lcnx {io KW-]-Xsb \ax Ahn-Lv\-a-kvXp.

kc-kzXo \a-kvXp`yw hctZ Ima-cq-]nWo hnZym-cw`w Icn-jyman kn≤n¿ `hXp ta kZm.

{io e£vao \rknw-lmb \ax {io alm {Xn]p-c-kp-µsscy \ax BZn-XymZn k¿h- -{K-tlt`ym \ax

aq¿ØntXz ]cn-I¬]nX iix -`rtXm

h¿flmf-]p-\¿P-∑\mw
Btfl-Xym-fl-hnZmw {IXp-›-b-PXmw
`¿Øm-ac tPymXnjmw
temIm\mw {]f-tbm-Z-b-ÿnXn hn`p˛
›mt\-I-[m-b-{ipXu
hmNw \   Z-ZmXp ss\I-In-cWx
ss{Xtem-Iy-Zot]m chnx

ka-b-Øn-t\bpw Zqc-Øn-t\bpw ASn-ÿm-\-am°n, AXn¬ {Kl-߃°p≈ kzm[o-\sØ hni-I-e\w sNøp-I-bmWv

tPymXn-j-Øn¬ sNøp-∂-Xv.

cmin-N{Iw c≠p hn[-Øn¬ D≠m-Ip-∂p. ka-b-Øns\ ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bp-≈Xv Nc-N-{Iw, Zpc-Øns\ ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bp-

≈Xv ÿnc N{Iw.

cmin aWvUew Zo¿L-hr-Øm-Ir-Xn-bn-em-sW-¶n-epw, kuI-cy-Øn-\mbn \mw AXns\ NXp-c-{i-ambn Iev]n-®n-cn-bv°p-∂p.

Hcp hrØ-Øn\v 360 U{Kn D≈Xp t]mse cmin-N-{I-Øn\pw 360 Un{Kn-bm-Wp-≈-Xv. AXns\ 12 Xpey cmin-I-fmbn hn`-Pn-®n-
cn-bv°p-∂p.

Hcp cmin=30 Un{Kn (`m-K), Hcp Un{Kn (`m-K)= 60 an\n‰v (I-e),

Hcp an\n‰v (Ie)= 60 sk°‚v (hn-I-e).

360 Un{KnIfn-embn hym]n®p InS-°p∂ cmin-N-{IsØ {Ia-ambn AizXn apX-ep≈ \£-{X-ß-fpsS taJ-e-I-fmbn \n›-bn-
®n-cn-bp-°p-∂p. 360 Un{Knsb 27 (\-£-{X-ß-fpsS FÆw ) sIm≠v lcn-bv°p-tºmƒ 13 Un{Kn 20 an\n‰v F∂p-In-´p-∂p.

taSw cmin-bpsS Bcw`w (0 Un{Kn) apX¬ AizXn \£{XtaJe XpS-ßp-∂p. Hcp \£-{X-ta-J-e-bpsS Af-hmb
13 Un{Kn 20 an\n-‰ns\ 27 sIm≠v KpWn-bv°p-tºmƒ cmin-N-{I-Øns‚ samØw Af-hmb 360 Un{Kn F∂p e`n-bv°p-∂p.

\ap°p Np‰pw ImW-s∏-Sp∂ {_“m-WvU-a-WvU-esØ ({K-l-ß-fpsS k©m-c-am¿§-sØ) 12 cmin-I-fmbn hn`-Pn-®n-cn-bv°p-

∂p.

km[m-c-W-hr-Ø-߃s°-∂-t]mse {_“m-W-U-a-WvU-e-Øn\pw 360 Un{Kn Af-hm-Wp-≈-Xv. 360 Un{Knsb 12 sIm≠v lcn-

®m¬ 30 Un{Kn F∂p Iv´p∂p. AXm-bXv Hcp cmin-bpsS Afhv 30 Un{Kn BIp-∂p.

ao\w taSw CShw anYp\w

Ipw`w I¿°n-SIw
cminIfpsS
t]cpw ÿm\ßfpw
aIcw Nnßw

[\p hr›nIw Xpemw I∂n

1
cmin-I-fpsS t]cp-Ifpw Af-hp-Ifpw.

cmin-bpsS t]cv XpS-ßp∂ Un{Kn Xocp∂ Un{Kn cmin-bpsS t]cv XpS-ßp∂ Un{Kn Xocp∂ Un{Kn
taSw 0 30 Xpemw 180 210
CShw 30 60 hr›nIw 210 240
anYp\w 60 90 [\p 240 270
I¿°n-SIw 90 120 aIcw 270 300
Nnßw 120 150 Ipw`w 300 330
I∂n 150 180 ao\w 330 360

cmin-hn-`-P\w IqSmsX {_“m-WvUsØ 27 \£{X aWvU-e-ß-fmbpw (\-£{X taJ-e-Iƒ)hn`-Pn-®n-cn-bv°p∂p Ah-bpsS

t]cp-Ifpw Af-hp-Ifpw bYm-{Iaw Xmsg sImSp-Øn-cn-bv°p-∂p.
AizXn 0 Un{Kn 0 an\n‰p apX¬ 13 Un{Kn 20 an\n‰v hsc
`cWn 13 Un{Kn 20 an\n‰p apX¬ 26 Un{Kn 40 an\n‰v hsc
Im¿ØnI 26 Un{Kn 40 an\n‰p apX¬ 40Un{Kn 00 an\n‰v hsc
tcmlnWn 40 Un{Kn 00 an\n‰p apX¬ 53 Un{Kn 20 an\n‰v hsc
aI-bocw 53 Un{Kn 20 an\n‰p apX¬ 66 Un{Kn 40 an\n‰v hsc
Xncp-hm-Xnc 66 Un{Kn 40 an\n‰p apX¬ 80 Un{Kn 00 an\n‰v hsc
]pW¿Xw 80 Un{Kn 00 an\n‰p apX¬ 93 Un{Kn 20 an\n‰v hsc
]qbw 93 Un{Kn 20 an\n‰p apX¬ 106 Un{Kn 40 an\n‰v hsc
Bbneyw 106 Un{Kn 40 an\n‰p apX¬ 120 Un{Kn 00 an\n‰v hsc
aIw 120 Un{Kn 00 an\n‰p apX¬ 133 Un{Kn 20 an\n‰v hsc
]qcw 133 Un{Kn 20 an\n‰p apX¬ 146 Un{Kn 40 an\n‰v hsc
D{Xw 146 Un{Kn 40 an\n‰p apX¬ 160 Un{Kn 00 an\n‰v hsc
AØw 160 Un{Kn 00 an\n‰p apX¬ 173 Un{Kn 20 an\n‰v hsc
NnØnc 173 Un{Kn 20 an\n‰p apX¬ 186 Un{Kn 40 an\n‰v hsc
tNmXn 186 Un{Kn 40 an\n‰p apX¬ 200 Un{Kn 00 an\n‰v hsc
hnimJw 200 Un{Kn 00 an\n‰p apX¬ 213 Un{Kn 20 an\n‰v hsc
A\ngw 213 Un{Kn 20 an\n‰p apX¬ 226 Un{Kn 40 an\n‰v hsc
XrtI´ 226 Un{Kn 40 an\n‰p apX¬ 240 Un{Kn 00 an\n‰v hsc
aqew 240 Un{Kn 00 an\n‰p apX¬ 253 Un{Kn 20 an\n‰v hsc
]qcmSw 253 Un{Kn 20 an\n‰p apX¬ 266 Un{Kn 40 an\n‰v hsc
D{XmSw 266 Un{Kn 40 an\n‰p apX¬ 280 Un{Kn 00 an\n‰v hsc
Xncp-thmWw 280 Un{Kn 00 an\n‰p apX¬ 293 Un{Kn 20 an\n‰v hsc
Ahn´w 293 Un{Kn 20 an\n‰p apX¬ 306 Un{Kn 40 an\n‰v hsc
NXbw 306 Un{Kn 40 an\n‰p apX¬ 320 Un{Kn 00 an\n‰v hsc
]qcq-cp-´mXn 320 Un{Kn 00 an\n‰p apX¬ 333 Un{Kn 20 an\n‰v hsc
D{X-´mXn 333 Un{Kn 20 an\n‰p apX¬ 346 Un{Kn 40 an\n‰v hsc
tchXn 346 Un{Kn 40 an\n‰p apX¬ 360 Un{Kn 00 an\n‰v hsc

\£{XßfpsS B\p-Iqeyw:- P∑ kº¬ hn]¬ t£ax {]Xyc km[tIm h[x

ssa{Xw ]ca ssa{XwN P∑m-Zo\mw ]p\x ]p\x.
F∂p≈ {]amW {]Imcw Hcm-fpsS P\\ \£-{X-Øn\v P∑ \£-{X-sa-∂pw, c≠mw \£-{X-Øn\v kºØv F∂pw aq∂mw
\£-{X-Øn\v hn]-sØ-∂pw, \memw \£-{X-Øn\v t£a-sa-∂pw, A©mw \£-{X-Øn\v {]Xyc F∂pw, Bdmw \£-{X-Øn\v
km[-I-sa-∂pw, Fgmw \£-{X-Øn\v h[-sa-∂pw, F´mw \£-{X-Øn\v ssa{Xw F∂pw, HºXmw \£-{X-Øn\v ]cassa-{X-
sa∂pw, ]Ømw \£-{X-Øn\v A\p-P∑sa∂pw ]d-bp-∂p. C{]-Imcw {Ia-Øn¬ ]nt∂bpw Nn¥n-bv°Ww

2
tZisØ (ÿ-e-sØ) 12 Bbn hn`-Pn-®-t]m-se, Hcp kqtcym-Zbw apX¬ ASpØ kqtcym-Zbw hsc hcp∂ 24 aWn-°p-dm-
Ip∂ Znh-ksØ 2 aWn-°q¿ hoX-ap≈ 12 cmin-I-fmbn hn`-Pn-®n-cn-bv°p-∂p. Ahbv°pw taSw CShw XpS-ßnb t]cp-Iƒ
Xs∂-bmWp \¬In-bn-cn-bv°p-∂-Xv.

e·w.
Hmtcm ae-bmf amk-Ønepw kqtcym-Zbw apX¬ BZy-ap≈ cminbv°v B amk-Øns‚ t]cp Xs∂ Bbn-cn-bv°pw. DZm-l-c-
W-ambn taS amk-Ønse F√m Znh-k-ßfpw taSw cmin-bn-em-bn-cnbv°pw Bcw-`n-bv°p-∂-Xv. H∂mw cmin Ign-™m¬
XpS¿∂p≈ cmin-Iƒ AXn-\-Sp-Øp≈ cmin-I-fm-bn-cn-bv°pw. DZm-l-cWambn Xpemw amkw 9 aWn 12 an\n-‰n\v Hcp -P-\\w
\S-°p-∂p, Cu kabw GXp cmin BWv DZn-bv°p-∂-sX∂v IW-°m-°p-∂Xv (ÿq-e-am-bn) 6aWn apX¬ 8 aWn hsc Xpemw
cmin, 8 apX¬ 10 hsc hr›nIw cmin, 10 apX¬ 12 hsc [\p cmin. P\\w \S∂ kabw 8 aWnbv°pw 10 aWnbv°pw CS-
bn-em-b-Xn-\m¬ Cu P\\w hr›nIw cmin ka-b-Øm-Wv. CXns\ e·w F∂p ]d-bp-∂p.

5 6 7 8
4 9
3 10
2 1e 12 11

cmin-Iƒ taSw apX-epw, `mh-߃ e·w apXepw IW--°m-°p-∂p. DZm-l-c-W-ambn hr›nIw cmin e·-ambn P\n® Hcm-fpsS
`mh-߃ apI-fn¬ AS-bmfs∏Sp-Øn-bn-cn-bv°p-∂p,- hr-i-NnIw e·-amb PmX-I\v Ipw`w 4-˛mw `mhhpw CShw 7˛mw `mhhpw
BIp-∂p.

e·mZn `mh-ßsf s°m≠v a\- n-em-t°≠ Imcy-߃.

e·w˛ hy‡n-bpsS {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ.

2˛mw `mhw˛IpSpw-_w, hm°v, IÆv, [\w, hoSv.
3˛mw `mhw˛ ktlm-Z-c-߃, ss[cyw, ]cm-{I-aw, Ab¬°m¿, Fgp-Øp-Ip-Øv.
4 mw `mhw˛ AΩ, hml-\w, a\x-kp-Jw, hoSv, s\©v.
5 mw `mhw˛ k¥m-\w, k¶-ev]w, a{¥w.
6 mw `mhw˛ tcmKw, ISw, i{Xp.
7 mw `mhw˛ Zmº-Xyw, CS-]m-Sp-Iƒ, tIkv, `mcy, `¿Øm-hv.
8 mw `mhw˛ Bbp- v.
9 mw `mhw˛ ]nXm-hv, `mKyw, D∂-X-hn-Zym-`ym-kw.
10 mw `mhw˛ sXmgn¬.
11 mw `mhw˛ em`w.
12 mw `mhw˛ Nne-hv, Zpcn-X-߃, AI¬®.

{Kl-ßfpw Ahbv°v B[n-]-Xy-ap≈ cmin-I-fpw.

chn˛ Nnßw.
N{µ≥˛ I¿°n-S-Iw.
IpP≥˛ taSw, hr›n-Iw.
_p[≥˛ anYp-\w,I-∂n.
Kpcp˛ [\p, ao\w.
ip{I≥ ˛ CS-hw, Xpemw.
i\n˛ aI-cw, Ipw`w.

3
{Kl-ß-fpsS ZrjvSn-Iƒ.
F√m {Kl-ßfpw Xm≥ \n¬°p∂ cmin-bn¬ \n∂pw 7˛m asØ cmin-tbbpw AXn¬ \n¬°p∂ {Kl-ß-tfbpw AXn¬
hcp∂ `mh-tØbpw ZrjvSn sNøp-∂p.(-t\m-°p-∂p)

hnti-j-Zr-jvSn-Iƒ.
i\nbv°v 7˛mw cmin-Iq-SmsX 3 epw 10 epw.
hymg-Øn\v ,, 5 epw 9 epw
IpP\v ,, 4epw 8 epw hntij ZrjvSn-I-fp-≠v.

{Kl-ß-fpsS ip`Xz ]m]-Xz-߃.

N{µ≥ ip¢]£ AjvSan apX¬ IrjvW-]£ AjvSan hsc ip`-\mWv tijw Znh-k-ß-fn¬ ]m]-\m-Wv.
_p[≥ X\n-sb-\n¬°p-tºm-gpw, ip`-∑m-tcmSp tN¿∂p \nev°p-tºmgpw ip`-\m-Wv, ]m] {Kl-ß-tfmSp tN¿∂p \n¬°-
tºmƒ ]m]-\m-Wv.
chn, IpP≥, i\n, cmlp, tIXp Ch¿ kztX ]m]-∑m-cm-Wv.
Kpcp, ip{I≥, ]£-_-e-ap≈ N{µ-≥, ip`-tbm-K-ap-≈tXm X\n-tb-\n¬°p-∂tXm Bb _p[≥ Ch¿ ip`-∑m-cm-Wv.

Hmcm cmin-bnepw k©-cn-bv°p-hm≥ Hmtcm {Kl-ßfpw FSp-°p∂ ka-bw.

kqcy≥ Hcp cmin-bn¬ Hcp amkw.
N{µ≥ ,, ct≠-Im¬ Znh-kw.
IpP≥ ,, 49 Znh-kw.
_p[≥ ,, Hcp amkw.
Kpcp ,, 361 Znh-kw.
ip{I≥ ,, Hcp amkw.
i\n ,, 2 h¿jw 5am-kw.
cmlp ,, H∂c h¿jw.
tIXp ,, H∂c h¿jw.
Hcp cmin-bn¬ {Kl-ß-fpsS k©m-c-Imew apIfn¬ sImSp-Øn-cn-bv°p-∂Xv icm-icn IW-°m-Wv, Nne cmin-I-fn¬,
IqSn-bpw, Nne cmin-I-fn¬ Ipd™pw kw`-hn-bv°m-dp-≠v.

taSw apX¬ ao\w-h-sc-bp≈ 12 cmin-Isf ]e-hn-[-Øn¬ XcwXncn-®n-´p-≠v.

HmP bp‹ cmin-Iƒ˛taSw apX¬ H∂n-S-hn´ cmin-Iƒ HmP cmin-Iƒ. (taSw, anYp-\w, Nnßw, Xpemw, [\p, Ipw`w.)
CShw apX¬ H∂n-S-hn´ cmin-Iƒ bp‹-cm-in-Iƒ. ( CS-hw, I¿°n-S-Iw, I∂n. hr›n-Iw, aI-cw, ao\w.)

Nc ÿnc D`b cmin-Iƒ˛taSw apX¬ {Ia-Øn¬ Nc-cm-in, ÿnc-cm-in, D`-b-cmin F∂ {Ia-Øn¬ hcp-∂p. AXm-bXv
taSw I¿°n-SIw Xpemw aIcw F∂nh Nc-cm-in-Iƒ. CShw Nnßw hr›nIw Ipw`w F∂nh ÿnc-cm-in-Iƒ. anYp\w I∂n
[\p ao\w F∂nh D`b (Zzn-kz-`m-h) cmin-Iƒ.

{Kl-ß-fpsS D®-\oN cmin-Iƒ.

{Klw D®-cmin \oN-cmin cmlp-hn\v ˛ hr›Iw D®-cm-in˛ hrj`w \oN-cm-in.

chn taSw Xpemw taSw I¿°n-SIw Nnßw ˛ i{Xpcmin.
N{µ≥ CShw hr›nIw aIcw [\p v I∂n ao\w ˛an{Xcmin.
IpP≥ aIcw I¿°n-SIw anYp\w ˛kz-t£-{Xw. Xpemw Ipw`w ka-t£-{Xw.
_p[≥ I∂n ao\w tIXp˛ hrj`w D®-cmin˛ Nnßw \oN-cmin
Kpcp I¿°n-SIw aIcw I¿°n-SIw taSw ˛i-{Xp-cmin
ip{I≥ ao\w I∂n anYp-\w˛ _‘p-cmin
aµ≥ (i-\n) Xpemw taSw [\p v I∂n aIcw ao\w ˛kzt£{Xw
Xpemw hr›nIw Ipw`w ˛ka-t£{Xw
F√m BNm-cy-∑mcpw CXv AwKo-I-cn-bv°p-∂n-√.
4
F√m {Kl-ß-fp-tSbpw D®-cm-in-bpsS 7˛m asØ-cmin \oN-cm-in-bm-bn-cn-bv°pw.

{Kl-ß-sf ]c-kv]-c-ap≈ _‘w sIm≠v i{Xp an{X ka-∑m¿ C{]-Imcw aq∂mbn Xcw Xncn-®n-cn-bv°p-∂p.
{Klw an{Xw i{Xp ka≥
chn Kp˛-Ip-˛N ip˛a _p
N{µ≥ _p˛c C√ a‰p-{K-lß
- ƒ
IpP≥ c˛-N-˛Kp _p ip˛a
_p[≥ c˛ip N Ip˛-a-˛Kp
Kpcp c˛-Ip-˛N _p˛ip a
ip{I≥ _p˛i c˛N Ip˛Kp
aµ≥ _p˛ip c˛-Ip-˛N Kp
cmlp i\n-sb-t∏mse
tIXp IpP-s\-t∏mse
Hmtcm {Kl-߃°pw B[n-]-Xy-ap≈ cmin-Isf Ah-bpsS kzt£-{X-ß-sf∂p ]d-bp-∂p.
kqcys‚ aqe-{Xn-tImW t£{Xw Nnßw cmin-bn¬ BZysØ 20 Un{Kn BWv.
N{µs‚ aqe-{Xn-tImW t£{Xw CShw cmin-bn¬ 3 Un{Kn apX¬ 27 Un{Kn hsc-bmWv
IpPs‚ aqe-{Xn-tImW t£{Xw taSw cmin-bn¬ BZysØ 12 Un{Kn-Iƒ BWv
_p[s‚ aqe-{Xn-tImW t£{Xw I∂n cmin-bn¬ 15 Un{Kn apX¬ 20 Un{Kn hscbmWv
Kpcp-hns‚ aqe-{Xn-tImW t£{Xw [\p cmin-bn¬ BZysØ 10 Un{Kn-bmWv
ip{Is‚ aqe-{Xn-tImW t£{Xw Xpemw cmin-bn¬ BZysØ 5 Un{KnbmWv
i\n-bpsS aqe-{Xn-tImW t£{Xw Ip`w cmin-bn¬ BZysØ 20 Un{Kn-bmWv

cmin-bpsS ]cymb ]Z-߃-˛-t£-{Xw, Krlw, E£w.

taSw-˛{- In-bm, CS-hw-˛X
- m-hp-cp, anYp-\w-˛P
- q-Xp-aw, I¿°n-SI
- w-˛I
- p-fo-cw, Nnßw-˛t- e-bw, I∂n-˛]
- m-t∞m\w (]m¿t∞m-\w), Xpemw-
˛-Pq-Iw, hr›n-Iw-˛-tIm¿∏n, [\p-˛-Xu-£n-Iw, aI-cw-˛-B-tIm-tI-cw, Ipw`w-˛-lr-t{Zm-Kw, ao\w-˛-C-∞-kn.

{Kl-߃ \n¬°p∂ kv^pS-߃ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n Ah-bpsS h¿§-߃ \n›-bn-bv°p-∂p. {][m-\-ambn 16 Xc-Øn-ep≈

hn`-P\w BWv D≈-Xv.
1. t£{Xw (cmin) 9.tjmU-imwiw
2. tlmcm 10.-hnw-imwiw
3. t{Z°mWw 11.-N-Xp¿hnw-imwiw
4. NXp¿∞mwiw 12.-\£- {- Xmwiw
5. k]vXmwiw 13. {Xnwimwiw
6. \hmwiw 14. kzth-Zmwiw
7. Zimwiw 15. A£-th-Zmwiw
8. ZzmZ-imwiw 16. jjvSywiw

Cu hn`-P-\-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\ XXzw {Kl-ß-fpsS ÿnXnbpw ZrjvSnbpw IqSmsX {Kl-߃°p≈ a‰p kzm[o-\-߃
a\-kn-em-°p-hm-\p-≈-Xm-Wv. AXm-bXv Hcp {Klw Hcp cmin-bnse Hcp _nµp-hn-emWv (kv^p-S-Øn-em-Wv) \n¬°p-∂-sX-¶nepw
AXns‚ {]`mhw As√-¶n¬ kzm[o\w cmin-N-{I-Øn¬ 16 `mK-ß-fn¬ 16 Xc-Øn¬ kw`-hn-bv°p-∂p. C{]-Imcw P\-\-k-a-
bØv 9 {Kl-߃ cmin-N-{I-Øn¬ 9 ÿm\-ß-fn-emWv \n¬°p-∂-sX-¶nepw, Ah-bpsS kzm[o\w cmin-N-{I-Øn¬ 144 Xc-
Øn¬ (9 x 16) kw`-hn-bv°p-∂p.

km[m-cW PmXI KWn-X-⁄-∑m¿ 6 h¿§-ß-sf-bmWv {][m-\-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-bv°p-∂-Xv. Ah 1. t£{Xw (cm-in),

2.-tlmc (cm-in-bpsS ]Ip-Xn), 3. t{Z°mWw (cm-in-bpsS aq∂n-sem-∂v) 4. \hmw-iIw (cm-in-bpsS H≥]-Xn-sem-∂v)
5. ZzmZ-imwiw (cm-in-bpsS ]{¥-≠n¬ H∂v) 6. {Xnwimwiw (cm-in-bpsS ap∏-Xn¬ H∂v) F∂n-h-bm-Wv.

5
1. t£{Xw.
Hcp cminsb AXns‚ A[n]s‚ t£{Xw F∂p ]d-bp-∂p. DZm-l-c-W-ambn taShpw hr›n-Ihpw IpP t£{X-߃, CS-hw
Xpemw ip{I t£{X-߃. {Kl-ß-fpsS D® cminbv°v Ah-bpsS D® t£{X-ß-sf-∂pw, (taSw cmin chn-bpsS D® t£{Xw)
\oN cmin-Isf Ah-bpsS \oN-t£-{X-ß-sf∂pw ( Xpemw cmin chn-bpsS \oN-t£-{Xw) ]d-bp-∂p.
_‘p-{K-l-Øns‚ cmin AXns‚ _‘p-t£-{X-sa-∂pw ([\p-cmin kqcys‚ _‘p-t£-{Xw) i{Xp-hns‚cmin AXns‚ i{Xp-
t£-{X-sa-∂pw ( aI-cw-cmin chn-bpsS i{Xp-t£-{Xw). ip`-{K-l-߃°v B[n-]-Xy-ap≈ cmin-Iƒ ip`-t£-{X-ß-sf-∂pw, ]m]-
{K-l-߃°v B[n-]-Xy-ap≈ cmin-Iƒ ]m]-t£-{X-ß-sf∂pw Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. Hcp {Klw \n¬°p-∂-cm-in-bpsS A[n-]s\
AXns‚ t£{Xm-[n-]-s\∂p ]d-bp-∂p. DZm-l-c-W-ambn [\p-cm-in-bn¬ \n¬°p∂ _p[s‚ t£{Xm-[n-]≥ Kpcp-hpw, aI-c-
Øn¬ \nev°p∂ {Kl-Øns‚ t£{Xm[n-]≥ i\n-bp-am-Ip-∂p.

2. tlmc.
Hcp cmin-bpsS ]Ip-Xn-bmWv tlmc. Hcp cminbv°v 30 Un{Kn D≈-Xp-t]mse Hcp tlmcbv°v 15 Un{KnbmWp-≈-Xv. C{]-
Imcw Hmtcm cmin-bnepw D≠m-Ip∂ Hmtcm tlmc-Iƒ°pw Hmtcm \mY-∑m-cp-≠v. Ah¿ kqcy\pw N{µ-\p-am-Wv. HmPcmin-
bpsS BZysØ tlmcm-\m-Y≥ kqcy-\pw, c≠m-asØ tlmcm-\m-Y≥ N{µ-\p-am-Wv. bp‹-cm-in-bpsS BZysØ tlmcm-\m-Y≥
N{µ-\pw, c≠m-asØ tlmcm-\m-Y≥ kqcy-\p-am-Wv. ]pcp-j-{K-l-߃ kqcy-tlm-c-bn-epw, kv{Xo{K-l-߃ N{µ-tlm-c-bnepw
\n¬°p-∂Xv t{ib-kv°-c-am-Wv.

`K-hm≥ {ioIr-jvW-]-c-am-flm-hns‚ {Kl-\n-ebpw Awi-I-hpw. Xømdm°pI.

P\\w 19-˛7-˛3228.B.C.
A¿≤-cm-{Xn-bv°-SpØ ka-bw.
ÿew aYp-c.

chn 139 Un{Kn 48 an\n‰v

N{µ≥ 47 ,, 42 ,,
IpP≥ 91 ,, 6 ,,
_p[≥ 152 ,, 48 ,,
Kpcp 148 ,, 54 ,,
ip{I≥ 102 ,, 54 ,,
i\n 224,, 42 ,,
cmlp 106 ,, 24 ,,
e·w 50 ,, 00 ,,

P\\ ka-b-tØ-bv°p≈ {Kl-ß-fpsS kq£va kv^pSw I≠p-]n-Sn-bv°p∂ hn[w.

]©mw-K-ß-fn¬ Hmtcm -Zn-h-khpw cmhnse 5 aWn 30 an\n-‰n-\p≈ kv^pSw sImSp-Øn-cn-bv°pw. AXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-
emWv kv^pS-߃ IW-°m-°p-∂-Xv.

P\-\w \S-°p∂ -k-abØp≈ {Kl-ß-fpsS kv^p-S-߃ kq£va-ambn KWnbv°phm≥ Nne {Inb-Iƒ sNtø-≠-Xp-≠v.
BZy-ambn Hmtcm-{K-l-Øn-s‚bpw 24 aWn-°q-dn-te-bv°p≈ {Kl-KXn F{X-bm-sW∂p I≠p-]n-Sn-bv°-Ww. AXn-\mbn P\\Zn-
hkw cmhnse 5.30 \p≈ {Kl-Øns‚ kv^pS-Øns\ AXn-\-SpØ Znhkw cmhnse 5.30 \p≈ AtX {Kl-Øns‚ kv^pS-
Øn¬\n∂pw Ipd-®m¬ B {Kl-Øns‚ 24 aWn-°q-dn-te-bv°p≈ KXn In´p-∂-Xm-Wv. B KXnsb 24 sIm≠v lcn-®m¬ B
{Kl-Øns‚ Hcp aWn-°q-dn-te-bv°p≈ KXn In´p-∂-Xm-Wv. AXns\ 5.30 apX¬ P\\ kabw hsc Ign-™p-t]mb aWn-
°q-dp-IƒsIm≠v KpWn-®m¬ P\-\-k-a-bw-hscbp≈ {Kl-KXn e`n-bv°pw, B KXnsb A∂p cmhnse 5.30 \p≈ {Kl-
kv^p-S-hpambnIq-´n-bm¬ P\-\-k-a-b-tØ-bv°p≈ B {KlØs‚ kq£va-kv^pSw In´pw.
6
DZm-l-c-W-ambn 1175-˛mw am≠v Nnß-amkw 1˛mw XobXn cmhnse 10.30 \v P\n® Ip´n-bpsS PmX-I-Ønse {Kl-kv^pSw
Xmsg-]-dbpw {]Im-c-amWv IW-°m-t°-≠-Xv.

1175 Nnßw 1 \v 5.30 \p≈ chn-kv^pSw 4 cmin 05 Un{Kn (`m-K) 36 an\n‰v (I-e)
1175 Nnßw 2 \v 5.30 \p≈ chn-kv^pSw 4 cmin 06 ,, 34 ,,
24 aWn-°q-dn-te-bv°p≈ chn-bpsS KXn=4..06..34 ˛4..05..36 = 58 an\n-‰v.
Hcp aWn-°q-dn-te-bv°p≈ chn-bpsS KXn=58/24.
P\-\-k-abw hsc Ign-™p-t]mb aWn-°q¿=5 aWn-°q¿
5 aWn-°q-dn-te-bv°p≈ chn-bpsS KXn= 58 KpWw 5, `mKw 24 = 12 an\n‰v (I-e)
1175 Nnßw 1 \v 10.30 \p≈ chn-bpsS kq£va kv^pSw= 5.30 \p≈ kv^pS-Øn-t\m-Sp-IqSn 5 aWn-°q-dns‚ kv^pSw
AXm-bXv 4 cmin 05 Un{Kn (`mK) 36 an\n‰v (I-e) A[nIw 12 an\n‰v (I-e)= 4 cmin 05 `mK 48 Ie.
C{]-Imcw F√m {Kl-ß-fp-tSbpw kv^pS-߃ I≠p-]n-Sn-bv°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

C{]-Im-c-ap≈ KpW\ lcW {Inb-Iƒ IqSmsX temK-cnX ]´nI D]-tbm-Kn®pw {Kl-ß-fpsS kq£vakv^pS-߃
I≠p]nSnbv-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

BZy-ambn 24 aWn-°q-dn-te-bv°p≈ {Kl-KXn I≠p-]n-Sn®v temK-cn-X-∏-´n-I-bn¬ B Un{Kn an\n-‰p-Iƒ°p≈ aqeyw t\m°n

Ipdn-bv°p-I. AXn-\p-tijw 5.30 aWn (Im-e-Øv) apX¬ P\-\-k-abw hsc Ign-™p-t]mb aWn-°q¿ an\n-‰p-Iƒ°p≈
temK-cn-X-aqeyw t\m°n Ipdn-bv°p-I. Cu c≠p aqeyßfpw XΩn¬ Iq´p-I. C{]-Imcw Iq´n-In-´p-∂- aqeyw temK-cn-X-∏-´n-I-
bn¬ GXp Un{Kn-bpsS Xmsgbpw GXp an\n-‰n\p t\scbpw hcp∂p F∂v t\m°p-I.( Nne-t∏mƒ \mw I≠p-]n-Sn® aqeyw
]´n-I-bn¬ I≠n-s√-∂p-h-cmw. At∏mƒ AXn\v G‰hpw ASpØp≈ aqeyw IW-°n-se-Sp-°p-I.) Cßs\ e`n-bv°p∂ Un{Kn
an\n-‰p-I-fm-bn-cnbv°pw B {Kl-Øns‚ 5.30 apX¬ P\-\-k-a-bw-hscbp≈ KXn. Cu KXnsb A∂p cmhnse 5.30 \p≈
B {Kl-Øns‚ kv^pS-Øn-t\mSp IqSn Iq´n-bm¬ P\-\-k-a-b-tØ-bv°p≈ B {Kl-Øns‚ kq£va-kv^pSw In´pw.

Hcp PmXIw ]cn-tim-[n®v KpW-tZm-j-߃ \ncq-]Ww sNøp-∂Xv Hmtcm `mh-ß-fp-tSbp KpW-tZmj \ncq-]-W-Øn¬°q-Sn-
bmWv. AXn\v `mh-߃ \∂m-bn-cn-bv°p-tºmƒ D≠m-Ip∂ e£-W-ß-fpw, `mh-߃°p-≠m-Ip∂ tZmj-e-£-W-ßfpw Adn-
™n-cn-bvt°-≠-Xm-Wv.

`mh-߃ \∂m-bn-cn-bv°p∂ kµ¿`-߃.

1. `mhw ip`-cmin Bbn-cn-bv°-Ww.
2. `mhw ]m]-cmin BI-cp-Xv.
3. `mh-Øn¬ ip`-{Klw \n¬°-Ww.
4. `mh-Øn¬ ]m]-{Klw \n¬°-cpXv.
5. -`m-h-Øn¬ `mhm-[n-]Xn \n¬°-Ww.
6. `mhsØ `mhm-[n-]Xn t\m°-Ww.
7. `mhsØ ]m]-{Klw t\m°-cp-Xv.
8. `mh-Øn¬ 9˛mw `mhm-[n-]Xn \n¬°-Ww.
9. `mhsØ 9˛mw `mhm-[n-]Xn t\m°-Ww.
10. `mh-Øn¬ e·m-[n-]Xn \n¬°-Ww.
11. `mhsØ e·m-[n-]Xn t\m°-Ww.
12. `mhsØ ip`-{K-l-߃ ZrjvSn-sN-ø-Ww.
13. `mhm-[n-]-Xnbv°v ip`-{K-l-ß-fp-amtbm e·m-[n-]-Xn-bp-amtbm tbmKw D≠m-I-Ww.
14. `mh-Øn¬ \oN-{Klw \n¬°-cp-Xv.
15. `mhm-[n-]\v \oN-{K-l-ß-fp-ambn tbmKw hc-cp-Xv.
16. `mh-Øn\v ]m]-{Kl a-≤y-ÿnXn hc-cp-Xv.
17. `mh-Øn\v ip`-{Kl a≤y-ÿnXn hc-Ww.
18. `mh-Øn\v 6˛8-˛12 `mh-ß-fp-ambn _‘w hc-cp-Xv.

7
AXm-bXv Nn¥y `mh-Øn¬ 6˛8-˛12 `mhm-[n-]-Xn-Iƒ \nev°p-I, Nn¥y `mhm-[n-]Xn 6˛8-˛12 `mh-ß-fn¬ \n¬°p-I, Nn¥y
-`m-hsØ 6˛8-˛12 `mhm-[n-]-Xn-Iƒ t\m°p-I, 6˛8-˛12 `mhm-[n-]-Xn-Iƒ°v Nn¥y `mhm-[n-]-Xn-bp-ambn tbmKw hcn-I.

3. t{Z°mWw. (h¿§-߃ XpS-cp-∂p.)

Hcp cminbpsS aq∂n¬ Hcp `mK-amWv t{Z°m-Ww. 30 Un{KnIƒ Dƒs°m-≈p∂ Hmtcm cmin-tbbpw
10 Un{Kn-Iƒ hoX-ap≈ 3 t{Z°m-W-ß-fmbn hn`-Pn-®n-cvbv°p-∂p. AXm-bXv Hcp cmin-bnse 10 Un{Kn-
bv°p≈n¬ hcp∂ {Klw H∂m-asØ t{Z°m-W-Ønepw 10 \pw 20 \pw CS-bv°p-h-cp∂ {Klw 2˛masØ
t{Z°m-W-Øn-epw, 20 \pw 30 \pw CS-bv°p≈ {Klw 3˛masØ t{Z°m-W-Øepw hcp-∂p.
1˛mw t{Z°m-Wm-[n-]≥ {Klw \n¬°p∂ cmin-bpsS A[n-]-\pw, 2˛mw t{Z°m-Wm-[n-]≥ {Klw \n¬°p∂
cmin-bpsS 5˛m asØ cmin-bpsS A[n-]-\pw, 3˛mw t{Z°m-Wm-[n-c≥ {Klw \nev°p∂ cmin-bpsS 9˛mw
cmipn-bpsS A[n-]\pw BIp-∂p.

`mhm-[n-]-Xnbv°v _ew D≠m-Ip∂ kµ¿`-߃.

1. `mhm-[n-]Xn D®-\m-bn-cn-bv°p-I.
2. `mhm-[n-]Xn kzt£-{X-hm-\m-bn-cn-bv°p-I.
3. `mhm-[n-]Xn an{X-t£-{X-hm-\m-bn-cn-bv°p-I.
4. `mhm-[n-]Xnbv°v ip`tbmK-ap-≠m-bn-cn-bv°p-I.
5. `mhm-[n-]Xnbv°v ip`-{Kl ZrjvSn-bp-≠m-bn-cn-bv°p-I.
6. `mhm-[n-]Xn e·m-[n-]-Xn-bp-ambn tbmKw sNøp-I.
7. `mhm-[n-]Xnsb e·m-[n-]Xn ZrjvSn sNøp-I.
8. `mhm-[n-]Xnbv°v 6˛8-˛12 `mhm-[n-]XnIfp-ambn _‘w D≠m-Im-Xn-cn-bv°p-I.

Imc-I-{K-l-Øn\v _ew D≠m-Ip∂ Ah-kvX-Iƒ.

Hcp `mh-Øns‚ Imc-I-{Klw I≠p ]nSn®v AXn\v _ew Dt≠m F∂p t\m°-Ww.
Imc-I-{Klw D®-ÿ-t\m, kzt£{Xhmt\m an{X-t£-{X-hmt\m BI-Ww.
\oNt\m i{Xp-t£-{X-hmt\m BI-cp-Xv. Imc-I-{K-l-Øn\v ip`-tbm-K-Zr-jvSn-I-fp-≠m-bn-cn-bv°-Ww. ]m]-
tbm-K-Zr-jvSn-Ifp≠mh-cp-Xv. Imc-I-{K-l-Øn\v e·m-[n-]-Xn-bp-ambn tbmKZrjvSymZn-_‘w hc-Ww. e·-Øn¬
ÿnXn hc-Ww. 6˛8-˛12 `mh-ß-fp-ambn _‘w hc-cp-Xv. 6˛8-˛12 Ifn¬ \n¬°-cp-Xv. 6˛8-˛12 A[n-]-Xn-
I-tfmSv tbmKw hc-cp-Xv. 6˛8-˛12 A[n-]-Xn-Iƒ Imc-I-{K-l-Øns\ ZrjvSn sNø-cp-Xv.

4. \hm-wi-Iw.
30 Un{Kn hoXw hcp∂ Hmtcm cmin-tbbpw 3 Un{Kn 20 an\n‰p hoX-ap≈ 9 `mK-ß-fmbn hn`-Pn-®n-cn-bv°p-
∂p. Cußs\ cmin-N-{I-Øn¬ BsI 108 (12 x9 ) \hmw-i-I-߃ hcpw.
cmin-bn¬ {Klw \n¬°p∂ kv^pSw t\m°n AXv F{Xm-asØ \hmw-i-I-am-sW∂p ImWp-I. {Klw
\nevIp∂ cmin Nc-amtWm ÿnc-amtWm D`-b-amtWm F∂p t\m°p-I. {Klw \n¬°p∂Xv Nccmin-
bn¬ BsW-¶n¬ FtÆ≠ \hmwiw B cmin apX¬ Xs∂ FÆp-I. {Klw \n¬°p-∂Xv ÿnc-cm-in-
bn-em-sW-¶n¬ FtÆ≠ \hmwiw B cmin-bpsS 9˛mw cmin-ap-X-se-Æp-I. {Klw \n¬°p-∂Xv D`-b-cm-in-
bn-em-sW-¶n¬ \hmwiw B cmin-bpsS 5˛mw cmin-ap-X¬ FÆpI.
DZm-l-cWw taSw 21 Un{Kn-bn¬ \nev°p∂ {Klw FhnsS Awinbv°p∂p ? taSw 21 Un{Kn , FtÆ≠
\hmwiw 7, \nev°p∂ cmin Ncw, AXn-\m¬ AhnsS\n∂p Xs∂ \hmwiw FÆ-Ww. taSw cmin-bn¬
\n∂pw \hmwiw 7 FÆptºmƒ (cm-in-Iƒ) taSw cmin-bn¬ 21 Un{Kn-bn¬ \n¬°p∂ {Klw Xpemw cmin-
bn-ew-in-bv°p-∂p.

8
CShw 19 Un{Kn-bn¬ \nev°p∂ {Klw FhnsS Awin-bv°p-∂p -F∂p t\m°mw. 19 Un{Kn BIp tºmƒ
FtÆ≠ \hmwiw 6. {Klw \n¬°p∂ cmin ÿncw Bb-Xp-sIm≠v \hmwiw FtÆ-≠Xv CS-h-Øn¬
\n∂pw 9˛mw cmin-bmb aI-c-Øn¬ \n∂m-Wv. aIcw apX¬ 6 cmin-I-sf-Æp-tºmƒ anYp\w cmin-bn-emWv
{Klw Awin-®n-cnbv°p-∂Xv F∂p a\-kn-em-°mw. anYp\w 26 Un{Kn-bn¬ \nev°p∂ {Klw FhnsS
Awin-bv°p-∂p -F∂p t\m°mw. 26 Un{Kn AIp-tºmƒ FtÆ≠ \hmwiw 8. {Klw \n¬°p-∂-cmin
D`bw Bb-Xp-sIm≠v \hmwiw FtÆ-≠Xv anYp-\-Øn¬ \n∂pw 5˛mw cmin-bmb Xpem-Øn¬\n∂pw 8
cmin-Iƒ FÆp-tºmƒ CShw cmin-bn-emWv {Klw Awin-®n-cn-bv°p-∂Xv F∂p a\-kn-em-°mw.

5. ZzmZ-imw-iIw.
Hcp cminsb 12 Bbn hn`-Pn-bv°p-∂-XmWv ZzmZ-imwiw 30 Un{Knbp≈ cminsb 12 Bbn hn`-Pnbv°p-
tºmƒ Hcw-i-Øn¬ 2Un{Kn 30 an\n‰p hcw. {Kl-kv^pSw GXp-cm-in-bn¬ F{Xm-asØ ZzmZ-imw-i-Øn¬
\n¬°p∂p F∂p IW-°m°n B cmin-bn¬ \n∂p-Xs∂ A{Xbpw cmin FÆn In´p∂ cmin-bn-emWv
AwiIw hcp-∂-Xv. AwiIw hcp-∂-cm-in-\m-Y-\mWv ZzmZ-imw-im-[n-]≥. DZm-l-c-W-ambn anYp\w cmin-bn¬
Hcp -{Klw 24 Un{Kn-bn¬ \n∂m¬ 10-˛m asØ Awi-I-ambn hcpw. {Klw \n¬°p-∂Xv anYp\w cmin-bn-
em-b-Xn-\m¬ ZzmZ-imwiw IW-°m-t°-≠Xv AhnsS \n∂p Xs∂ Bb-Xn-\m¬, FÆn-°n-´p-∂Xv ao\w
cmin-bm-Wv. ao\w cmin ZzmZ-imw-i-ambn hcp-∂p. At∏mƒ ZzmZ-imw-i-Im-[n-]≥ hymgw BIp-∂p.

6. {Xnwimw-iIw.
30 `mK-I-fp≈ (Un-{Kn) Hcp cminsb 30 Bbn `mKn-bv°p-tºmƒ Hmtcm `mKbpw Hmtcm Awi-I-Øn¬
hcp-∂p. {Xnwimw-i-Im-[n-]-∑msc IW-°m-°p-∂Xv Xmsg ]d-bp∂ hn[-Øn-em-Wv.

HmP cmin-I-fn¬ bp‹-cm-in-I-fn¬

BZysØ 5 Un{Kn hsc sNm∆m˛A·n
XpS¿∂v 5 Un{Kn hsc i\n˛ hmbp
XpS¿∂v 8 Un{Kn-hsc Kpcp-˛-C-{µ≥
XpS¿∂v 7 Un{Kn-hsc _p[≥˛ Ipt_-c≥
XpS¿∂v 5 Un{Kn-hsc ip{I≥˛ hcp-W≥
BZysØ 5 Un{Kn hsc ip{I≥-˛-h-cp-W≥
XpS¿∂v 7 Un{Kn-hsc _p[≥-˛-Ip-t_-c≥
XpS¿∂v 8 Un{Kn-hsc Kpcp˛ C{µ≥
XpS¿∂v 5 Un{Kn-hsc i\n˛ hmbp
XpS¿∂v 5 Un{Kn-hsc sNm∆m-˛-A·n

tlmcm-Pm-X-Iw.
aqe-Pm-X-I-Ønse c≠mw `mhm-[n-]s‚bpw [\-Im-c-I-\mb hymg-Øn-s‚bpw _em-_ew IqSn IW-°n-
se-Sp-°-Ww. chn-bpsS tlmc-bn¬ \nev°p∂ {Kl-߃ Ah-bpsS Zim-]-lm-c-ß-fn¬ [\-em-`sØ
\¬Ipw. N{µ-tlm-c-bn¬ \n¬°p∂ {Kl-߃ Xmc-X-tay\ Ipd-hmtb ^ew \¬Ip-∂p-≈q.

t{Z°m-W-Pm-X-Iw.
t{Z°mWw sIm≠v ktlm-Z-c-Kp-W-tØ-bmWv Nn¥n-bv°p-∂-Xv.

\hmw-iI-Pm-X-Iw.
\hmw-iIw sIm≠v Zmº-Xy-Nn-¥.

ZzmZ-imw-i-I-Pm-X-Iw.
ZzmZ-imw-i-I-w sIm≠v amXr ]nXr Nn¥.

9
{Xnw-imw-i-I-Pm-X-Iw.
{Xnwimw-iIw sIm≠v tZmj-^-e-ßsf Nn¥n-bv°p-∂p.kv{Xo PmXIØn¬ {]tXyIn®v.

e·mZn ZzmZ-i-`m-h-߃ `mjm-{]-am-W-߃.

e·w˛ icocKpWtZmj߃ Pbhpw Io¿Ønbpw kpJw HmP pw i‡n kuµcyw e·w sIm≠v
]d™nSmw. As√¶n¬ aq¿Ønbpw Io¿Ønbpw ÿm\w kpJhpw tZlkujvThw t{ib pw Pbhpw
kzmÿyw e·w sIm≠v \ncq]tbXv.

c≠mw `mhw˛A¿∞w IpSpw_hpw hm°pw hetØ°Æv hnZybpw tlXp F∂nhsb√mta ZzXotb\

\ncq]tbXv.

aq∂mw `mhw˛ hocyhpw hn{Iaw ss[cyw Zp¿_p≤n klPmXIw klmbw Z£I¿Æ© XrXobwsIm≠v
Nn¥tbXv.

\memw `mhw˛ kpJw _‘p Krlw amXmhΩmh≥ acpa°fpw, hml\w t£{Xhpw sh≈w ChsNm√mw
NXp¿∞X.

A©mw `mhw˛ ]©awsIm≠v Nn¥n∏q _p≤n ]p{XcamXyIw hnNmci‡nbpw a{¥w

]q¿∆]pWyhpsa∂nh.

Bdmw `mhw˛ hrWw hym[n i{Xp°ƒ I≈cpw hnLv\amZnbpw arXyphpwi{Xpikvt{XW jjvTw sIm≠v
\ncq]tbXv.

Ggmw `mhw˛Imahpw `mcybpw t\m°pw k]v X ta\ \S°bpw `¿Ømhpw ssaYp\w iøm
\jvSm¿∞a]nNn¥tbXv.

F´mw `mhw˛ `n∂n∏v ]cnlmkXzw acWw t¢iw AwKZw hnLv\w tNmcmZn{Klhpw k¿h\mihpajvSamXv.

HºXmw `mhw˛ `mKyw [¿Ωw Zbm ]pWyw X] pw KpcphN\hpw ]u{X∑mcuj[wtkh \haw sIm≠v
Nn¥tbXv.

]Ømw `mhw˛ am\hpw k¿∆I¿Ω߃ B⁄m tZhmebmZnbpw Bew_\© Nn¥n∏q ZiaZmkv]ZmZv.

]Xns\m∂mw `mhw˛ GImZti\ hnØ©em`hpw ZpxJ\mihpw k¿∆m`ojvShpw tPyjvS{`mXmhpw

hmaI¿Æhpw.

]{¥≠mw `mhw˛ Agnhpw ]m]hpw {`wiw CStØ°Æv ZpjvIrXw ÿm\{`wiwN sshIeyw ZzmZti\
\ncq]tbXv.
( ASpØ t]Pn¬ kwkvIrX `mjbnse {]amW߃ sImSp°p∂p. GsX¶nepw Hcp `mjbn¬
{]amW߃ lrZnÿam°pI )

10
e·mZn ZzmZ-i-`m-h-߃ kwkvIrX -{]-am-W-߃. ({]iv\ am¿§w)

tZlky kujvThw kzmÿyw ÿnXnx t{itbm bi pJw

Ptbm h]p› X’¿∆w Nn¥\obw hne·Xx

`¿ØhyaJnew hnØw hmWo N£p› Z£nWw

hnZym› hnhn[mtlyXXv k¿∆w Nn¥yw ZznXobXx

ss[cyw hocyw N Zp¿_p≤n ktlmZc]cm{Iau

Z£I¿ÆklmbuN Nn¥\obmkv{XnXobXx

amXm kplr∑mXpe `mKnt\bu

t£{Xw kpJw hml\amk\w N
emfnXyaw`x ib\w N hr≤nx
]izmZnIw P∑Krlw NXp¿∞m¬

{]⁄m ta[m {]Xn`m hnthIi‡nx ]pcmX\w ]pWyw

a{¥mamXyX\pPmx ]©aX ua\kya]n Nn¥yw

XkvIcmcmXn hnLv\m[n hym[b› X\p£Xnx

acWw hmcnikvt{XW Nn¥\obw ln jjvTXx

hnhmlaZ\mtemI`mcym`¿ØrkamKax
ibymkv{Xokfl\jvSm¿∞ssaYp\m\y]n k]vXam¬

k¿∆{]Wmtim hn]tZm]hmtZm
tlXp{]tZiu acWky Zmkx
aTmZnIw thiva KZm› hnLv\m
hnNn¥\obmx ]p\cjvSta\

`mKy[¿ΩZbm ]pWyX]kvXmXkpXmflPmx
Zmt\m]mk\kuioey Kpcthm \hamZao

tZheb\Kck`mam¿§mebZmkk¿hI¿ΩmWn
B⁄mew_\taXk¿hw Nn¥yw ln Zita\

k¿∆m`ojvSmKtam tPyjvT{`mXm PmXm \nPmflPmx

hmaI¿tÆmf¿∞em`› Nn¥ymtlyImZti\ tX

]m]w hybw N ]X\w \nctb hmaaw_Iw

ÿm\{`wiw N sshIeyw ZzmZti\ hnNn¥tb¬

11
-B[n-]Xyw sIm≠v D≠m-Ip∂ {Kl-ß-fpsS kz`m-h-߃.
1. e·m-[n-]≥ PmX-Is\ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw G‰hpw ip`-\m-Wv.
2. 5˛9 `mhm-[n-]-∑m¿ ip`-∑m-cm-Wv.
3. 4˛7-˛10 `mhm-[n-]-∑m¿ ss\ssk¿§n-I-ip-`-∑m-cm-sW-¶n¬ Ah-cpsS ip`Xzw \jvS-s∏-Sp-∂p. ]m]-∑m-
sc-¶n¬ Ah-cpsS ]m]Xzw \jvS-s∏-Sp-∂p.
4. 2˛7 `mhm-[n-]-∑m¿ amc-I-∑m-cm-Wv.
5. 3-˛6-˛11 `mhm-[n-]-∑m¿ Aip-`-∑m-cm-Wv.
6. 8 s‚ A[n-]Xn Aip-`-\m-Wv.
7. 12-˛mw `mhm-[n-]-≥ B {Kl-Øns‚ at‰ cmin-bpsS B[n-]-Xy-a-\p-k-cn®v A\p-Iq-e-\m-bm¬ A\p-Iq-
e-\pw, {]Xn-Iq-e-\m-bm¬ {]Xn-Iq-e\pw BWv.
8.- Htc {Kl-Øn-\p-Xs∂ Hcp tI{µ cmin-bp-tSbpw (4-˛7-˛10 ) Hcp {XntImW cmin-bp-tSbpw (5-˛9 )
B[n-]Xyw h∂m¬ B e·-°m-c\v B {Klw hfsc A\p-Iq-e-\m-bn-cnbv°pw (tbm-K-Im-c-I≥).
DZm-l-c-W-ambn CSh e· PmX-I\v i\n 9˛10 `mh-ß-fpsS B[n-]-Xyw. I¿°n-SI e· PmX-I\v sNm∆m
5˛10 `mh-ß-fpsS B[n-]-Xyw. Iw` e·PmX-I\v ip{I≥ 4˛9 `mh-ß-fpsS B[n-]-Xyw.

`mh-ß-fp-ambn {Kl-߃ _‘-s∏-Sp∂ Ah-k-c-߃.

1. `mhØn¬ \n¬°p∂ {Klw.
2. `mhm-[n-]-Xn.
3. `mhsØ t\m°p∂ {Klw.
4.- `m-hm-[n-]-Xn-bp-ambn tbmKwsNøp∂ {Klw.
5. `mhm-[n-]-Xnsb ZrjvSn-sN-øp∂ {Klw.

`mh-ß-fpsS Imc-I-Xz-߃.
e·w˛ icoc KpW-tZm-j-߬ Io¿Øn kpJw Pbw HmP v i‡n kuµ-cyw.
2˛mw `mhw ˛ IpSpw_w hm°v [\w he-tØ-°Æv hnZy ho´n¬ D]-tbm-Kn-bv°p∂ ]m{X-߃ `c-W-Øn-
ep-≈-h¿ \n[n-\n-t£-]w.
3mw `mhw ˛ hocyw ss[cyw iucyw Zp¿_p≤n IpSpe-_p≤n ktlm-Z-c-∑m¿ ]pd-ta-\n-∂p-In-´p∂ klmbw
he-tØ-sNhn Ab¬°m¿ Fgp-Øp-Ip-Øp-Iƒ AΩ-bv°p-h-cp∂ Zpcn-Xm-\p-`-h-߃.
4mw `mhw˛ amXmhv kplr-Øp-°ƒ AΩm-h≥ _‘p-°ƒ sh≈w hoSv hml\w a\x-kp-Jw.
5mw `mhw˛ a\ v _p≤n Adnhv k¥m\w ]q¿∆-]pWyw a{¥-߃ sk{I-´dn hnNm-c-i‡n Dul-°-®-hSw
6mw `mhw˛ I≈≥ tamjWw tcmKw hrWw i{Xp-°ƒ Bbp[w im]w B`n-Nmcw B`n-Nm-c-{]-h¿Øn-Iƒ
XS- -߃ IS-_m-[y-X.
7mw `mhw˛ ZmºXyw CS-]m-Sp-Iƒ F{Kn-sa‚p-Iƒ itøm-]-I-c-W-߃ \jvSwh∂ hkvXp tIknse
FXn¿I-£n.
8mw `mhw˛ acWw k¿∆-\miw B]Øv am\-lm\n ac-W-hr-Øm¥w ]e-Xcw IjvS-∏m-Sp-Iƒ Bbp v
ss]Xr-I-kzØv e`n-bv°p∂ Imcyw
9mw `mhw˛-B-—≥ `mKyw X] v [¿Ω-I¿Ωßvƒ Kpcp Huj[w hntZ-i-bm-{X.
10mw `mhw-˛-tZ-hm-e-b-߃ hgn-b-º-e-߃ ]´-W-߃ k`-Iƒ \ap°v B{i-b-am-bn-cn-bv°p-∂ -h-kvXp-
°ƒ sXmgn¬
11mw `mhw˛ em`-ÿm\w A`o-jvS-kn≤n tPyjvT-k-tlm-Z-c≥ CS-Xp-sN-hn.
12mw `mhw˛ ZpcnXw \jvSw hybw ]m]w hogvN hoSp-hn-´vbm{X CS-tØ-°Æv Ime-Sn-Iƒ.
12
Zim-]-lm-c-߃ \£-{X-Zi As√-¶n¬ hnwtim-Øco Zi.
tPymXn-»mkv{X ]T-\-Øns‚ Dt±iw Xs∂ Hmtcm Ime-Øn-t‚bpw KpW-tZm-jm-\p-`h ⁄m\-Øn-\m-bmWv.
cmin-I-fpsS ]e-X-c-Øn-ep≈ hn`-P-\w, cmin-\m-Y-∑msc kw_-‘n® hnh-c-߃, {Kl-ßsf kw_-‘n®
hnh-c-߃, {Kl-ß-fpsS Ah-ÿ-Iƒ, `mh-ßsf kw_-‘n-®-hn-h-c-߃ F∂n-h-sb√mw a\-kn-em-°nb
\ap°v KpW-^-e-߃ \¬Ip∂ {Kl-߃, Ah kzm[o-\n-bv°p∂ `mh-߃, Ah-bpsS kzm[o-\-߃
PmX-I-\mtWm kw_-‘-s∏-´-Im-cy-߃°mtWm Fs∂√mw FI-tZ-i-ambn a\-kn-em-°p-hm≥ Ign-™n-´p-
≠v. C\n Cu ^e-߃ GXp-Im-eØmWv A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂Xv F∂mWv Adn-bp-hm-\p-≈Xv. AXn-\mbn
Zim-Im-esØ∏‰n a\-kn-em-°-Ww.

imkv{X-Ir-Øp-°-fmb al¿jn-am¿ ip`m-ip^ ^e-߃ Hs°bpw Hmtcm {Kl-ß-fpsS Zim-Im-e-ØmWv

A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂Xv F∂p ]d-bp-∂p. {Kl-ß-fpsS _e-ß-f-\p-k-cn®v tbmK-ßfpw, tbmK-ßsf A\p-
k-cn®v Zi-Ifpw B Zi-I-f-\p-k-cn®v k¿∆ ^e-ßfpw `hn-bv°p-∂p.

Im¿Øn-I- a-Xp¬ ]qcw hsc-bp≈ \£-{X-ßfpw Ah-bpsS A\p-P∑ \£-{X-ßfpw ASn-ÿm-\-am°n

kpcy-≥, N{µ≥, sNm∆m, cmlp, hymgw, i\n, _p[≥, tIXp, ip{I≥ F∂n-h¿ {I-a-Øn¬ Zi-m\mY-∑m-cm-
Wv. Hcp Zi Ign-™m¬ DSt\ ta¬]-d™ {Ia-Øn¬ Xs∂ ASpØ Zi Bcw-`n-bv°p-∂p.

Zim-\m-Y≥, B[n-]-Xy-ap≈ \£-{X-߃ Zim-kw-h-’-c-߃ F∂nh ImWn-bv°p∂ ]´nI Xmsg sImSp-

°p-∂p.

Zim-\m-Y≥ \£-{X-߃ kwh-’-c-kwJy

kqcy≥ Im¿Øn-I,- D{Xw, D{XmSw 6
N{µ≥ tcmln-Wn, AØw, Xncp-thmWw 10
sNm∆m aI-bo-cw, NnØn-c, Ahn´w 7
cmlp Xncp-hm-Xn-c, tNmXn, NXbw 18
hymgw ]pW¿Xw, hnim-Jw, ]qcq-cp-´mXn 16
i\n ]qbw, A\n-gw, DØr-´mXn 19
_p[≥ Bbn-eyw, Xrt°-´, tchXn 17
tIXp AizXn, aIw, aqew 7
ip{I≥ `cWn, ]qcw, ]qcmSw 20

{Kl-߃ F√mw Btcm-l-KXn (\oNw Ign™v D®-Øn-tebv°p k©-cn-bv°p∂ Ah-ÿ) `mh-a-≤y-ÿn-

Xn, _nµp-_m-lpeyw (A-jvS-I-h¿§-Øn¬ _nµp-°ƒ IqSp-X-ep≈ Ah-ÿ) 10-˛11 `mh-ß-fn¬ ÿnXn,-
e-·-ÿnXn D® kz t£{X-ß-fn¬ ÿnXn, h¿§-KpWw F∂n-h-bp≈ {Kl-߃ _e-hm-∑m-cm-av. C{]-
Imcw _e-ap≈ {Kl-߃ ip`-{]-Z-∑m-cm-Wv.

Kpfn-I-`-h-\m-[n-]Xyw Kpfn-I-tbmKw A£-ß-fpsS Ipdhv i{Xp t£{X-ÿnXn \oNw auVyw ]m]-tbmKw

`mh-k-‘n-ÿnXn cmin-k‘nÿnXn Ch-bp≈ {Kl-߃ tZmj-Ir-Øp-°-fm-Ip-∂p.
Zim-\mY≥ e·-Øntem 3˛6-˛10-˛11 F∂o D]-N-b-ÿm-\-ß-fntem Xs‚ k]vX-h¿§-Øntem \n¬°p-
tºmgpw e·-Øn¬ _‘p-{K-ltam ip`-{K-ltam \n¬°p-tºmgw Zi ip`-^-e-sØ-Øs∂ \¬Ip-∂p.
{Kl-߃°v _ew D≠m-Ip∂ Ahÿbpw _ew C√m-Xm-Ip∂ Ah-ÿbpw F√mw ]d-™n-´p-≈-Xp-
t]mse B {Kl-߃ kz¥wZim-Im-e-ß-fn¬ (ip`tam Aip-`tam)kqNn-∏n-bv°p∂ ^e-ßsf ka-{K-
ambnsNøpw.
13
{Kl-ß-fpsS i{Xp an{X kaXzw kw_-‘n® {]amWw.

kplr-Z-kv{Xn-tIm-W-`-h-\mXv {Klky kpXt` hytbY [\-`-ht\

kzPt\ \n[t\ [¿tΩ tkz tkzmt® N `h¥n t\m tijx
{Kl-Øns‚ ape-{Xn-tImWcminbn¬ \n∂pw kpX`w (5) hybw (12) [\w(2) kzP\w (4) \n[\w (8)
[¿Ωw (9) IqSmsX Xs‚ D®-cm-in-bpsS A[n-]≥ F∂o {Kl-߃ B {Kl-Øn\v an{X-ß-fm-Wv.
ta¬ ]d-bmØ `mh-ß-fpsS A[n-]-∑m¿ (3-˛6-˛7-˛10˛11) i{Xp-°-fm-Wv. Ch-bn¬ c≠p an{Xcmin-I-fpsS
B[n-]Xyw hcp∂ {KlØns\ an{X-sa-∂pw, Hcp an{Xcmin-bpsS B[n-]Xyw hcp∂ {Kl-Øns\
kas\∂pw, A\p-Iq-e-amb Hcpcmin-bp-tS-bpw B[n-]Xyw hcmØ {Kl-Øns\ i{Xp-sh∂pw IW-°m-
°p-∂p.

{Kl-ß-fpsS ]cym-b-߃.
kqcy≥-˛BZnXy≥ chn `m\p ZnhmIc≥ A¿°≥ am¿ØmWvU≥ tlen khnXmhv XcWn ]XwK≥
Xn{hZypXn Iae_‘p kl{kcivan _{≤\≥ {]`mIc≥ C\≥.

N{µ≥-˛-io-X-ZypXn Aw_p-P≥ tkma≥ ioXKp cP-\o-]Xn \nim-\m-Y≥ Ipap-Zn-\o-]Xn DUp-]Xn •u

arKmw-K≥ Cµp lna-Kp iim¶≥ hn[p \nimIc≥ \£{X]≥ IpapZ_‘p ioXmwip ininc≥
Hmj[oi≥ A_vP≥ £]mIc≥ lnamwip kp[mwip.

sNm∆-˛-B-c≥ h{I≥ £nXn-P≥ alo-kq\p cp[n-c≥ c‡≥ AwKm-cI≥ {Iqc-t\-{X≥ Bh-t\-b≥

temlnX≥ IpP≥ I\I≥ awKe≥ AkrIv `ua≥ alokpX≥.

_p[≥˛ kuay≥ Xmc-X-\-b≥ hnXv t_m[-\≥- {]`mkpX≥ culntWb≥ CµpP≥ C-µp-]p-{X≥ Nm{µ≥
iinP≥ ⁄≥ tkma-P≥ (Ipam-c≥) {]`m-kp-X≥.

hymgw˛ a{¥n Poh≥ kqcn kptcVy≥ hmN-kv]Xn Kpcp kpcm-Nm-cy≥ tZth-Vy≥ Bcy≥ kpcKpcp
tZh-a{¥n AwKn-cm-kq-\p.

ip{I≥-˛-Im-hy≥ knX≥ `rKp-kq\p A—≥ Bkv^p-PnØv Zm\-th-Uy-≥ ssZXy-]q-Py≥ Ima≥ `m¿§h≥

ssZtXyVy≥ AkpcKpcp Di\≥ Ihn.

i\n˛ Ombm-kq\p Xc-Wo-X-\-b≥ A¿°n aµ≥ tImW≥ Ir jvW≥ kqcy-]p-{X≥ ba≥ ]wKp
iss\-›-c≥ kucn Ime≥ `mkvIcn kqcy]p{X≥ \oe≥ ]wKp arZp AknX≥ kl-{kmw-ip-P≥

cmlp˛ k¿∏≥ Akp-c≥ ^Wn Xa≥ ]mX≥ hn[p¥pZ≥ Xa v Aln k¿∏w AKp
sskwln-tI-b≥ kz¿`m\p hn[p-¥p-Z≥ `pPw-K≥ `pP-K≥.

tIXp˛ arXypX\b≥ tImƒ [zP≥ inJn [q{a≥ arXyp-]p-{X≥ A\n-e≥.

Kpfn-I-≥˛ amµn.

14
Ime-tlm-c.
A¿°-ip{I _p[-›{µ aµ Poh [cm-kp-X. Cu{IaØn¬ BWv Imetlmc hcp∂Xv.

Ime-tlm-c-bpsS ssZ¿Lyw Hcp-a-Wn-°q-dm-Wv. C{]-Imcw Znh-ksØ 24 Ime-tlm-c-I-fmbn hn`-Pn-®n-cn-

bv°p-∂p. Hmtcm Znh-k-tØbpw BZysØ Ime-tlmc (kq-tcym-Zbw apX¬ Hcp aWn-°q¿) AXmXp Znh-
k-\mYt‚Xm-Wv. AXm-bXv Xn¶-fm-gvN-B-ZysØ Ime-tlmc N{µ-s‚-bm-Wv. B Hcp-a-W-°q¿ Ign-™m¬
ASp-Ø-Im-e-tlmc Xn¶-fmgvN XpSßn 6˛m asØ BgvN-bpsS A[n-]-Xn-bpsS Bbn-cnbv°pw, AXm-
bXv i\n-bpsS Ime-tlm-c. AXp-I-gn™v ASp-Ø-Im-e-tlmc i\n-ap-X¬ 6˛m asØ BgvN-bpsS A[n-
]-Xn-bpsS Bbn-cnbv°pw, AXm-bXv Kpcp-hn-s‚ CtX-{I-a-Øn¬ 24 Ime-tlm-cbpw Ign-™m¬ ASpØ
Znhkw BZysØ Ime-tlmc B Zn-h-k-\m-Y-\mb sNm∆-bp-tS-Xm-bn-cn-bv°pw. Ime-tlmc XpS¿®-bmbn
hcp-∂Xv chn ip{I≥ _p[-\≥ N{µ≥ i\n Kpcp IpP≥ F∂o {Ia-Øn-em-Wv. cmlp tIXp-°ƒ°v
Ime-tlm-c-bn-√. PmX-I\v B\p-Iq-ey-ap≈ {Kl-Øns‚ Ime-tlm-c-bn¬ sNøp∂ {]h¿Ø-\-߃ IqSp-
X¬ ^e-{]-Z-am-bn-cn-bv°pw. {]Xn-Iq-e-ß-fmb {Kl-ß-fpsS cminbpw Imetlmcbpw A\p-Iq-e-am-bn-cn-
bv°p-I-bn-√. B ka-b-ß-fn¬ \√ {]h¿Øn-Iƒ sNø-cp-Xv.

cmin-I-fpsS ssZ¿Lyw.
knwlmZn NXp-jvIw Zo¿Lw Ipw`mZn NXpjvIw {lkzw tijmx kamx

]©mw-Kw.
`mc-Xob tPymXnj kn≤m¥w B\p-k-cn®v ka-b-Øns‚ ]e Xc-Øn-ep≈ hn`-P-\-amWv ]©mw-Kw.
]©mwKw F∂ hm°p-sIm≠v Dt±-in-bv°p-∂-Xp-t]mse CXn¬ 5 LSI-ß-fm-Wp-≈-Xv. Ah hmcw,
\£{Xw, XnYn, Ic-Ww,tbmKw(\n-Xy-tbm-Kw) F∂n-h-bm-Wv.

Cu Ime-K-W-\-bvs°√mw {][m\ B[mcw {_“m-WvU-a-WvU-e-Øn¬°q-Sn-bp≈ (cm-in-N-{Iw) kqcy-t‚bpw

N{µ-t‚bpw KXn-bm-Wv. hmkvX-h-Øn¬ Ch-sb√mw ÿe-Øns‚ (Space)Af-hp-Iƒ BsW-¶n-epw,
\Ωƒ AXns\ ka-b-Øns‚ (Time)Af-hp-Iƒ B°n am‰p-I-bm-Wv. Cu ÿ-esØ As√-¶n¬ ka-
bsØ Af-°p-hm≥ D]-tbm-Kn-bv°p-∂Xv (The measuring unit of time) kqcy-t‚bpw N{µ-t‚bpw
KXn-bm-Wv.
hmcw.
kqcy≥ 24 aWn-°q¿sIm≠v k©-cn-bv°p-∂- Zqcw (`qan kz¥w A®p-X-≠n¬ 360 U{Kn Id-ßp-hm≥
FSp-°p∂ ka-bw/AXm-bXv Hcp-Zn-h-kw). 24 aW-°q¿ F∂p km[m-c-W-bmbn ]d-bp-∂p-sh-¶nepw
hmkvX-h-Øn¬ AXv 23 aW-°q¿ 56 an\n‰v 4 sk-°‚v BWv. AXm-bXv 24 aWn-°q¿ F∂p kmam-\y-
ambn ]d-bp-tºmƒ AXv FI-tZiw 4 an\n‰p IqSp-X-em-Wv. ]t£ `c-W-ku-I-cy-Øn-\p-th≠n temI-sØ-
√m-bn-SØpw Hcp Znhkw F∂p ]d-bp-tºmƒ 24 aW-°q¿ BsW-∂mWv IW-°m-°n-h-cp-∂-Xv. CXns\
Znhkw F∂pw, hmcw F∂pw ]d-bp-∂p.
\£-{Xw.
\£{Xw F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv tPymXn-j-`m-j-bn¬ 13 Un{Kn 20 an\n‰p hcp∂ Hcp taJ-esbbmWv. 360
Un{Kn hcp∂ cmin-N-{I-Øns\ (Zone) 13 Un{Kn 20 an\n‰p hoX-ap≈ 27 \£{X taJ-e-I-fmbn Xcw
Xncn-®n-bv°p-∂p. N{µ-≥ Cu Hcp taJ-ebnse k©mcw ]q¿Ønbm°m≥ FSp-°p∂ kabw BWv Hcp
\£{Xw AYhm Hcp \£-{X-Im-ew.
15
km[m-c-W-bmbn Cu \£{X ssZ¿LysØ 60 \mgnI F∂mWv IW-°m°n h-cp-∂Xv. N{µ≥ Cu Zqcw
k©-cn-®p-Xo¿°p-hm≥ 60 \mgnI ka-b-sa-Sp-°p-∂p. ]t£ kqcy-\p-am-bp≠mIp∂ ASp∏ hyXymkw
sIm≠v N{µ\v KXn-thKw h¿≤n-bv°p-tºmƒ \£-{X-ß-fpsS kabw Ipd-bpw. N{µ\v KXn-thKw Ipd-bp-
tºmƒ \£-{X-ß-fpsS kabw IqSpw. CXp Nne-t∏mƒ 8 \mgn-I-hsc IqSpIbpw Nne-t∏mƒ Ipd-bp-
Ibpw sNøp-∂p. AXm-bXv \£-{X-ssZ¿Lyw 55 \mgnI apX¬ 65 \mg-I-hsc hcm-dp-≠v. km[m-c-W-
bmbn ]©mw-K-ß-fnepw Ie-≠-dp-I-fnepw \£-{X-ß-fpsS \mgnI hn\m-gnI sImSp-Øp-Im-Wpw. CXns‚
A¿∞w At∂-Zn-hkw B \£{Xw B ka-bw-h-sctb D≈q F∂m-Wv. AizXn 34 \mgnI 22 hn\m-gnI
F∂p sImSp-Øn-cp-∂m¬ A∂v AizXn \£{Xw 34 \mgnI 22 hn\m-gnI hsctb D≈pF∂pw At∏mƒ
apX¬ `cWn \£{Xw XpS-ßp∂p F∂pw a\-kn-em-°-Ww. AXm-bXv A∂v 34 \mgnI 22 hn\m-gnI
hsc \S-°p∂ Imcy-߃ F√mw AizXn \£-{X-Øn-emWv \S-°p∂-sX-∂pw, AXn\p ijw
\S-°p∂ Imcy-߃ `cWn \£-{XØnemWv \S-°p-∂-sX∂pw a\-kn-em-°-Ww.

\£-{X-ssZ¿Lyw IW-°m-°p∂ hn[w.

\£-{X-ssZ¿Lyw IW-°m-°p∂Xn\v c≠p Znh-k-ß-fn-ep≈ ssZ¿Lyw Iqt´-≠n-h-cpw. DZm-l-c-W-ambn
4˛mw XobXn A\ngw \£{Xw 47 \mgnI 22 hn\m-gnI F∂p ImWp-∂p. 5˛mw XobXn Xrt°´ 39
\mgnI 58 hn\m-gnI F∂pw ImWp-∂p. Xrt°´ \£-{X-Øns‚ ssZ¿Lyw ImWp-∂-Xn-\v, 4˛mw Xob-Xn-
bnse Xrt°-´-bpsS ssZ¿Lyw ( 60 \mgn-I-bn¬ \n∂pw A\n-g-Øns‚ A∂sØ \mgnI hn\m-gn-I-bmb
47 \mgnI 22 hn\m-gnI Ipd-bv°Ww. At∏mƒ 12 \mgnI 38 hn\m-gnI F∂p In´p-∂p.) Bb 12 \mgnI
38 hn\m-gnItbmSp-IqSn 5˛mw Xob-Xn-bnse Xrt°-´-bpsS ssZ¿Lyw Bb 39 \mgnI 58 hn\m-gnI Iq´Ww
. At∏m-ƒ 12. 38 + 39. 58 = 52 \mgnI 36 hn\m-gnI F∂p In´p-∂p. ( 5 \mgn-I-h-sctb hyXymkw
D≠mIq F∂mWv t\ctØ ]d-™n-´p-≈Xv Ct∏mƒ 7 \mgn-I-bn¬ IqSp-X¬ hyXymkw h∂n-´p≠v IW°p
icn-bm-°-Ww.)

XnYn.
XnYn IW-°m-°p∂ coXn. XnYn = 12 Un{Kn. N{µkv^pS-Øn\pw kqcykv^pS-Øn\pw XΩn-ep≈
hyXymkw I≠p ]nSn®v (-N{µ-kv^pSØn¬ \n∂pw kq-cy-kv^p-Sw Ipd-bv°-Ww) AXns\ 12 sIm≠v `mKn-
®m¬ GXp XnYn-bmWv \S-°p-∂Xv F∂p a\-kn-emIpw. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v N{µ-kv^pSw 7 Un{Kn, kqcy-
kv^pSw 9 U{Kn. hyXymkw = 7 Un{Kn-bn¬ \n∂pw 9 Un{Kn Ipd-bv°-Ww. 7, 9 t\°mƒ Ipd™ kwJy
Bb-Xn-\m¬ 7 ˛s\ cmin-N-{I-Øns‚ kwJy-bmb 360 Un{Kn IqSn Iq´n 367 Un{Kn F∂p \n›-bn®v 9
Un{Kn Ipd-bv°p-I. 367-˛9 = 358 Un{Kn. 358 s\ 12 sIm≠v lcn-bv°p-tºmƒ 29.83 F∂p In´p-∂p.
AXm-bXv 29 XnYn-Iƒ°p tijw 30-˛m asØ XnYn-bmWv (A-am-hm-kn) BWv At∏mƒ \S-°p-∂-Xv.
as‰mcp DZm-l-cW-Ww. N{µ-kv^pSw 110Un{Kn, kqcy-kv^pSw 73 Un{Kn, 110- ˛ 73 =37, 37 s\ 12 sIm≠v
lcn-bv°p-tºmƒ lc-W-^ew 3 Dw injvSw 1 Dw In´p-∂p. AXm-bXv 3 XnYn-Iƒ ]q¿Øn-bmbn 4˛masØ
XnYn (N-Xp¿∞n)\S-°p-∂p. XnYn-Isf 5 Bbn Xcw Xncn-®n-cn-bv°p-∂p.

\µ `{Z Pb cn‡ ]q¿Æ

1 {]Ya 2 ZznXob 3 Xr-Xob 4 NXp¿∞n 5]©an
6 jjvSn 7 k]vXan 8 AjvSan 9 \han 10 Zian
11 GIm-Zin 12 ZzmZin 13 {Xtbm-Zin 14 NXp¿Zin 15 hmhv

shfp-Ø-hm-hns\ ]u¿Æan F∂pw, IdpØ hmhns\ Aam-hmkn F∂pw ]d-bp-∂p.

16
Idp-Ø-hm-hp-I-gn™v ASpØ Znhkw apX¬ shfp-Ø-hmhphsc-bp≈ ImesØ shfpØ ]£w
F∂pw, shfp-Ø-hmhpIgn™v ASpØ Znhkw apX¬ Idp-Ø-hmhphsc-bp≈ ImesØ Idp-Ø-]£w
F∂pw ]^-bp-∂p.

Ic-Ww.
Hcp XnYn-bpsS ]Ip-Xnsb BWv IcWw F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv. Hcp ]£-Ønse 15 XnYn-Iƒ°pwIqSn
30 Ic-W-߃. Aßns\ Hcp-am-k-Øn¬ 60 Ic-W-ß-fp-≠m-Ip-∂p. Ic-W-ß-fpsS BsI FÆw
11 BWv. Ah bYm-{Iaw 1. knwlw, 2. ]qen, 3. ]∂n, 4.- I-gpX, 5. B\, 6. ]ip, 7. izm\≥ (hn-jvSn),
8. -]p≈v, 9. \m¬°m-en, 10. ]mºv, 11. ]pgp F∂n-h-bm-Wv.
Ic-W-ß-fpsS N{Iw knwlw apX¬ Bcw-`n-bv°p-∂p. ip¢-]-£-{]-Y-a-bpsS c≠mw ]Ip-Xn-ap-X¬ BWv
knwl-°-cWw apX-ep≈ N{Iw Bcw-`n-bv°p-∂Xv.
Ic-W-߃ 2 hn[w BWv. Ah Nc-°-c-W-߃ F∂pw ÿnc-°-c-W-߃ F∂pw Adnbs∏Sp-∂p.
Nc-°-c-W-߃˛7, IcW߃ {Iaambn ]d™n´p≈Xn¬ BZysØ 7 FÆw Nc°cW߃ _m°n 4
FÆw ÿnc°cW߃.

cminIfpsS ]cymb߃.
taSw˛{Inb, sImdn, APw, OmKw.
CShw˛ hrj`w, Xw_pcp, tKm, hrjw.
anYp\w˛PqXpaw, anYp\w, hoW, \rbp‹w.
I¿°nSIw˛ R≠v, Ipfocw.
Nnßw˛ knwlw, arK]Xn,lcn.
I∂n˛I\ym, ]m¿t∞m\w.
Xpemw˛PqIw, tIm¬, hWnIv, Xueo.
hr›nIw˛IoSw, Iu¿∏n, a[pIcw, Afn, {`wKw, tXƒ.
[\p˛ Nm]w, hn√v, Xu£nIw, lbmwKw.
aIcw˛tIcw, \{Iw, arKw.
Iqw`w˛ LSw, IpSw.
ao\w˛ a’yw, i^cw, Qjw, A¥yw.

cminIƒ°v ÿm\w sIm≠v e`nbv°p∂ t]cpIƒ.

tI{µ cminIƒ˛ 1˛4˛7˛10.
{XntImW cminIƒ˛5˛9.
NXpc{i cminIƒ˛ 4˛8.
]W]c cminIƒ˛ 2˛5˛8˛11.
Bt]m¢na cminIƒ˛ 3˛6˛9˛12.
D]Nb cminIƒ˛ 3˛6˛10˛11.

17
e·hpw e·-kv^p-Shpw.
Hcp cmin-bpsS Afhv 2 aWn-°q¿ (5 \mgn-I) F∂p \mw ]Tn-®Xv ÿqe-amb IW-°m-Wv. AXm-bXv
F√m-cm-in-I-fp-tSbpw Afhv IrXyw 5 \mgn-Ibpw Xpeyhpw A√. Nne-t∏mƒ 5 \mgn-I-bn¬ IqSp-Xepw
Nnet∏mƒ Ipdhpw hcp. cmin-bpsS Cu Afhv (cm-in-am-\w) Hmtcm {]tZi-tØbv°pw A£mwiw A\p-
k-cn®v amdn amdn hcpw. cmin-am-\-∏-´nI ]©mw-K-ß-fn¬ sImSp-Øn-´p-≈Xv ImWp-I.

e·hpw e·-kv^p-Shpw I≠p ]nSn-bv°p∂ hn[w.

BZy-ambn P\\ ka-bsØ kqtcym-Z-b-k-abw Ipdn®p shbv°p-I. A∂sØ kqtcym-Zbw aXp-X¬
P\-\kabw hsc Ign-™p-t]mb aWn-°q¿ an\n-‰p-Iƒ IW-°m-°p-I. CXn\v P\-\-k-abØn¬ \n∂pw
kqtcym-Z-b-k-abw Ipd-®m¬ aXn.- P-\-\-k-abw D®bv°v 12 aWnbv°p tij-am-sW-¶n¬ {Inb-sN-øp∂
kuI-cy-Øn\p th≠n P\\ ka-b-Øn-t\m-Sp-IqSn 12 tN¿Øv In´p∂ kwJy-bn¬ \n∂pw kqtcymZ-b-
k-abw Ipd-bv°p-I. -C-ßs\ In´p∂ aWn-°q¿ an\n-‰p-Isf \mgnI hn\m-g-nI-I-fm-°p-I. P\n®
Znh-ksØ DZ-bm¬]c \mgnI hn\m-gnI B amk-Øns‚ t]sc-gpXn AXn\p t\tc Fgp-Xp-I.
XpS¿∂p≈ cmin- I - f psS t]cpw \mgnI hn\m- g n- I - I fpw FgpXn Iq´n- s °m- ≠ p- h - c n- I . P\\
kabtØbv°p≈ \mgnI hn\m-gn-I-Iƒ GXp cmin-bpsS ka-b-ØmWp hcp∂sX∂p a\-kn-em-°p-I.
Bcm-in-bmWv e·-cm-in.

C\n P\\w e·w XpSßn F{X \mgnI hn\m-gnI sN∂-t∏m-gm-sW∂p I≠p-]n-Sn-bvt°-≠-Xp-≠v. AXn\v
P\\ ka-bsØ \mgn-I-hn-\m-gn-I-bn¬ \n∂pw e·-cm-in-Xp-S-ßnb \mgn-I-hn-\m-gnI Ipd-®m¬ aXn.

DZm-l-c-W-ambn 33 \mgnI 2 hn\m-g-Ibv°v Hcp P\\w \S∂p F∂pw A∂v [\p-cmin 31 \mg-I 6 hn\m-
gn-I-h-tcbpw Ds≠∂p k¶-ev]n-bv°p-I. At∏mƒ P\\w \S-∂Xv aIcw cmin-k-a-bØv, aIcw cmin-
bn¬ Xs∂ Hcp \mgnI 56 hn\m-gnI sN∂-t∏m-gm-sW∂p a\-kn-em-°mw.

{Kl-ß-fp-sS-sb√mw kv^pS-߃ Un{Kn an\n‰v ( `mK Ie) Bbn-´mWv AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv AXp-sIm-

≠v, e·-kv^p-Shpw Un{Kn an\n-‰p-I-fn¬ Xs∂ AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.

e·-kv^pSw IW-°m-°p∂ hn[w.

e·w GXp-cm-in-bn¬ F{X \mgn-I-hn-\m-gn-I-bn¬ hcp-∂p-thm ( ChnsS aIcw cmin-bn¬ Hcp \mgnI
56 hn\m-gnI F∂p h∂p), AXns\ B cmin-am\w sIm≠v lcn-®n´v Hcp cmin-bpsS Af-hmb 30 Un{Kn
sIm≠v KpWn-®m¬ B e·-Øns‚ Un{Kn an\n-‰p-Iƒ In´pw.

{Inb:-˛ e·w aIcw cmin-bn¬ Hcp \mgnI 56 hn\m-gn-I-bv°v. AXm-bXv 116 hn\m-gn-I-bv°v.
aIcw cmin-am-\w˛ 4 \mgnI 53 hn\m-gn-I. AXm-bXv 293 hn\m-gn-I.

116 s\ 293 sIm≠v lcn®v 30 sIm≠v KpWn-bv°p-tºmƒ 11.877 AXm-bXv Dt±iw 12 Un{Kn F∂p
In´p-∂p. At∏mƒ e·-kv^pSw aI-c-Øn¬ 12 Un{Kn (`m-K) F∂p In´p-∂p.

kv^pS-߃ tcJ-s∏-SpØp∂Xv BZyw Ign-™p-t]mb (taSw apX¬) cmin-bpsS kwJy XpS¿∂v `mK Ie
e· kv^pSw 9 cmin 12 `mK 0 Ie AYhm 9 cmin 12 Un{Kn 0 an\n-‰v.
18
{Kl-߃°v _ew D≠m-Ip-∂Xpw C√m-Xm-Ip-∂-Xp-amb kµ¿`-߃.
Hcp {Kl-Øn\v ip`-{Kl ZrjvSn D≠m-bm-epw, ip`-{Kl tbmKw D≠m-bm-epw _e-ap-≠v. PmX-I-Øn¬
{Klw D®-t£-{X-Øntem an{X-t£-{X-Øntem kzt£-{X-Øntem \n∂m¬ B {Kl-Øn\v _e-ap-≠v.
{Klw \oN-t£-{XØntem i{Xp-t£-{X-Øntem \n¬°p-I. ]m]-{K-l-tbm-Ktam ]m]-{Kl ZrjvSntbm
D≠m-IpI Cßs\ h∂m¬ {Kl-Øn\p _ew Ipd-bpw.
_e-hm-\mb {Klw X\vsd Zi-bn¬ Xm≥ _‘-s∏-Sp∂ `mh-ß-fpsS \√ ^e-߃ \¬Ipw. _e-lo-\-
\mb {Klw Xm≥ _‘-s∏-Sp∂ `mh-ß-fpsS tZmj^e-߃ \¬Ipw.

`mh-Øn∂pw X¬]-Xnbv°pw
Imc-Im-Jy-{K-l-Øn\pw
aqh¿°pw _e-ap-s≠-¶n¬
`mh-k-ºØp sNm√n-Smw.

PmX-I-Øn¬ Hcp `mhsØ∏‰n Nn¥n-bv°p-tºmƒ B `m-h-Øn\v _e-ap-s≠-¶n¬ am{Xta B `mh-Øns‚

B\p-Iqeyw A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-Ibp≈q, DZmm-l-c-W-Øn\v CSh -eKv\ PmX-I-Ø-Øn¬ amXr-`m-h-sØ-∏‰n
Nn¥n-bv°p-tºmƒ 4˛mw `mh-Øn\pw, 4˛mw `mhm[n-]-Xnbmb chn-bv°pw, amXr-Im-c-I-\mb N{µ\pw _e-
ap≈ Ah-ÿ-bn¬ amXr-`m-h-Øns‚ B\p-Iqeyw Ds≠∂p a\-kn-em-°mw.

tPymXn-j-X-Xz-߃ s]s´∂p a\-kn-em-°p-hm\≥ klm-bn-bv°p∂ Nne `mjm-{]-am-W-߃.

chnbpw IpP\pw hymgw ]pam-∑m-sc∂p sNm√n-S-pw, kv{XoIfmw iin ip{I-∑m¿_p-[≥ aµ≥ \]pw-k-Iw.
Kpcp kqcy iim-¶-∑m¿ kmXznIw KpW-ap-≈-h¿ _p[\pw ip{I\pw \nXyw cmPkw KpW-ap-≈-h¿
IpP\pw aµ\pw cmlp Xmakw KpW-ap-≈-am¿∂-h¿ KpW-t`-Z-ß-f∆Æw {Kl-߃°p `hn-®nSpw

a\x-Im-c-I\mw N{µ≥ Bfl-Im-c-I\mw chn _e-Øn≥Im-c-I≥ `u-a≥ hnZymImcI\mw _p[≥

⁄m\-Im-c-I\mw Poh≥ Ah≥Xm≥ ]p{X-Im-c-I≥ `mcym-Im-c-I\mw ip{I≥ arXyp-Im-c-I-\mw-i\n
cmP-Im-c-I\mw kqcy≥ cm⁄o-Im-c-I\mw iin ssk\ym-[n-]-Xnbmw `ua≥ bph-cm-P≥ *i-im-¶\pw
{IoUm-k-Nn-h\mw ip{I≥ a{¥nbmw tZh-]q-Pn-X≥ Znt\-i-\-µ≥ \nXyw Zmk `rXym-Zn-Im-c-I≥

BZn-Xy-\-ÿn-bm-boSpw iim-¶≥ c‡-am-bnSpw IpP∂p a÷bmw [mXp ip¢w ip{I∂p tN¿∂nSpw

taZ p aµ-\m-boSpw Rc-ºp-a-h-\mbv hcpw k]vX-{K-l-߃°o-hÆw k]vX-[m-Xp-°-fmbvhcpw

B≤ym-fl-Im-c-I≥ kqcy≥ N{µ≥ {]Ir-Xn-Im-c-I≥

IpP-\·n _p[≥`qan hymg-am-Im-i-am-bnSpw ip{I≥sh-≈-am-boSpw Ims‰√mw aµ-\m-bnSpw

AImcw _p[-\m-boSpw CImcw ip{I-\mbvhcpw DImcw IpP-\m-boSpw GImcw aµ-\m-bnSpw

HImcw Kpcp-hm-boSpw {XntImWw N{µ-\m-bnSpw hrØ-am-Zn-Xy-\m-boSpw aq¿Øn-t`-Z-ß-fn-ßs\

BZn-Xy-∂m-dp-am-k-߃ £W-Imew iim-¶∂v IpP-s∂m-cp-Zn\w c≠p-amkw _p[\p tN¿∂nSpw

amk-sam-∂Y Poh-∂v `rKphn-∂¿≤-am-kamw
* ChnsS iinbpsS ( N{µs‚ ) AwKamb _p[≥ F∂v a\√nem°pI.

19
{Kl Imc-I-Xz-߃ hni-Z-am-bn.
kqcy≥.
A—\pw tZh\pw cmPm-hm-flmhpw {]mW-\-ÿnbpw sshZy tPymXn¿±n-hm-ss[cyw {]Xm]w cmP-tk-hbpw
Xm{aw kph¿Æw hnPbw tlma-Im-cy-߃ ]¿∆Xw inh-Imcyw h\w iucy-ap-’mlw tZh-Xm-Krlw
\Jhpw Z¥hpw N¿Ω-tam-P pw t\{X-ap-∂Xn Kmb-{Xo-a-{¥hpw ssih-X-{¥hpw inh-enw-Khpw
Xm]-k-∑m¿X-]-ÿm-\-an-h-sb√mw kqcy-s\m-Øn-Spw.
(Ch-Iq-SmsX Xmsg ]d-bp∂ Imcy-ßfpw kqcy-s\-s°m≠v Nn¥n-bv°-Ww)
he-tØ-°Æv DjvWw h\-bm{X I∏¬ £{Xn-b-PmXn hoc-ssi-h-∑m¿ bqtdm-]y-∑m¿ I∂-SUPmXn
Xe-th-Z\ tcmK-i-a\w Nph-∏p-\ndw Ing-°p-Zn°v Npa ]\n ck-hmZw a{¥-hmZw If-IvS¿ cp{Zm£w A·n
Xan-gv`mj X¿°-imkv{Xw tKmta-ZIw ]®-ap-fIv sh¨Imbw ]pI-bne cp{Zm-£-°-Sp-°≥
hr£-ß-fp-sS-]-´, h\-߃ hr£-߃ `kvaw I¿∏qcw ]mjmWw amWIyw kqcy-Im¥w {Kmam-[n-]Xyw
aWvU-em-[n-]Xyw ]nXm-hns‚ ip`m-ip-`-߃.

N{µ≥.
a\kpw cm⁄nbpw \mcn c‡w kpJ-hp-a-Ωbpw Irjnbpw sh≈hpw s\√pw Ipfnbpw cm{Xn-Im-ehpw
sh¨Nm-a-c-߃sh¨sIm-‰-°-pSbpw Xmehrµhpw Imbpw I\n-Ifpw ]qhpw arZp-e{Z-hy-sam-s°bpw
kky-ß-f-JnewapØpw Hm´p-]m-{X-߃ Io¿Ønbpw kv{Xot`mKwsh≈nbpw iwJpw-a-[pc {Zhy-sam-s°bpw
£ochpwssXcpws\øpwimey∂wkpJ-t`m-P\w tZl-ku-µ-cyhpwkv{XoIƒ°p-t≈m-cm-`-c-W-ß-sfm-s°bpw
I¿∏qcw Nµ-\w-Nm¥pw tKmtcm-N-\-IƒIp-¶paw AjvS-aw-K-ey-h-kvXp-°ƒI-Æm-Sn-ip-≤-a-Zy-ß-sfms°bpw
kpK-‘-ap-≈-h-kvXp-°ƒ]p-\p-sI-∂n-h-sbm-s°bpw kpK-‘-ssXew Xmw_qew ]m\Iw ]mb-k-ßfpw
irwKm-c-Kp-W-am¿∂p≈ hkvXp-°-sfm-s°bpw Zp¿§m-`-K-hXn ambm Ipfw a{¥w Ipfm¿Æhw
ambm-hn-em-k-Im-cy-ß-fn-h-sb√mw N{µ-s\m-Øn-Spw.

(Ch-Iq-SmsX Xmsg ]d-bp∂ Imcy-ßfpw N{µs\-s°m≠v Nn¥n-bv°-Ww)

ioX-f-h-kvXp-°ƒ ioX-Pzcw I^w hrØm-Imcw CS-tØ-°Æv hS-°p-Zn°v sh≈m-f-PmXn NpÆm-ºp-
\o-‰p-∂-h¿ acp-Ø-h¿ \mSm-∑m¿ tPym’y-∑m¿ cmP-Io-b-hwiw kv^SnIw apJw ]ip-hn≥]m¬ D∏v
kv{XoIƒ £-b-tcmKw itøm-]-I-c-W-߃ hmk-\{Z-hy-߃ Imip-ame sN¶Æv ISp-°≥ Ae-¶mcw
Nµ\w Aizw aWn-am-fnI kzman-am-cp-tSbpw k∂ym-kn-am-cp-tSbpwNn{X-߃ I¿Æm-`-c-W-߃ cXv\-߃
hmg Ing-ßp-h¿§w- L-Sn-Imcw IpSn-b-∑m¿ hmg-∏gw I\y-ImXzw Ip¶paw D]-Nmcw amkw-A-cpNn ]´v
Pufn NpÆmºv cXv\-hym-]mcw ]pjv]-hym-]mcw Xmcm-´p-]m-S¬ sIm©n-°p-g-b¬ Npw_\w amXm-hns‚
ip`m-ip-`-߃.

IpP≥.
_ew ktlm-Zcw bp≤w klmbw{Iqc-I¿Ωhpw hntZz-j-a-·nbpw kz¿Æ-ap-’mlw ]mN-Im-ebw
hocyw i{Xp-°ƒ I≈-∑m¿ [\p¿th-Zm-kv{X-sam-s°bpw Ak-Xy-h-N\w tIm]w A\vb-`m-cy-bn-em-{Klw
CSnbpw shSnbpw IpØpw sXmgnbpw sh´p-X-√p-Iƒ taZ pw {]lcw a‰p-tIm-]-am-bp≈ hrØn-Iƒ
hmfp-I-¥-߃ iqe-߃ agp sh¨a-gp-I-Øn-Iƒ Ccn-ºp-e° ssIt°m´p Icn-¶√p Npc-°p-Iƒ
CSn-sh-´p-an-Sn-Øoøv shSn-bv°p-≈-a-cp-∂p-Iƒ {_“-\m-cm-b-Wm-kv{X-߃ ]S-t°m-∏p-I-sfm-s°bpw
Ipam-c≥ ss`c-h≥ hoc-`-{Z\pw `{Z-Im-fnbpw ct‡-iz-cn-sIm-Sp-¶mfn c‡-hm-cm-ln-sb-∂n-h¿
Bhn-b-{¥-߃ [qa-߃ Ch-sb√mw IpP-s\m-Øn-Spw.

20
(Ch-Iq-SmsX Xmsg ]d-bp∂ Imcy-ßfpw IpPs\-s°m≠v Nn¥n-bv°-Ww)
Pbw i{Xp Bip-]{Xn bp≤-ho-c≥ sN´n-PmXn IΩm-f-PmXn hSp-I-PmXn sdUvVn-PmXn hmWn-b≥
I√p-X-®≥ sNºp-\ndw hn[h hy`n-Nmcw sN¶¬Nqf ]nÆm°v s\cp-t∏mSv tXm∏v Ima-imkv{Xw
sXep-Kp-`mj tlm´¬hym-]mcw t]meokv ]´mfw Nne-ºp-hnZy iWvT Ielw Pzcw P∂n am{¥nIw
sX°pIngp-Zn°v Xph-c-∏-cn∏v NqSp-≈-hr£w XmSn-aoi \yqtam-Wnb ap≥tIm]w GjWn Bbp-[m-`ymkw
hÆm¿the tcmKw `qan ktlm-Z-c-ip-`m-ip-`-߃.

_p[≥.
FgpØpw KWnXw hm°pw Ifnbpw Iui-e-ßfpw ⁄m\w-_-‘p-°fpw Xz°pw AΩm-h≥a-cp-a-°fpw
At\ym-\y-hm-Z-P-bhpw bp‡n-bm-bv]-d-bp-∂Xpw NmXpcyw kXyhpw bp‡n hnZy-`ymk Krl-ßfpw
bmKw sshjvW-h-X-{¥-߃ Ihn-Xm-im-kv{X-hn-Zybpw at{¥m-]-hm-k-X-{¥-߃hn-Zy-bm-bp-≈-sXm-s°bpw
Nßm-Xn-amcpw Bt\ym\yw hnZym-`ym-k-{]-hm-khpw IW-s°-gpØpw Imcy-ÿ-s\-gp-tX-≠p-∂sXms°bpw
Iuam-c-Im-ehpw X{X-hn-Zym-`ym-k- kz-`m-hhpw A≤ym-]-I-∑m¿in-jy-∑m-c-Xn¬th-≠p-∂-sXm-s°bpw
X¿°-th-Zm-¥-ao-amwkm Imhy-im-kv{X-ßsfms°bpw At\-I-`m-jm-hn-⁄m\w Iem-hn-Zy-I-sfm-s°bpw
tKm]m-e-aq¿Øn{ioIr-j-W≥ {iocm-am-Zn-I-sfm-s°bpw hnZym-a-\x-kpJw⁄m\w CsX-√mw-_p-[-s\m-ØnSpw
(Ch-Iq-SmsX Xmsg ]d-bp∂ Imcy-ßfpw _p[s\-s°m≠v Nn¥n-bv°-Ww)
A£cw FgpØv kw`m-j-Ww-Zq-X≥ssh-Zn-I≥ cmPn ]®-\ndw Ce-hym-]mcw ]®-c¥w ]®-∏-bdv Xan-gv˛
hnZym-`ymkw hym]mcw IW°v Kpa-kvXs‚tPmen tImap´n \´p-h≥ IqØmSn ]qPmcn sshiy≥]nØw
tZl-ho°w sX°p-]-Sn-™m-dpZn°v _‘p-°ƒ \qev XSn-in-ev]-the tPym’yw tPymXn-j-sØm-gn¬ Nn{X-
sa-gpØv ]qgn-aÆv ac-X-I-aWn I¿Æm-`-cWw ssI°q-en-bn-em-{Klw A®p-IqSw {]kn-≤o-I-cWw A®Sn
]pkvXIw \m´p-a-cp∂v hnthIw AΩm-h≥ `mKn-t\-b≥.

hymgw.
Adnhpw `bhpw ]pWyw a°fpw _p≤nbpw KpWw X] pw a{¥hpw Imcyw Ipem-Nm-c-߃\njvTbpw
Kpcp-ÿm-\wN amlmflyw [mc-Wm-i-‡n-tam-£hpw thZ-im-kv{X-]p-cm-W-߃ tZh-{_m-“-W-`-‡nbpw
sFizcyw cmP-k-Ωm\w ]mc-º-cy-{I-a-ßfpw bmKhpw {i≤bpw \nXyw- ip-Nn-bm-bp≈ hrØnbpw
\n[n-`-≠m-c-ap-t≈Sw hnZy-sIm-≠p-{]-kn-≤nbpw tbmKm-`ym-k-©-k-∂ymkw⁄m\-an-{¥n-b-\n-{Klw
Bfl-]q-Pm-Zn-X-{¥-߃th-Z-th-Zmw-K-ap-{Zbpw {_“-Ncyw Krl-ÿ-Xzw-k-∂ymkw h\-hm-khpw
{hX-߃I¿Ω-ImWvU߃ \nb-a-߃{]-Xn-{Klw P]-߃]-©-b-⁄-߃kzm-≤ym-bw-\n-Xy-I¿Ωhpw
GI-]-Xv\o-{h-Xw-]pwkmw kXn-[¿Ω-Xp-tbm-jn-Xmw- -]-©-hm-Zy-[z-\n-th-Z-[z-\n-bpw- iw-J\mZhpw
Huhm-k-\m·nI¿Ω-߃ A·n-tlm-{X-ß-sfm-s°-bpw-tkm-a-bm-Pn-Iƒk-∂ymkn Zo£n-X¿ Krl-ta-[n-Iƒ
D]m-k-I-∑m¿ kNn-h¿ a{¥-hm-Zn-Iƒ amkvacw hnjvWp-enw-K-߃ _nw_-߃km-f-{Km-a-ß-sfm-s°bpw
AjvSm-Z-i-]p-cm-W-߃ {]m-b›n-Ø-ß-sfm-s°bpw ssNX-\yw-k¿h-tZ-hm\mw CsX√mw Kpcp-hm-bnSpw
(Ch-Iq-SmsX Xmsg ]d-bp∂ Imcy-ßfpw hymgs\-s°m≠v Nn¥n-bv°-Ww)
thZw-sNm-√¬ thZm-≤y-b\w {]kwKw D]-tZiw D]m-≤ym-b≥ h°o¬ cmP-hwiw bm{X tZhm-ebw
tbmKm-`ymkw a™-\ndw s]m≥\ndw ]pjy-cmKw kz¿Æw sXt°-Zn°v {_m“-W-PmXn
kwkvIr-X-hn-Zym-`ymkw Xnancw Poh≥ BNmcw ioew sshZnIw Icnºv sXßv I\n-h¿§w ip`-I¿Ωw
]qWq¬ Igp-Øn-e-Wn-bp∂ B`-c-W-߃ ]W-an-S-]m-Sp-Iƒ Io¿Øn D]-Imcw bmKm-Zn-]p-Wy-I¿Ω-߃
[\m-[n-]Xyw {Kmam-[n-]Xyw tZim-[n-]Xyw i¿°c \mWbw IΩ´w ssZh-`‡n BkvXn-Iy-t_m[w
[¿Ω-\njvT {hXm-\p-jvTm\w Xo¿∞-bm{X ssZh-≤ym\w Ac-ip-hr£w cmPy-`-cWw DtZymK-ÿ-ta-[mhn
[\w ku`mKyw ]pXs‚ ip`m-ip-`-߃.
21
ip{I≥.
\n[n-{Z-hy-߃ku-Jy-߃ kºØpw hml-\-ßfpw Xf-bpw-h-f-bpw-am-e-X-°-aq-°pØn RmØp-Iƒ
A¿≤-hr-Ø-߃ Nn{X-߃ I√p-sh-®-h-sbm-s°bpw Ip∏mbw sXm∏n-bpw-ap≠pwXe-∏m-hp-a-sXm-s°bpw
a™-∏-´p-Iƒ sh¨]´pw Ik-hn-´p-≈-]-´p-Iƒ Icbpw Ipdnbpw tN¿∂-ap-dn-ap-≠p-I-sfm-s°bpw
]X°w IS-Iw-Xmen ISp-°≥tam-Xn-c-ßfpw AXm-Xp-Pm-Xn-t`-Z-Øn-\p-t≈m-cm-`-c-W-ßfpw
]e-Pm-Xn-Iƒ [cnbv°pw hkv{X-sam-s°bpw \rØ-Ko-X-߃ hmZy-߃ Zmkn-bm-´-߃ Zmkn-am¿
hoW-Xw-_p-cp-sXm-´p-≈-Km-\-{X-b-ß-sf-∂n-h -ar-ZwKw a±-fw-Xm-fw-tN-ße Ipgn-Ømfw
XInepw apc-fo-Ifw Imlfw Ipg¬sIm-ºp-Iƒ DSp-°pw-sN-≠bpw \√ s]cp-ºd ISp¥pSn
FS-bvI-Xn-an-e-sb∂ ]e-hm-Zy-ß-sfm-s°bpw amfn-I-ku-[-a-©-߃\n-em-anIw aWn-am-fnI
iøm-Kr-l-߃ ]cn-b¶w NI-emkp ]pX-∏p-Iƒ lwk-Xq-em-Zn-h-kv{X-߃ ]e-h¿Æ-In-S-°-Iƒ
Iman-\o-Im-ap-I-∑mcpw Ima-X-{¥-ß-sfm-s°bpw ]fln\o Nn{Xn-Wo-apºmw e£-W-kv{Xo-I-sfm-s°bpw
Npw_-\m-Zn-I-fm-bp≈ Ima-eo-e-I-sfm-s°bpw \S-∑m¿ \Sn-am¿ \mSyw Ihn-Xm-\m-S-I-ßfpw
eXm-Kr-l-߃ ]q¶mhpw ]pjv]w \mS-I-im-ebpw irwKm-c-Kp-W-am¿∂ a‰p-h-kvXp-°-sfm-s°bpw
hma-Z-£n-W-X-{¥-߃ {iohnZym ]c-tZ-hXm A∂-]q¿tÆ-izco e£vao-b-£o-sb-∂nh ip{I-\mw.
(Ch-Iq-SmsX Xmsg ]d-bp∂ Imcy-ßfpw ip{Is\-s°m≠v Nn¥n-bv°-Ww)
kwKoXw awKeyw ssZhw Imaw Ifn Dd°w aTw hoSv amS-߃ Xm¬°m-enI sjUvVp-Iƒ sI´nSw
kpK‘w aq∏-∑m¿ Nmcmbw Pufn-hym-]mcw Xdn-bn¬s\-øp-∂-h-kv{X-߃ tNc-a-PmXn CS-b≥ sshiy≥
hÆm≥ sdUvVn hkv{Xw ]pjv]w Xmw_qew _p≤n ]Sn-™m-td-Zn°v ]fp¶v sh¶-ew- tKm-ime
sh≈n-hym-]mcw kwKoX sXmgn¬ ]mT-Iw-]-d-®n¬ aWn-am-fnI sh≈n-∏m-{X-߃ kºØv sFizcyw
h{Pw sh≈n-B-`-c-W-߃ A`n-\bw kn\na kpaw-Ken If{Xw ]c-kv{Xo-cXn F∂n-h.

i\n.
Bbp pw acWw `oXn PmXn`rjvS-]-am-\hpw ZpxJ-hpw-]-e-tcm-K-߃ Zmcn{Zyw Zmk-`r-Xy-∑mcpw
ih-kw-kv°mc-Im-cy-߃ _en-]n-WvU-ß-sfm-s°bpw \oN-∑m¿ \oN-I¿Ω-߃ aSnbpw\oN-tk-hbpw
H´-Iw-I-gp-X-t]mØv hr≤-∑m¿ hr≤-\m-cn-Iƒ ISw Imcm-{Klw ImSp-_-‘\w NpS-e-°fw
Irjn-km-[-\-sa-∏m-cpw-h´n Ip´-Iƒ Nqep-Iƒ Ae-kXzw at\m-ZpxJw e÷-hn-´p-≈-I¿Ωhpw
H‰m-epw-h-e-bpw-Nq-≠-¬ ChsIm≠p-≈Im-cyhpw Ccpºw]oen-bpw-]p√pw _en-]p-jv]-ß-sf-≈p-Iƒ
De-°-bp-c¬Iq-¥men s\√p-IpØpw {]tZ-ihpw Danbpw Xhn-Spw-I-√pw-I-cn-°-´-IƒNm-ºepw
N°p-]n-Æm°v ssht°mepw N°p-\n¬°pw {]tZ-ihpw D®n-jvS-a-e-aq-{X-߃I-fbpw {]tZ-ihpw
N°m-e-∑m¿ hmWn-b-∑mcpw ioXn-I≥]p-e-bp-≈-h≥ Ccp-ºp-sIm-√≥ `n£-°m¿ PmXn-{`-jvSp-`-hn-®-h¿
aÆm≥]p-e-b≥th-S-∑m¿ ]d-b≥I-s≈-Sp-∏-h≥ I≈-k-∂ym-kn-th-j-°m¿ £p{Zw-sh-®-sX-Sp-∏-h¿
th´-bvs°m-cp-a-I≥imkvXm NmØ-∑m¿a-e-_m-[-Iƒ `q-X-t{]-X-]n-im-Np-°ƒ-C-sX√mw aµ-s\m-ØnSpw
(Ch-Iq-SmsX Xmsg ]d-bp∂ Imcy-ßfpw i\nsb-s°m≠v Nn¥n-bv°-Ww)

cmlp.
Im°-∏p-≈n-Iƒ k¿∏-߃ ssIhn-j-߃ hnj-ßfpw h≈n-bpw-I-b-dpw-Nq-c¬ Nc-Spw-kq-Nn-ap-≈p-Iƒ
sI´n-Rm-∂p-≈-a-cWw hnjw-Xo-≠n-a-cn-bv°epw IÆpw Ic-ßfpw Imepw AXn-ep-≈-hr-W-ßfpw
Ipdp-°≥]-´nbpw ap≈-\q-dm-ºp-en-Nn-e-¥nbpw A´-tX-c-´-]p-gphpw sXm´m-c-sXm-´n-]-√nbpw
]gp-Xmc ]pgp-s∏mØv k¿∏-°m-hp-I-sfm-s°bpw ]mW≥\m-bmSn ]d-b≥th-S≥-D-≈m-S-s\-∂n-h¿
tizX-Ip-jvTw-sNm-dn-Ifpw hr£(hnj)-hr-£-߃h-≈n-Iƒ Ipgn-bpw-sN-cn-hpw-NmepwI√n≥a-S-Iƒ]p-‰p-Iƒ
Zp¿Ωm¿§-h-gnbpw tXmSpw \oN-hm-k-ÿ-e-ßfpw Ce-tØm¬Ip-Snepw IqSw Acn-hmfo¿®hm-fp-Iƒ
I√p-sh-´p-∂-a-gp-thm-Sn-cp-ºn≥I-ºn-iq-e-hpw-h-Sn-hmƒvIp¥-߃-C-cp-ºn≥I-´....................
22
k¿∏-_nw-_-߃a-{¥-߃-A-jvS-\m-K-K-W-ßfpw \mK-b-£n-IƒX-{¥-߃ \m-K-cm-Pm-hp`q-Xhp
k¿∏-∏m-´p-Iƒ]p-t≈m-∑m¿k¿∏mWmw_en-I¿Ωhpw Ak-tXym-‡n-IƒIm-]SywCsX-√mw-cm-lp-hmbv hcpw
(Ch-Iq-SmsX Xmsg ]d-bp∂ Imcy-ßfpw cmlphns\-s°m≠v Nn¥n-bv°-Ww)
kv{Xot`mKw tIm´-sIm-Ø-f-߃ A[m¿Ωn-I-[\w Idp-∏p-\ndw Dgp∂v Iqh-cIv Fcpa hnjw ]nSn-hmZw
Xdn-s\bvØv tIS-PmXn Xpep-°≥`mj thS≥ h≈n-b≥ Ccp-f≥ \oN≥ BwK-e-`mj ]mºm´n I≠-I≥
tImf-I≥ hS°p-Ing°vZn°v Pme-hnZy Huj-[-hym-]mcw apØp-hmcpw sXmgn¬ ImSv h\m-¥cw
KwKm-kv\m\w Cub-∏m-{X-߃ NqXm´w tXm¬hym-]mcw h[w hnj-°Sn k¿∏-Pm-Xn-Iƒ IWvT-ame
Icn-¶pjvTw taL-hym[n ]q¿∆-hym[n `n£m-S\w ÿm\-{`wiw amen\yw hmd≠v hkv{X-Øn¬I-d-ho-gpI
Pbn¬hmkw sIme-]m-X-Iw a\-»ne Icn-¶√v ap≈p-sN-Sn-Iƒ XpI¬ Zp¿\ocv ]ISn ]cn-lmkw `n£-
bm-Nn-bv°¬ thjw-am‰w hnI-S-Ihn t]bv]n-im-Np-°ƒ am{¥nIw Xpcp-ºn-bv°pI ]mgm-bn-t∏m-IpI B`m-
k-h¿Ø-am\w \oN-Pm-Xn-bn¬hnhmlw Ndp-°n-ho-g¬ hm-bm-SnØw Pohn-I-sf-lnw-kn-bv°¬ ZØp-]p-
{X≥ A∏p-∏≥ AΩpΩ aXw-am‰w Zmcn{Zyw cmP-in£ _‘-\w.

tIXp.
A·n-Pzm-e-IƒXos°m≈nNqSp-sh-bv°p-∂-tIm-ep-Iƒ apdn-bv°pI Iodp-I-Xp-∂n-s°´v H∂n-®p-tN¿°pI
Ccp-ºm-Wn-Iƒap-≈mWn sam´p-kq-Nn-Iƒ kq-Nn-Iƒ Xe-tbm-Sp-Iƒ`-kva-߃tIm-gn-ap-´-Nn-c-´-Iƒ
an∂m-an-\p-ßp-IƒsIm-Xp-Ipw-t]-\pw-aq-´-I-fo-®-Iƒ hnb¿∏n¬\n∂pw s]m¥p-∂-P-¥p-°-sfm-s°bpw
Imc-ap-≈p-I-cn-°-´-£p-{Z-b-{¥-߃]m-h-Iƒ £p{Z-s∏m-Sn-Iƒ`-kva-߃£p-{Z-`mWvU IpS-ßfpw
amwk-c-‡-߃a-Zy-ß-fm-`n-Nmc {]h¿Øn-Iƒ D®m-S-\mZn X{¥-߃ Zp¿Ωq¿Øn-_-en-]q-P-Iƒ
£p{Z-ÿm-]-\-b-{¥-߃ £p{Z-I¿Ω-ß-sfm-s°bpw Krl-On-{Z-Kr-lm-e-ky-am-bp-[m-·n-`-b-ßfpw
shSn-s°-´p-IƒI-t√dv X√p-Ip-Øp-I-tf¬°pI ]d-b≥I-≈p-Im-®p-t∂m≥h-[-Ir-Xy-߃sN-bvX-h≥
hoc-`-{Z≥sIm-gp-`q-X-a-·n-ss`-c-h-\m-Zn-Iƒ A·n-Ip-£n-Iƒ `qX-ß-f-·n-Pzm-e-h-an-∏-h≥
{Iqc-am-c-W-Ir-Xy-ß-fn-sX√mw tIXp-hmbvhcpw.
(Ch-Iq-SmsX Xmsg ]d-bp∂ Imcy-ßfpw tIXp-hns\-s°m≠v Nn¥n-bv°-Ww)
\ncmi tam£w hgn-bm{X `b-¶-c-B-bp-[-߃ Xdn-bn¬s\bvØv tIS-PmXn Xpep-°≥apX-em-b-a-X-t`X
PmXn-Iƒ hneßv _‘\w hS-°p-In-g-°p-Zn°v apØp-hm-cp-∂-sXm-gn¬ h\m-¥cw aew KwKm-kv\m\w
Cubw ab-°p-a-cp-∂p-Iƒ aZy-]m\w XpI¬hym-]mcÿm]\w hnj-°Sn IWvT-ame kv{XoI-sf-_m-[n-bv°-
∂-th-Z\ `bw ÿm\-{`wiw bmN\ aen-\-hkv{Xw Xmen-ame am{¥nIw Xmgv∂-Pm-Xn-bn¬hn-hmlw Dua
hmX-tcmKw Iqen-the A∏p-∏≥ AΩpΩ KW-]Xn InW-‰n¬ho-gpI aX-]-cn-h¿Ø\w PmXn-{`-jvSv
B`n-Nm-cw.

amµn.
F≈pw Idp-Ibpw ]p√pw hndIpwtImSn-h-kv{Xhpw Xobpw-sN-dq-fbpwssXcpw t{]Xm-ew-Ir-X-sam-s°bpw
acn-®m¬th-≠pw-I¿Ω-Øn-\p≈ km[-\-sam-s°bpw £p{Z-am-c-W-Ir-Xy-߃ £p{Z-b{¥-߃a{¥hpw
]mºn≥X-ebpw ]q®-Ø-ebpw Xe-tbm-Sp-I-sfm-s°bpw \oN-t{]-X-߃`q-X-߃\o-N-hm-ÿ-e-ßfpw
F®n-ep-a-e-aq-{X-߃ ap≈p-h-≈n-Iƒ k¿∆hpw ASn-®p-Iq´pw ÿm\-߃-Hm-hp-Ip-∏-I-sf-∂nh
Fen-tN-c-s]-cp-®mgnbm¥tbm¥-Æ-tX-fp-Iƒ Zp¿K-‘-]pjv] hr£-߃ aZy-߃ a’y-amw-khpw
t{]X-a-{¥-߃X-{¥-߃ t{]X-_nw-_-ß-sfm-s°bpw ih-߃ ih-K-‘-߃i-h-\n¿am-ey-sam-s°bpw
ihw-h-dp-Ø-Nq¿Æ-߃ ih-`-kva-ß-f-ÿn-Iƒ inh-`q-X-]n-im-Np-Iƒ.

23
kqcy≥˛ P]mIpkpa k¶miw Imiyt]bw almZypXnw
XtamLv\w k¿h ]m]Lv\w `mkvIcw {]Wamaylw.

N{µ≥˛ Z[niwJXpjmcm`w £otcmZm¿Wh kw`hw

\aman iin\w tkmaw iwt`m¿aIpS`qjWw.

IpP≥˛ [cWoK¿`kw`qXw hnZypXv Im©\ k∂n`w

Ipamcw i‡nlkvXw N awKfw {]Wamaylw.

_p[≥˛ {]nbwKpIenImiymaw cqt]Wm{]Xnaw _p[w

kuayw kuayKptWmt]Xw Xw _p[w {]WtXmkvaylw.

Kpcp˛ tZhm\mw N EjoWmw N Kpcpw Im©\k∂n`w

_p≤n`qXw {XntemtIiw Xw Kpcpw {]WtXmkvaylw.

ip{I≥˛ lnaIpµarWmfm`w ssZXym\mw ]caw Kpcpw

k¿h imkv{X{]h‡mcw `m¿Khw {]Wamaylw.

i\n˛ \oemRvP\kam\m`w(kam`mkw) chn]p{Xw bam{KPw

Ombm am¿ØmWvUkw`qXw Xw \aman iss\›cw.

cmlp˛ A¿[Imbw almhocyw N{µmZnXyhna¿±\w

knwlnIm K¿`kw`qXw Xw cmlpw {]Wamaylw.

tIXp˛ ]emi]pjv]k¶miw XmcImImcakvXIw

cu{Zw cu{ZKptWmt]Xw Xw tIXpw {]Wamaylw.

Kpfn-I≥˛ AY KpfnI {Iqc-Xcx iss\-›-cm-flPx Jex ]m]x

k¿∏m-IrXocXypt{Km \nK-ZytX arXyp-c-Jne kwlmco
\oem-RvP-\-k-¶mtim c‡mt£m hnja `ojtWm Zo¿L
]©mkyx ]rYq-cp-Zwjvt{Sm `b-¶cx k¿hlm KpfnIx

24
cmin ioew. (taSw apX¬ ao\w hscbp≈ cmin-I-fn¬ N{µ≥ \n∂m-esØ ^e-ß-fmWv ChnsS ]d-bp-
∂-Xv, ]s£ N{µ\pw N{µ≥\n¬°p∂ cminbv°pw AXns‚ A[n-]-Xnbv°pw _e-ap-s≠-¶n¬ am{Xta
^ew ]q¿Æ-ambn A\p-`-h-Øn¬ hcn-I-bp-≈q.

taSw. hrØm Xmar-Zr-Kp-jvW-imI eLp-`pIv £n{] {]kmtZm f S\

Imao Zp¿_-e-Pm-\p-c-ÿnc [\x iqtcmw-K\m h√`
tkhm-⁄-x Ip-\Jo {hWmw-KnX incm am\o ktlm-∞m-{KPx
i‡ym ]mWo-X-te-¶n-tXmXn N]ex tXmtbmN `ocpx {Intb.
A¿∞w:-˛N{µ≥ taSw cmin-bn¬ \n∂m¬ IÆp-Iƒ hrØm-Ir-Xn-bnepw eLp-hmbn Npa∂pw BWv.
NqSp-f-f-`-£Ww Ce-°-dn-Iƒ F∂n-h-bn¬ Xm¬]cyw, thK-Øn¬ `£n-bv°p∂ {]IrXw thK-Øn¬
kt¥m-jn-bv°pI kpc-X-{]n-bXzw ap´n\v Dd-∏n-√mbvI ÿnc-a-√mØ [\w iucyw kv{XoIƒ°v {]nb-s∏-´-
h-\mIpw ]c-{]o-W-\-Øn¬ kma¿∞yw Ipgn-\Jw Xe-bn¬ap-dn-hns‚ AS-bmfw kzm`n-am\w ktlm-Z-c-∑m-
cn¬tPy-jvTØzw ssIbn¬ i‡n-ap{Z AXn-N-]-eXzw sh≈w I≠m¬`bw Cu kz`m-h-߃ D≠m-bn-cn-
bv°pw.

CS-hw. Im¥x tJe-K-Xnx ]rYq-cp-h-Z\x ]rjvTm-ky-]m¿tiz-¶nX˛

kvXymKo-t¢-i-klx {]`px IIp-Z-hm≥ I\ym-{]Px t«jvafx
]q¿ss∆¿_‘p-`n-cm-fl-ssP¿ hnc-lnXx ku`m-Ky-bp‡x £ao
Zo]vXm·nx {]aZm{]nbxÿnc-kp-lr-∑[ym¥y kutJym Khn.
A¿∞w:-˛N{µ≥ CShw cmin-bn¬ \n∂m¬ kpµ-c-amb icocw \SØw, XSn-®-Xp-Sbpw apJhpw, ]pdØpw
]m¿iz-`m-KØpw Fs¥-¶nepw AS-bm-fw. Zm\-io-eXzw F¥pw kln-bv°p-hm-\p-≈-I-gnhv
Igp-Øn\v ]pd-Ip-`m-KØv \√ Db¿® kv{Xok-¥m\w I^-{]-IrXn BZy-Im-e-Øp≈ ktlm-Z-c-∑m-tcbpw
[\-tØbpw k¥m-\-ß-tfbpw th¿]n-cn-tb-≠n-h-cnI ku-`mKyw £a Iqdv h√m-Ø-hn-i∏v kv{XoIƒ°v
{]nbXzw Dd-®-N-ßXn°qdv Pohn-X-Øns‚ a≤y-Im-eØpw A¥y-Im-eØpw kpJw.

anYp-\w.
kv{Xotemex kpc-tXm-]-Nmc Ipiex iymta-£Wx imkv{X-hnZv
ZqXx Ip©nX aq¿≤Px ]Sp-a-Xn¿ lmtkyw-KnX ZyqX-hnXv
Nm¿∆wKx {]nb-hmIv {]`m-j-W-cp-Nn¿Ko-X-{]ntbm \rØ-hnXv
¢oss_-cymXn cXnw kap-∂-X- \k ›t{µ -Xr-Xo-b¿£tK.
A¿∞w:-˛N{µ≥ anYp\w cmin-bn¬ \n∂m¬ kv{XoI-fn¬ AXym-k‡n Ima-{Io-U-I-fn¬ Xm¬]cyw
IdpØ IÆp-Iƒ imkv{X-⁄m\w ktµ-i-hm-l-IXzw Npcp-≠-apSn A\ysc ]cn-l-kn-bv°p∂ kz`mhw
NqXp-I-fn-bn¬ ]cn-⁄m\w A\y-cpsS a\- -dn-bp-hm-\p≈ kma¿∞yw kpµ-c-am-b-i-cocw {]nbw-I-c-amb
hm°v kw`m-j-W-Nm-Xpcyw ]m´n¬ Xm¬]cyw \rØ-⁄m\w \]pw-k-I-ß-fp-ambn cXn-{IoV Db¿∂ aq°v
F∂nh ^ew.

I¿°n-S-Iw.
Bh{I {ZpXKx kap-∂-X-ISnx kv{Xo\n¿PnXx k¬kp-lrZv
ssZh⁄x {]Np-cm-ebx £b-[ss\x kwbp-PytX N{µ-hXv
{lkzx ]o\-Kfx kta-Xn N hiw kmav\m-kp-lrZvh’e˛
kvtXmtbm-Zym-\-cXnx kzth-iva-k-lntX PmXx iimt¶ \cx
25
A¿∞w:-˛N{µ≥ I¿°n-SIw cmin-bn¬ \n∂m¬ Aev]w hf-thmSpw thK-X-tbmSpw IqSnb \SØw
XSn-®-I-Sn-{]-tZiw kv{XoIƒ°v hiw-h-ZXyw k÷-\-ß-fpsS Nßm-XnØw tPymXn-j-⁄m\w [mcmfw
hoSp-Iƒ [\-Øns‚ G‰-°p-d-®n¬ Db-c-°p-dhv XSn-®-I-gpØv Pe-Ønepw DZym-\-Ønepw Xm¬]cyw kmaw-
sIm-≠vam{Xw hio-Ir-X-\m-hpI kplr-Øp-°ƒ°v {]nbw-I-cXzw F∂n-h-bmWv ^ew.

Nnßw.
Xo£vWx ÿqe-l-\p¿hn-im-e-h-Z\x ]nwtK-£-tWm(-A)-ev]m-flPx
kv{XotZzjo {]nbamwk-Im-\-\ -\Kx Ip]y-Xy-Imtcy Nncw
£pØr-jvtWm-Zc Z¥-am-\-k-cpPm kw]o-Un-X-kvXym-K-hm≥
hn{Im¥x kvXnc[ox kpK¿hn-X-a\m aXp¿hn-t[-tbm¿°-tP.
A¿∞w:-˛N{µ≥ Nnßw cmin-bn¬ \n∂m¬ £a-bn-√mbva XSn-®-l-\p-{]-tZiw ]c∂ apJw NpI-∂-IÆv
Ipd-™-k-¥m\w kv{XotZzjw amwk-Øn-t\mSpw ImSn-t\mSpw ]¿h-XØn-t\mSpw Xm¬]cyw A\ymbw
{]h¿Øn-bv°p-∂-h-tcmSv \o≠ -sshcw hni∏v Zmlw DZcw ]√v a\ v F∂n-hsb kw_-‘n-®p-≠m-Ip∂
tcmK-ß-fm¬ he-bp∂ k{º-Zmbw XymK-io-eXzw ]cm-{Iaw ÿnc-_p≤n K¿hv AΩbv°v hnt[-bXzw
F∂n-h-bmWv ^ew.

I∂n.
{hoUm-a-Ÿc Nmcp-ho-£-W-KXnx {kkvXmw-k-_mlpx kpJo
«£vWx kXy-cXx Iem kp\n-]pWx imkv{Xm¿∞-hn-≤m¿anIx
ta[mho kpc-X-{]nbx ]c-Kr-ssl¿hn-ssØ› kwbp-PytX
I\ymbmw ]c-tZ-iKx {]nb-hNmx I\ym-{]-tPm(-A)-ev]m-flPx
A¿∞w:-˛N{µ≥ I∂n cmin-bn¬ \n∂m¬ e÷m-io-e-Xzhpw X∂n-anØw aµhpw kpµ-c-hp-amb
\S-Øhpw t\m´hpw HXp-ßnb Npaepw Iøpw kuJyw a[p-c-amb `mjWw kXy-Øn¬ Zm¿Vyw
Ie-I-fn¬ {]mhoWyw imkv{Xm¿∞-⁄m\w [m¿an-IXzw _p≤n-km-a¿∞yw Ima-{Io-U-bn¬ Xme¬]cyw
A\y-cpsS hoSn-s‚bpw [\-Øns‚bpw kzmb-Øo-I-cWw ]c-tZ-i-K-a\w A\y¿°n-jvS-s∏-Sp-∂-hm-°p-
Iƒ A¬]-k-¥m\w kv{Xo{]P F∂n-h-bmWv ^ew.

Xpemw.
tZh {_m“-W-km[p ]qP-\-cXx {]m⁄x ipNnx kv{XoPnXx
{]mwipx kp∂-\-X-\m-knIx Iri-N-e-ZvKm-t{Xm(-A)-S-t\m(-A)¿Ym-\znXx
lo\mwKx {Ib-hn-{I-tbjp Ipitem tZh Zzn\mam kcpIv
_‘q-\m-ap-]-Im-c-Ir-Zzn-cp-jn-X-kvXy-‡-kvXpssXx k]vX-ta.
A¿∞w:-˛N{µ≥ Xpemw cmin-bn¬ \n∂m¬ tZh-∑m-tcbpw {_m“-W-tcbpw ]qPn-bv°p-∂-Xn¬ Xm¬]cyw
{]m⁄Xzw ipNnXzw kv{XoPn-XXzw Db¿∂-i-co-chpw aq°pw saev™v Cf-Ip-∂-tZlw
k©m-c-{]n-bXzw [\w AwK-ssh-Ieyw I®-h-S-Øn¬ kma¿∞yw tZh-s\-kw-_-‘n-®p-≈-Xmb Hcp Cc-´-
t∏cv tcmKw _‘p-°ƒ°v D]-Imcw sNø¬ Ah-cm¬ tZzj-tØm-Sp-IqSn XyPn-bv°-s∏-S¬ Ch-sb-√m-
amWv ^ew.

26
hr›n-Iw.
]rYp-e-\-b-\-h£m hrØPwtLm-cp-Pm-\p¿P-\-I-Kp-cp-hn-bp‡x ssiith hym[n-X›
\c-]-Xn-Ip-e-]qPyx ]nKfx {Iqc-tNjvtSm Qj-Ip-en-i-J-Km-¶-ivO-∂-]m-t]m-fn- PmXx
A¿∞w:-˛N{µ≥ hr›nIw cmin-bn¬ \n∂m¬ henbIÆv, hncn™ amdv, Dcp≠ IW-¶mepw XpSbpw
ap´pw, A—-t\bpw Kpcp-hn-t\bp Dt]-£n-bvt°≠n hcn-I, Ip´n-°mew apX¬t° tcmKw cmPm-hn-\mepw
{]`p-°-∑m-cmepw ]qPn-X-\m-Ip-I, ]nwK-f-h¿Æw, {Iqc-I¿Ω-߃ sNøp-I, a’yw, h{Pw, ]£n F∂nh
bpsS BIr-Xn-bn-ep-≈-tc-J, ad®p shbv°-s∏´ ]m]-I¿Ω-߃ F∂n-h-bmWv ^ew.

[\p.
hymZo¿Lmky intcm-[cx ]nXr-[-\-kvXymKo Ihn¿∆o-cy-hm≥
h‡m ÿqe-c-Z-{i-thm(-A)-[-c-\kx I¿tam-ZyXx inev]-hnXv
Ip_vPmw-ix -Ip-\Jokamw-k-f-`pPx {]mK¬`yhm≥ [¿Ω-hnZv
_‘p-hn¨ \ _emXv ktaXn N hiw kmavss\I kmt[ym(-A)-iznPx
A¿∞w:-˛N{µ≥ [\p cmin-bn¬ \n∂m¬ hf-sc-\o≠ apJhpw Igp-Øpw, ]nXr-[-\-em-`w, Zm\-io-e-Xzw,
Ihn-Xzw, hocyw, hmIvkm-a¿∞yw, XSn-®-]-√v, sNhn, aq°v, Np≠v F∂n-hbpw, F√m {]h¿Øn-bnepw
D’mlw , in¬]-hn-Zym-⁄m-\w, Ip\n-™-Np-a-ep-Iƒ Ipgn-\Jw XSn® ssIIƒ, A\n-Xc km[m-c-W-
amb {]Xn`, [¿Ω-t_m-Zw, _‘p-°-fp-ambn tZzjw, `b-s∏-Sp-Øn-h-i-Øm-°p-hm≥ km[n-bv°mbvI F∂n-
h-bmWv ^ew.

aI-cw.
\nXyw emf-bXn kzZm-c-X-\-bm≥ [¿a-[z-tPm(-A)[x Irix
kz£x £ma-I-Sn¿{Kr-lo-X-h-N\x ku`mKy bpt‡m-(A)ekx
ioXm-eq¿a-\p-tPm(-A)-S-\› aItc kØzm-[nIx Imhy-IrXv
ep_vt[m(-A)-K-ay-P-cmw-K-\mkp \ncXx k¥y‡ et÷m(A)-LrWx
A¿∞w:-˛N{µ≥ aIcw cmin-bn¬ \n∂m¬ `mcy-tbbpw Ip´n-I-tfbpw Ft∏mgpw emfn-bv°¬, [m¿Ωn-I-
Xz-sØ-\S- n-bv°¬, Ac-s°-´n\p Xmsg hfsc saen-™{- ]-Ir-Xn, kpµ-ca- mb IÆv NS-®I - S- n-{]-tZiw, imkvX-
⁄m-\w, k¿h-P-\-{]n-b-Xzw, Ae-k-Xzw, ioXw kln-bv°m≥I-gn-bm-bvI, k©m-c-{]n-b-Xzw, kØz KpW-
{]m-[m-\yw, Imhy-c-N-\, ep_v[v, AK-ay-I-fmb hrZv[-kv{Xo-I-fp-ambn kwt`m-Kw, \n¿e-÷-Xzw, \n¿Z-bXzw
F∂n-h-bmWv ^ew.

Ipw`w.
Ic-`-Kfx kncm-f-J-c-tcm-a-i-Zo¿L-X\px
]rYp-N-c-tWm-cp-]r-jvT-P-L-\m-ky-I-Sn¿_-Tcx
]c-h-\n-Xm¿Y-]m-]-\ncXx £b-hr-≤n-bpXx
{]nb-Ip-kp-am-\p-te-]-\-kp-lr-ZvL-S-tPm(-A)-[z-klx
A¿∞w:-˛N{µ≥ Ipw`w cmin-bn¬ \n∂m¬ H´-I-Øn-t‚-Xp-t]mse \o≠-I-gp-Øv, Db¿∂p-Im-Wm-hp∂
Rc-ºp-Iƒ, ]cp-]-cp-Ø-tcm-aw, \o≠-tZ-lw, XSn-® -Im-ev XpS ]rjvTw Ac-s°´v ISn-{]-tZiw apJw F∂nh.

27
ao\w.
Pe-N-c-[-\-t`m‡m Zmc-hm-tkm-\p-c‡x
ka-cp-Nn-c-i-co-c-kvXpw-K-\mtkm _rlXvIx
A`n-`-hXn k]-Xv\m≥ kv{XoPn-X-›m-cp-Zr-jvSn¿˛
ZypXn-\n-[n-[-\-t`mKo ]WvUn-X-›m-¥y-cm-iu.
A¿∞w:-˛N{µ≥ ao\w cmin-bn¬ \n∂m¬ Pe-Øn¬\n∂pw , Pe-Øn¬N-cn-bv°p-∂-h-kvXp-°-fn¬ \n∂pw
[\w kºm-Zn-bv°pw, `mcy-bnepw \√ hkv{X-ß-fnepw Xm¬]cyw D≠m-bn-cn-bv°pw, IqSmsX HØ kpµ-c-
amb ico-cw, Db¿∂ aq°v, hen-b-in-c- v, i{Xp-P-bw, kv{XoPn-X-Xzw, tXP- v, kpµ-c-amb ZrjvSn, \n[n,
[\w,- F-∂n-h-bpsS t`mKw, ]mWvUnXyw F∂n-h-bp-am-Wv^-ew.

e·w sIm≠v ico-c-]p-jvSnbpw Iri-Xzhpw (Im¿jyw) a\-kn-em-°p∂ hn[w.

ico-c-kz-`mhw a\-kn-em-°p-hm≥ e·w-\n¬°p∂ cmin-bp-tSbpw e·-Øn¬ \n¬°p∂ {Kl-Øn-s‚bpw
e·m-[n-]-s‚bpw e·-Øn-tebv°v t\m°p∂ {Kl-ß-fp-tSbqw kz`m-h-sa-s¥∂v a\- n-em-°-Ww. AXns‚
hnh-cWw Xmsg tN¿°p-∂p.

{Kl-ßsf ipjvI-{K-l-ß-sf∂pw Pe-{K-l-ß-sf∂pw c≠mbn Xcw-Xn-cn-®n-cn-bv°p-∂p.

ipjvI-{K-l-߃˛ chn, IpP-≥, aµ≥.
Pe-{K-l-߃˛ N{µ≥, _p[≥, Kpcp, ip{I≥.
CXp-Iq-SmsX {Kl-߃°v ]©-`q-X-ß-fp-am-bp≈ _‘hpw IW-°m-°-Ww.
chn˛ A{Kn XXzw. N{µ≥-˛-P-e-X-Xzw, IpP≥˛ A·n-X-Xzw, _p[≥˛ `qan-XXzw
Kpcp˛BIm-i-X-Xzw, ip{I≥-˛-P-e-X-Xzw, aµ≥-˛-hm-bp-X-Xzw.
CXp-t]mse cmin-I-tfbpw ]©-`q-X-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.

taSw Nnßw [\p˛ Bt·-b-cm-in-Iƒ, CShw I∂n aI-cw˛ ]rYzn-cm-in-Iƒ,

anYp\w Xpemw Ipw`w˛hmbp-cm-in-Iƒ I¿°n-SIw hr›nIw ao\w˛ Pe-cm-in-Iƒ.

Cu coXn-bn¬ cmin-I-fp-tS-bpw, {Kl-ß-fp-tS-bpw, kz`mhw A\p-k-cn®v a\p-jy-i-co-c-Øns‚ ÿqe-Xbpw

Iri-Xbpw ZrUXbpw a\- n-em-°mw.
1. e·w Pe-cmin Bbn-cn-bv°p-Ibpw AhnsS Pe-{Klw \n¬°p-Ibpw sNbvXm¬ icocw XSn-®-Xm-bn-cn-
bv°pw.
2. e·w Bt·-b-cmin Bbn-cn-bv°p-Ibpw AhnsS A·n-X-Xz{Klw \n¬°p-Ibpw sNbvXm¬ ico-c-
Øn\v _e-ap-s≠-¶nepw XSn-Im-Wp-I-bn-√.
3. e·w Pe-cmin Bbn-cn-bv°p-Ibpw e·m-[n-]Xn Pe-cm-in-bn¬ \n¬°p-Ibpw sNbvXm¬ icocw XSn-
®n-cn-bv°pw.
4. e·w Bt·-b-cmintbm hmbp-cm-intbm Bbn-cn-bv°p-Ibpw e·m-[n-]Xn ]rYzo-cm-in-bn¬ \n¬°p-I-
tbm, `qan-X-Xz-{Klw BIp-I-tbm-sN-bvXm¬ icocw ZrU-am-bn-cn-bv°pw.
5. e·w hmbp-X-Xz-cm-in-bn¬ BIp-Ibpw e·-Øn¬ \n¬°p∂ {Klw hmbp-X-Xz-{Klw BIp-Ibpw
sNbvXm¬ icocw Zp¿_-e-am-bn-cn-bv°pw.
6. e·w ]rYzo-X-Xz-cmin BIp-Ibpw B cmin-bn¬ `qan-X-Xz-{Klw \n¬°p-Ibpw sNbvXm¬ icocw
s]m°w-Ip-d™v ZrU-am-bn-cn-bv°pw.

28
7. e·w ]rYzo-X-Xz-cmin BIp-Ibpw e·m-[n-]Xn ]rYzo-cm-in-bn¬ \n¬°p-Ibpw sNbvXm¬ ico-c-Øn\v
ÿqe-Xbpw ZrV-Xbpw D≠m-Ipw.
8. e·w ]rYzo-X-Xz-cmin BIp-Ibpw e·m-[n-]Xn Pe-cm-in-bn¬ \n¬°p-Ibpw sNbvXm¬ ico-c-Øn\v
CS-Øcw XSn Bbn-cn-bv°pw.
9. e·w ]rYzo-X-Xz-cmin BIp-Ibpw e·m-[n-]Xn A·n-cm-in-bn-tem, hmbp-cm-in-bntem \n¬°p-Ibpw
sNbvXm¬ icocw ZrV-am-sW-¶nepw ÿqe-am-bn-cn-bn-°p-I-bn-√.
10. e·-Øn\v hymg-_-‘-ap-s≠-¶n¬ ico-c-]pjvSn D≠m-Ipw.

cmin-I-fpsS Zo¿L {lkz ka-kz-`m-h-߃.

knwlmZn NXpjvIw Zo¿Lw, Ipw`mZn NXpjvIw {lkzw, tijm kamx
Nnßw I∂n Xpemw hr›nIw Zo¿L-cm-in-Iƒ, Ipw`w ao\w taSw CShw {lkz-cm-in-Iƒ, [\p aIcw
anYp\w I¿°n-SIw ka-cm-in-Iƒ.

{Kl-ß-fn¬ N{µ\pw i\nbpw Zo¿Lw, sNm∆ {lkzw, chn _p[≥ ip{I≥ ka≥, hymgw a≤y-a-am-sW∂p
]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

ico-c-Øns‚ \ndw.
PmX-I-Øn¬ N{µs‚ \hmw-i-Im-[n-]-Xn-bpsS \nd-amWv km[m-c-W-bmbn PmX-I\v ImWp-∂-Xv. AXp-t]m-
se-Xs∂ e·-kv^p-S-Øns‚ G‰hpw ASpØ {Kl-Øns‚ \ndhpw PmX-I\v ]d-bm-hp-∂-Xv.
1. N{µ≥ kqcys‚ \hmw-i-I-Øn¬˛ Ccp≠ Nph-∏v.
2. N{µ≥ N{µs‚ \hmw-i-I-Øn¬˛ shfp-∏v.
3. N{µ≥ IpPs‚ \hmw-i-I-Øn¬˛Np-h-∏p -I-e¿∂ shfp-∏v.
4. N{µ≥ I_p[s‚ \hmw-i-I-Øn¬˛]® Ie¿∂ Idp∏v.
5. N{µ≥ Kpcphns‚ \hmw-i-I-Øn¬ ˛ kz¿Æ \ndw.
6. N{µ≥ ip{Is‚ \hmw-i-I-Øn¬˛ BI¿j-I-amb Idp-∏v.
7. N{µ≥ i\n-bpsS \hmw-i-I-Øn¬˛ Idp-∏v.

e·-Øn¬ Hmtcm-{K-l-ßfpw \n∂m¬ PmX-I-\p-≠m-Ip∂ \ndw.

1. chn e·-Øn¬ \n∂m¬˛ sNºp \ndw.
2. N{µ≥ e·-Øn¬ \n∂m¬˛ shfp∏p \ndw.
3. IpP≥ e·-Øn¬ \n∂m¬˛ Nph-∏p-I-e¿∂ shfp-∏p \ndw.
4. _p[≥ e·-Øn¬ \n∂m¬˛ ]®-I-e¿∂ Idp-∏p- \n-dw.
5. Kpcp e·-Øn¬ \n∂m¬˛ kz¿Æ \ndw.
6. ip{I≥ e·-Øn¬ \n∂m¬˛ BI¿j-I-amb Idp∏p \ndw.
7. aµ≥ e·-Øn¬ \n∂m¬˛ Idp∏p \ndw.-

29
e· ^e-߃.
taSw.
taS-e-·-Øn¬ P\n-®-h¿°v AXy-[nIw tZjy-w, hntZ-i-bm{Xm Xm¬]cyw, AXym-{K-lw, Iri-X, kpJm-\p-`-
h-°p-d-hv, Akq-b, kwkm-c-Øn¬ XS-kw, ]nØ-tcm-K-߃, hmX-tcm-K-߃, HmjvT-tcm-K-߃, F∂nh
_m[n-bv°mw, Imcy-km-a¿∞yw, `ocp-Xzw, BSn-t‚-Xp-t]m-ep≈ IÆp-Iƒ, BSns‚ kz`m-hw, Aev]-_p-
≤n, a‰p-≈-h-cpsS hkvXp-°ƒ\in-∏n-bv°m≥ Xmev]cyw, kpJm-\p-`-h-ß-fn¬ Xmev]-cyw, {]kn-≤n- e`n-
bv°p-I,
\J-߃°v `wKn-bn-√m-bvI, \S-Ø-bn¬ thK-X, k¥m-\-kwJy Ipd-hv, `mcybv°v kvt\l-°p-d-hv,
Zpxio-eXzw, Xmgv∂-Ip-Spw-_mw-Kw-B-hp-I, hf-™-h-gn-bn¬°qSn [\ kºm-Z\w F∂nh ^ew.

CS-hw.
CSh-e-·-Øn¬ P\n-®-h¿°v IjvS-∏mSv kl-nbv-°p-hm-\p≈ Ignhv, iucyw, FXn-cm-fn-Isf tXmev]n-v°p-
hm-\p≈ kma¿∞yw, Ip´n-°m-eØv [\-k-ºm-Z-\w, XSn®v hnkvXr-X-am-b -s\‰n Ihnƒ Np≠v F∂nh,
Gs‰-SpØ {]h¿Øn ]q¿Øo-I-cn-bv°p∂ kz`m-hw, A—\pw AΩbv°pw \∑-sN-ø¬, Zm\-io-e-Xzw,
]e-hn-[-amb [\-®n-e-hv, cu{Z-{]-Ir-Xn, I^-hm-X-{]-Ir-Xn, kv{Xok-¥m-\-°q-Sp-X¬, _‘p-°sf D]-{Z-hn-
bv°¬, kv{XoP-\-߃°v {]nbw, N©-e-kz-`mhw, A∂-]m-\-ß-fn¬ Xmev]cyw, hkv{Xm-`-c-W-ß-fn¬
Xmev]cy F∂nh ^ew.

anYp-\w.
anYp\-e-·-Øn¬ P\n-®-h¿°v `mcy-tbmSv AXy¥w kvt\lw, B`-c-W-߃ Zm\w sNøp-∂-Xn¬ Xmev]cyw
\√-hm-°p-Iƒ kwkm-cn-bv°p∂ {]Ir-Xw, tXP-kzn, c≠v AΩ-am-cp-≈-A-h-kvX, i{Xp-°sf ]cm-P-b-s∏-
Sp-ج, kwKo-X-Ønepw inev]-hn-Zy-bnepw kma¿∞yw, thZ-im-kv{X-ß-fn¬ ]mWvUn-Xyw, -lm-ky-{]n-b≥,
{KŸ-I¿Xr-Xzw, kuay kz`m-hw, Be-¶mc {]nb≥, elcn {]nb≥, kl-\-i-‡n-°p-d-hv, k¥m-\-°p-d-hv,
Ah-b-h-߃ IqSp-Xtem Ipdthm D≠m-Ip-I, hrØm-Ir-Xn-bp-ep≈ ]pcn-I-߃, BI¿j-I-ambBIr-
Xn, `qan kz¿Æw cXv\w Ptem¬∏-∂-߃ F∂n-h-bn¬ \n∂pw [\-{]m]vXn F∂nh ^ew.

I¿°n-S-Iw.
I¿°n-SI-e-·-Øn¬ P\n-®-h¿°v ico-c-Øn\v _ew D≠-¶nepw Ah-b-h-߃ XΩn¬ s]mcp-Ø-°p-d-hv,
apJØv irwKmc`mhw, Zl-\-°p-d-hp-s≠-¶nepw `£-W-Øn¬ {]nbw, Huj-[-tkh Bh-iy-am-bn-h-cp∂
Ah-kvY, _mey-Øn¬ _mem-cn-jvS-X, Cue-·-Øn¬ P\n® kv{XoIƒ°v K¿`m-i-b-tcm-K-ß-fp-≠m-Ipw,
thZ-\-k-ln-bv°p-hm-\p≈ Ign-hp-Ip-d-hv, Dt±-i-n®Imcyw \nd-th-‰p-hm-\mbn XpS¿®-bmb {]b-Xv\w,
]cm-P-b-ß-fn¬ \ncm-i-s∏-SmØ kz`m-hw, kam-[m-\-Øn\pw -A-\p-\-b-Øn\pa√msX `oj-Wnbv°v Iog-S-
ßmØ kz`m-hw, hnim-e-amb ho£-Whpw BZ¿ihpw D≠m-bn-cn-bv°p-I, kap-Zmb t\Xr-Xztam kap-
Zmb ]cn-jvI¿Ømhv F∂ _lp-a-Xntbm e`-bv°p-I, \√ Hm¿Ω-i-‡n, a‰p-≈-h-cpsS sX‰p-Ip-‰-߃
s]mdp-°p∂kz-`m-hw, \√ D]-tZjvSm°tfm A≤ym-]-Itcm BIp-I, bmYm-ÿnXnI a\-ÿn-Xn, F√m-
bvt∏mfpw Btem-N\m kz`m-hw, F¥n-t\m-sS-¶nepw hntcm[w tXm∂n-bm¬ hm°nepw {]h¿Øn-bnepw
{]IS-am-ImsX kq£nbv°pw,- B-cp-tSbpw klm-btam D]-tZ-itam Bh-iy-am-bn-h-cn-I-bn-√, kz`mhw
Xo¿Øpw sa®tam Xo¿Øpw ZpjvStam Bbn-cn-bv°p-I-bn-√,- Ip-Spw-_mw-K-ß-tfmSpw k¥m-\-ß-tfmSpw
\oXn-]m-en-bv°pw, a\ v N©-e-am-bn-cn-bv°p-sa-¶nepw `mKyw A\p-Iq-e-am-bn-cn-bv°pw AXn-\m¬ henb
{]Xn-_-‘-ßsf Xc-Ww-sNbvXv e£y-Øn-se-Øm≥ Ign-bpw, kpJ-{]n-b≥am-cm-bXn-\m¬ (N-{µ\v _e-an-
√m-Xn-cp-∂m¬) hyh-ÿ-bn-√m-Ø-Po-hnXw \bn-bv°p-hm≥ km≤y-X, ip≤-{]-Ir-Xn-B-b-Xn-\m¬ hym]m-c-Øn-
epw-hy-h-km-b-Ønepw hnP-bn-bv°p-∂n-√.

30
kz`m-h-Øn\v ÿnc-X-bn-√m-sX-hcmw (tIm-]-Xm-]m-Zn-Iƒ°v hiw-h-Z-cm-Ip-∂p) ,kp-lr-Øp-°ƒ°v D]-Imcw
sNøpw, s]cp-am-‰-Øn¬ {]`pXzw \ng-en-bv°pw, Cuiz-c-`‡n Kpcp-`‡n Ch-tbm-sSm∏w kXyw [¿Ωw
BZ¿iw F∂nh ssIhn-SmsX Pohn-bv°pw, \n›-bn-®-Im-cy-߃ \S-∏n-em-°p-hm≥ Ign-hp-≠m-Ipw,
IpSpw-_-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ {i≤n-bv°pw, im¥nbpw kam-[m-\hpw ]c-kv]-c-kvt\lhpw \nd™ Hcp IpSpw_
Pmhn-X-am-bn-cnbv°pw CjvS-s∏-Sp-I, kv{XoIsf kw_-‘n® Imcy-߃°v {]tXy-I-]-cn-K-W\ sImSp-°pw,
s]mXp-P-\-tk-h-\-Øn\v e`n-bv°p∂ Ah-kcw {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øpw, ÿe-Imet_m[-tØmsS
Imcy-߃ \n¿h-ln-bv°p-hm≥ Ign-hp-≠mIpw F∂nh ^ew.

Nnßw.
Nnß-e-·-Øn¬ P\n-®-h¿ XI-™-kzm-X{¥y t{]an-I-fm-bn-cn-bv°pw, A[nIw Db-chpw XSnbpan√mØ
ico-cw, ssIIƒ°v \√ _ehpw \of-hpw, apJØv {]tXyI Kmw`o-cyw, i{Xp-°-sf-Xn-cn-®-dn™v th≠-
hn[ Øn¬ {]h¿Øn-bv°p-hm-\p≈ kma¿∞yw, tkXr-ÿm\w Ae-¶-cn-bv°p-hm\pw AWn-Isf \nb-
{¥n®p \n¿Øp-hm-\p-ap≈ Ign-hv, \√-_p-≤n-i-‡nbpw Imcy-߃ Npgn-™m-tem-Nn®v Ipg-∏w-]n-Sn®{]iv\-
߃°v ]cn-lm-cw-Im-Wp-hm\pw D≈ Ign-hv, Kuc-hhpw Kmw`o-cyhpw {]I-S-am-°p-∂-ap-J-`m-hw, ]¿∆-X-{]-
tZ-i-ß-fnepw h\-{]m¥-ß-fnepw k©-cn-bv°p-hm\pw Xma-kn-bv°p-hm\pw CjvS-s∏-Spw, A`n-{]m-b-ÿn-c-
Xbpw \n›-b-Zm¿Uyhpw D≠m-bn-cn-bv°pw, \n›-bn-®-Im-cy-ß-fn¬\n∂pw ]n∑m-dm-Ø-kz-`m-hw, FXn-cm-fn-
Isf t\cn´v ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Øpw, -ÿntcm’mlhpw Imcy-\n¿∆-l-W-km-a¿∞yw F∂nh {]tXy-I-X-Ifmbn-
cn-bv°pw, \n¿‘-_p-≤nbpw kp≥tIm-]hpw D≠m-Ipw, \ho\ Bi-b-ß-fn¬ BIr-jvS-\m-Ipw, cmin-kz-
`mhw ]q¿Æ-ambpw {]I-S-am-Ip-∂Xv Nnß e·-°m-cn-em-Wv. IÆp-I-fn¬ B⁄m-i-‡nbpw \n¿`-b-Xz-
hpw- D-≠mIpw, s\‰n Db¿∂v hnkvXr-X-am-bn-cn-bv°pw, apSn-°-d-hv, DjvW-tcm-K-ßfpw ]nØ-tcm-K-ßfpw
_m[n-bv°m-sa-¶nepw s]s´-∂p-Xs∂ tcmK-hn-ap-‡n- t\-Spw, t\tc-hm t\tct]m F∂ {]Ir-X-am-bn-cn-
bv°pw, ÿntcm-’m-ln-I-fm-bn-cn-bv°pw, A]-I-S-ßsf hI-sh-bv°msX aptºm´v t]mIpw, kz¥w hy‡n-
Xz-tØbpw ÿm\-tØbpw tNmZywsNøp-∂Xv kln-bv°p-I-bn-√, kw`-h-_-lp-e-amb PohnXw CjvS-s∏-
Spw, imkv{X-Nn-¥-bnepw XXz-Nn-¥-bnepw {]K¬`-\m-Ipw, Pohn-X-Øn¬ Db¿®bpw XmgvNbpw s]s´∂v
A\p-`-h-s∏-Spw, hnhm-l-Po-hnXw k¥p-jvS-am-bn-cn-bv°p-I-bn-√, hnhm-l-Øn\v Ime-Xm-akw hcmw, `mcy-
bpsS A\m-tcmKyw kz`m-h-ssh-]-coXyw F∂n-h-bm¬ Zmº-Xy-Po-hnXw , kpJ-am-Im-dn√ F∂nh BWv
^ew.

I∂n.
I\y-Im-k-l-P-amb e÷ Irjn-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ Xmev]cyw ssIIfpw Npa-epIfpw Xmgv∂n-cn-bv°p-I, ico-c-
Øn\v arZpXzw, ico-cm-h-b-h-߃ XΩn¬ s]mcp-Ø-t°-Sp-I-fp-≠m-Imw, BI¿j-I-amb apJ-`m-hw, ]WvUn-
Xcpw hn⁄m\nIfp-amb [mcmfw Bfp-Iƒ Cu e·-°m-cn-ep-≠v, ]pXnb ]pXnb Imcy-߃ {Kln-bv°p-
hm≥ Xmev]-cyw, F√m-Im-cy-ß-sf-kw-_-‘n®pw kv]jvS amb-[m-c-W, s]s´∂v t£m`-bv°p-I-bn-√, a‰p-
≈-hsc shdp-∏n-bv°msX kz¥w Imcyw t\Spw, {]h¿Ø\ ßfn¬ {]mtbm-Kn-I-amb {]tbm-P\w B{K-
ln-bv°pw, F√m-Im-cy-ßfpw ASp°pw Nn´-bp-ambn sNøp-hm≥ kma¿∞yw D≠m-bn-cn-bv°pw, A`n-{]m-b-
ÿn-c-X-bpsSImcy-Øn¬ amdn-h-cp∂ Np‰p-]m-Sp-I-fp-ambn tbmPn-®p-t]m-Ip-hm≥ hnj-a-am-bn-cn-bv°pw, a‰p-
≈-h-cpsS klmbw sIm≠v kz¥w Imcyw t\Sm-\pw, a‰p-≈h-cpsS hkvXp-°ƒ kz¥w-t]mse ssIImcyw
sNøp-hm\pw hnjaw ImWp-I-bn-√, X\nbv°v {]tbm-P\w Ds≠-¶n¬ am{Xta Bcp-ambpw ASp-°p-I-bp-
≈q, a‰p-≈-h-cpsS IjvS-∏m-Snepw ZpxJ-Ønepw Zm£nWyw ImWn-bv°p-I-bn-√, kz¥w kpJ-Øn-\p-th≠n
[mcmfw kºm-Zn-bv°pw,- Akm[mc-W-kp-J-tem-ep-]-Xbpw ico-c-Nn-¥-bp-ap-≠m-Ipw, Akm-am\y {Kl-W-i-
‡n hn⁄m-\-kºmZ\-Øn¬ Xmev]-cyw,
31
a‰p-≈-hsc Xt∂-°mƒ tami-°m-cm-bn-Im-Wp-hm\pw Ah-cn-ep-≈-\n- m-c-Ip-‰-߃t]mepw hep-Xm°n
ImWn-bv°p-hm≥ Xmev]-cyw, Aev]-w am{Xta kwkm-cn-bv°p-I-bp≈qsh¶nepw ]d-bp-∂Xp _p≤n-]q¿hw
Bbn-cn-bv°pw,- a-‰p≈hcp-sS-Im-cy-Øn¬ kvt\l-]q¿hw CS-s]-Sp-sa-¶nepw t_m[-]q¿hw Hc-I¬®
Ft∏mgpw kq£n-bv°pw, {]tbm-P-\-ap-≠m-hp-I-bn-s√-∂p-I-≠m¬ kvt\l-_-‘-ß-fn¬\n∂pw s]s´∂v
Hgn-™p-am-dpw, Ch-cp-sS-Iq-´-Øn¬ \n∂pw [mcmfw \nb-a-⁄-cp-≠m-Ip-∂p, Ah¿°v \nb-asØ Xe-\m-
cn-g-Iodn hymJym-\n-bv°m≥ Akm-am\y ]mShw D≠m-bn-cn-bv°pw, \nb-a-Øns‚ Dt±-i-ip-≤nbpw A¥- -
Øbpw Ch¿I-W-°m-°m-dn-√, Xs‚ CjvS-Øn-s\-Xn-cmbn {]h¿Øn-bv°p-∂-hsc shdp-°pw, A`n-{]mb
ÿnc-Xbpw £am-io-ehpw ap∂n-´p-\n¬°pw, {]h¿Ø-\-߃ Btem-Nn-®p-am-{Xta sNøp-I-bp-≈q,
Ch-sc-kw-_-‘n®v a‰p-≈-h¿ K¿∆n-jvT¿ Ft∂m Al-¶m-cn-Iƒ Ft∂m A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Spw,
kaq-l-sØ-∏‰n Ch¿°v \√ A`n-{]m-b-am-bn-cnbv°pwD≠m-bn-cn-bv°p-I, ]Ww Npcp-°n-Nn-e-hm-°p-Ibpw
kºm-Zn-bv°p-Ibpw Ch-cpsS ioe-am-bn-cn-bv°pw, IW-°p-Iƒkq-£n-bv°-∂-Xn\pw hym]m-c-Øn\pw Ch¿
ka¿∞-cm-bn-cn-bv°pw, [\w-k-ºm-Zn-bv°p-∂-Xn¬ \ymbm-\ym-b-Nn¥ D≠m-Im-dn-√, Ch-cn¬ h°o-e-∑m¿
BUn-‰¿am¿ hm‹n-Iƒ F∂n-h¿ [mcmfw ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p.- k-tlm-Z-c-ß-fn¬\n∂pw {]tbm-P-\-°p-d-hp≠m-
Ipw, ISpw-_-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ Ielw D≠m-ImsX kq£n-bv°pw, Ipg-∏-߃ hcp∂Xm-bn-I-≠m¬ Hgn-™p-
am-dpw, kzm¿∞-Xbv°v ap≥Xq-°-ap-≠m-Ipw, Zm£n-Wy-Ønt\m am\p-jn-I-aq-ey-߃t°m-
]cnKW-\ -\¬Im-dn√,C-h¿Im-Wn-bv°p∂ kvt\lw bYm¿∞hpw B¥-cn-I-hp-am-bn-cn-bv°p-I-bn-√, k¥m-
\-ß-fp-ambn aa-X-bn-em-bn-cn-bv°pw, k¥m-\-ß-fn¬\n∂pw [\-{]m-]vXn-bp-≠m-Ipw, amXr-`m-hhpw hnhm-l-
`m-hhpw A\p-Iq-e-am-bn-cn-bv°p-I-bn-√, ]p{X-k-¥m-\-߃ Ipd-hm-bn-cn-bv°pw, intcm-tcm-K-ßtfm DZ-c-
tcm-K-ßtfm ssewKn-I-tcm-K-ßtfm D≠m-Im≥km-≤yX F∂nh ^ew.

Xpemw.
Xpem-e-·-Øn¬ P\n-®-h¿°v kmam\yw Dbcw \√ hSn-shm-Ø-i-cocw BI¿j-I-amb hy‡n-Xzw,
kpkvta-c-h-Z\w F∂n-h-D-≠mIpw, \ymb-{]n-b-cm-bn-cn-bv°pw, hcpw-h-cm-gn-I-IƒNn¥n®v Xocp-am-\
-sa-Sp°pw, \njv]-£X Hcp {]tXy-I-X-bm-bn-cn-bv°pw, kuayX, A¥- v, B`n-Pm-Xyw, kpIp-am-c-Xzw,
kt¥mjw F∂nh D≠m-Ipw,-a\ -  - ns‚ ka-\n-ek - q-£n-bv°p-∂X
- n¬ {i≤n-bv°pw, tZjyw-h∂
- mepw s]s´∂p
]q¿∆-ÿn-Xn-sb-{]m-]n-bv°pw. thj-hn-[m-\-Ønepw kpJ-t`m-K-ß-fn-epw, Iem-kzm-Z-\-Ønepw A`q-cp-Nn-
bp-≠m-bn-cn-bv°pw, tkh-Itcm ]cn-]-Im-cn-Itfm cmjv{So-b-°mtcm BIm≥ km≤y-X, Dulm-t]m-l-i-‡n-
bpw, _p≤n-bpw, {]Xn-`bpw {]tXy-I-X-I-fm-bn-cn-bv°pw. X¿°-hn-j-b-߃ ]d-™-Xp-°p-∂-Xn\v kma¿∞yw
D≈-Xp-sIm≠v P\-k-Ω-Xnbpw t\Xr-ÿm-\hpw h∂p-tN-cpw. BZ¿i-{]n-b-cmb Ch¿ hy‡n-I-tf-°mƒ
kwL-K-\-I-tfbpw cmjv{S-tØ-bpw-tk-hn-bv°pw. s]mXp-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ tXm¬hn A\p-`-h-s∏-´m¬
ho≠pw {]h¿Øn®v hnPbw t\Spw. kz¥w \mi-Øn\v kzbw Imc-W-°m-cm-Ip∂ {]Ir-Xhpw D≠v. A[n-
Im-c-Øn\p th≠n kXy-[¿Ωm-Zn-Isf ssIsh-Sp-bp-I-bn-√. sNøp-∂-Im-cy-Øn¬ kuµ-cy-t_m-[\pw Iem-
Nm-X-cyhpw {]Sn-∏n-bv°pw. kv{Xok-º¿°w CjvS-∏-Sp-Ibpw Ahsc kt¥m-jn-∏n-bv°p-hm≥ {ian-bv°p-
Ibpw sNøpw. kwKoXw a‰p kpIp-am-c-I-e-Iƒ F∂n-h-bn¬ {]mhoWyw D≠m-Ipw. kpµ-chpw BI¿j-
I-hp-amb ico-cw, ]I¿®-hym-[n-Iƒ ]nSn-s]-Sm≥ km≤y-X-Iq-Sp-X-em-Wv. Kply-tcm-K-߃ {]talw hr°-
tcmKw \s´-√n-s\-_m-[n-bv°p-∂-tcm-K-߃ F∂nh s]s´∂v ]nSn-s]-Sm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. hyh-kmbw hym]mcw
apX-em-bh `wKn-bmbn \S-Øn-s°m-≠vt]m-Im-\p≈ kma¿∞yw, kpJ-t`m-K-߃°pw s]mXp-°m-cy-߃°pw
th≠n ]Ww-Nn-e-hm-°pw. Ch-cpsS s]cp-am-‰-Kp-W-Øm¬ a‰p-≈-h¿°v Ch-tcmSv hfsc kvt\l-_-lp-
am-\-߃ D≠m-Ip-∂p. Kh-s◊‚p-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp∂ Pohn-X-coXn Bbn-cn-bv°pw. hnhml PohnXw B\-
µ-]q¿Æ-am-bn-cn-bv°pw, Ch-cpsS kvt\l-_‘w s]s´∂v cq]-s∏-Sp-Ibpw s]´∂v \in-bv°p-Ibpw
sNøp∂p. Pohn-X-]-¶mfn ]cp-°≥{]-Ir-X-ap-≈-hy-‡n-B-bn-cn-bv°pw. k¥m-\-߃ A\p-k-cW-bp-≈-
hcpw D∂-Xcpw Bbn-cn-bv°pw, F∂n-h-bmWv ^ew. 32
hr›n-Iw.
hr›nIe-·-Øn¬ P\n-®-h¿°v ÿnc{]IrXn ZrV-\n-›bw XS- -߃ h¿≤n-bv°p-∂-Xn-\-\p-k-cn®v
{]h¿Ø-t\m-’mlw h¿≤n-bv°pIbpwIog-S-ßmsX Ah-km\w hsc s]mcp-Xp∂ kz`mhw hnNm-c-
i-‡nbpw {]Xn-`m-im-en-Xzhpw D≠m-Ip-I, kz¥w Ign-hn-\-\p-kcn®v e£y-Øn-se-Øn-t®-cp-I, ⁄m\
i‡n hf¿Øn-sb-Sp°pw Bfl-hn-izmkw [rXn FSp-Øp-Nm´w Xt‚Sw kzmX-{¥y-t_m[w {]Xm]w {]uVn
F∂p-h-bp-≠m-Ipw. a‰p-≈-hsc `cn-bv°p-hm-\p≈ B{Klw ap∂n´p\n¬°pw.F-Sp-Øp-Nm-´-°m-c-\m-sW-
∂p≈ Zpjvt]-cp-hcpw \nKq-V-im-kv{X-Øn¬ Xmev]cyw amaq-ep-Isf \ntj-[n-bv°p-I-bn-s√-¶nepw hniz-
kn-bv°p-I-bn-√. Xpd-∂-Sn®p kwkm-cn-bv°p-sa-¶nepw cl-ky-߃ kq£n-bv°p-hm≥ Ign-hp-≠mIpw. ]cn-
l-kn-bv°p-hm\pw IpØp-hm-°p-Iƒ ]d-bp-hm\pw Xm¬]cyw. kvt\ln-bv°p-∂-hsc Xncn®p kvt\ln-
bv°p-hm\pw FXn-cm-fn-I-tfmSp ]I-cw-ho-´p-hm\pw Xmev]-cyw. kpJm-t\z-jn-I-fmb Ch¿ kz{]-h¿Ø-\-
Øm¬ A]-I-Shpw hcp-Øn-sh-bv°pw. kmº-Øn-I-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ Aÿn-c-X. Pohn-Øns‚ BZy-]-IpXn
kº-∂-a-√. c≠mw ]IpXnbn¬ hntZ-i-hmkw hnhm-l-_‘w F∂n-hhgn [\w h∂p-tN-cpw. ]c-kv]-c-_-
‘-an-√mØ c≠p sXmgn-ep-I-fn¬°qSn [\w h∂p-tN-cpw. A—\v ]e-X-c-Øn-ep≈ Db¿® Xmgv®-I-fp-
≠m-Ipw. IpSpw-_mwKßfpw kvt\ln-X-cp-ambn cay-X-bn¬ Ign-bpw. hntZ-i-hm-k-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ A]-I-S-ap-
≠m-Ip-sa-¶nepw Cuiz-cm-\p-{K-l-Øm¬ c£-s∏Spw F∂n-h-^-ew.

[\p.
[\p-e-·-Øn¬ P\n-®-h¿°v temI-Im-cy-ß-sf-kw-_-‘n® hnime⁄m\w Xt‚Sw F∂nh-bp-≠mIpw.
D¬°¿tj-—p-°fpw Nne-t∏mƒ AXym-{K-ln-I-fp-am-Ipw. hn]co-X-]-cnXÿnXvI-fnepw ]X-dmsX apt∂-
dpw.-X-S- -ap-≠m-Ip-t¥mdpw IqSp-X¬ i‡n-bm¿÷n®v Imcyw t\Spw. \√-Xp-t]m-se-Nn-¥n®v Xocp-am-\-ß-
sf-Sp-°pw. kn≤m-¥-ß-fpsS ÿnc-Xbpw BZ¿i-ip-≤nbpw {]I-S-am-°pw. kXy-{]n-b-cm-b-Xn-\m¬ Xpd∂
kwkmcw X\nbv°v tZmjw hcp-sa-∂-dn-™mepw t\¿hgn Dt]-£n-bv°p-I-bn-√. ]cm-P-b-ß-fn¬ \ncm-i-
cm-ImsX ho≠pw ho≠pw {]b-Xv\n®v hnP-bw-ssI-h-cn-bv°pw.-D-∂-X-hn-Zym-`m-bm-k-Øn¬ Xmev]cyw hntZ-in-
I-fp-am-bn-_‘w hntZ-i-hmkw F∂n-h-bn¬ Xmev]cyw. DZm-c-lr-Zbw ip`m-]vXn-hn-izmkw kXy-{]n-bXzw
B≤ym-fln-I-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ Xm¬]-cyw. Imcy-߃ s]s´∂v {Kln-bv°p-hm\pw Hm¿Ω-bn¬ \n¿Øp-hm\pw
Btem-Nn®v Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°p-hm\pw kma¿∞yw. A\ym-b-Øns\ FXn¿°pw. hf¿Øp-ar-K-ßsf kvt\ln-
bv°pw. Htc-ÿ-eØv AS-ßn-bn-cn-bv°p-hm\pw a‰p-≈-h-cpsS hcp-Xn-bm¬ Ign-bp-hm\pw km[n-bv°p-I-
bn-√. ÿm\-N-e\w A`n-{]m-b-am‰w F∂nh {]Xy-I-X-I-fm-Wv. A≤ym-]-I¿ ]W-an-S-]m-Sp-Imdv aX-ÿm-]-\-
Øn¬ {]h¿Øn-bv°p-∂-h¿ {]hm-N-I¿ apX-em-b-h¿ [\p-e-·-Øn¬ [mcm-f-ap-≠v. Zo¿L-i-co-cn-I-fm-bn-
cn-bv°pw, icoc _e-hp-ap-≠mIpw hb¿ amwkfw icoc-t¢iw kln-bv°p-I-bn-√. {]mb-Øn-\-\p-k-cn®
hb- p-tXm-∂n-bv°p-I-bn-√. Zm\ [¿Ωm-Zn-IƒsN-øpw. hmIvkm-a¿∞yw t\Xr-ÿm-\-Øn¬ tim`nbv°pw
k¥m-\k - pJw Ipd-bpw. Zmº-Xy-Po-hn-XØ
- n¬ kz¥wXmev]c- y-Øn\vap≥Xq°w. amaq-ep-Isf hniz-kn-bv°pw.
ka-bhpw kµ¿`hpw t\m°msX kwkm-cn-bv°pw. _‘p-°sf A[nIw kvt\ln-bv°m-dn-√. k¥m-\-
ßsfs°m≠v kt¥mjw A\p-`-hn-bv°pw. k¥m-\-߃ \n¿_-‘-_p-≤n-°m-cm-bn-cnbv°pw
F∂nh ^ew.

33
aI-cw.
aIc-e-·-Øn¬ P\n-®-h¿°v Zp¿_-e-∑mcpw ico-c-h-f¿®-bn¬ aµX A\p-`-h-s∏-bp-∂-h-cp-am-bn-cn-bv°pw.
icocw amwk-f-a-√. Iri icocw IÆp-Iƒ IpdpIn Ipgn™v, Ip‰n-ap-Sn-B-bn-cn-bv°pw, apJw H´n-bn-cn-
bvIpw, henb F√p-Ifpw ssZ¿Lyw IqSnb Imep-I-fp-am-bn-cn-bv°pw, ITn-\m-≤zm-\-Øn\v tbmPn® icocw
, {]mbw sN√p-tºmƒ Iq\v A\p-`-h-s∏Spw, £am-ioew ho≠p-hn-Nmcw F∂n-h-bp-≠m-Ipw. tPmen-Iƒ°v
ASp°pw Nn´bpw D≠mIpw. Fs‰-Sp-°p∂ tPmen s]s´∂p Xo¿°pw. apJØv Kuc-hhpw timI-—m-
bbpw \ng-en-bv°pw. \ncq-]-W-tØbpw \nµ-tbbpw `b-s∏-Spw, BtcmSpw kvt\lw `mhn-bv°p-I-bn-√.
kvt\l-_-‘-ap-≠m-bm¬ Zo¿L-Imew \ne-\n¬°pw. tPmenIƒ as‰m-c-h-k-c-Øn-tebv°v am‰n-sh-bv°pw.
{]h¿Ønhn-Pbw Xma-knt® A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-I-bp-≈q. e£y-{]m-]vXnbv°v AXy-≤zm\w th≠n-h-cpw. kpJm-
t∂z-jn-Ifpw Iem-kzm-Z-I-cp-am-bn-cn-bv°pw. Nne¿ kzm¿∞-tam-ln-Ifpw hniz-kn-bv°m≥ sIm≈m-Ø-h-cp-
am-bn-cn-bv°pw. hm-X-tcm-Kn-I-fm-Im≥ km≤y-X. Aÿn-kw-_-‘-ambpw Xz°v kw_-‘-ambpw ssIIm¬
HSn-bpI XpS-ßnb tcmKm-h-ÿ-Iƒ A\p-`-h-s∏-t´-°mw. ÿnc-kz-`mhw, XS- -ßsf hI-sh-bv°msX
ÿntcm-’m-l-Øm¬ Imcy-km-≤yw. ]Whpw {]Xm-]hpw thW-sa∂ B{Klw a\- n¬ Hfn-™p-In-S-°pw.
ÿnc-amb hcp-am-\sØ B{i-bn-bv°pw. anX-hybw Bbn-cn-bv°pw. In´p∂ Ah-kcw ]mgm-°m-tXbpw
km[-\-km-a-{Kn-Iƒ Zpcp-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm-tXbpw e£yw-t\-Spw. a‰p-≈-h-cpsS a\- n¬ Ch-tcmSv shdp-
∏p-≠m-Im-dp-≠v. \∑-Xn-∑-Isf Xncn-®-dn-bp-hm≥ Ignhv Ipd-hm-bn-cn-bv°pw.-A-`n-am-\-I-c-a-√mØ kºmZyw
CjvS-s∏-Sp-I-bn-√. kz¥w hoSp-ambpw IpSpw-_mw-K-ß-fp-ambpw \√ _‘w ]pe¿Øpw. hen-b-Ku-chw
{]I-Sn-∏n-bv°p-Ibpw Xmgv∂-h-tcmSv I¿i-\-ambn s]cp-am-dp-Ibpw sNøpw. ktlm-Z-c-KpWw Ipd-bpw. hnhm-
l-Øn\v Xma-kw-h-cmw. GIm-¥X CjvS-s∏-Sp-∂p, AXp-h-gn-]Wwe`n-bv°p-hm≥ km≤y-X F∂nh ^ew.

Ipw`w.
Iqw`-e-·-Øn¬ P\n-®-h¿°v \√ ico-c-]pjvSn XSn® IgpØv ]cp-]-cpØ icocw Imev XpS Ac-s°´v
F∂n-hbv°v {]tXy-I- ]pjvSn. ]√v hnIr-X-am-Im≥ km≤yX tcma-Øn\v Xhn´p \ndw Ie¿∂n-cn-bv°pw.
{]Xn-`m-im-en-I-fm-bn-cn-bv°pw. apJ-kvXp-Xnbv°v hg-ßp-I-bn-√. sNøp∂ {]h¿Ønsb Iqe-¶-j-ambn
Nn¥nt® XpS-ßp-I-bp-≈q. Imcy-ß-fpsS Bibw a\-kn-em-°p-hm≥ Ime-Xm-akw D≠m-Ipw. a\-kn-em-
°n-b-Im-cy-߃ ad-°p-I-bn-√. Xpd-∂p- kw-km-cn-bv°p∂ {]IrXw. kzm¿∞-c-ln-X-amb a\- v. ]tcm-]-
Imcw a\p-jyXzw ]c-ky-Øn-\p-th-≠n-b-√mØ kap-Zm-b-tkh F∂n-h-bn¬ Xmev]-cyw. AI-∂p-\n¬°p∂
hsc ASp∏n-bv°p-hm≥ kz¥w Xm¬]cyw ths≠∂p hbv°p-hm≥ Xøm-dm-hpw. F√m Imcy-ß-fnepw
kz¥w hy‡nXzw \ne-\n¿Øp-hm≥ {ian-bv°pw. Ch-cpsS kvt\lhpw ]cn-N-bhpw ÿnc-am-bn-cn-bv°pw.
IqsS-°qsS A`n-{]m-b-߃ am‰p-I-bn-√. Kth-j-W-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ tim`n-bv°p-∂p. au\n-Ifpw Nn¥-
Icpw X]-kzn-Ifpw [mcm-f-ambn Cu e·-°m-cn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p. \√ IpSpw-_-ÿn-Xnbpw [\-ÿn-Xnbpw
h∂p-tN-cpw. bi pw Io¿Ønbpw hnZym-`ym-k-Xm-ev]-cy-hp-ap-≠m-Ipw. amXm-]n-Xm-°-tfmSv kvt\lhpw
_-lp-am-\hpw ]pe¿Øpw. am\-kn-I-ambn Nn¥m-[o-\-cm-Ipw. -B-I¿j-I-amb P\-k-Ω-Xnbpw ico-c-{]-Ir-
Xnbpw D≠m-Ipw. {]mb-Øn¬Iq-Sp-X¬ hb- p-tXm-∂n-bv°pw. Nne¿°v ico-c-Øn\v Iri-X-bp-≠m-Ip-∂p.
s\‰n-b°v hnkvXm-chpw IÆp-Iƒ XΩn¬ AI¬N-bpw-Iq-Spw. s]mXpth ico-c-Øn\v Btcm-Kyhpw A≤zm-
\-ti-jnbpw ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p. Chsc tcmK-߃ hep-Xmbn _m[n-bv°m-dn-√. {]iv\-߃°v imizX ]cn-
lmcw ImWp-hm≥ B{K-ln-bv°pw. AekXbps≠∂v Btcm-]n-bv°-s∏-Smw. ]W-an-S-]m-Sp-I-fn¬
I-Wn-i-°m-cm-bn-cn-bv°pw. Imcy-am{X {]k-‡-ambn kwkm-cn-bv°pw. kwXr-]vX-amb IpSp-_-Po-hnXw. IpSpw-
_mw-K-ß-tfmSv kvt\l-am-bn-s]-cp-am-dpw. t{]a-Nm-]eyw {]I-Sn-∏n-bv°p-I-bn-√. \√ c£-I¿Øm-sh∂ \ne-
bn¬ tim`n-bv°pw. Zmº-Xy-_-‘sØ BZ¿i-]-c-ambn \ne-\n¿Øn-s°m-≠p-t]m-Ip-hm≥ {ian-bv°pw. {]mb-

34
am-Ip-t¥mdpw IpSpw-_- _‘w Ipd-™p-h-cmw. intcm-tcmKw Z¥-tcmKw hmX-c‡w F∂o tcmK-߃
_m[n-bv°mw. Ahn-Nm-cn-X-am-bn-h-cp∂ Zpcn-X-ßß-fn¬\n∂pw `mKyw-sIm≠m c£-s∏-Spw. tcmK-{]-Xn-tcm-
[-i‡n Ipd-bp-hm-\pw, ]I¿®-hym-[n-Iƒ ]nSn-s]-Sp-hm\pw km≤y-X-Iq-Sp-X-em-Wv. XWp∏v kln-bv°p-hm-
\p≈ Ignhv Ipdbpw F∂n-h-bmWv ^ew.

sImt≠m

35
Ipw`w.
Iqw`-e-·-Øn¬ P\n-®-h¿°v \√ ico-c-]pjvSn XSn® IgpØv ]cp-]-cpØ icocw Imev XpS Ac-s°´v
F∂n-hbv°v {]tXy-I- ]pjvSn. ]√v hnIr-X-am-Im≥ km≤yX tcma-Øn\v Xhn´p \ndw Ie¿∂n-cn-bv°pw.
{]Xn-`m-im-en-I-fm-bn-cn-bv°pw. apJ-kvXp-Xnbv°v hg-ßp-I-bn-√. sNøp∂ {]h¿Ønsb Iqe-¶-j-ambn
Nn¥nt® XpS-ßp-I-bp-≈q. Imcy-ß-fpsS Bibw a\-kn-em-°p-hm≥ Ime-Xm-akw D≠m-Ipw. a\-kn-em-
°n-b-Im-cy-߃ ad-°p-I-bn-√. Xpd-∂p- kw-km-cn-bv°p∂ {]IrXw. kzm¿∞-c-ln-X-amb a\- v. ]tcm-]-
Imcw a\p-jyXzw ]c-ky-Øn-\p-th-≠n-b-√mØ kap-Zm-b-tkh F∂n-h-bn¬ Xmev]-cyw. AI-∂p-\n¬°p∂
hsc ASp∏n-bv°p-hm≥ kz¥w Xm¬]cyw ths≠∂p hbv°p-hm≥ Xøm-dm-hpw. F√m Imcy-ß-fnepw
kz¥w hy‡nXzw \ne-\n¿Øp-hm≥ {ian-bv°pw. Ch-cpsS kvt\lhpw ]cn-N-bhpw ÿnc-am-bn-cn-bv°pw.
IqsS-°qsS A`n-{]m-b-߃ am‰p-I-bn-√. Kth-j-W-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ tim`n-bv°p-∂p. au\n-Ifpw Nn¥-
Icpw X]-kzn-Ifpw [mcm-f-ambn Cu e·-°m-cn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p. \√ IpSpw-_-ÿn-Xnbpw [\-ÿn-Xnbpw
h∂p-tN-cpw. bi pw Io¿Ønbpw hnZym-`ym-k-Xm-ev]-cy-hp-ap-≠m-Ipw. amXm-]n-Xm-°-tfmSv kvt\lhpw
_-lp-am-\hpw ]pe¿Øpw. am\-kn-I-ambn Nn¥m-[o-\-cm-Ipw. -B-I¿j-I-amb P\-k-Ω-Xnbpw ico-c-{]-Ir-
Xnbpw D≠m-Ipw. {]mb-Øn¬Iq-Sp-X¬ hb- p-tXm-∂n-bv°pw. Nne¿°v ico-c-Øn\v Iri-X-bp-≠m-Ip-∂p.
s\‰n-b°v hnkvXm-chpw IÆp-Iƒ XΩn¬ AI¬N-bpw-Iq-Spw. s]mXpth ico-c-Øn\v Btcm-Kyhpw A≤zm-
\-ti-jnbpw ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p. Chsc tcmK-߃ hep-Xmbn _m[n-bv°m-dn-√. {]iv\-߃°v imizX ]cn-
lmcw ImWp-hm≥ B{K-ln-bv°pw. AekXbps≠∂v Btcm-]n-bv°-s∏-Smw. ]W-an-S-]m-Sp-I-fn¬
I-Wn-i-°m-cm-bn-cn-bv°pw. Imcy-am{X {]k-‡-ambn kwkm-cn-bv°pw. kwXr-]vX-amb IpSp-_-Po-hnXw. IpSpw-
_mw-K-ß-tfmSv kvt\l-am-bn-s]-cp-am-dpw. t{]a-Nm-]eyw {]I-Sn-∏n-bv°p-I-bn-√. \√ c£-I¿Øm-sh∂ \ne-
bn¬ tim`n-bv°pw. Zmº-Xy-_-‘sØ BZ¿i-]-c-ambn \ne-\n¿Øn-s°m-≠p-t]m-Ip-hm≥ {ian-bv°pw. {]mb-
am-Ip-t¥mdpw IpSpw-_- _‘w Ipd-™p-h-cmw. intcm-tcmKw Z¥-tcmKw hmX-c‡w F∂o tcmK-߃
_m[n-bv°mw. Ahn-Nm-cn-X-am-bn-h-cp∂ Zpcn-X-ßß-fn¬\n∂pw `mKyw-sIm≠m c£-s∏-Spw. tcmK-{]-Xn-tcm-
[-i‡n Ipd-bp-hm-\pw, ]I¿®-hym-[n-Iƒ ]nSn-s]-Sp-hm\pw km≤y-X-Iq-Sp-X-em-Wv. XWp∏v kln-bv°p-hm-
\p≈IgnhvIpdbpw F∂n-h-bmWv ^ew.

ao\w.
ao\-e-·-Øn¬ P\n-®-h¿ km[m-c-W-bmbn thZm-¥-Nn-¥-I-cm-Wv. [ym\-Øn¬ kwXr-]vXn-Im-Wp-∂p. kl-
Po-hn-I-tfmSv kl-Xm-]-ap-≈-h¿, a‰p-≈-h¿°v D]-Imcw sNøp-∂-io-ew, t£m`n®-cn-bv°p-∂-hsc Biz-
kn-∏n-bv°p-∂i - o-ew, Alnw-kb
- n¬ Xmev]c- yw, kºm-Zn-bv°p-∂X
- p-ap-gp-h≥ Nne-hm-°p∂ {]Ir-Xw. Ab¬hm-
kn-I-tfmSv kvt\l-ambn s]cp-am-dpw. kvt\ln-X-tcbpw a‰pw Aan-X-ambn hniz-kn-bv°p-∂-Xp-aqew ]e-
t∏mgpw NXn-bn¬s]-Sp-∂p. IqSp-X¬ Nn¥m-ioew kz{]-b-¥w-sIm-≠v- D-b¿®-bn-se-Øp-∂p. t\cpw-s\-dn-
bp-ap≈ s]cp-am-‰w. `qX-Zb \ymb-{]nbw \nc-¥-c-{]-bXv\w ÿnc-\n-›-bw. Pohn-X-Ønse kpJ-ku-I-cy-
߃ Bthmfw Bkz-Zn-bv°p-hm≥ Xmev]cy-ap-s≠-¶nepw a‰p-≈-hsc thZ-\n-∏n-bv°p-∂-Xn¬ Xmev]-cy-an-
√m-bva. kz¥w Xocp-am-\-߃ ZrU-X-tbmsS \S-∏n-em-°pw. Htcka-bØv ]e-tPm-en-IƒsN-øpw. ktlm-Z-
c-ZpxJw ]nXr-ZpxJw F∂nh AIm-e-Øn-e-\p-`-hn-bv°pw. k¥m-\-kuJyw D≠m-Ipw, IqsS-°psS ÿew-am-
‰-w Bhiyam-bn-h-cpw. a‰p-≈-h¿°v Chsc {]tem-`n-∏n®v he-bn¬ hogvØp-hm≥ Ign-bp-∂p. NXn-b≥am-
cpsS NXn-bn¬s∏-Sp-∂p. i{Xp-°-sf- -sa-cp-°p-sb-Sp-°p-hm≥ kma¿∞yw.\ho\ Bi-b-߃°v cq]w
\¬Ipw. KqV-im-kv{X-߃ ]Tn-bv°m≥ Xmev]cyap-≠m-Ipw. [mcmfw Nnehv sNøp∂ {]Ir-Xw. \√
Ab¬°msc e`n-bv°pw. Imen\pw hnti-jn®v Ime-Sn-Iƒ°pw tcmK-km-[y-X, IpS¬tcm-K-ßfpw _p≤n
ap´n-bv°mw. aZy-]m-\m-k-‡n-bp-≠m-Imw. Aÿn-{`wiw c‡-{kmhw F∂n-h-bp-≠m-Imw. B{‘-tcm-Kw(-

36
sl¿Wn-b) _m[n-bv°mw. \mUn-I-fpsS _e-lo\X tIgvhn°p-dhv F∂nh hcmw. [\-k-ºm-Z-\-Øn¬
Xmev]cyw Cs√-¶nepw kpJ-Po-hn-X-Øn-\m-h-iy-amb [\w h∂p-tN-cpw.- hn-]-coX A\p-`-h-ß-fn¬ ka-\ne
sX‰p∂ {]Ir-Xw. hnim-e-ho-£-Whpw I¿Ω-Ip-i-e-Xbpw Bh-iy-amb {]h¿Øn-I-fn¬ IqSp-X¬ tim`n-
bv°pw.-B-lmcw BtcmKyw hnZym-`ymkw ]W-an-S-]m-Sp-Iƒ F∂n-h-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ sXmgn-ep-I-fn¬ CS-
s]-tS-≠n-h-cmw. ]e-Xcw Iem-cw-K-ß-fp-ambn _-‘-s∏Spw. Imcy-߃ ASp°pw Nn´-bp-ambn sNbvXp-
Xo¿°pw. Pe-kw-_-‘-amb sXmgn-ep-I-fnepw hkv{X-߃ B`-c-W-߃ acp-∂p-Iƒ kpK-‘-{Z-hy-߃
aX-ÿm-]-\-߃ F∂n-h-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ sXmgn-ep-I-fn¬ hnP-bw. hm¿≤-Iy-Im-eØpw a‰p-≈-hsc
B{i-bn-®p-I-gn-bp-hm≥ CjvS-s∏-Sp-I-bn-√. a‰p-≈-h¿°v klmbw sNøp-hm-\p≈ a\x-ÿn-Xn. klmbw
kzoI-cn-®-h¿ Xs∂ Dt]-£n-®p-t]m-Ip∂ ]cn-X-ÿn-Xn-bp-ap-≠m-Imw. kz¥w _p≤nap´pIƒ a‰p-≈-h-
tcmSv N¿® sNøm\pw Ah-cpsS klmbw ssI∏‰phm\pw B{K-lw. IqsS-°qsS tPym’y-∑msc kao-
]n-bv°pw. `mcy-tbbpw k¥m-\ß
- t- fbpw IqSp-X¬ hnZym-`ym-kØ
- n\p \n¿_-‘n-bv°pw. kuµ-cy-ap≈ hkvXp-
°-fn¬ Xmev]-cyw. `mcysb hftc kvt\ln-bv°pw. a‰p-≈-h-tcmSv Nne-t∏mƒ Akqb ]pe¿Øpw F∂n-
h-bmWv ^ew.

`mh hnNm-cw.
`mhcmin `mhm-[n-]≥ Imc-I≥ Ch-tbmSptbmKw sNøp-∂{Kl߃ Ah-bpsS jUvh¿§-߃ F∂nh
F√mw bp‡n-]q¿∆w Nn¥n®v `mh-^ew ]d-b-Ww.

ip`-∑m¿ ip` ^esØ sNøp-∂p Aip`^e-ßsf \in-∏n-bv°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p. Aip-`-∑m¿ (]m-]-

∑m¿) Aip-`-^-e-ßsf A\p-`-hn-∏n-bv°p-Ibpw ip` ^e-ßsf \in-∏n-bv°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.
B[n-]XywsIm≠pw ÿm\-t`-Zw-sIm≠pw Htc-{K-l-Øn\p Xs∂ ip`-{]-Z-Xzhpw Aip-`-{]-Z-Xzhpw D≠mImw
Aßns\ hcp-tºmƒ B {Klw _e-hm-\m-bn-cp-∂m¬ ip` ^ew \ev°p-I-bpw, Zp¿_e-\-s\-¶n¬ Aip-
`-^ew \¬Ip-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

]m]-{K-l-߃ _-e-hm-∑m-cm-IpI ip`-h¿§-Øn¬ \n¬°pI ip`s‚ ZrjvSn-bp-≠m-IpI F∂n-h-bm¬

{]mtbW ip` ^e-߃ \¬Ip-∂p. ]m]-h¿§-Øn¬ \n¬°p-Ibpw ]m]s‚ ZrjvSn-bp-≠m-IpI Zp¿_e
\mbn-cn-bv°pI F∂n-h-bm¬ {]mtb-W -ip-`-∑m¿°v ]m]Xzw D≠mIp-∂p, AXn-\m¬ Aip` ^e-߃
\¬Ip-∂p.

37
`mhØns‚ kz`m-hw kuµcyw ico-c-Kp-W-tZm-j-߃ F∂nh Nn¥n-bvt°-≠Xv `mhm-[n-]≥, `mh-Øn¬
\n¬°p∂ {Kl-߃, `mh-Øn-tebv°v t\m°p∂ {Kl-߃, F∂n-h-sb-s°m-≠m-Wv. `mhw D≠m-Ipsa
¶nepw A\p-`-hn-bv°m≥ kwKXn hcptam F∂-dn-bp-∂Xv `mh-Øn\pw `mhm-[n-]\pw e·m-[n-]-Xn-bp-am-
bp≈ tbmK ZrjvSn ]cn-h¿Ø\w F∂o _‘-ß-sf-s°m≠mWv \n›-bn-bv°p-I.`mhw ip`s‚ cmin
Bbn-cn-bv°p-Ibpw `mhm-[n-]-t‚bpw _e-hm-\mb ip`-{K-l-Øn-t‚bpw `mhm-[n-]s‚ _‘p-hn-t‚bpw
tbmK ZrjvSn _‘-ß-fp-≠m-hp-Ibpw `mhm-[n-]t\m `mh-Im-c-It\m _e-ap-≠m-hp-Ibpw sNøpI Ch
`mh-^-esØ Xo¿®-bmbpw D≠m-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.

`mhw `mhm-[n-]≥ F∂n-hbv°v, ]m]≥ `mhm-[n-]-i{Xp AjvS-am-[n-]≥ F∂n-hcpsS tbmK-Zr-jvSym-Zn-I-fp-

≠m-bm¬ `mh-^-e-ap-≠m-Ipsa-¶nepw A\p-`-h-tKm-N-c-am-ImsX \in®p t]mIpw.

`mhw `mhm-[n-]≥ F∂n-h¿ Zp¿_-e-cm-Ip-Ibw iq`≥ `mhm-[n-]≥ `mhm-[n]_‘p Ch-cpsS tbmKtam

ZrjvSn-tbm- C√m-Xn-cn-bv°p-Ibpw sNbvXm¬ `mh-^ew D≠m-Ip-I-bn-√.

]m]-∑m-sc-√m-hcpw `mhw `mhm-[n-]≥ Imc-I-{Klw Ch-cpsS Ccp-h-i-Øptam NXp-c-{i-Øntem {XntIm-

W-Øntem \n∂m¬ `mh-Øn\v \mi-I-c-am-Ip-∂p. t\tc-a-dn®v ta¬]-d™ `mh-ß-fn-¬ ip`-∑m-sc√mw
\n∂m¬ `mh-Øn\v A`n-hr-≤n-I-c-am-Wv. Cu kqNn-∏n-®Xv Imc-I-{K-l-Øn¬ \n∂pw {]tXyIw Nn¥n-bvt°-
≠-Xm-Wv.

`mhm-[n-]≥ ]m]-\m-bn-cn-bv°p-Ibpw _e-hm-\m-bn-cn-bv°p-Ibpw sNøp-Ibpw AXns‚ ZrjvSntbm tbmKtam

`mh-Øn-\p-≠m-bn-cn-bv°p-Ibpw sNbvXm¬ `mh-^-e-ap-≠m-Ipw, F∂m¬ AXv tZmj-`q-bn-jvS-am-Ipw. B
]m]≥ Zp¿_-e-\m-bn-´mWv `mh-Øns\ _‘-s∏-Sp-∂-sX-¶n¬ `mh-^ew D≠m-Ip-hm≥ Xs∂ {]bm-k-am-
Wv. D≠m-bm¬ Xs∂ AXv \nµy-am-bn-cn-bv°p-∂-Xm-Wv.

e·m[n-]s‚ tbmK-Zr-jvSym-Zn-_-‘-ßfpw tI{µ {XntIm-W-ÿnXn kIe `mh-߃°pw iq`-{]-Z-am-Wv. t\tc

adn®v 6, 8, 12 F∂o `mhm-[n-]-∑m-cpsS tbmKw ZrjvSn apX-emb At\ym\y _‘-߃ F√m `mh-߃°pw
Aip-`-I-c-am-Wv.

GsX√mw `mhw `mhm-[n-]≥ Imc-I≥ F∂n-hbv°v e·-Øn-t‚bpw e·m-[n-]-t‚bpw tbmKw ZrjvSn

CXymZn FsX-¶nepw _‘-ap-≠m-Ip-∂Xv B `mh-^-e-amWv A\p-`-h-tbm-Ky-am-bn-Xo-cp-∂-Xv.

tbmKw ZrjvSn jUz¿§w apX-emb _‘w-sIm≠v 6˛ mw `mhm-[n-]≥ i{Xp tcmKw F∂n-h-tb-bpw, F´mw
`mhm-[n-]≥ a-c-W-tØbpw ]{¥≠mw `mhm-[n-]≥ ÿm\-{`wiw Zmcn{Zyw apX-em-b-h-tbbpw sNøp-∂p.
Cu ]d™ ÿm\m-[n-]-∑m¿ ]m]-∑mcpw Zp¿_-e-∑mcpw IqSn-B-bm¬ tZmj-^-e-߃°v i‡n h¿≤n-
bv°p-∂p.

e·w N{µ≥ `mhw Ch-bpsS A[n-]-∑m¿ \n¬°p∂ FsX-¶nepw Hcp cmin-bn¬P-\n-®-Xm-bn-cnbv°pw

`mh-^ew As√-¶n¬ Ah-bpsS \hmw-i-I-cm-in-bn¬ P\n-®-Xm-sW∂pw hcmw. AYhm Ah-bpsS \oN-
cm-in-bntem D®-cm-in-bntem P\n-®-Xm-Im\pw aXn.

38
`mhm-[n-]≥ `mh-Øn¬\nev°p-∂-{Klw `mh-Øn-tebv°v t\m°p-∂-{Klw ChIƒ \nev°p∂cmin-I-fn¬
P\n® `mh-^ew \√-Xm-Ip-∂p. 6˛8-˛12 Cu `mh-ß-fpsS A[n-]-Xn-Iƒ \nev°p∂ cmin \hmw-i-I-cmin
apX-em-b-h-bn¬ P\n® `mh-`ew Aip-`-I-c-am-Wv.

AXm-Xp-^-e-Øns‚ Imc-I-{Klw \nev°p∂ cmin-bntem AXns‚ \hmw-i-I-cm-in-bntem \hmw-i-Im[n]s‚

-\-hmw-i-I-cm-in-bntem Bbn-cnbv°pw `mhP\-\w. As√-¶n¬ Imc-I-t‚bpw kqcy-t‚bpw kv^pS-߃
XΩn¬ Iq´n-°n-´p-∂ -cm-in-bn-em-sW∂pw hcmw.`m-hm-[n-]-t‚tbm `mh-Øn¬ \nev°p-∂-{K-l-Øn-t‚tbm
`mh-sØ-t\m-°p∂ {Kl-Øn-t‚tbm Zn°n-em-bn-cnbv°pw `mh^ew D≠m-Ip-∂-Xv. (kq-cy≥-˛-Ing-°v,
ip{I≥˛A-·n-tIm¨, IpP≥-˛-sX-°v, cmlp-˛-\n-cr-Xn-tIm¨, i\n˛ ]Sn-™m-dv, N{µ≥-˛-hm-bp-tIm¨,
_p[≥˛ hS-°v, Kpcp-˛-Cu-im-\≥.) As√-¶n¬ `mhm-[n-]≥ Imc-I≥ Cu {Kl-߃ \n¬°p∂ cmin-
bpsS-Zn°ntem \hmw-iI - Z- n-°ntem P\n-®X
- m-sW∂pw hcmw. Cu ]d™ {Kl-ßf- n¬ GXn-s\-s°m-≠mtWm
Zn°v '" \n›-bn-®Xv, B {Klw \n¬°p∂ cmintbm \hmw-i-cm-intbm Nc-cm-in-bm-sW-¶n¬ `mh-^ew Zqc-
Øp-\n-∂m-sW-∂pw, D`-b-cm-in-bm-sW-¶n¬ hf-sc-Zq-c-Øp-\n∂s√-∂pw, ÿnc-cm-in-bm-sW-¶n¬ kao-]-Øp-
\n-∂m-sW∂pw ]d-tb-≠-Xm-Wv.

`mhm-[n-]s‚ XnI™ \hmw-i-I-kwJy F{X-bmtWm A{X-bmWv `mh-^ekwJy. AXm-Xv \hmw-i-Im[n

]∑m-cpsS kz`m-hhpw AXm-Xp-`m-h-Øn\p-≠m-Ipw. ta¬ ]d™ \hmw-i-Im-[n-]-∑m¿ Zp¿∫-e-cm-sW-¶n¬
`mh-Øn-\p-\m-i-I-c-am-Wv. _e-hm-∑m-cm-sW-¶n¬ `mh-Øn\v A`n-hr-≤n-I-c-am-Wv.

`mh-cmin, `mhm-[n-]≥ \n¬°p-∂-cmin, AXns‚ \hmw-i-I-cmin CXp-I-fpsSsb√mw {XntIm-W-cm-in-I-

fn¬ e·m-[n-]≥ `mhm-[n-]≥ Imc-I≥ F∂o {Kl-߃ Nmc-h-im¬ k©-cn-bv°p-∂-Im-e-ØmWv `mh-
^ew _e-h-Øm-hp-I.

ta¬]-d™ ÿm\-ß-fn¬Xs∂ AjvS-am-[n-]≥ Kpfn-I-cm-iy-[n-]≥ F∂n-h¿ Nmc-h-im¬ k©-cn-bv°p∂

Imew `mh-Øns‚ \mi-Im-e-am-Wv.

e·w e·m-[n-]≥\n¬°p-∂-cmin \hmw-i-I-cmin F∂n-h-bn¬ `mhm-[n-]t\m Imc-It\m Nmc-h-im¬ sN√p-

tºm-gmWv `mh-^-e-ap-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv. `mhm-[n-]\pw e·m-[n-]\pw Nmc-h-im¬ XΩn¬tN-cp-tºmtgm At\ym\yw
ZrjvSn-sN-øp-tºmtgm `mh-^ew kn≤n-bvImw. e·m-[n-]≥ \n¬°p-∂-cmin \hmw-i-I-cmin Ah-bp-sS-{Xn-
tIm-W-߃ F∂o -ÿm\ßfn¬ Nmc-h-im¬ hymgw k©-cn-bv°p∂Imehpw `mh-^-e-{]-Z-am-Wv.
e·m-[n-]-t‚bpw `mhm-[n-]-t‚bpw kv^pS-߃ XΩn¬ Iq´n-°n-´p∂ cmin AXns‚ \hmw-i-I-cmin Ch-
bpsS {XntIm-W-߃ Ch-I-fn¬ hymgw k©-cn-bv°p-∂-Im-ehpw `mhm-\p-`hw kn≤n-bv°mw.

e·m-[n-]-t‚bpw `mhm-[n-]-t‚bpw Imc-I-t‚bpw kv^pS-߃Iq´n-°n-´p∂ cmin-bn¬ Nmc-h-im¬ hymgw

k©-cn-bv°p∂ Imehpw `mh-^-e-{]-Z-am-Wv.

e·m-[n-]s‚ \hmw-i-I-cm-iy-[n-]≥ \n¬°p∂ cmin-bn¬ hymghpw N{µ\pw Imc-I\pw Nmc-h-im¬ sN√p-

∂-Im-ehpw `mh-^-e-{]-Z-am-Wv. Hmtcm-^-e-Øn-t‚bpw ZmXm-hmb {Klw e·-Øn¬sN-√p-tºm-gpw B ^e-
Øns‚ A\p-`-h-Im-e-am-Ip-∂p.- e-·m-[n-]≥ \n¬°p∂cmin \hmw-i-I-cmin ^e-Zm-Xm-hm-b- {Klw \n¬°p-
∂- cmin AXns‚ \hmw-i-I-cmin Ch-bp-sS-sb√mw \hmw-i-I-cmin, Ch-bp-sS-sb√mw {XntImWw Cu
ÿm\-ß-fn-se√mw ^e-Zm-Z-Xm-hmb {Klw k©cnbv°p∂ Imehpw `mh^e{]Zw BWv.
Nmc-h-im¬ sN√p-∂-Im-ehpw `mh-^-e-{]-Z-am-Wv. ^e-Zm-Xm-hmb {Klw \n¬°p∂cmin \hmw-i-I-cmin
Ch-bpsS {XntImW-cm-in-Iƒ Cu cmin-I-fn-se√mw e·m-[n]≥ Nmc-h-im¬ sN√p-∂-Im-ehpw `mh-^-e-{]-
Z-am-Wv.
ta¬]-d™ ÿm\-ß-fn¬ hymg\pw kqcy\pw N{µ\pw sN√p∂ Imehpw `mhm-\p-`hw kn≤n-bv°pw.
`mhm-[n-]≥ `mh-Øn¬\n¬°p-∂-{Klw `mh-Øn-tebv°v ZrjvSn-bp-≈-{Klw Imc-I≥ CXp-I-fp-sS-sb√mw
Zim-Im-ehpw `mh-kn-≤n-bv°p≈ ka-b-am-Ip-∂p. `mhw \in-bv°p-hm-\mWv e£Ww F¶n¬ AXn-\p≈
Imehpw AXp-X-s∂-bm-Wv.
`mhm-[n-]\pw Imc-I\pw \nev°p∂cmin-Iƒ Ah-bpsS \hmw-i-I-cm-in-Iƒ CXp-I-fpsS A[n-]-∑m-cn¬
sh®v A[nIw _e-ap-≈-{K-l-Øns‚ Zi-bnepw A]-lm-c-Ønepw `mh-^ew kn≤n-bv°p-sa∂v A\p-am-\n-
bv°mw.
`mhm-[n-]≥ Imc-I≥ CXp-I-fn¬sh®v ^e-ZmXrXzw FXn-\mtWm AXns‚ Zim-Im-eØpw AXns‚ \hmw-
i-Im-[n-]s‚ Zim-Im-eØpw `mh-^ew kn≤n-bv°p-∂-Xm-Wv.
P\-\-Im-eØv AXmXv `mh-Øns‚ AjvS-am-[n-]\pw 22-˛mw t{Z°mWm[n-]\pw Zp¿_-e-∑m-cmbn 6˛7-˛8
Cu `mh-ß-fn¬ \nev°p-∂p-sh-¶n¬ AXns‚ Zim-Imew `mh-Øn\v \mi-IcamWv. AXmXv `mh-Øn¬
\n∂pw 3˛6-˛11 Cu `mh-ß-fn¬ \n¬°p∂ ]m]-∑m-cp-sS-bpw, tI{µ-{Xn-tIm-W-ß-fn¬ \n¬°p∂ ip`-
∑m-cp-tSbpw `mhm-[n] _‘p-°-fp-tSbpw Zim-Imew AXmXv `mh-Øn\v A`p-hr-≤n-bp-≠m-°pw.
KpW-^-e-am-bmepw tZmj-^-e-am-bmepw icn {Kl-Nm-c-{]-Imcw ]d-™n-´p≈ H∂n-e-[nIw ^em\p-`-h-Imew
Htc-k-a-bØv D≠mIpIbpw B ^e-Øn-\-\p-Iq-e-amb Zi A]-lmcw apX-emb Imew hcp-∂Xv Ft∏m-
gmtWm At∏mƒ B ^ew A\p-`-hn-bv°p-∂-Xm-Wv.
6˛8-˛12 Ch aq∂pw A\n-jvS-k-Ym-\-ß-fm-Ip-∂p. Cu aq∂v A\n-jvS-ÿm-\m-[n-]-∑m-cp-tSbpw tbmK-Zr-
jvSym-Zn-Iƒ 1. GtXXp `mhm-[n-]-∑m¿°pt≠m B `mh-߃ , 2. GtXXp `mh-߃°pt≠m AXp-Iƒ
3. ta¬]-d™ aq∂p ÿm\-ß-fn¬ GtXXp `mhm-[n-]-∑m¿ \n¬°p-∂pt≠m AXp-Iƒ ( B `mh-߃)
Cu ]d™ aq∂p hn[w `mh-߃°pw ^ew Xs∂ D≠m-Ip-I-bn-√, D≠m-bm¬Xs∂ \in®pw A\p-`-h-
tKm-N-c-am-Im-tXbpw Bbn-Øo-cp∂p. ta]-d™ A\njvS ÿm\-ß-fn¬ sh®v 8˛mw `mhw F‰hpw A\n-
jvS-{]-Z-am-Wv.
`mhm-[n-]≥ `mhw Imc-I≥ CXp-Iƒ°v 1. _e-an-√m-Xn-cn-bv°pI, 2. ]m]-a-≤y-ÿnXn hcn-I, 3. ]m]-∑m-cp-
tSbpw i{Xp-°-fp-tSbpw tbmK-Zr-jvSm-Zn-Iƒ D≠m-Ip-I, 4. ip`-∑m-cp-tSbpw _\v[p-°-fp-tSbpw tbmK-Zr-
jvSym-Zn-I-fn-√m-Xn-cn-bv°p-I, 5.- ]m-]-∑-cm-sc-√m-hcpw AXmXp-I-fpsS 4˛8-˛12 tem {XntIm-W-ß-fntem
\n¬°pI CsX√mw `mh-^-esØ \in-∏n-bv°p∂ e£-W-ß-fm-Ip-∂p. Cu ]d-™-Xn¬ ct≠m aqt∂m
e£-W-ß-fp-≠m-bm¬ Xo¿®-bmbpw `mhw \in-bv°p-I-Xs∂ sNøpw.
GXp`mhØnt‚bpw A[n]\pw ImcI{Klhpw _ehm\mbn´v e·m¬ tI{µw {XntImWw
apXemb Cjv S ÿm\ßfn¬ BWv \n¬°∂sX¶n¬ B `mh^ew XnI®pw D≠mhpIbpw,
A\p`htbmKyamhpw sNøpsa∂Xv Xo¿®bmWv. Cu{Kl߃ Xs∂ Zp¿_ecmbn´v 6˛8˛12 F∂o
`mhßfnemWv \n¬°p\v\sX¶n¬ B `mh^ew Xs∂ D≠mhpIbn√, A\p`hØns‚ IY ]ns∂
]dbm\pan√t√m.
`mhm[n]\pw ImcI\pw D®w aqe{XntImWw apXemb CjvScminIfnemWv \n¬°p∂Xv, ]t£
B \n¬°p∂ cminIƒ 6˛8˛12 apXemb A\njvScminIfnemWv \n¬°p∂sX¶n¬ `mh^ew XnI®pw
D≠mIpsa¶nepw A\p`hnbv°phm≥ kwKXnbmIpIbn√. t\tcadn®v Cu {Kl߃Xs∂ \oNmZn
cminIfn¬ \n¬°pIbm¬ _elo\∑mIpIbpw, Ah 11 apXemb CjvS`mhßfn¬ \n¬°pIbpw
sNbvXm¬ `mh ^eØn\v KpWhpw i‡nbpw hfsc Ipdbpsa¶nepw D≈Xv A\p`hnbv°m≥
CShcnIbpw sNøpw.
cmin kzcq]w. ( kmcmhen ˛ 3˛mw A≤ymbw)

BZyx kvartXm tajkam\aq¿Ønx

Imeky aq¿[mKZnXx ]pcmssWx
tkmPmhnImk©c Iµcm{Znx
kvtX\m·n [mXzmIc cXv\`qanx
BZytØXv (taSwcmin) BSn\p Xp√yamb BIrXnbp≈Xpw, Ime]pcpjs‚ aq¿[mhpamsW∂v
]pcmX\mNmcy∑m¿ ]dbp∂p. BSpIƒ k©cnbv°p∂ ÿew, KplIƒ, ]¿hXw, tamjWw, A·n,
J\n, cXv\`qan F∂o ÿm\߃ Cu cminbpambn _‘s∏´ncnbv°p∂p.

hrjmIrXnkvXp IYntXm ZznXobx

k h{‡IWvTmbX\w hn[mXpx
h\m{Znkm\p Zz]tKmIpem\mw
Irjohem\ma[nhmk`qanx

c≠masØcminbv°v (CShw) ImfbpsS BIrXnbmWp≈Xv. CXv Ime]pcpjs‚ hmbpw

IgpØpamWv. ImSv, aebpsS sImSpapSn, B\, tKmIpew, Irjn°mcpsS `qan Ch Cu cminbpambn
_‘s∏´ncnbv°p∂p.

hoWmKZm`r∑nYp\w {XnXobx
{]Pm]tXx kvI‘`pPmw ktZti
{]h¿ØImKmb\ inev]I kv{Xo
{IoUmcXnZyqXhnlmc`qanx

aq∂masØ anYp\cmin hoWbpw KZbpw ssIønte¥nb kv{Xo˛]pcpj anYp\ßfmWv.

Ime]pcpjs‚ tXmfv, ssIøv, \rØÿew, ]mSp∂ ÿew, inev]w, kv{Xo, Ifnÿew, cXnÿew Ch
Cu cminbpambn _‘s∏´ncnbv°p∂p.

I¿Io IpfocmIrXncw_pkwtÿm
h£{]tZti hnlnX› [mXpx
tIZmchm]o]pfn\m\n Xky
tZhmwK\m cay hnlmc`qanx

I¿°nSIcminbv°v R≠ns‚ BIrXnbmWv D≈Xv CXv Ime]pcpjs‚ h£x{]tZiamWv.

IrjnØSw, XSmIw, aW¬Øn´, tZhkv { XoIƒ canbv ° p∂ ÿew Ch Cu cminbpambn
_‘s∏´ncnbv°p∂p.

knwlkvXp ssite lrZb{]tZix

{]Pm]tXx ]©aamlpcmcymx
XkymSho Zp¿K Kplmh\m{Zn
hym[mh\o Zp¿Kh\{]tZix
Nnßw cmin Ime]pcpjs‚ lrZbamWv. ImSv, tIm´, Kpl, h\w, ]¿hXw, thS≥, D]{Zhw
D≠mIp∂ ÿew, h\`qan Ch Cu cminbpambn _‘s∏´ncnbv°p∂p.
{]Zo]nImw Krly ItcW I\ym
\uÿm Pte jjvTanXn {_ph¥n
Imem¿[[ocm PTcw hn[mXpx
kimUzem kv{XocXnNn{X`qan.

ssIøn¬hnf°pta¥n tXmWnbn¬ Ccnbv°p∂ I\yIbmWv I∂ncmin. CXv Ime]pcpjs‚

hbdmWv . CXpambn _‘ap≈Xv ]p√v \ nd™ÿehpw, kv { Xokwt`mKØn\pw in¬]Øn\pw
th≠`qanbpamWv.

hoYymw Xpem]Wy[tcm a\pjyx

ÿnXx k\m`oISn hkvXntZti
ip¢m¿∞ hoYym ]W ]´\m[z
km¿tYm hn[mtXm{X\kky`qanx

hgnbn¬ {Xmkpambn \n¬°p∂ hym]mcnbmWv Xpemcmin. CXv Ime]pcpjs‚ \m`n, Acs°´v,

aq{Xmibw. ip¢w, ]Ww ssIImcywsNøp∂ I®hSsØcphv, bm{X°m¿ Xmaknbv°p∂ ÿew,
kky߃ \nd™ {]tZiw. ChbmWv Cu cmin.

izt{`jvStam hr›nI hn{KlkvXp

t{]m‡x {]t`mx ta{V KpZ{]tZi
Kplm_nemiz{` hnjmiva Kp]vXn
hmfloI InSmPKcmln`qanx

hr›nIcmin tXfns‚ BIrXnbp≈XmIp∂p. CXv Ime]pcpjs‚ Kply{]tZihpw KpZhpw

BWv. KplIƒ, s]mØpIƒ, shfpØ hnj°√v, Hfnbvt°≠ÿe߃, sam´°p∂pIƒ, ]p‰pIƒ,
]pgp, aeºmºv, ]mºv Chbncnbv°p∂ ÿeßsf Cu cmin kqNn∏nbv°p∂p.

[\zo a\ptjym lb]›nam¿≤x

XamIpcqcq `ph\{]tWXpx
kaÿnX hykvX kakvXhmPn
kpcmkv{X`nZy⁄cYmiz`qanx

Acbv°papIfn¬ a\pjyt\bpw Acbv°pXmsg IpXnctbbpw t]msebpap≈ BIrXnbpw

ssIøn¬ hn√pambp≈ ]pcpj\mWv [\pcmin. CXv Ime]pcpjs‚ XpSbmWv . \nc∏p≈Xv ,
\nc∏n√mØXv, B\, tZhXIƒ, Bbp[[mcnIƒ, b⁄w, cYw, IpXncmebw Chsb Cu cmin
kqNn∏nbv°p∂p.

arKm¿≤]q¿thm aIcm¿≤Kmt{Xm
Pm\p{]tZiw Xapi¥n [mXpx
\Zoh\mcWy ktcm{Zy\q]x
iz{`mZnhmtkm Ziax {]ZnjvSx
 apIƒ`mKw am\ns\t∏msebpw, Xmgv`mKw apXesbt∏msebpw D≈ P¥phmWv aIccmin. CXv
Ime]pcpjs‚ ap´v BWv. \ZnIƒ, h\߃, ImSpIƒ, XSmI߃, A\q]{]tZiw (hr£eXmZnIfpw
XSmIßfpw D≈ ÿew) kz—ÿm\w Chsb Cu cmin kqNn∏nbv°p∂p.

kvIt‘ Xp cn‡x ]pcpjkyIpwt`m

PwtLXw GImZiamlpcmcymx
ipjvtImZIm[mc Ipkky ]£n
kv{Xoiu≠ntam ZyqX\nhmk `qaox

Hgn™IpSw tXmfØv sh®n´p≈ ]pcpj\mWv Ipw`w. CXv Ime]pcpjs‚ IW¶memWv.

hc≠Ipfw, hrØnsI´ sNSnIƒ, ]£nIfpw kv{XoIfpw Iq´ambp≈ ÿew, NqXpIfnÿew Chsb
Cu cmin kqNn∏nbv°p∂p.

PteXp ao\Zzba¥ycminx
Imeky]mZuhnlX
n uhcnjvTu
k ]pWy tZhZznPXo¿∞`qanx
\Zo kap{Zmw_pNbm[nhmkx

c≠p ao\pIfmWv ao\w cminbpsS ASbmfw. CXv Ime]pcpjs‚ c≠p ]mZßsf

kqNn∏nbv°p∂p. ]pWyÿm\w, tZhÿm\w, {_m“W¿Xmaknbv°p∂ Xo¿∞ÿm\w, \ZnIƒ,
kap{Zw, Pew sI´n°nS°p∂ ÿew Chsb Cu cmin kqNn∏nbv°p∂p.