“Synthesis of

Copper hydroxide”

Cu(OH)2

By
Chanya Thedratanawong

Kanticha Puthongkum

Thanittha Chivatxaranukul

Yavitha Siri-u-vithtaya

#1105
 Abstract

In this experiment, CuSO4 was a solution A and two of NaOH

represented the solution B and C. They were used to observe and analyze

the reaction of the solutions and the limiting and excess reagent of each

reaction. During the experiment, solution A was mixed with solution B as one

reaction and another solution A was mixed with solution C for another

reaction.

The Result of this experiment is that the the solution that came out

from the mixing of the solution A and Solution B is more liquid than the

solution that came from Solution A and C because the first solution has less

sodium hydroxide than the second one. Moreover after both of the 2 solution

had left over in the oven for 1 day, the result that came out is that the

Solution of A and B had dried and stick with the paper and It still remained

the same color while the Solution of A and C had dried but it had clotted

together and had changed its color to be navy blue. Therefore, the difference

in amount of NaOH which are solution B and C affect the final product of

each reaction.
 Introduction

Compound has 2 or more element which connect by chemical bonding

and it can be separated by chemical method. Compounds are usually divided

into 2 types. First one is ionic compound which is metals react with

nonmetals and these atoms are composed of negative and positive charge.

Second one is covalent compound which is nonmetals combine together.

Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), also known as caustic soda or lye, is co-

product of chlorine production and one of a caustic substance which use to

neutralize acids and make sodium salts. Sodium hydroxide is formed in white

crystalline odorless solid at room temperature and can absorb moisture from air.

(PubChem Compound Database, 2005). It is also used in metal cleaning and

electrolytic extracting. Molar mass of sodium hydroxide is 40.01 g/mol., and

it is the alkali salt of sodium. The structure of NaOH has an ionic compound

consisting of sodium cation (Na+) and hydroxide (OH-) anion.

 Filtration is a method that use to separate solid from the liquid or

gaseous fluid by using the filter medium which allows only the liquid part to

pass through, but not the solid(britannica, 2018). Filtration has more than

one way to do it such as general filtration, vacuum filtration, cold filtration

and hot filtration. In this experiment, the method that we use is general

filtration and it is the method that uses the gravity to pull down the liquid

through the filtration medium such as filter paper and the solid will be left on

the filter paper(thoughtco., 2018). The technique that we use to fold the filter

paper is folding the paper like in the picture below, it makes more successful

filtration.

The objectives of this lab is in order to learn how to convert gram to

mol and calculate the theoretical, which is the amount of product that would

result if all the limiting reagent reacted, and percent yield, which is is the

percent ratio of actual yield to the theoretical yield by using the formula.

Moreover, we can know that which one is limiting or excess reagent.

Percent yield =
Actual yield/
Theoretical yield x
100
Chemicals
- CuSO4
- NaOH
- Ethanol
- Distill Water

Materials
- Filter paper
- Ring stand and
Clamps
- Weighing paper
- Spatula
- Funnel

Glasswares
- 100 mL
beaker
- 50 mL graduated cylinder
- Watch glass
- Stirring rod
Flow Chart

D Prepare
materials
CuSo4 +
Water
(2.5g)
(50mL)

a
Stir for 2-3
NaOH + Water mins
(0.2g)
(25mL)

NaOH +
Water
Stir for 2-3

y
(0.6g)
mins (25mL)

CuSO4 + NaOH
(25mL) Stir for 2-3
(25mL) mins

Stir for 2-3 Weight filter

mins paper

1
:
Separate
Record on solid
data table product

Clean filtered
solid residue Rinse Solid
w/ 10 mL of product w/ 10
water mL water
<2 times>

Clean w/ 10 Remove
mL of filter
ethanol paper

Put it in the
oven
Over night
 Result

Reaction Reaction Weigh Weig Weigh Solid product

solution observation t of ht of t of observation(chem
(chemical/physic filter filter Solid ical/physical)
al) paper pape produ
(in r+ ct (in
grams solid grams
) prod )
uct
(in
gram
s)
+ Color: + Color: turquoise
turquoise ( ) ()
+ The water that + State: Solid
A+B come out from 0.65 1.11 0.46 + Stick with the
the filtration is g. g. g. filter paper.
Repeat all it
blue because
again, but
has copper
remained.
CuSO4 +
+ Less sodium
NaOH
hydroxide

D
Weig
(25 mL)
+ Color: Deep
(25mL)
Ocean Blue ( )
+ More solid Calculate
1.79 percent
+ Color: Navy
Blue ( )
+ State: Solid
A+C because there is 0.63 1.16 + Don’t stick with
g.
ht
more sodium
hydroxide.
g. g.
yield ofthe filter paper.
+ it had clotted
reaction
filter
+ More reaction together.

a paper
and
solid
produ
 y

Discussion

According to the experiment result, the solution in the beaker during

2
the filtration had a different color.For the solution A & B, the filtrate had a

light blue color liquid but ,in filtrate A & C, the liquid is clear. The reason why

the color of the filtrate of both solutions was different is that the excess

reagent CuS04•5H20, has a blue color and, so when it reacted with the

limiting reagent, NaOH, there were some left over of CuSO4•5H20 which

:
made the filtrate blue. For solution A & C, the limiting reagent was

CuS04•5H20 and the excess reagent was NaOH. CuSO4•5H20 was used to

react with NaOH all, so there is no color left in the filtrate. Also, we indicate

the limiting reagent and excess reagent by calculating the mole of each

substance in both solutions. In A & B, the mole of NaOH is lower, but, in A &

C, the mole of NaOH is higher. Therefore, we can conclude that the limiting

reagent of A & B is NaOH and of A & C is Cus04•5H20.

 The percentage yield for both of the solution is more than 100 % . The

percentage yield for or solution A + B is 168.1 % and for A + C is 136.7 % .

This is because the actual product from the experiment was more than the

calculated product. It might be because there were some other substances

left in the filter paper. So, when we weight the paper, the other solution

might be included in the result.

During the experiment, we also observe that the solution A+B from the

different group had a different color. Some group got the light cyan color as

we did, and some were darker cyan. Refer to the research, the color of

Cu(OH)2 can be varied according to the pH level. The solution that had

darker color tend to have higher pH level, while the one with lighter color has

lower pH level. NaOH is a strong base so it is the solution that determines

the pH level. The more NaOH, the higher pH the solution has.
 Conclusion

To conclude, this experiment shows how each solutions react

chemically and physically. With our observation, we can see that the color of

the mixing of solutions A and B was turquoise while the mixing of solutions A

and C was deep ocean blue. The AB product at the end turned to be the solid

that stick with the filter paper, but the AC product had clotted together and

turned to left the product that didn’t stick with the filter paper. In addition,

from the result, the final weight of solid product (A+B) is 0.46 g which is

lesser than solid product (A+C) which is 1.16 g. Therefore, it indicates that

solution A+B is the theoretical yield because the product has the lowest

amount. Moreover, we can conclude that the amount of sodium

hydroxide(NaOH) affects the result of each reaction.

 Suggestion/Error

In the experiment, there are some steps that might have some error.

For instance, when we measured the solution, or some chemical substances,

the amount that we get might not equal to the amount that we need to use.

Therefore, the result that came out might not be as what it need to be. The

way that we will improve in the next time is that we will try to make sure that

the amount of the substances that we get is same as amount that we need.

The another error that we might have is the fold of the filter paper.

When we fold the paper, we might not fold it enough. Moreover, when we

rinse water into the filter paper, some the fold of the paper were gone.

Therefore, the filtration of the solution might not come as good as it would

be. In the next time, we will improve and protect this error by we will be

careful when we fold the paper.

Pictures
 Worklog

Day 1 (Lab day)

Ploy- mixing solution

Joy- measured substance and mixed solution

Kat - Record the data from the experiment

Mei- mixing and observing the solution

Day 2 (Lab day)

Ploy - taking pictures

Joy - observing the results

Kat - record the data (weight) and rewrite the data in the google

docs.
Mei - Recording all the data

Day 3 - Day 7

Ploy - write the abstract and conclusion parts

Joy - write introduction and discussion.

Kat - Write the the suggestion/error and some of the abstract

parts.

Mei - work on introduction and flow chart parts on google docs

References

-. (2018, December 11). Review of Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures.

Retrieved from Transition Metals:

http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/ch2/index.php
britannica. (2017, June 7). Filtration. Retrieved from Encyclopædia

Britannica: https://www.britannica.com/science/filtration-chemistry

ChemicalSafetyFacts. (2018, August 21). Sodium Hydroxide | Uses, Benefits,

and Chemical Safety Facts. Retrieved from ChemicalSafetyFacts.org:

https://www.chemicalsafetyfacts.org/sodium-hydroxide/

Pubchem. (2005, March 26). Sodium hydroxide. Retrieved from National

Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Database:

https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/sodium_hydroxide#section=Top

Softschools. (n.d., - -). Sodium hydroxide Formula - Sodium Hydroxide Uses,

Properties, Structure and Formula. Retrieved from Math:

http://www.softschools.com/formulas/chemistry/sodium_hydroxide_uses_prop

erties_structure_formula/244/