Lab Report

Synthesis of copper hydroxide

Aphichaya Asawatungsathian No.1 Section 1109 (6061023)

Phurichaya Boonyapongpun No.2 Section 1109 (6061182)
Vanda Lamsutthi No.8 Section 1109 (6061112)

Chemistry 1109
Ms. Patraporn Sanguansat
Mahidol University International Demonstration School
Semester 1 the Academic year 2018-2019
 Abstract

This is an experiment that we have to synthesize copper(II) sulfate

pentahydrate which helps us to understand more on calculation part. On the
first day, we have to weight paper filtration and all the solutions which are
CuSO4 and NaOH. After mixing the solution together and separated the
substances by using the filtration process. Next, rinse the solid with distilled
water twice to clean the filter solid residue to dry them overnight. The second
day, we have to repeat all the step with solution C. After that, weight the mass
of filter paper and solid product mass and calculate the percent yield. For the
result, we observe that solution A+B is liquid with emerald color but after
drying out the product becomes solid thin flakes. For the solution A+C, the
product is solid mix with liquid ocean blue color after drying it out the color
turns darker into small pieces in the hard solid state.
For our assumption, we think that the color change leads to different
amounts of each solution. After we collect the data result, we calculate to find
the mass of product by using equation “mole = mass/molar mass” then we can
identify which reactants are the limiting and the excess reagent. Next step is to
calculate the percent yield by using the “percent yield= (actual yield/
theoretical yield)*100” equation to find the mass of product that produced by
a reactant. We found out that during the experiment, some of the solutions, salt,
might be left on the paper filtration because the percentage of product needs to
be more than 100 percent yield. Moreover, salt makes the weigh heavier which
also cause the greater than 100 percent yield.
 Introduction

CuSO4. 5H2O or copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate is made by the reaction

between copper oxide and sulfuric acid. Copper sulfate is a chemical
compound and is a salt. (What is Copper Sulphate?, 2018). Its form is the hard
small solid state with bright blue crystalline like which has octahedral
molecular geometry. (COPPER SULFATE PENTAHYDRATE, n.d.)Its
melting point is at 297 ° F and boiling point is at 1207 ° F. The molecular mass
is 249.68. It also uses to make electric blue in color, highly toxic. This
substance is considered a toxic chemical and is dangerous to work with(Copper
Sulfate Pentahydrate, n.d.).

2NaOH also called sodium hydroxide. It is known as Lye or caustic soda

which appeared as an odorless white solid consisting of sodium (Na+) and
hydroxide (OH-) (Sodium Hydroxide, n.d.). Sodium hydroxide absorbs
moisture in the air. It can be in the state neither solid nor liquid. The substance
is considered dangerous to use. Its molar mass is 39.9971g/mol and has a
boiling point at 1388 ° C and melting point at 318 ° C. The molecular geometry
is planar trigonal.

Copper (II) hydroxide is a consisting of copper (II) carbonate and

hydroxide with the chemical formula, Cu(OH)2. It appeals as a light bluish or
greenish blue powder. The molecular mass is 99.576g/mol.
(YannickCudennec, 2003)

Na2SO4 is an inorganic compound also called as sodium sulfate. This

compound come in solid state and highly soluble. It can appeals as white
powder or colorless when is wet. The molecular mass at 142.036 g/mol with
a melting point at 884°C. The structure octahedral molecular geometry.
 5H2O is a chemical compound with five molecules of water. It appeals
as a colorless and odorless substance.

Filtration separation is a method to separate liquid out of solid by placing

a filter paper in a filter funnel. The liquid will flow down into a beaker called
as filtrate and left the solid in the filter paper called as residue (ecschooltoday,
n.d.).

The purposes of our experiment are learning and understand more on

how to calculate to find the most possible amount of product to be minimal
used.
Experimental Procedure
 Materials

 Laboratory Apparatus
1. 100 mL beaker
2. 50 mL graduated cylinder
3. Stirring rod
4. Filter paper
5. Weighing paper
6. Spatula
7. Watch glass
8. Funnel
9. Ring stand & clamp

 Chemical Solution
1. CuSO4 solution (Solu4on A 2.5 g of CuSO4 . 5H2O in 50 ml of
water)
2. NaOH solution (Solu4on B 0.2 g of NaOH in 25 ml of water)
3. NaOH solution (Solu4on C 0.6 g of NaOH in 25 ml of water)
 Result

Reaction Reaction A Weight of A Solid

solution observation weight filter paper weight product
of filter +solid of Solid observation
paper product product
(g) (g) (g)

A+B Emerald, 0.63 1.02 0.39 Dry out =

liquid-like emerald color and
texture thin flakes, solid
state
A+C Ocean blue, 0.63 1.29 0.66 Dry out = dark
mix solid & blue small pieces
liquid texture in hard solid state
 Discussion Questions

1. Why the color of filtrate (solution in the beaker during the filtration)
of both reactions are different?
From our assumption, we think that the reason is the amounts of NaOH
from each solution are not the same. The reason that solution A+B has a light
water in the beaker because solution B has less concentration than solution C.
It means solution A+C dissolve in water easily because of higher
concentration in NaOH.

2. Identify the limiting and excess reagent of each reaction (Explain and
show your work)

2NaOH is the limiting reagent because the number of products that came
out has less amount than other reactants. And CuSO4 is the excess reagent
because the number of products is more than the one from 2NaOH.

CuSO4. 5H2O + 2NaOH = Cu (OH)2 + Na2SO4 + 5H2O

Cu=63.546g S=32.066g O=15.999 H=1.008g

 CuSO4 NaOH

1.25/249.683 = 0.00500635 mol 0.2/(22.90+15.999+1.008) = 0.00500038 mol

of CuSO4 of 2NaOH

0.00500635 *1/1 = 0.00500635 (0.00500038*1)/2 = 0.00250019 mol/2NaOH

mol/CuSO4
0.00250019*[63.546+2(15.999)+2(1.008)] =
0.00500635 * 97.56 Cu(OH)2 0.2439185364 g/2NaOH
= 0.48841951 g./ CuSO4

Limiting Reagent = 2NaOH

Excess Reagent = CuSO4

Amount of product = 0.2439185364 g/2NaOH

* 100 = 159.89

3. Calculate the theoretical a percent yield of each reaction (Explain and

show your work)
First, we substitute the number of mass and molar mass into an equation
“mole = mass/molar mass” to find a number of mol of the reactants. After that,
we have to compare the mole ratio with Cu(OH)2 and then we will get the
number of mole of product from the reactant. Lastly, we substitute the number
in an equation “mole = mass/molar mass” again to find the mass of product
that produced by the reactant.
4. Give an explanation of why you get % yield more or less than 100%
Our percent yields are more than 100% because there was salt left around
the filtered papers while filtrate the water. In addition, the salt made the weight
heavier which caused the percent yield to more than 100%.

(Product weight - paper filtration weight = Actual yield)

1.02 - 0.63 = 0.39

1.29 - 0.63 = 0.66

A&C solution: 0.66/0.24391854 * 100 = 270.58% yield

A&B solution: 0.39/0.24391854 * 100 = 159.89 % yield

As you can see from the result of percent yield, the number has increase
above 100 which means that this experiment has an error.
 Conclusion

According to the results, we have received an unexpected result that is the

experiment does have some errors. During the calculation of the percent yield,
to be accuracy the result to be less than one hundred percent. However, we can
see that both A&B solution and A&C solution percent yield have gone above
one hundred. From the discussion questions, we assume that the errors might
occur during the adding of water around the solutions or the stirring of the
solutions that might have to leave some substances which is salt been left on
the paper filtration. Therefore, when we calculated the product weight after the
solutions went in the oven, the product weight in A&B solution is 0.36 and
A&C solution is 0.66. And the final percent yield of A&B solution is 159.89
while A&C solution is 270.58.
 References

COPPER SULFATE PENTAHYDRATE. (n.d.). Retrieved from

cameochemicals: https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/chemical/20049

Cupric Sulfate. (n.d.). Retrieved from PubChem logo:

https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Copper_II__sulfate_pentahydra
te#section=Top

Ecschooltoday. (n.d.). Retrieved from Filtration separation method:

http://www.eschooltoday.com/science/elements-mixtures-compounds/what-
is-filtration-method-of-separation.html

Sodium Hydroxide. (n.d.). Retrieved

from:https://sodiumhydroxide.weebly.com/index.html

What is Copper Sulphate? (2018, December 10) Retrieved from disabled-

world:https://www.disabled-
world.com/medical/alternative/homeremedies/bluestone.php

YannickCudennec. (2003, November-December). Solid State Sciences.

Retrieved from
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1293255803002140
 Work log

Date Group members Role

Aim Collect data

28/11/18 Torfhun Collect data

Vanda Collect data

Aim Do calculation

30/11/18 Torfhun Do calculation

Vanda Do calculation

Aim Write the materials and

started to write
discussion questions

06/12/18 Torfhun Write equations in word

document and some part
of introduction

Vanda Write introduction and

Result
 Aim Working on
discussion questions and
added the references

08/12/18 Torfhun Research on the principle

and technique of paper
filtration

Finished writing down

Vanda the structure and
properties of each
compound

Aim Finished with the

discussion questions part
and help with a
conclusion
09/12/18
Torfhun Put all the references into
APA format and then
added to word document

Vanda Starting on summarizing

the discussion questions
and result

Aim Finished with conclusion

and Abstract

10/12/18 Torfhun Arrange the information

and Abstract

Vanda Finished with conclusion

and Abstract