1 + x 3 1 + x3
dy 3x 2 1+ x2
Sol. + y = which is linear differential equation in y .
dx 1 + x 3 1 + x3
3x 2
∫ 1+ x 3 dx
= elog(1+ x ) = 1 + x 3
3
I.F. = e
x3
y(1 + x 3 ) = ∫ (1 + x 2 )dx = x + +c
3
dy
10. − y = −2e− x
dx
− dx
Sol. I.F. = e ∫ = e− x
y ⋅ e− x = −2∫ e −2x dx = e−2x + c
y = e − x + ce x
dy
11. (1 + x 2 ) + y = tan −1 x .
dx
dy 1 tan −1 x
Sol. + ⋅ y = which is linear differential equation in y.
dx 1 + x 2 1+ x2
dx
∫ 1+ x 2 −1
I.F. e = e tan x
−1
tan −1 x −1 e tan x
y⋅e = ∫ tan x dx
1+ x2
dx
Put t = tan–1x so that dt =
1+ x2
R.H.S. = ∫ t ⋅ e t dt = t ⋅ e t − ∫ e t dt = t ⋅ e t − e t
−1 −1
Solution is: y.e tan x
= e tan x
(tan −1 x − 1) + c
−1
y = tan −1 x − 1 + c ⋅ e − tan x
dy
12. + y tan x = sin x .
dx
Sol. I.F. = e ∫
tan x dx
= elog sec x = sec x
y sec x = ∫ sin x ⋅ sec x dx

= ∫ tan x dx = log sec x + c

dy
1. cos x + y sin x = sec 2 x
dx
dy
Sol. + tan x ⋅ y = sec3 x which is l.d.e in y
dx
I.F. = e ∫
tan x dx
= elog sec x = sec x
y ⋅ sec x = ∫ sec 4 xdx = ∫ (1 + tan 2 x) sec2 xdx
tan 3 x
= tan x + +c
3
2. sec x ⋅ dy = (y + sin x)dx
dy y + sin x
Sol. = = y cos x + sin x ⋅ cos x
dx sec x
dy
− y cos x = sin x ⋅ cos x which is l..d.e in y
dx
− cos xdx
I.F. = e ∫ = e − sin x
y ⋅ e− sin x = ∫ e− sin x ⋅ sin x ⋅ cos x ⋅ dx
Consider ∫ e − sin x ⋅ sin x ⋅ cos x ⋅ dx
t = – sin x ⇒ dt = –cos x dx
− sin x
∫e ⋅ sin x ⋅ cos x dx = + ∫ e t ⋅ t dt
= t ⋅ e t − e t + c = e − sin x (− sin x − 1) + c
y ⋅ e− sin x = −e− sin x (sin x + 1) + c

or y = −(sin x + 1) + c ⋅ esin x
dy
3. x log x ⋅ + y = 2 log x
dx
dy 1 2
Sol. + y=
dx x log x x
dx
∫ x log x
I.F. = e = elog(log x) = log x
log x
y log x = 2 ∫ dx = (log x)2 + c
x
dy
4. (x + y + 1) =1
dx
dy
Sol. (x + y + 1) =1
dx
dx dx
= x + y +1 ⇒ − x = y + 1 which is l.d.e in x.
dy dy
− dy
I.F. = e ∫ = e∫ = e− y
pdy
sol is x.I.F.= ∫ Q.IFdy
x ⋅ e − y = ∫ e − y (y + 1)dy = −(y + 1)e− y + ∫ e− y dy
= −(y + 1)e− y − e− y = −(y + 2)e− y + c
x = −(y + 2) + c ⋅ e y
dy
5. Solve x(x − 1) − y = x 3 (x − 1)3 .
dx
dy 1
Sol. − y = x 2 (x − 1) 2 which is l.d.e in y
dx x(x − 1)
dx 1 1 
∫ pdx ∫ − x(x −1) ∫  x − x −1 
I.F. = e =e =e dx
x
log x
log x −log(x −1) x −1
=e =e =
x −1
x x
y⋅ = ∫ x 2 (x − 1)2 dx = ∫ x 3 (x − 1)dx
x −1 (x − 1)
xy x5 x 4
Hence solution is = − +c
x −1 5 4
dy
6. (x + 2y3 ) =y
dx
dy x + 2y3 x
Sol. = = + 2y 2
dx y y
dx 1
− x = 2y 2
dy y
1
∫ − y dy 1
I.F. = e = e − log y = elog1/ y =
y
1
y ∫
x⋅ = 2ydy = y 2 + c
Solution is: x = y(y 2 + c)
dy
7. Solve (1 − x 2 ) + 2xy = x 1 − x 2 .
dx
dy 2x x
Sol. + y =
dx 1 − x 2 1 − x2
2x
∫ 1− x 2 dx
= e − log(1− x
2
I.F. = e )
2 −1 1
= elog(1− x )
=
1− x2
y xdx
=∫ = (1 − x 2 ) −1/ 2 + c
1− x 2
(1 − x ) 2 3/ 2
(or)y = 1 − x 2 + c(1 − x 2 )
dy
8. x(x − 1) − (x − 2)y = x 3 (2x − 1)
dx
dy x−2 x 3 (2x − 1)
Sol. − y=
dx x(x − 1) x(x − 1)
2− x
∫ x(x −1) 2−x A B
I.F. = e = +
dx ⇒
x(x − 1) x x − 1
2 − x = A(x − 1) + Bx
x = 0 ⇒ 2 = − A ⇒ A = −2
x =1⇒1= B ⇒ B =1
2−x −2 1
= +
x(x − 1) x x + 1
2−x dx dx
∫ x(x − 1) dx = −2∫ x + ∫ x − 1
x −1
= − log x + log(x − 1) = log
x2
x −1
log x −1
I.F. = e x2 =
x2
x −1 x 3 (2x − 1) x − 1
y =∫ ⋅ dx
x2 x(x − 1) x 2
= ∫ (2x − 1)dx = x 2 − x + c
Solution is y(x – 1) = x2(x2 – x + c)
dy 2 3
9. (x y + xy) = 1
dx
dy 2 3
Sol. (x y + xy) = 1
dx
dx
= xy + x 2 y3
dy
dx
⇒ − xy = x 2 y3 ---- (1)
dy
Which is Bernoulli’s equation
Dividing with x2,

1 dx 1
− y = y3
2 dy x
x
1 dz 1 dx
Put z = − so that =
x dy x 2 dy
dz
⇒ + z ⋅ y = y3 ----2)
dy
Which is linear diff.eq. in z
I.F. = e ∫
ydy 2
= ey /2
Sol is z.I.F = ∫ Q. I.F. dy
2 2
z ⋅ ey /2
= ∫ y 3e y /2
⋅ dy
y2
put = t ⇒ y dy = dt
2
y 2 /2  y2 
= ∫ t ⋅ dt ⋅ e = e (t − 1) = e
t t
 − 1

 2 
2 2
/2  y2 
z ⋅ ey /2
= ey  − 1 + c
2 
 
y2 1 y2
− 1 + c ⋅ e− y /2 ⇒ − = − 1 + c ⋅ e− y /2
2 2
z=
2 x 2
 y2 
− 1 + c ⋅ e − y /2 
2
−1 = x 
 2 
 
 y2 /2 
− 1 + c ⋅ e− y
2
Hence solution is 1 + x   = 0
 2 
dy
10. + x ⋅ sin 2y = x 3 cos 2 y
dx
1 dy 2sin y cos y
Sol. 2
+ 2
x = x3
cos y dx cos y
dy
sec2 y + 2 tan y.x = x 3
dx
dz dy
z = tan y ⇒ = sec 2 y
dx dx
dz
+ 2zx = x 3
dx
I.F. = e ∫
2xdx 2
= ex
2 2
z ⋅ e x = ∫ x 3 ⋅ e x dx ...(1)
2
Consider ∫ x 3 ⋅ e x dx
t = x 2 ⇒ dt = 2x ⋅ dx
2 2
∫ x ⋅ e dx = ∫ x ⋅ x ⋅ e dx
3 x 2 x
1 1
=
2 ∫ t ⋅ e t dt = e t (t − 1)
2
2 1 x2 2
= z ⋅ ex = e (x − 1) + c
2
x2 −1
+ c ⋅ e− x
2
z=
2
x 2 −1
+ c ⋅ e− x
2
tan y =
2
 1  dy
11. y 2 +  x −  = 0
 y  dx
Sol.
 1  dy
y2 +  x −  =0
 y  dx
 1  dy
x−  = − y2
 y  dx
dx x − 1/ y x 1
= =− 2 + 3
dy −y 2
y y
dx 1 1
+ 2 ⋅ x = 3 Which is l.d.e in x
dy y y
1
∫ y2 dy
I.F. = e = e−1/y
Sol is x.I.F = ∫ Q. I.F. dy
e −1/ y
x ⋅ e −1/ y = ∫ dy … (1)
y3
1 1
put − = z ⇒ 2 dy = dz
y y
= ∫ z ⋅ ez dz = ez (z − 1)
 1 
x ⋅ e −1/y = −e−1/y  − − 1  + c
 y 
x 1+ y
= +c
e1/ y
y ⋅ e1/y
Hence solution is xy = 1 + y + cy e1/y.
Problems for Practice
1 . Form the differential equation corresponding to the family of circles passing through the
origin and having centers on Y-axis.
dy
Ans. (x 2 − y 2 ) − 2xy = 0
dx
dy
2. Solve = sin(x + y) + cos(x + y)
dx
 x+y
Ans. x = log 1 + tan +c
 2 
y
3. Give the solution of x sin 2 dx = ydx − xdy which passes through the point (1, π/4).
x
y
Ans. cot = log x + 1
x
(
4. Solve 2x − 10y3 ) dx
dy
+y=0
2
∫ y dy 2
Ans. I.F. = e = e2log y = elog y = y 2
(
5. Solve 1 + x 2 ) dx
dy
+ 2xy − 4x 2
=0
4x 3
Ans. y(1 + x 2 ) = ∫ 4x 2 dx = +c
3
1 dy
⋅ + y ⋅ e x = e(1− x)e .
2
6. Solve
x dx
Ans. 2y ⋅ e(x −1)e = x 2 + 2c

x
dy
7. Solve sin 2 x ⋅ + y = cot x .
dx
Ans. y ⋅ e− cot x = (cot x + 1)e− cot x + c
dy
8. Find the equation of the equation x(x − 2) − 2(x − 1)y = x 3 (x − 2) which satisfies the
dx
condition that y = 9 when x = 3.
y
Ans. = x + 2 log(x − 2)
x(x − 2)
9. Solve (1 + y 2 )dx = (tan −1 y − x)dy .

−1 −1
Ans. x ⋅ e tan y
= e tan y
(tan −1 y − 1) + c .
10. Solve (x 3 − 3xy 2 )dx + (3x 2 y − y3 )dy = 0 .
y2
−1
Ans. x2 = cx
y2
+1
x2

Differential Equations

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Very Short Answer Questions

Equation of the curve is xy = ce x + be − x + x 2

Number of arbitrary constants in the given curve is 2.

Therefore, the order of the corresponding differential equation is 2.

Given family of curves is x 2 + y 2 = a 2 − − − (1) , a parameter.

Diff (1) w.r.t x,

Hence required differential equation is x+y.y1 = 0.

Order of the differential equation is 1.

Short Answer Questions

Which is required differential equation.

⇒ y2 = 2ky1 − k 2 y Which is required differential equation.

iv) y = a cos(nx + b); ( a, b )

i) The rectangular hyperbolas which have the coordinates axes as asymptotes.

Sol. Equation of the rectangular hyperbola is xy=c2 where c is arbitrary constant.

Sol. Equation of ellipse is

⇒ x ( y.y2 + 2y1 ) = y.y1

Sol. We have: (x – a2) + (y – b)2 = r2 …(1)

Differentiating (1) w.r.to x

Differentiating (2) w.r.to x

Substituting in (1), we get

Long Answer Questions

i) y = ae3x + be4x ; (a, b)

Sol. y = ae3x + be4x − − − − (1)

Eliminating a,b from above equations,

⇒ y2 − 7 y1 + 12 y = 0 Which is the required differential equation.

ii) y = ax2 + bx ; (a, b)

y = ax2 + bx ---- (1)

From (2) and (3),

2y = 2ax2 + 2bx … (iii)

Adding all three equations we get

iii) ax2 + by2 = 1 ; (a, b)

ax2 + by2 = 1 ------ (1)

⇒ a + b ( yy2 + y1 y1 ) = 0 ⇒ a + b yy2 + y12 = 0 ( )

x2y1 + 2xy = 3ax2

xy1 + 2y = 3ax … (i)

xy2 + 3y1 = 3a … (ii)

Dividing (i) by (ii)

i) The circles which touch the Y-axis at the origin.

Sol. Equation of the given family of circles is

x2 + y2 + 2gx = 0, g arbitrary const …(i)

2x + 2yy1 = –2g … (ii)

x2 + y2 = x(2x + 2yy1) by (ii)

yy2 – 2xyy1 – 2x2 = 0

Equation of the given family of parabolas is

(y – k)2 = 4a(x – h) -----(i)

Where h,k are arbitrary constants

(y – k)y2 + y12 = 0 …(3)

Given family of parabolas is y2 = 4a(x + a) ----- (i)

From (i) and (2),

Solutions of Differential Equations

Very Short Answer Questions

1. Find the general solution of 1 − x 2 dy + 1 − y 2 dx = 0 .

Sol. Given d.e. is

Integrating both sides

Solution is sin–1x + sin–1y = c, where c is a constant.

Integrating both sides

log c + log y = 2 log x

Solution is cy = x2 where c is a constant.

Short Answer Questions

Solve the following differential equations.

Integrating both sides

tan −1 y = tan −1 x + tan −1 c Where c is a constant.

Integrating both sides ∫ e − x dx = ∫ e − y dy ⇒ −e− x = −e− y + c